Crosstalk between Wnt/β-Catenin and NF-κB Signaling Pathway during Inflammation

Plasma Wnt7b protein in rheumatoid arthritis: Detection of interstitial lung disease

OBJECTIVE

To determine the plasma level of Wingless-related integration site 7b (Wnt7b) protein in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (with and without interstitial lung disease (ILD)) and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and its relationship with RA disease activity and/or severity of pulmonary fibrosis. To assess the validity of plasma Wnt7b for the detection of ILD among RA patients.

METHOD

This case-control study included 128 subjects (32 RA-ILD, 32 RA, 32 IPF, and 32 healthy controls). RA and RA-ILD Patients were evaluated for disease activity by DAS28 and disease activity grades were recorded according to DAS28 grades. Laboratory parameters as Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti-citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP) were recorded. Plasma Wnt7b levels were measured by ELISA. Diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis (for RA-ILD and IPF patients) was done by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and its severity was assessed mainly by pulmonary function test using forced vital capacity (FVC) grading.

RESULTS

Comparison of Wnt7b plasma levels showed a significant difference between the studied groups with the P-value < 0.018 (RA-ILD had the highest levels). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in Wnt7b plasma levels between RA-ILD and IPF groups (P = 0.008). Also, RA-ILD and control groups had a significant difference (P = 0.039). However, there was a non-significant relationship between Wnt7b plasma levels and RA disease activity as well as the severity of pulmonary fibrosis. ROC curve analysis for the plasma Wnt7b levels revealed that a level  ≥285.1 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 43.8% for the detection of ILD in RA patients with positive likelihood ratio of 1.56 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.29.

CONCLUSION

RA-ILD patients had significantly higher plasma Wnt7b levels than the controls and IPF patients. These data suggest that the Wnt7b secretion is augmented by the concomitant presence of RA with pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, plasma Wnt7b may be used as a highly sensitive test for the detection of immunologically induced fibrotic changes in lung tissue among RA patients.

Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment

Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.

Uptake-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Fibroblasts-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells from Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic and Clinical Implications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important players in cell-to-cell communication within the bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, where they mediate several tumor-associated processes. Here, we investigate the contribution of fibroblasts-derived EVs (FBEVs) in supporting BM angiogenesis. We demonstrate that FBEVs' cargo contains several angiogenic cytokines (i.e., VEGF, HGF, and ANG-1) that promote an early over-angiogenic effect independent from EVs uptake. Interestingly, co-culture of endothelial cells from MM patients (MMECs) with FBEVs for 1 or 6 h activates the VEGF/VEGFR2, HGF/HGFR, and ANG-1/Tie2 axis, as well as the mTORC2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, suggesting that the early over-angiogenic effect is a cytokine-mediated process. FBEVs internalization occurs after longer exposure of MMECs to FBEVs (24 h) and induces a late over-angiogenic effect by increasing MMECs migration, chemotaxis, metalloproteases release, and capillarogenesis. FBEVs uptake activates mTORC1, MAPK, SRC, and STAT pathways that promote the release of pro-angiogenic cytokines, further supporting the pro-angiogenic milieu. Overall, our results demonstrate that FBEVs foster MM angiogenesis through dual time-related uptake-independent and uptake-dependent mechanisms that activate different intracellular pathways and transcriptional programs, providing the rationale for designing novel anti-angiogenic strategies.

Rebamipide protects against experimentally induced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-promoted liver damage: Impact on SIRT1/β-catenin/FOXO1and NFκB signaling

Rebamipide (Reba) is a well-known gastroprotective agent. However, its potential protective efficacy against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced liver injury remains elusive. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the modulatory effect of Reba on SIRT1/β-catenin/FOXO1-NFκB signaling cascade. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups: G1 (sham): rats were subjected to surgical stress without I/R, GII (I/R): rats were subjected to 60 min/4-h I/R, GIII (Reba + I/R): rats received Reba 100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for three weeks, then were subjected to 60 min/4-h I/R, and GIV (Reba + EX527 + I/R): rats received Reba (100 mg/kg/day p.o.) + EX527 (10 mg/kg/day, ip) for three weeks before I/R. Reba pretreatment decreased the serum levels of ALT and AST, improved I/R-induced histological alterations of both intestine and liver, increased hepatic Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) expression/content, β-catenin expression/immunoreactivity, and FOXO1 expression, while suppressed NF-κB p65 expression/protein content. In addition, Reba increased hepatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC), while suppressed malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, Reba inhibited BAX expression, while upregulated Bcl-2 expression. Reba exhibited a plausible protective effect against intestinal I/R-mediated liver injury by modulating SIRT1/β-catenin/FOXO1-NFκB signaling mechanisms.

Dynamics of Gene Expression Profiling and Identification of High-Risk Patients for Severe COVID-19

The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary widely, from asymptomatic infection to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. The host response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in determining the clinical outcome. We hypothesized that determining the dynamic whole blood transcriptomic profile of hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients and characterizing the subgroup that develops severe disease and ARDS would broaden our understanding of the heterogeneity in clinical outcomes. We recruited 60 hospitalized patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, among whom 19 developed ARDS. Peripheral blood was collected using PAXGene RNA tubes within 24 h of admission and on day 7. There were 2572 differently expressed genes in patients with ARDS at baseline and 1149 at day 7. We found a dysregulated inflammatory response in COVID-19 ARDS patients, with an increased expression of genes related to pro-inflammatory molecules and neutrophil and macrophage activation at admission, in addition to an immune regulation loss. This led, in turn, to a higher expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species, protein polyubiquitination, and metalloproteinases in the latter stages. Some of the most significant differences in gene expression found between patients with and without ARDS corresponded to long non-coding RNA involved in epigenetic control.

Anti-nucleolin aptamer, iSN04, inhibits the inflammatory responses in C2C12 myoblasts by modulating the β-catenin/NF-κB signaling pathway

A myogenetic oligodeoxynucleotide, iSN04, is the 18-base single-stranded DNA that acts as an anti-nucleolin aptamer. iSN04 has been reported to restore myogenic differentiation by suppressing inflammatory responses in myoblasts isolated from patients with diabetes or healthy myoblasts exposed to cancer-releasing factors. Thus, iSN04 is expected to be a nucleic acid drug for the muscle wasting associated with chronic diseases. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of iSN04 in the murine myoblast cell line C2C12. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (Pam₃CSK₄ and FSL-1) induced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), resulting in upregulated expression of TNF-α and interleukin-6. Pre-treatment with iSN04 significantly suppressed these inflammatory responses by inhibiting the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin induced by TNF-α or TLR ligands. These results demonstrate that antagonizing nucleolin with iSN04 downregulates the inflammatory effect mediated by the β-catenin/NF-κB signaling pathway in C2C12 cells. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of iSN04 were also observed in the rat smooth muscle cell line A10 and the murine adipocyte-like fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1, suggesting that iSN04 may be useful in preventing inflammation induced by metabolic disorders.

Inflammatory Response and Exosome Biogenesis of Choroid Plexus Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The choroid plexus (ChP) is a complex structure in the human brain that is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown promising results in the formation of brain organoids in vitro; however, very few studies to date have generated ChP organoids. In particular, no study has assessed the inflammatory response and the extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis of hiPSC-derived ChP organoids. In this study, the impacts of Wnt signaling on the inflammatory response and EV biogenesis of ChP organoids derived from hiPSCs was investigated. During days 10-15, bone morphogenetic protein 4 was added along with (+/-) CHIR99021 (CHIR, a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor that acts as a Wnt agonist). At day 30, the ChP organoids were characterized by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry for TTR (~72%) and CLIC6 (~20%) expression. Compared to the -CHIR group, the +CHIR group showed an upregulation of 6 out of 10 tested ChP genes, including CLIC6 (2-fold), PLEC (4-fold), PLTP (2-4-fold), DCN (~7-fold), DLK1 (2-4-fold), and AQP1 (1.4-fold), and a downregulation of TTR (0.1-fold), IGFBP7 (0.8-fold), MSX1 (0.4-fold), and LUM (0.2-0.4-fold). When exposed to amyloid beta 42 oligomers, the +CHIR group had a more sensitive response as evidenced by the upregulation of inflammation-related genes such as TNFα, IL-6, and MMP2/9 when compared to the -CHIR group. Developmentally, the EV biogenesis markers of ChP organoids showed an increase over time from day 19 to day 38. This study is significant in that it provides a model of the human B-CSF-B and ChP tissue for the purpose of drug screening and designing drug delivery systems to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke.

Lactoferrin alleviates cyclophosphamide induced-nephropathy through suppressing the orchestration between Wnt4/β-catenin and ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling and modulating klotho and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

AIMS

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent with vast arrays of therapeutic activity. Currently, its medical use is limited due to its numerous adverse events, including nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to follow the molecular mechanisms behind the potential renoprotective action of lactoferrin (LF) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced renal injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For fulfillment of our aim, Spragw-Dwaly rats were orally administrated LF (300 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of CP (150 mg/kg).

KEY FINDINGS

Treatment of CP-injured rats with LF significantly reduced the elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), markedly upregulated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling with consequent increase in renal total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and decrease in renal malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Furthermore, LF treatment significantly reduced the elevated renal p-ERK1/2 expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) levels in CP-treated animals. Interestingly, LF treatment downregulated Wnt4/β-catenin signaling and increased both renal klotho gene expression and serum klotho level. Furthermore, LF treatment reduced apoptosis in kidney tissue via suppressing GSK-3β expression and modulating caspase-3 and Bcl2 levels. Histopathological examination of kidney tissue confirmed the protective effect of LF against CP-induced renal injury.

SIGNIFICANCE

The present findings document the renoprotective effect of LF against CP-induced nephropathy, which may be mediated via suppressing ERK1/2/ NF-κB and Wnt4/β-catenin trajectories and enhancing klotho expression and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Complex and pleiotropic signaling pathways regulated by the secreted protein augurin

The secreted protein augurin, the product of the tumor suppressor gene Ecrg4, has been identified as a peptide hormone in the human proteome in 2007. Since then, a number of studies have been carried out to highlight its structure and processing and its potential roles in physiopathology. Although augurin has been shown to be implicated in a variety of processes, ranging from tumorigenesis, inflammation and infection to neural stem cell proliferation, hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis regulation and osteoblast differentiation, the molecular mechanisms of its biological effects and the signaling pathways it regulates are still poorly characterized. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of augurin-dependent signal transduction pathways. Because of their secreted nature and the potential to be manipulated pharmacologically, augurin and its derived peptides represent attractive targets for diagnostic development and discovery of new therapeutic agents for the human diseases resulting from the deregulation of the signaling cascades they modulate. From this perspective, the characterization of the precise nature of augurin derived peptides and the identification of the receptor(s) on the cell surface conveying augurin signaling to downstream effectors are crucial to develop agonists and antagonists for this protein. Video abstract.

Characterization of Inflammatory Signals in BV-2 Microglia in Response to Wnt3a

Activation of microglia is one of the pathological bases of neuroinflammation, which involves various diseases of the central nervous system. Inhibiting the inflammatory activation of microglia is a therapeutic approach to neuroinflammation. In this study, we report that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a model of neuroinflammation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/IFN-γ-stimulated BV-2 cells can result in inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway also results in inhibition of the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated BV-2 cells. These findings indicate that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can inhibit neuroinflammation through downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines including iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, and suppress NF-κB/ERK-related signaling pathways. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation may play an important role in neuroprotection in certain neuroinflammatory diseases.

Activation of β-catenin in mesenchymal progenitors leads to muscle mass loss

Loss of muscle mass is a common manifestation of chronic disease. We find the canonical Wnt pathway to be activated in mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) from cancer-induced cachectic mouse muscle. Next, we induce β-catenin transcriptional activity in murine MPs. As a result, we observe expansion of MPs in the absence of tissue damage, as well as rapid loss of muscle mass. Because MPs are present throughout the organism, we use spatially restricted CRE activation and show that the induction of tissue-resident MP activation is sufficient to induce muscle atrophy. We further identify increased expression of stromal NOGGIN and ACTIVIN-A as key drivers of atrophic processes in myofibers, and we verify their expression by MPs in cachectic muscle. Finally, we show that blocking ACTIVIN-A rescues the mass loss phenotype triggered by β-catenin activation in MPs, confirming its key functional role and strengthening the rationale for targeting this pathway in chronic disease.

Inflammation-related mRNA expression in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing hematopoietic stem cell mobilization

Mobilization of CD34+ cells is a key element in the therapy of patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. The use of chemotherapy and the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can significantly affect the expression of inflammation-related proteins and the migration of hematopoietic stem cells. We assessed the mRNA expression of selected proteins involved in the inflammatory landscape in MM patients (n=71). The aim of the study was to evaluate C-C motif chemokine ligand 3, 4, 5 (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5), leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) levels in the course of mobilization and their role in the CD34+ collection efficacy. mRNA expression from peripheral blood plasma was evaluated by RT-PCR. We observed a deep decline in CCL3, CCL4, LECT2, and TNF mRNA expression on the day of the first apheresis (day A) as compared to baseline. A negative correlation was observed between CCL3, FPR2, LECT2, TNF level, and the CD34+ cells count in peripheral blood on day A, and the number of CD34+ cells obtained at first apheresis . Our results indicate that the investigated mRNAs significantly alter and may regulate the migration of CD34+ cells during mobilization. Moreover, in case of FPR2 and LECT2, the results obtained in patients differ from the murine models.

SAV Nsp2 regulates NF-κB signaling to induce inflammatory responses by targeting host DDX3

Salmon alphavirus (SAV) infection leads to severe pancreas disease (PD) with typical inflammatory responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nsp2, an important nonstructural protein of SAV, can activate NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce inflammatory responses. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the ML (279-421aa) of Nsp2 was revealed to be the key domain for activating NF-κB. We focused on a host protein, DEAD-box RNA helicase 3 (DDX3), that may interact with Nsp2 to regulate NF-κB-induced inflammatory. The interaction between DDX3 and Nsp2 was confirmed in vitro. Overexpression of DDX3 inhibited the activation of NF-κB by Nsp2. SAV Nsp2 relieves the inhibitory effect of DDX3 on NF-κB, thereby initiating the innate immune response. This study revealed the molecular mechanism of Nsp2-induced inflammatory response by targeting DDX3 to activate NF-κB, providing a theoretical basis for revealing the underlying infection mechanism and pathogenesis of SAV.

Growing Directed Acyclic Graphs: Optimization Functions for Pathway Reconstruction Algorithms

A major challenge in molecular systems biology is to understand how proteins work to transmit external signals to changes in gene expression. Computationally reconstructing these signaling pathways from protein interaction networks can help understand what is missing from existing pathway databases. We formulate a new pathway reconstruction problem, one that iteratively grows directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from a set of starting proteins in a protein interaction network. We present an algorithm that provably returns the optimal DAGs for two different cost functions and evaluate the pathway reconstructions when applied to six diverse signaling pathways from the NetPath database. The optimal DAGs outperform an existing k-shortest paths method for pathway reconstruction, and the new reconstructions are enriched for different biological processes. Growing DAGs is a promising step toward reconstructing pathways that provably optimize a specific cost function.

The roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer progression and targeted therapy

Ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications which plays a significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination process, ubiquitin is conjugated to target protein substrates for degradation, translocation or activation, dysregulation of which is linked to several diseases including various types of cancers. E3 ubiquitin ligases are regarded as the most influential ubiquitin enzyme owing to their ability to select, bind and recruit target substrates for ubiquitination. In particular, E3 ligases are pivotal in the cancer hallmarks pathways where they serve as tumour promoters or suppressors. The specificity of E3 ligases coupled with their implication in cancer hallmarks engendered the development of compounds that specifically target E3 ligases for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the role of E3 ligases in cancer hallmarks such as sustained proliferation via cell cycle progression, immune evasion and tumour promoting inflammation, and in the evasion of apoptosis. In addition, we summarise the application and the role of small compounds that target E3 ligases for cancer treatment along with the significance of targeting E3 ligases as potential cancer therapy.

[Research advances on the mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in body surface wound healing]

Wound healing is a slow and complex biological process, including inflammatory reaction, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition, tissue remodeling, and so on. Wnt signaling pathway can be divided into classical pathway and non-classical pathway. Wnt classical pathway, also known as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, plays an important role in cell differentiation, cell migration, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Many inflammatory factors and growth factors are involved in the upstream regulation of this pathway. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the occurrence, development, regeneration, repair and related treatment of skin wounds. This article review the relationship between Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and wound healing, meanwhile summarizes its effects on important processes of wound healing, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, hair follicle regeneration, and skin fibrosis, as well as the role of inhibitors of Wnt signaling pathway in wound healing.

Frizzled 7 modulates goblet and Paneth cell fate, and maintains homeostasis in mouse intestine

Intestinal homeostasis depends on interactions between the intestinal epithelium, the immune system and the microbiota. Because of these complicated connections, there are many problems that need to be solved. Current research has indicated that genes targeted by Wnt signaling are responsible for controlling intestinal stem cell fate and for modulating intestinal homeostasis. Our data show that loss of frizzled 7 (Fzd7), an important element in Wnt signaling, interrupts the differentiation of mouse intestinal stem cells into absorptive progenitors instead of secretory progenitors (precursors of goblet and Paneth cells). The alteration in canonical Wnt and Notch signaling pathways interrupts epithelial homeostasis, resulting in a decrease in physical protection in the intestine. Several phenotypes in our Fzd7-deleted model were similar to the features of enterocolitis, such as shortened intestines, decreased numbers of goblet cells and Paneth cells, and severe inflammation. Additionally, loss of Fzd7 exacerbated the defects in a chemical-induced colitis model and could initiate tumorigenesis. These findings may provide important information for the discovery of efficient therapeutic methods to treat enterocolitis and related cancers in the intestines.

ATP ion channel P2X purinergic receptors in inflammation response

Different studies have confirmed that P2X purinergic receptors play a key role in inflammation. Activation of P2X purinergic receptors can release inflammatory cytokines and participate in the progression of inflammatory diseases. In an inflammatory microenvironment, cells can release a large amount of ATP to activate P2X receptors, open non-selective cation channels, activate multiple intracellular signaling, release multiple inflammatory cytokines, amplify inflammatory response. While P2X4 and P2X7 receptors play an important role in the process of inflammation. P2X4 receptor can mediate the activation of microglia involved in neuroinflammation, and P2X7 receptor can mediate different inflammatory cells to mediate the progression of tissue-wide inflammation. At present, the role of P2X receptors in inflammatory response has been widely recognized and affirmed. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the role of P2X receptors-mediated inflammation. Moreover, we also described the effects of some antagonists (such as A-438079, 5-BDBD, A-804598, A-839977, and A-740003) on inflammation relief by antagonizing the activities of P2X receptors.

DBP and BaP co-exposure induces kidney injury via promoting pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are widespread environmental and foodborne contaminants that have detrimental effects on human health. Although people are often simultaneously exposed to DBP and BaP via the intake of polluted food and water, the combined effects on the kidney and potential mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, we treated rats with DBP and BaP for 90 days to investigate their effects on kidney histopathology and function. We also investigated the levels of paramount proteins and genes involved in pyroptosis and TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling in the kidney. Our research showed that combined exposure to DBP and BaP triggered more severe histopathological and renal function abnormalities than in those exposed to DBP or BaP alone. Simultaneously, combined exposure to DBP and BaP enhanced the excretion of IL-1β and IL-18, along with the release of LDH in rat renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). Moreover, combined exposure to DBP and BaP increased the expression of pyroptosis marker molecules, including NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-Caspase-1, and GSDMD. Meanwhile, the combination of DBP and BaP activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling in the kidney. Taken together, the combined exposure to DBP and BaP causes more severe kidney injury than that caused by DBP or BaP exposure separately. In addition, pyroptosis of RTECs regulated by TLR4/NF-κB signaling may add to the kidney damage triggered by combined exposure to DBP and BaP.

L-Theanine alleviates MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway

We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of L-theanine in Parkinson's disease and the underlying mechanism focusing on WNT/β-catenin signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway. We treated MPTP-induced SH-SY5Y cells with various concentrations of L-theanine (50, 100, 200, and 500 μg/mL), and we also treated Parkinson's model mice with L-theanine. L-theanine treatment effectively reduced the immunohistochemical hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, particularly Lewy bodies and α-synuclein, and increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. L-theanine also improved the motor dysfunction in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice as measured by the rotarod test. The levels of several pro-inflammatory mediators that are overexpressed in Parkinson's disease, namely TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and MAC-1, were reduced following L-theanine treatment, and the levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, caspase-3, p53, and PARP-1 were significantly reduced. L-theanine regulated the oxidative stress-related factors SOD-1, GST, and NOX-4 by targeting several proteins related to WNT/β-catenin signaling, i.e., β-catenin, WNT-3a, WNT-5a, TCF1/TCF7, and LEF1, via the MAPK pathway (p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-p38). Our results indicate that L-theanine is neuroprotective and has anti-inflammatory effects that could be beneficial for treating Parkinson's disease.

Unraveling the Complex Interconnection between Specific Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Mechanisms Involved in HIV-Associated Colorectal Oncogenesis

The advancement of HIV treatment has led to increased life expectancy. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancers. Chronic inflammation has a key role in oncogenesis, affecting the initiation, promotion, transformation, and advancement of the disease. PLWH are prone to opportunistic infections that trigger inflammation. It has been documented that 15-20% of cancers are triggered by infections, and this percentage is expected to be increased in HIV co-infections. The incidence of parasitic infections such as helminths, with Ascariasis being the most common, is higher in HIV-infected individuals. Cancer cells and opportunistic infections drive a cascade of inflammatory responses which assist in evading immune surveillance, making them survive longer in the affected individuals. Their survival leads to a chronic inflammatory state which further increases the probability of oncogenesis. This review discusses the key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis in HIV-positive patients with colorectal cancers. The possibility of the involvement of co-infections in the advancement of the disease, along with highlights on signaling mechanisms that can potentially be utilized as therapeutic strategies to prevent oncogenesis or halt cancer progression, are addressed.

Depigmenting topical therapy based on a synergistic combination of compounds targeting the key pathways involved in melasma pathophysiology

Melasma has a complex pathophysiology with different cell types and signalling pathways involved. Paracrine factors secreted by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells act on melanocytes and stimulate melanogenesis. These paracrine factors are involved in the oxidative stress, inflammatory, vascular and hormonal pathways, among others. Damage of the dermoepidermal barrier also occurs and facilitates melanin deposition in the dermis, also known as dermal or mixed melasma. We used artificial intelligence tools to define the best combination of compounds for skin pigmentation inhibition. Mathematical models suggested the combination of retinol, diosmin and ferulic acid to be the most effective one. In vitro cellular tyrosinase activity assay proved that this combination had a synergistic depigmenting effect. Further assays proved that the combination could inhibit key pathways involved in melasma by downregulating ET-1 and COX-2 gene expression and IBMX-induced dendricity in human melanocytes, and upregulated the gene expression of IL-1b, TIMP3 and several endogenous antioxidant enzymes. The combination also reduced melanin levels in a phototype VI 3D epidermis model. These results indicate that the combination of retinol, diosmin and ferulic acid is an effective synergistic complex for the treatment of melasma by regulating the key molecular pathways involved in skin hyperpigmentation pathophysiology.

Pro-inflammatory role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in endothelial dysfunction

Background

Endothelial dysfunction is a critical component of both atherosclerotic plaque formation and saphenous vein graft failure. Crosstalk between the pro-inflammatory TNF-α-NFκB signaling axis and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway potentially plays an important role in regulating endothelial dysfunction, though the exact nature of this is not defined.

Results

In this study, cultured endothelial cells were challenged with TNF-α and the potential of a Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, iCRT-14, in reversing the adverse effects of TNF-α on endothelial physiology was evaluated. Treatment with iCRT-14 lowered nuclear and total NFκB protein levels, as well as expression of NFκB target genes, IL-8 and MCP-1. Inhibition of β-catenin activity with iCRT-14 suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion and decreased VCAM-1 protein levels. Treatment with iCRT-14 also restored endothelial barrier function and increased levels of ZO-1 and focal adhesion-associated phospho-paxillin (Tyr118). Interestingly, inhibition of β-catenin with iCRT-14 enhanced platelet adhesion in cultured TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells and in an ex vivo human saphenous vein model, most likely via elevating levels of membrane-tethered vWF. Wound healing was moderately retarded by iCRT-14; hence, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may interfere with re-endothelialisation in grafted saphenous vein conduits.

Conclusion

Inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway with iCRT-14 significantly recovered normal endothelial function by decreasing inflammatory cytokine production, monocyte adhesion and endothelial permeability. However, treatment of cultured endothelial cells with iCRT-14 also exerted a pro-coagulatory and moderate anti-wound healing effect: these factors may affect the suitability of Wnt/β-catenin inhibition as a therapy for atherosclerosis and vein graft failure.

Wnt Signaling Pathways: From Inflammation to Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers

Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways are involved in cell differentiation and homeostasis, but also in tumorigenesis. In fact, an exaggerated activation of Wnt signaling may promote tumor growth and invasion. We summarize the most intriguing evidence about the role of Wnt signaling in cutaneous carcinogenesis, in particular in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Wnt signaling is involved in several ways in the development of skin tumors: it may modulate the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, synergize with Sonic Hedgehog pathway in the onset of basal cell carcinoma, and contribute to the progression from precancerous to malignant lesions and promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma. Targeting Wnt pathways may represent an additional efficient approach in the management of patients with NMSC.

Emphasis on Adipocyte Transformation: Anti-Inflammatory Agents to Prevent the Development of Cancer-Associated Adipocytes

Of the various cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME), adipocytes undergo a dynamic transformation when activated by neighboring cancer cells. Although these adipocytes, known as cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs), have been reported to play a crucial role in tumor progression, the factors that mediate their transformation remain elusive. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that inflammatory signals involving NF-ĸB activation can induce lipolysis and adipocyte dedifferentiation. This provides a mechanistic understanding of CAA formation and introduces the concept of preventing adipocyte transformation via anti-inflammatory agents. Indeed, epidemiological studies indicate a higher efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in obese patients with cancer, suggesting that NSAIDs can modulate the TME. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin production leads to the suppression of inflammatory signals such as NF-ĸB. Thus, we suggest the use of NSAIDs in cancer patients with metabolic disorders to prevent the transformation of TME components. Moreover, throughout this review, we attempt to expand our knowledge of CAA transformation to improve the clinical feasibility of targeting CAAs.

Patterns of NFkB activation resulting from damage, reactive microglia, cytokines, and growth factors in the mouse retina

Müller glia are a cellular source for neuronal regeneration in vertebrate retinas. However, the capacity for retinal regeneration varies widely across species. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the reprogramming of Müller glia into progenitor cells is key to reversing the loss of vision that occurs with retinal diseases. In the mammalian retina, NFkB signaling promotes glial reactivity and represses the reprogramming of Müller glia into progenitor cells. Here we investigate different cytokines, growth factors, cell signaling pathways, and damage paradigms that influence NFkB-signaling in the mouse retina. We find that exogenous TNF and IL1β potently activate NFkB-signaling in Müller glia in undamaged retinas, and this activation is independent of microglia. By comparison, TLR1/2 agonist indirectly activates NFkB-signaling in Müller glia, and this activation depends on the presence of microglia as Tlr2 is predominantly expressed by microglia, but not other types of retinal cells. Exogenous FGF2 did not activate NFkB-signaling, whereas CNTF, Osteopontin, WNT4, or inhibition of GSK3β activated NFkB in Müller glia in the absence of neuronal damage. By comparison, dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid agonist, suppressed NFkB-signaling in Müller glia in damaged retinas, in addition to reducing numbers of dying cells and the accumulation of reactive microglia. Although NMDA-induced retinal damage activated NFkB in Müller glia, optic nerve crush had no effect on NFkB activation within the retina, whereas glial cells within the optic nerve were responsive. We conclude that the NFkB pathway is activated in retinal Müller glia in response to many different cell signaling pathways, and activation often depends on signals produced by reactive microglia.

An effective prognostic model for assessing prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases

Background: Brain metastasis, with an incidence of more than 30%, is a common complication of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, there is an urgent need for an assessment method that can effectively predict brain metastases in NSCLC and help understand its mechanism. Materials and methods: GSE30219, GSE31210, GSE37745, and GSE50081 datasets were downloaded from the GEO database and integrated into a dataset (GSE). The integrated dataset was divided into the training and test datasets. TCGA-NSCLC dataset was regarded as an independent verification dataset. Here, the limma R package was used to identify the differentially expression genes (DEGs). Importantly, the RiskScore model was constructed using univariate Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. Moreover, we explored in detail the tumor mutational signature, immune signature, and sensitivity to treatment of brain metastases in NSCLC. Finally, a nomogram was built using the rms package. Results: First, 472 DEGs associated with brain metastases in NSCLC were obtained, which were closely associated with cancer-associated pathways. Interestingly, a RiskScore model was constructed using 11 genes from 472 DEGs, and the robustness was confirmed in GSE test, entire GSE, and TCGA datasets. Samples in the low RiskScore group had a higher gene mutation score and lower immunoinfiltration status. Moreover, we found that the patients in the low RiskScore group were more sensitive to the four chemotherapy drugs. In addition, the predictive nomogram model was able to effectively predict the outcome of patients through appropriate RiskScore stratification. Conclusion: The prognostic RiskScore model we established has high prediction accuracy and survival prediction ability for brain metastases in NSCLC.

Effect of Xanthii Fructus alcohol extract on proliferation and apoptosis of HFLS-RA and its mechanism

Xanthii fructus (XF) is the dried and mature fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr. It has the effects of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-arthritic. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory disorder and often leads to disability. However, there are few studies on the treatment of RA by XF and the specific mechanism of treatment has not been clarified. This study was designed to explore the effects of proliferation and apoptosis by XF on human fibroblast-like synovial-RA (HFLS-RA) cells and investigate its mechanism. The cell proliferation ability was detected by MTS assay. Hoechst 33,342 staining was used to detect apoptosis, and the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of NF-κB p65 and β-catenin were detected by Western Blotting. MTS, Hoechst 33,342, flow cytometry analysis showed that the alcohol extract of XF inhibited human fibroblast-like synovial-RA cells proliferation and promoted apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Western Blotting experiment showed that the extract of XF could reduce the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and β-catenin. The extract of XF has a significant therapeutic effect on RA in vitro by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our research will help to clarify the potential pharmacological mechanism of XF on RA and provide experimental basis for the application of XF in clinical treatment.

Contribution of Non-Coding RNAs to Anticancer Effects of Dietary Polyphenols: Chlorogenic Acid, Curcumin, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Genistein, Quercetin and Resveratrol

Growing evidence has been accumulated to show the anticancer effects of daily consumption of polyphenols. These dietary polyphenols include chlorogenic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, genistein, quercetin, and resveratrol. These polyphenols have similar chemical and biological properties in that they can act as antioxidants and exert the anticancer effects via cell signaling pathways involving their reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity. These polyphenols may also act as pro-oxidants under certain conditions, especially at high concentrations. Epigenetic modifications, including dysregulation of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs are now known to be involved in the anticancer effects of polyphenols. These polyphenols can modulate the expression/activity of the component molecules in ROS-scavenger-triggered anticancer pathways (RSTAPs) by increasing the expression of tumor-suppressive ncRNAs and decreasing the expression of oncogenic ncRNAs in general. Multiple ncRNAs are similarly modulated by multiple polyphenols. Many of the targets of ncRNAs affected by these polyphenols are components of RSTAPs. Therefore, ncRNA modulation may enhance the anticancer effects of polyphenols via RSTAPs in an additive or synergistic manner, although other mechanisms may be operating as well.

Implication of Echinochrome A in the Plasticity and Damage of Intestinal Epithelium

The diverse therapeutic feasibility of the sea urchin-derived naphthoquinone pigment, Echinochrome A (Ech A), has been studied. Simple and noninvasive administration routes should be explored, to obtain the feasibility. Although the therapeutic potential has been proven through several preclinical studies, the biosafety of orally administered Ech A and its direct influence on intestinal cells have not been evaluated. To estimate the bioavailability of Ech A as an oral administration drug, small intestinal and colonic epithelial organoids were developed from mice and humans. The morphology and cellular composition of intestinal organoids were evaluated after Ech A treatment. Ech A treatment significantly increased the expression of LGR5 (~2.38-fold change, p = 0.009) and MUC2 (~1.85-fold change, p = 0.08). Notably, in the presence of oxidative stress, Ech A attenuated oxidative stress up to 1.8-fold (p = 0.04), with a restored gene expression of LGR5 (~4.11-fold change, p = 0.0004), as well as an increased expression of Ly6a (~3.51-fold change, p = 0.005) and CLU (~2.5-fold change, p = 0.01), markers of revival stem cells. In conclusion, Ech A is harmless to intestinal tissues; rather, it promotes the maintenance and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, suggesting possible beneficial effects on the intestine when used as an oral medication.

Hsc70-4 aggravates PolyQ-mediated neurodegeneration by modulating NF-κB mediated immune response in Drosophila

Huntington's disease occurs when the stretch of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the huntingtin (htt) gene crosses the permissible limit, causing the mutated protein (mHtt) to form insoluble aggregates or inclusion bodies. These aggregates are non-typically associated with various essential proteins in the cells, thus disrupting cellular homeostasis. The cells try to bring back normalcy by synthesizing evolutionary conserved cellular chaperones, and Hsp70 is one of the families of heat shock proteins that has a significant part in this, which comprises of heat-inducible and cognate forms. Here, we demonstrate that the heat shock cognate (Hsc70) isoform, Hsc70-4/HSPA8, has a distinct role in polyglutamate (PolyQ)-mediated pathogenicity, and its expression is enhanced in the polyQ conditions in Drosophila. Downregulation of hsc70-4 rescues PolyQ pathogenicity with a notable improvement in the ommatidia arrangement and near-normal restoration of optic neurons leading to improvement in phototaxis response. Reduced hsc70-4 also attenuates the augmented immune response by decreasing the expression of NF-κB and the antimicrobial peptides, along with that JNK overactivation is also restored. These lead to the rescue of the photoreceptor cells, indicating a decrease in the caspase activity, thus reverting the PolyQ pathogenicity. At the molecular level, we show the interaction between Hsc70-4, Polyglutamine aggregates, and NF-κB, which may be responsible for the dysregulation of signaling molecules in polyQ conditions. Thus, the present data provides a functional link between Hsc70-4 and NF-κB under polyQ conditions.

Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling as a Driver of Stemness and Metabolic Reprogramming in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Simple Summary

Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to play crucial role in pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we focus on the regulatory role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer stemness and metabolic reprogramming, which are two emerging hallmarks of cancer. Understanding the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in regulation of the above processes reveals novel therapeutic strategy against this deadly disease.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide due to its high rates of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to play a significant role in HCC development, progression and clinical impact on tumor behavior. Accumulating evidence has revealed the critical involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in driving cancer stemness and metabolic reprogramming, which are regarded as emerging cancer hallmarks. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its role in HCC. Furthermore, we provide an update on the regulatory roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in metabolic reprogramming, cancer stemness and drug resistance in HCC. We also provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling alone or in combination with current therapies for effective cancer therapy. This review provides insights into the current opportunities and challenges of targeting this signaling pathway in HCC.

Inhibitory Effect of Dietary Defatted Rice Bran in an AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Experimental Animal Model

Defatted rice bran (DRB) is gaining immense popularity worldwide because of its nutritional and functional aspects. Emerging evidence suggests that DRB is a potential source of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds with numerous purported health benefits. However, less is known about its chemoprotective efficacy. In the present study, we determined and examined the nutrient composition of DRB and its chemopreventive effect on azoxymethane and dextran sulphate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats. The results showed the presence of several bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, phytic acid, and phenolic acids, in DRB. In addition, DRB supplementation reduced the progression of CRC symptoms, such as colonic shortening, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological changes. Interestingly, a significant decrease was observed in total numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and tumors with DRB supplementation. Furthermore, DRB supplementation suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and inflammatory mediators (NF-κB and COX-2) through the inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The administration of DRB revealed a negative effect on cancer cell proliferation by repressing the expression of nuclear β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc. These findings suggest that DRB supplementation mitigates chronic inflammation and cancer cell proliferation and delays tumorigenesis in rat AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated CRC. Therefore, the establishment of DRB as a natural dietary food-derived chemopreventive agent has the potential to have a significant impact on cancer prevention in the global population.

miR-31 from Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting NFAT5 and Upregulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) that involves miR-31 shuttled by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (BMSC-EVs) and its downstream signaling molecules. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were isolated and treated with TNF-α to simulate IDD in vitro. The TNF-α-exposed NPCs were then cocultured with hBMSCs or hBMSC-EVs in vitro to detect the effects of hBMSC-EVs on NPC viability, apoptosis, and ECM degradation. Binding between miR-31 and NFAT5 was determined. A mouse model of IDD was prepared by vertebral disc puncture and injected with EVs from hBMSCs with miR-31 knockdown to discern the function of miR-31 in vivo. The results demonstrated that hBMSC-EVs delivered miR-31 into NPCs. hBMSC-EVs enhanced NPC proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis and ECM degradation, which was associated with the transfer of miR-31 into NPCs. In NPCs, miR-31 bound to the 3′UTR of NFAT5 and inhibited NFAT5 expression, leading to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and thus promoting NPC proliferation and reducing cell apoptosis and ECM degradation. In addition, miR-31 in hBMSC-EVs alleviated the IDD in mouse models. Taken together, miR-31 in hBMSC-EVs can alleviate IDD by targeting NFAT5 and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Psoriasis, Is It a Microdamage of Our "Sixth Sense"? A Neurocentric View

Psoriasis is considered a multifactorial and heterogeneous systemic disease with many underlying pathologic mechanisms having been elucidated; however, the pathomechanism is far from entirely known. This opinion article will demonstrate the potential relevance of the somatosensory Piezo2 microinjury-induced quad-phasic non-contact injury model in psoriasis through a multidisciplinary approach. The primary injury is suggested to be on the Piezo2-containing somatosensory afferent terminals in the Merkel cell−neurite complex, with the concomitant impairment of glutamate vesicular release machinery in Merkel cells. Part of the theory is that the Merkel cell−neurite complex contributes to proprioception; hence, to the stretch of the skin. Piezo2 channelopathy could result in the imbalanced control of Piezo1 on keratinocytes in a clustered manner, leading to dysregulated keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the author proposes the role of mtHsp70 leakage from damaged mitochondria through somatosensory terminals in the initiation of autoimmune and autoinflammatory processes in psoriasis. The secondary phase is harsher epidermal tissue damage due to the primary impaired proprioception. The third injury phase refers to re-injury and sensitization with the derailment of healing to a state when part of the wound healing is permanently kept alive due to genetical predisposition and environmental risk factors. Finally, the quadric damage phase is associated with the aging process and associated inflammaging. In summary, this opinion piece postulates that the primary microinjury of our “sixth sense”, or the Piezo2 channelopathy of the somatosensory terminals contributing to proprioception, could be the principal gateway to pathology due to the encroachment of our preprogrammed genetic encoding.

Canonical Wnt signaling enhances pro-inflammatory response to titanium by macrophages

Biomaterial characteristics like surface roughness and wettability can determine the phenotype of macrophages following implantation. We have demonstrated that inhibiting Wnt ligand secretion abolishes macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo; however, the role of canonical Wnt signaling in macrophage activation in response to physical and chemical biomaterial cues is unknown. The aim of this study was to understand whether canonical Wnt signaling affects the response of macrophages to titanium (Ti) surface roughness or wettability in vitro and in vivo. Activating canonical Wnt signaling increased expression of toll-like receptors and interleukin receptors and secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines on Ti, regardless of surface properties. Inhibiting canonical Wnt signaling reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines on all Ti surfaces and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines on rough or rough-hydrophilic Ti. In vivo, activating canonical Wnt signaling increased total macrophages, pro-inflammatory macrophages, and T cells and decreased anti-inflammatory macrophages on both smooth and rough-hydrophilic implants. Functionally, canonical Wnt activation increases pro-inflammatory macrophage response to cell and cell-extracellular matrix lysates. These results demonstrate that activating canonical Wnt signaling primes macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype that affects their response to Ti implants in vitro and in vivo.

Inhibition of oxidative stress, IL-13, and WNT/β-catenin in ovalbumin-sensitized rats by a novel organogel of Punica granatum seed oil saponifiable fraction

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by inflammation, oxidative stress, and structural remodeling. Here, we prepared two pomegranate fractions from the seed oil, saponifiable (Sap) and unsaponifiable (UnSap). Two organogels (Orgs) were also formulated with the Sap (Org1) or the UnSap (Org2) fraction and beeswax (BW). All preparations were evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impacts. The transdermal delivery of the most efficient one was evaluated against ovalbumin (OV)-induced bronchial asthma in rats compared to dexamethasone (DEX). The results showed that the prepared pomegranate fractions and BW had considerable amounts of phenolics (flavonoids and tannins) and triterpenoids. Org1 was shown to be the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory fraction with synergistic activities (combination index, 1), as well as having protective and therapeutic influences on OV-sensitized rats. Org1 inhibited the multiple OV-induced signaling pathways, comprising ROS, WNT/β-catenin, and AKT, with an efficiency superior to DEX. Subsequently, the pro-inflammatory (COX-2, NO, and IL-13), and pro-fibrotic (COL1A1) mediators, oxidative stress, and mucin secretion, were all down-regulated. These outcomes were verified by the histopathological results of lung tissue. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that the transdermal delivery of Org1 to OV-sensitized rats shows promise in the protection and treatment of the pathological hallmarks of asthma.

WNT/β-catenin pathway and circadian rhythms in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The neuropsychiatric disease named obsessive-compulsive disorder is composed by obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessive-compulsive disorder etiologies are undefined. However, numerous mechanisms in several localizations are implicated. Some studies showed that both glutamate, inflammatory factors and oxidative stress could have main functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, the major negative controller of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, some studies presented the actions of the different circadian clock genes. WNT/β-catenin pathway and circadian clock genes appear to be intricate. Thus, this review focuses on the interaction between circadian clock genes and the WNT/β-catenin pathway in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Regulatory role of miRNAs in Wnt signaling pathway linked with cardiovascular diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are discovered in science about 23 years ago. These are short, a series of non-coding, single-stranded and evolutionary conserved RNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells. It involved post-transcriptional fine-tune protein expression and repressing the target of mRNA in different biological processes. These miRNAs binds with the 3'-UTR region of specific mRNAs to phosphorylate the mRNA degradation and inhibit the translation process in various tissues. Therefore, aberrant expression in miRNAs induces numerous cardiovascular diseases and developmental defects. Subsequently, the miRNAs and Wnt singling pathway are regulating a cellular process in cardiac development and regeneration, maintain the homeostasis and associated heart diseases. In Wnt signaling pathway majority of the signaling components are expressed and regulated by miRNAs, whereas the inhibition or dysfunction of the Wnt signaling pathway induces cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, inadequate studies about the important role of miRNAs in heart development and diseases through Wnt signaling pathway has been exist still now. For this reason in present review we summarize and update the involvement of miRNAs and the role of Wnt signaling in cardiovascular diseases. We have discussed the mechanism of miRNA functions which regulates the Wnt components in cellular signaling pathway. The fundamental understanding of Wnt signaling regulation and mechanisms of miRNAs is quite essential for study of heart development and related diseases. This approach definitely enlighten the future research to provide a new strategy for formulation of novel therapeutic approaches against cardiovascular diseases.

Investigation on the Inhibitory Effect of Wnt-5a on Colonic Mucosal Inflammation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

BACKGROUND

Recent progress in ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment has been remarkable, and various medications have been applied. However, some patients with UC are refractory to treatment and convert to surgery.

AIM

To investigate the role of colonic mucosal Wnt-5a expression in the pathogenesis of UC and the effect of bioactive Wnt-5a peptide on colitis in mice.

METHODS

Wnt-5a peptide was intraperitoneally administered to mice every day from the beginning of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. The severity of colitis was evaluated based on body weight change, colonic length, and histological scores. Colonic mucosal TNF-α and KC mRNA expression levels were measured. This study included 70 patients with UC in clinical remission. Wnt-5a, TNFα, and IL-8 mRNA expression in the rectal mucosa were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using biopsy materials. Wnt-5a mRNA expression levels were compared between patients who relapsed and those in remission. We examined the correlation of Wnt-5a expression with TNF-α and IL-8 expression.

RESULTS

Wnt-5a peptide significantly attenuated the severity of DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, mucosal TNF-α and KC mRNA expression were significantly suppressed by Wnt-5a peptide treatment. Wnt-5a mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients with subsequent relapse than in those who remained in remission. Mucosal Wnt-5a was inversely correlated with TNF α and IL-8 expression.

CONCLUSION

Wnt-5a peptide suppressed colitis in mice, and decreased Wnt-5a expression was strongly associated with relapse in patients with UC. Wnt-5a may have an inhibitory effect on mucosal inflammation in UC, and Wnt-5a peptide could be a new therapeutic strategy.

Malnutrition leads to increased inflammation and expression of tuberculosis risk signatures in recently exposed household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis

Background

Most individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) develop latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and remain at risk for progressing to active tuberculosis disease (TB). Malnutrition is an important risk factor driving progression from LTBI to TB. However, the performance of blood-based TB risk signatures in malnourished individuals with LTBI remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine if malnourished and control individuals had differences in gene expression, immune pathways and TB risk signatures.

Methods

We utilized data from 50 tuberculin skin test positive household contacts of persons with TB - 18 malnourished participants (body mass index [BMI] < 18.5 kg/m2) and 32 controls (individuals with BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2). Whole blood RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was applied to the DEGs to identify top canonical pathways and gene regulators. Gene enrichment methods were then employed to score the performance of published gene signatures associated with progression from LTBI to TB.

Results

Malnourished individuals had increased activation of inflammatory pathways, including pathways involved in neutrophil activation, T-cell activation and proinflammatory IL-1 and IL-6 cytokine signaling. Consistent with known association of inflammatory pathway activation with progression to TB disease, we found significantly increased expression of the RISK4 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.734) and PREDICT29 (AUC = 0.736) progression signatures in malnourished individuals.

Conclusion

Malnourished individuals display a peripheral immune response profile reflective of increased inflammation and a concomitant increased expression of risk signatures predicting progression to TB. With validation in prospective clinical cohorts, TB risk biomarkers have the potential to identify malnourished LTBI for targeted therapy.

Novel therapeutic modulators of astrocytes for hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is mainly characterized by excessive production or impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid that causes ventricular dilation and intracranial hypertension. Astrocytes are the key response cells to inflammation in the central nervous system. In hydrocephalus, astrocytes are activated and show dual characteristics depending on the period of development of the disease. They can suppress the disease in the early stage and may aggravate it in the late stage. More evidence suggests that therapeutics targeting astrocytes may be promising for hydrocephalus. In this review, based on previous studies, we summarize different forms of hydrocephalus-induced astrocyte reactivity and the corresponding function of these responses in hydrocephalus. We also discuss the therapeutic effects of astrocyte regulation on hydrocephalus in experimental studies.

Therapeutic effects and long-term outcomes of HMGB1-targeted therapy in rats and mice with traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

To date, the clinical need for therapeutic methods to prevent traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) progression and improve functional recovery has not been met. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is released by necrotic neurons or secreted by glial cells after TSCI and plays an important role in pathophysiology.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of HMGB1-targeted therapy on locomotor function recovery, inflammation reduction, edema attenuation, and apoptosis reduction in rat and mouse models of TSCI.

Methods

We reviewed the literature on HMGB1-targeted therapy in the treatment and prognosis of TSCI. Twelve articles were identified and analyzed from four online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase) based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and strict inclusion criteria.

Results

The methodological quality of the 12 articles was poor. The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with the SCI group, the treatment group had significantly increased locomotor function scores after SCI [n = 159, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.52, 3.10), P &lt; 0.00001], and the change in locomotor function scores was significantly increased in both the drug and anti-HMGB1 Ab groups (P &lt; 0.000001 and P &lt; 0.000001). A subgroup analysis showed significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) between the drug group [(SMD) = 1.95, 95% CI (0.95, 2.94), P = 0.0001] and the anti-HMGB1 Ab group [(SMD) = 2.89, 95% CI (1.66, 4.13), P &lt; 0.00001]. Compared with the SCI group, HMGB1 expression was significantly diminished [n = 76, SMD = −2.31, 95% CI (−3.71, −0.91), P = 0.001], TNF-α levels were significantly reduced [n = 76, SMD = −2.52, 95% CI (−3.77, −1.27), P &lt; 0.0001], water content was significantly reduced [n = 44, SMD = −3.94, 95% CI (−6.28, −1.61), P = 0.0009], and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly diminished [n = 36, SMD = −3.31, 95% CI (−6.40, −0.22), P = 0.04] in the spinal cord of the treatment group.

Conclusion

HMGB1-targeted therapy improves locomotor function, reduces inflammation, attenuates edema, and reduces apoptosis in rats and mice with TSCI. Intrathecal injection of anti-HMGB1 Ab 0-3 h after SCI may be the most efficacious treatment.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022326114.

Selective GSK3β Inhibition Mediates an Nrf2-Independent Anti-inflammatory Microglial Response

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is associated with the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia and has been shown to act in concert with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). GSK3 is also a suppressor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the principal regulator of redox homeostasis. Agreeing with the oxidative paradigm of aging, Nrf2 is often deregulated in parainflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore a multimodal disease-modifying utility of GSK3 inhibition, beyond neuronal proteopathologies. Furthermore, we aimed to underscore the difference in therapeutic value between the two GSK3 paralogs by isoform-selective chemical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of paralog-selective GSK3 inhibitors were evaluated as a function of the reductive capacity of each to mitigate LPS-induced activation of SIM-A9 microglia. The Griess method was employed to detect the nitrate-lowering capacity of selective GSK3 inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to assess post-treatment expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed by ELISA. Nuclear lysates of treated cells were examined for Nrf2 and NF-κB accumulation by immunoblotting. Finally, to infer whether the counter-inflammatory activity of GSK3 inhibition was Nrf2-dependent, DsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was attempted. Results from our experiments reveal a superior anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative efficacy for GSK3β-selective inhibition, compared to GSK3α-selective and non-selective pan-inhibition; hence, use of selective GSK3β inhibitors is likely to be more propitious than non-selective dual inhibitors administered at comparable doses. Moreover, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GSK3 inhibition are not Nrf2 dependent.

The secreted protein augurin is a novel modulator of canonical Wnt signalling involved in osteoblast differentiation

Background

ECRG4/C2ORF40 is a tumour suppressor gene downregulated in several cancer types, which encodes the secreted protein augurin. A wide number of functions in health and disease have been assigned to augurin, but the signalling pathways it regulates are still poorly characterized. Augurin expression is strongly upregulated during in vitro differentiation of neonatal mouse osteoblasts.

Methods

In vitro differentiation assays of calvarial osteoblasts isolated from Ecrg4 ‐/‐ and wild‐type mice; transient transfection assays using reporters activated by Wnt signalling and other signal transduction pathways; Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for measurement of gene expression; protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli; in situ binding assays of proteins expressed as fusions to alkaline phosphatase with cells expressing various membrane receptors.

Results

Osteoblasts from Ecrg4 ‐/‐ mice have an accelerated differentiation compared to wild‐type and upregulation of Wnt markers. Augurin is a specific repressor of Wnt‐stimulated transcriptional activity, both when coexpressed together with the reporter and when added to the culture medium as a soluble protein. We confirmed the previously described binding of augurin to LOX1, a scavenger receptor, but an inhibitor of this molecule did not impair augurin repression of Wnt‐stimulated transcription specifically. Genome‐wide association studies showed an association of ECRG4 genomic variation with body height and osteoarthritis.

Conclusions

Our study sheds new light on the wide spectrum of functions previously ascribed to augurin in brain function, stem cell biology, inflammation/immunity and cancer. Furthermore, our discovery paves the way to further characterization of the mechanisms involved in augurin repression of Wnt signalling and the development of agonists and antagonists for this protein, which have a wide array of potential applications in the clinic.

Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment

Hydrocephalus is a serious condition that affects patients of all ages, resulting from a multitude of causes. While the etiologies of hydrocephalus are numerous, many of the acute and chronic symptoms of the condition are shared. These symptoms include disorientation and pain (headaches), cognitive and developmental changes, vision and sleep disturbances, and gait abnormalities. This collective group of symptoms combined with the effectiveness of CSF diversion as a surgical intervention for many types of the condition suggest that the various etiologies may share common cellular and molecular dysfunctions. The incidence rate of pediatric hydrocephalus is approximately 0.1-0.6% of live births, making it as common as Down syndrome in infants. Diagnosis and treatment of various forms of adult hydrocephalus remain understudied and underreported. Surgical interventions to treat hydrocephalus, though lifesaving, have a high incidence of failure. Previously tested pharmacotherapies for the treatment of hydrocephalus have resulted in net zero or negative outcomes for patients potentially due to the lack of understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of hydrocephalus. Very few well-validated drug targets have been proposed for therapy; most of these have been within the last 5 years. Within the last 50 years, there have been only incremental improvements in surgical treatments for hydrocephalus, and there has been little progress made towards prevention or cure. This demonstrates the need to develop nonsurgical interventions for the treatment of hydrocephalus regardless of etiology. The development of new treatment paradigms relies heavily on investment in researching the common molecular mechanisms that contribute to all of the forms of hydrocephalus, and requires the concerted support of patient advocacy organizations, government- and private-funded research, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, the medical device industry, and the vast network of healthcare professionals.

Huoxin pill prevents excessive inflammation and cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction by inhibiting adverse Wnt/β‑catenin signaling activation

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiac injury, resulting in widespread and irreversible damage to the heart. The incidence of MI gives rise to the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines that further promotes myocardial dysfunction. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is adversely activated during MI and plays an important role in the modulation of the inflammatory response following tissue injury. Huoxin pill (HXP) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine formulation that has been long used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, however its mechanisms of cardioprotection remain unclear.

METHODS

We performed murine models of MI in order to model myocardial ischemic damage and examine the effect and underlying mechanism of HXP in protecting against myocardial ischemic injury. We further constructed conditional cardiomyocyte-specific β-catenin knockout mice and induced surgical MI in order to better understand the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling following myocardial infarction in the adult heart.

RESULTS

HXP administration strongly protected against cardiac ischemic injury, improved cardiac function, and markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines following MI. Nuclear activation of β‑catenin resulted in significantly increased nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κB. In contrast, cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of β-catenin decreased NF-κB activation and exhibited beneficial effects following ischemic injury. Hence, HXP protected against MI-induced ischemic injury and excessive inflammatory response via inhibiting Wnt/β‑catenin signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study elucidated the role of HXP in protecting against ischemic myocardial injury via preventing MI-induced inflammatory response, which was mediated by its ability to inhibit adverse Wnt/β‑catenin signaling activation. Thus, our study provides the basis for the implementation of HXP as an effective therapeutic strategy in protecting against myocardial ischemic diseases.

Malat1 attenuated the rescuing effects of docosahexaenoic acid on osteoarthritis treatment via repressing its chondroprotective and chondrogenesis activities

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease associated with joint inflammation, articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral hypertrophy. Small molecules which both ameliorate chondrocyte OA phenotype and activate bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) chondrogenesis under inflammatory conditions have the therapeutical potential for OA treatment. In this study, we characterized a novel small molecule which could ameliorate OA progression via novel regulating mechanisms. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a bioactive molecule, was screened from a small molecule library and showed anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in OA chondrocytes, as well as ameliorated IL-1β impaired BMSCs chondrogenesis in Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling dependent manners. Furthermore, Malat1 was found to be the key mediator of DHA-mediating anti-inflammation chondroprotection and chondrogenesis. DHA also rescued cartilage loss and damage in a surgery-induced OA mice model. The elevation of serum Malat1 levels caused by OA was also downregulated by DHA treatment. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that DHA, with a dual-signaling repression property, exerted its anti-inflammation, chondroprotection and chondrogenesis function possibly via regulating Malat1 level, suggesting that it may be a possible drug candidate for OA patients with elevated MALAT1 expression levels.

Reduction of lithium induced interstitial fibrosis on co-administration with amiloride

Long-term administration of lithium is associated with chronic interstitial fibrosis that is partially reduced with exposure to amiloride. We examined potential pathways of how amiloride may reduce interstitial fibrosis. Amiloride was administered to a rat model of lithium induced interstitial fibrosis over a long term (6 months), as well as for short terms of 14 and 28 days. Kidney cortical tissue was subjected to RNA sequencing and microRNA expression analysis. Gene expression changes of interest were confirmed using immunohistochemistry on kidney tissue. Pathways identified by RNA sequencing of kidney tissue were related to 'promoting inflammation' for lithium and 'reducing inflammation' for amiloride. Validation of candidate genes found amiloride reduced inflammatory components induced by lithium including NF-κB/p65^Ser536 and activated pAKT^Ser473, and increased p53 mediated regulatory function through increased p21 in damaged tubular epithelial cells. Amiloride also reduced the amount of Notch1 positive PDGFrβ pericytes and infiltrating CD3 cells in the interstitium. Thus, amiloride attenuates a multitude of pro-inflammatory components induced by lithium. This suggests amiloride could be repurposed as a possible anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic agent to prevent or reduce the development of chronic interstitial fibrosis.