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Moldovan OL, Rusu A, Tanase C, Vari CE. Glutamate - A multifaceted molecule: Endogenous neurotransmitter, controversial food additive, design compound for anti-cancer drugs. A critical appraisal. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112290. [PMID: 34023459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used flavour enhancers in the food industry is monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG consumption has been on an upward trend, worrying in terms of potential toxic effects. This review is focused on the long-term toxicity of MSG and the experimental evidence that supports it. The article's primary purpose was to survey recently published data regarding the consumption of MSG within safe limits. The administered doses in animal models are very varied and have given rise to controversy. Also, the paper comprises pathways to lower MSG toxicity and highlight other underexploited biological effects, as anti-cancer potential. The administration of MSG, combined with various compounds, has been shown benefit against toxic effects. Several recent studies have identified a possible mechanism that recommends MSG and some derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. New anti-cancer compounds based on the glutamic acid structure must be studied and further exploited. International regulations require harmonization of safe doses of MSG based on current scientific studies. Replacing MSG with other umami flavour enhancers may be a safer alternative for human health in the future. The biological consequences of MSG consumption or therapeutical administration have not been fully deciphered yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- Medicine and Pharmacy Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
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Boczek T, Mackiewicz J, Sobolczyk M, Wawrzyniak J, Lisek M, Ferenc B, Guo F, Zylinska L. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Calcium Signaling in Schizophrenia. Focus on GPCRs Activated by Neurotransmitters and Chemokines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051228. [PMID: 34067760 PMCID: PMC8155952 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common debilitating disease characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying this psychiatric illness remain incompletely understood, a growing body of clinical, pharmacological, and genetic evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a critical role in disease development, progression, and treatment. This pivotal role is further highlighted by the fact that GPCRs are the most common targets for antipsychotic drugs. The GPCRs activation evokes slow synaptic transmission through several downstream pathways, many of them engaging intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Dysfunctions of the neurotransmitter systems involving the action of GPCRs in the frontal and limbic-related regions are likely to underly the complex picture that includes the whole spectrum of positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms. Therefore, the progress in our understanding of GPCRs function in the control of brain cognitive functions is expected to open new avenues for selective drug development. In this paper, we review and synthesize the recent data regarding the contribution of neurotransmitter-GPCRs signaling to schizophrenia symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Joanna Mackiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Marta Sobolczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Julia Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Bozena Ferenc
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Spatiotemporal Patterns of Menin Localization in Developing Murine Brain: Co-Expression with the Elements of Cholinergic Synaptic Machinery. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051215. [PMID: 34065662 PMCID: PMC8156519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Menin, a product of MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) gene is an important regulator of tissue development and maintenance; its perturbation results in multiple tumors—primarily of the endocrine tissue. Despite its abundance in the developing central nervous system (CNS), our understanding of menin’s role remains limited. Recently, we discovered menin to play an important role in cholinergic synaptogenesis in the CNS, whereas others have shown its involvement in learning, memory, depression and apoptosis. For menin to play these important roles in the CNS, its expression patterns must be corroborated with other components of the synaptic machinery imbedded in the learning and memory centers; this, however, remains to be established. Here, we report on the spatio-temporal expression patterns of menin, which we found to exhibit dynamic distribution in the murine brain from early development, postnatal period to a fully-grown adult mouse brain. We demonstrate here that menin expression is initially widespread in the brain during early embryonic stages, albeit with lower intensity, as determined by immunohistochemistry and gene expression. With the progression of development, however, menin expression became highly localized to learning, memory and cognition centers in the CNS. In addition to menin expression patterns throughout development, we provide the first direct evidence for its co-expression with nicotinic acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) receptors—concomitant with the expression of both postsynaptic (postsynaptic density protein PSD-95) and presynaptic (synaptotagamin) proteins. This study is thus the first to provide detailed analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of menin expression from initial CNS development to adulthood. When taken together with previously published studies, our data underscore menin’s importance in the cholinergic neuronal network assembly underlying learning, memory and cognition.
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Synaptic Reshaping and Neuronal Outcomes in the Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083860. [PMID: 33917911 PMCID: PMC8068229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common types of focal epilepsy, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures originating in the temporal lobe(s), with mesial TLE (mTLE) as the worst form of TLE, often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Abnormal epileptiform discharges are the result, among others, of altered cell-to-cell communication in both chemical and electrical transmissions. Current knowledge about the neurobiology of TLE in human patients emerges from pathological studies of biopsy specimens isolated from the epileptogenic zone or, in a few more recent investigations, from living subjects using positron emission tomography (PET). To overcome limitations related to the use of human tissue, animal models are of great help as they allow the selection of homogeneous samples still presenting a more various scenario of the epileptic syndrome, the presence of a comparable control group, and the availability of a greater amount of tissue for in vitro/ex vivo investigations. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional alterations of synaptic connections in the brain of TLE/mTLE patients and animal models.
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Domi E, Domi A, Adermark L, Heilig M, Augier E. Neurobiology of alcohol seeking behavior. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1585-1614. [PMID: 33704789 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse consequences. A main challenge of addiction treatment is to prevent relapse, which occurs in more than >50% of newly abstinent patients with alcohol disorder within 3 months. In people suffering from alcohol addiction, stressful events, drug-associated cues and contexts, or re-exposure to a small amount of alcohol trigger a chain of behaviors that frequently culminates in relapse. In this review, we first present the preclinical models that were developed for the study of alcohol seeking behavior, namely the reinstatement model of alcohol relapse and compulsive alcohol seeking under a chained schedule of reinforcement. We then provide an overview of the neurobiological findings obtained using these animal models, focusing on the role of opioids systems, corticotropin-release hormone and neurokinins, followed by dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions in alcohol seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Domi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ana Domi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Augier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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106
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Kryszkowski W, Boczek T. The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptors as Novel Molecular Targets in Schizophrenia Treatment-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071475. [PMID: 33918323 PMCID: PMC8038150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with an unknown etiology. The research into the neurobiology of this disease led to several models aimed at explaining the link between perturbations in brain function and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. The glutamatergic hypothesis postulates that disrupted glutamate neurotransmission may mediate cognitive and psychosocial impairments by affecting the connections between the cortex and the thalamus. In this regard, the greatest attention has been given to ionotropic NMDA receptor hypofunction. However, converging data indicates metabotropic glutamate receptors as crucial for cognitive and psychomotor function. The distribution of these receptors in the brain regions related to schizophrenia and their regulatory role in glutamate release make them promising molecular targets for novel antipsychotics. This article reviews the progress in the research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in schizophrenia etiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kryszkowski
- General Psychiatric Ward, Babinski Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 91229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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107
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Novo JP, Martins B, Raposo RS, Pereira FC, Oriá RB, Malva JO, Fontes-Ribeiro C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Methylmercury Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063101. [PMID: 33803585 PMCID: PMC8003103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is a major environmental concern. In the aquatic reservoir, MeHg bioaccumulates along the food chain until it is consumed by riverine populations. There has been much interest in the neurotoxicity of MeHg due to recent environmental disasters. Studies have also addressed the implications of long-term MeHg exposure for humans. The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of MeHg, as evidenced by clinical symptoms and histopathological changes in poisoned humans. In vitro and in vivo studies have been crucial in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. A collection of cellular and molecular alterations including cytokine release, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate dyshomeostasis, and cell death mechanisms are important consequences of brain cells exposure to MeHg. The purpose of this review is to organize an overview of the mercury cycle and MeHg poisoning events and to summarize data from cellular, animal, and human studies focusing on MeHg effects in neurons and glial cells. This review proposes an up-to-date compendium that will serve as a starting point for further studies and a consultation reference of published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P. Novo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Ramon S. Raposo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Experimental Biology Core, University of Fortaleza, Health Sciences, Fortaleza 60110-001, Brazil
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil;
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.M.); (C.F.-R.)
| | - Carlos Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.M.); (C.F.-R.)
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108
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Senik MH, Abu IF, Fadhullah W. Analysis of K ATP Channels Opening Probability of Hippocampus Cells Treated with Kainic Acid. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:15-26. [PMID: 33679216 PMCID: PMC7909348 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures may be a valuable tool in the assessment of anti-epileptic drug efficacy in complex partial seizures. This study investigated the effects of KA on ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels opening probability (NPo), which plays a crucial role in neuronal activities. Methods For the optimisation and validation protocol, β-cells were plated onto 35 mm plastic petri dishes and maintained in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10 mM glucose, 10% FCS and 25 mM of N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The treatment effects of 10 mM glucose and 30 μM fluoxetine on KATP channels NPo of β-cells were assessed via cell-attached patch-clamp recordings. For hippocampus cell experiments, hippocampi were harvested from day 17 of maternal Lister-hooded rat foetus, and then transferred to a Ca2+ and Mg2+-free HEPES-buffered Hank's salt solution (HHSS). The dissociated cells were cultured and plated onto a 25 mm round cover glasses coated with poly-d-lysine (0.1 mg/mL) in a petri dish. The KATP channels NPo of hippocampus cells when perfused with 1 mM and 10 mM of KA were determined. Results NPo of β-cells showed significant decreasing patterns (P < 0.001) when treated with 10 mM glucose 0.048 (0.027) as well as 30 μM fluoxetine 0.190 (0.141) as compared to basal counterpart. In hippocampus cell experiment, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean NPo 2.148 (0.175) of neurons when applied with 1 mM of KA as compared to basal was observed. Conclusion The two concentrations of KA used in the study exerted contrasting effects toward the mean of NPo. It is hypothesised that KA at lower concentration (1 mM) opens more KATP channels, leading to hyperpolarisation of the neurons, which may prevent neuronal hyper excitability. No effect was shown in 10 mM KA treatment, suggesting that only lower than 10 mM KA produced significant changes in KATP channels. This implies further validation of KA concentration to be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Harizal Senik
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Widad Fadhullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Ma DL, Wu C, Liu H, Wu KJ, Leung CH. Luminescence approaches for the rapid detection of disease-related receptor proteins using transition metal-based probes. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3249-3260. [PMID: 31647090 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein biomarkers, particularly abnormally expressed receptor proteins, have been proved to be one of the crucial biomarkers for the rapid assessment, diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of specific human diseases. Transition metal based strategies in particular possess delightful strengths in the in-field and real-time visualization of receptor proteins owing to their unique photophysical properties. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of detection methods for receptor protein biomarkers using transition metal based approaches, particularly those employing transition metal complexes. We first discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various strategies used for protein biomarker monitoring in live cells. We then describe the principles of the various sensing platforms and their application for receptor protein detection. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future inspirations in this specific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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Sundar M, Patel D, Young Z, Leong KC. Oxytocin and Addiction: Potential Glutamatergic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052405. [PMID: 33673694 PMCID: PMC7957657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, oxytocin (OXT) has been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in addiction. OXT has been found to diminish various drug-seeking and drug-induced behaviors. Although its behavioral effects are well-established, there is not much consensus on how this neuropeptide exerts its effects. Previous research has given thought to how dopamine (DA) may be involved in oxytocinergic mechanisms, but there has not been as strong of a focus on the role that glutamate (Glu) has. The glutamatergic system is critical for the processing of rewards and the disruption of glutamatergic projections produces the behaviors seen in drug addicts. We introduce the idea that OXT has direct effects on Glu transmission within the reward processing pathway. Thus, OXT may reduce addictive behaviors by restoring abnormal drug-induced changes in the glutamatergic system and in its interactions with other neurotransmitters. This review offers insight into the mechanisms through which a potentially viable therapeutic target, OXT, could be used to reduce addiction-related behaviors.
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Khedr MA, Abu-Zied KM, Zaghary WA, Aly AS, Shouman DN, Haffez H. Novel thienopyrimidine analogues as potential metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibitors and anticancer activity: Synthesis, In-vitro, In-silico, and SAR approaches. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104729. [PMID: 33676314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a continuous need in drug development approach for synthetic anticancer analogues with new therapeutic targets to diminish chemotherapeutic resistance of cancer cells. This study presents new group of synthetic thienopyrimidine analogues (1-9) aims as mGluR-1 inhibitors with anticancer activity. In-vitro antiproliferative assessment was carried out using viability assay against cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A-549 and PC-3) compared to WI-38 normal cell line. Analogues showed variable anticancer activity with IC50 ranging from 6.60 to 121 µg/mL with compound 7b is the most potent analogue against the three cancer cell lines (MCF-7; 6.57 ± 0.200, A-549; 6.31 ± 0.400, PC-3;7.39 ± 0.500 µg/mL) compared to Doxorubicin, 5-Flurouracil and Riluzole controls. Selected compounds were tested as mGluR-1 inhibitors in MCF-7 cell line and results revealed compound 7b induced significant reduction in extracellular glutamate release (IC50; 4.96 ± 0.700 µM) compared to other analogues and next to Riluzole (IC50; 2.80 ± 0.500 µM) of the same suggested mode of action. Furthermore, both cell cycle and apoptosis assays confirmed the potency of compound 7b for early apoptosis of MCF-7 at G2/M phase and apoptotic positive cell shift to (91.4%) compared to untreated control (19.6%) and Raptinal positive control (51.4%). On gene expression level, compound 7b induced over-expression of extrinsic (FasL, TNF-α and Casp-8), intrinsic (Cyt-C, Casp-3, Bax) apoptotic genes with down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene with boosted Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to 2.6-fold increase. Molecular docking and dynamic studies confirmed the biological potency through strong binding and stability modes of 7b where it was faster in reaching the equilibrium point and achieving the stability than Riluzole over 20 ns MD. These results suggest compound 7b as a promising mGluR inhibitory scaffold with anticancer activity that deserves further optimization and in-depth In-vivo and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11795, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Khadiga M Abu-Zied
- Photochemistry Department (Heterocyclic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Zaghary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11795, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Aly
- Photochemistry Department (Heterocyclic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Dina N Shouman
- Family Medicine Center, Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Hesham Haffez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11795, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Scientific Excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)", Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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Abstract
![]()
Developing
drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) requires
fine chemical modifications, as a strict balance between size and
lipophilicity is necessary to improve the permeability through the
blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In this context, morpholine and its analogues represent valuable heterocycles,
due to their conformational and physicochemical properties. In fact,
the presence of a weak basic nitrogen atom and of an oxygen atom at
the opposite position provides a peculiar pKa value and a flexible conformation to the ring, thus allowing
it to take part in several lipophilic–hydrophilic interactions,
and to improve blood solubility and brain permeability of the overall
structure. In CNS-active compounds, morpholines are used (1) to enhance
the potency through molecular interactions, (2) to act as a scaffold
directing the appendages in the correct position, and (3) to modulate
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties. In this perspective,
selected morpholine-containing CNS drug candidates are discussed to
reveal the active pharmacophores accountable for the (1) modulation
of receptors involved in mood disorders and pain, (2) bioactivity
toward enzymes and receptors responsible for neurodegenerative diseases,
and (3) inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathology of CNS tumors.
The medicinal chemistry/pharmacological activity of morpholine derivatives
is discussed, in the effort to highlight the importance of morpholine
ring interactions in the active site of different targets, particularly
reporting binding features retrieved from PDB data, when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calugi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Glutamine Uptake via SNAT6 and Caveolin Regulates Glutamine-Glutamate Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031167. [PMID: 33503881 PMCID: PMC7865731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC38A6 (SNAT6) is the only known member of the SLC38 family that is expressed exclusively in the excitatory neurons of the brain. It has been described as an orphan transporter with an unknown substrate profile, therefore very little is known about SNAT6. In this study, we addressed the substrate specificity, mechanisms for internalization of SNAT6, and the regulatory role of SNAT6 with specific insights into the glutamate-glutamine cycle. We used tritium-labeled amino acids in order to demonstrate that SNAT6 is functioning as a glutamine and glutamate transporter. SNAT6 revealed seven predicted transmembrane segments in a homology model and was localized to caveolin rich sites at the plasma membrane. SNAT6 has high degree of specificity for glutamine and glutamate. Presence of these substrates enables formation of SNAT6-caveolin complexes that aids in sodium dependent trafficking of SNAT6 off the plasma membrane. To further understand its mode of action, several potential interacting partners of SNAT6 were identified using bioinformatics. Among them where CTP synthase 2 (CTPs2), phosphate activated glutaminase (Pag), and glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (Grm2). Co-expression analysis, immunolabeling with co-localization analysis and proximity ligation assays of these three proteins with SNAT6 were performed to investigate possible interactions. SNAT6 can cycle between cytoplasm and plasma membrane depending on availability of substrates and interact with Pag, synaptophysin, CTPs2, and Grm2. Our data suggest a potential role of SNAT6 in glutamine uptake at the pre-synaptic terminal of excitatory neurons. We propose here a mechanistic model of SNAT6 trafficking that once internalized influences the glutamate-glutamine cycle in presence of its potential interacting partners.
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Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Sound Evoked and Spontaneous Activity in the Mouse Inferior Colliculus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0328-20.2020. [PMID: 33334826 PMCID: PMC7814476 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0328-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the functions of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs2/3) in the inferior colliculus (IC), a midbrain structure that is a major integration region of the central auditory system. We investigated how these receptors modulate sound-evoked and spontaneous firing in the mouse IC in vivo. We first performed immunostaining and tested hearing thresholds to validate vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-ChR2 transgenic mice on a mixed CBA/CaJ x C57BL/6J genetic background. Transgenic animals allowed for optogenetic cell-type identification. Extracellular single neuron recordings were obtained before and after pharmacological mGluR2/3 activation. We observed increased sound-evoked firing, as assessed by the rate-level functions (RLFs), in a subset of both GABAergic and non-GABAergic IC neurons following mGluR2/3 pharmacological activation. These neurons also displayed elevated spontaneous excitability and were distributed throughout the IC area tested, suggesting a widespread mGluR2/3 distribution in the mouse IC.
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Peng J, Zhou Y, Wang K. Multiplex gene and phenotype network to characterize shared genetic pathways of epilepsy and autism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33441621 PMCID: PMC7806931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly co-occur; however, the underlying biological mechanisms of the co-occurence from their genetic susceptibility are not well understood. Our aim in this study is to characterize genetic modules of subgroups of epilepsy and autism genes that have similar phenotypic manifestations and biological functions. We first integrate a large number of expert-compiled and well-established epilepsy- and ASD-associated genes in a multiplex network, where one layer is connected through protein-protein interaction (PPI) and the other layer through gene-phenotype associations. We identify two modules in the multiplex network, which are significantly enriched in genes associated with both epilepsy and autism as well as genes highly expressed in brain tissues. We find that the first module, which represents the Gene Ontology category of ion transmembrane transport, is more epilepsy-focused, while the second module, representing synaptic signaling, is more ASD-focused. However, because of their enrichment in common genes and association with both epilepsy and ASD phenotypes, these modules point to genetic etiologies and biological processes shared between specific subtypes of epilepsy and ASD. Finally, we use our analysis to prioritize new candidate genes for epilepsy (i.e. ANK2, CACNA1E, CACNA2D3, GRIA2, DLG4) for further validation. The analytical approaches in our study can be applied to similar studies in the future to investigate the genetic connections between different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Peng
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kai Wang
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Zinni M, Mairesse J, Pansiot J, Fazio F, Iacovelli L, Antenucci N, Orlando R, Nicoletti F, Vaiman D, Baud O. mGlu3 receptor regulates microglial cell reactivity in neonatal rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33407565 PMCID: PMC7789385 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal inflammation is a key factor of brain vulnerability in neonates born preterm or with intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), two leading conditions associated with brain injury and responsible for neurocognitive and behavioral disorders. Systemic inflammation is recognized to activate microglia, known to be the critical modulators of brain vulnerability. Although some evidence supports a role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3 receptor) in modulation of neuroinflammation, its functions are still unknown in the developing microglia. METHODS We used a double-hit rat model of perinatal brain injury induced by a gestational low-protein diet combined with interleukin-1β injections (LPD/IL-1β), mimicking both IUGR and prematurity-related inflammation. The effect of LPD/IL-1β on mGlu3 receptor expression and the effect of mGlu3 receptor modulation on microglial reactivity were investigated using a combination of pharmacological, histological, and molecular and genetic approaches. RESULTS Exposure to LPD/IL-1β significantly downregulated Grm3 gene expression in the developing microglia. Both transcriptomic analyses and pharmacological modulation of mGlu3 receptor demonstrated its central role in the control of inflammation in resting and activated microglia. Microglia reactivity to inflammatory challenge induced by LPD/IL-1β exposure was reduced by an mGlu3 receptor agonist. Conversely, both specific pharmacological blockade, siRNA knock-down, and genetic knock-out of mGlu3 receptors mimicked the pro-inflammatory phenotype observed in microglial cells exposed to LPD/IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that Grm3 plays a central role in the regulation of microglial reactivity in the immature brain. Selective pharmacological activation of mGlu3 receptors may prevent inflammatory-induced perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zinni
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mairesse
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Child Growth and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Pansiot
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico Antenucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Laboratory of Child Growth and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Fedin A, Saverskaya E, Badalyan K. Multimodal therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:112-118. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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118
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De Sa Nogueira D, Bourdy R, Filliol D, Quessada C, McCort-Tranchepain I, Acher F, Zwiller J, Romieu P, Befort K. LSP2-9166, an orthosteric mGlu4 and mGlu7 receptor agonist, reduces cocaine self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 764:135603. [PMID: 33387661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a serious health issue in Western countries. Despite the regular increase in cocaine consumption across the population, there is no specific treatment for cocaine addiction. Critical roles for glutamate neurotransmission in the rewarding effects of psychostimulants as well as relapse have been suggested and accumulating evidence indicates that targeting mGlu group III receptors could represent a promising strategy to develop therapeutic compounds to treat addiction. In this context, the aim of our study was to examine the effect of LSP2-9166, a mGlu4/mGlu7 receptor orthosteric agonist, on the motivation for cocaine intake. We used an intravenous self-administration paradigm in male Wistar rats as a reliable model of voluntary drug intake. We first evaluated the direct impact of cocaine on Grm4 and Grm7 gene expression. Voluntary cocaine intake under a fixed ratio schedule of injections induced an increase of both mGlu4 and mGlu7 receptor transcripts in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. We then evaluated the ability of LSP2-9166 to affect cocaine self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. We found that this compound inhibits the motivation to obtain the drug, although it induced a hypolocomotor effect which could biais motivation index. Our findings demonstrate that mGlu group III receptors represent new targets for decreasing motivation to self-administer cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Sa Nogueira
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romain Bourdy
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Filliol
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Quessada
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, UMR-S1118, 11 rue Humann, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle McCort-Tranchepain
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Francine Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Jean Zwiller
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Romieu
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Befort
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, UMR 7364, CNRS 12 rue Goethe, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Serwach K, Gruszczynska-Biegala J. Target Molecules of STIM Proteins in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:617422. [PMID: 33424550 PMCID: PMC7786003 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.617422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs), including STIM1 and STIM2, are single-pass transmembrane proteins that are located predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They serve as calcium ion (Ca2+) sensors within the ER. In the central nervous system (CNS), they are involved mainly in Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The key molecular components of the SOCE pathway are well-characterized, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of this pathway need further investigation. Numerous intracellular target proteins that are located in the plasma membrane, ER, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm have been reported to play essential roles in concert with STIMs, such as conformational changes in STIMs, their translocation, the stabilization of their interactions with Orai, and the activation of other channels. The present review focuses on numerous regulators, such as Homer, SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF), septin, synaptopodin, golli proteins, partner of STIM1 (POST), and transcription factors and proteasome inhibitors that regulate STIM-Orai interactions in the CNS. Further we describe novel roles of STIMs in mediating Ca2+ influx via other than Orai pathways, including TRPC channels, VGCCs, AMPA and NMDA receptors, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. This review also summarizes recent findings on additional molecular targets of STIM proteins including SERCA, IP3Rs, end-binding proteins (EB), presenilin, and CaMKII. Dysregulation of the SOCE-associated toolkit, including STIMs, contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease), traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and stroke. Emerging evidence points to the role of STIM proteins and several of their molecular effectors and regulators in neuronal and glial physiology and pathology, suggesting their potential application for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Serwach
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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Stolero N, Frenkel D. The dialog between neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease: The neurotransmitters view. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1412-1424. [PMID: 33314073 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Their continuous sensing of surrounding micro-environments is crucial for their activity. Cross talk between specific neurons and microglia might occur through specific neurotransmitter receptors on microglia. Impairment with this interaction might result in pathological activity of microglia against potential insults. The reason for this activity in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not known. However, several papers report of the effects of different neurotransmitter agonists on microglial cells function that relate to their activity in AD. This review aims to summarize those works and to raise potential fundamental questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Stolero
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Gerra MC, Carnevali D, Pedersen IS, Donnini C, Manfredini M, González-Villar A, Triñanes Y, Pidal-Miranda M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT. DNA methylation changes in genes involved in inflammation and depression in fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Scand J Pain 2020; 21:372-383. [PMID: 34387961 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present pilot study aims to investigate DNA methylation changes of genes related to fibromyalgia (FM) development and its main comorbid symptoms, including sleep impairment, inflammation, depression and other psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic modifications might trigger or perpetuate complex interplay between pain transduction/transmission, central pain processing and experienced stressors in vulnerable individuals. METHODS We conducted DNA methylation analysis by targeted bisulfite NGS sequencing testing differential methylation in 112 genomic regions from leukocytes of eight women with FM and their eight healthy sisters as controls. RESULTS Tests for differentially methylated regions and cytosines brought focus on the GRM2 gene, encoding the metabotropic glutamate receptor2. The slightly increased DNA methylation observed in the GRM2 region of FM patients may confirm the involvement of the glutamate pathway in this pathological condition. Logistic regression highlighted the simultaneous association of methylation levels of depression and inflammation-related genes with FM. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the results evidence the glutamate pathway involvement in FM and support the idea that a combination of methylated and unmethylated genes could represent a risk factor to FM or its consequence, more than single genes. Further studies on the identified biomarkers could contribute to unravel the causative underlying FM mechanisms, giving reliable directions to research, improving the diagnosis and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Gerra
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Davide Carnevali
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma (UNIPR), Parma, Italy
| | - Inge Søkilde Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital and Aalborg University, Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma (UNIPR), Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Manfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma (UNIPR), Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto González-Villar
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Triñanes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marina Pidal-Miranda
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Fenyves BG, Szilágyi GS, Vassy Z, Sőti C, Csermely P. Synaptic polarity and sign-balance prediction using gene expression data in the Caenorhabditis elegans chemical synapse neuronal connectome network. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007974. [PMID: 33347479 PMCID: PMC7785220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graph theoretical analyses of nervous systems usually omit the aspect of connection polarity, due to data insufficiency. The chemical synapse network of Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-reconstructed directed network, but the signs of its connections are yet to be elucidated. Here, we present the gene expression-based sign prediction of the ionotropic chemical synapse connectome of C. elegans (3,638 connections and 20,589 synapses total), incorporating available presynaptic neurotransmitter and postsynaptic receptor gene expression data for three major neurotransmitter systems. We made predictions for more than two-thirds of these chemical synapses and observed an excitatory-inhibitory (E:I) ratio close to 4:1 which was found similar to that observed in many real-world networks. Our open source tool (http://EleganSign.linkgroup.hu) is simple but efficient in predicting polarities by integrating neuronal connectome and gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bánk G. Fenyves
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor S. Szilágyi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Vassy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Csermely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Goel N, Peng K, Lu Y. Neuromodulation by mGluRs in Sound Localization Circuits in the Auditory Brainstem. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:599600. [PMID: 33224028 PMCID: PMC7674593 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.599600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of humans and animals to localize the source of a sound in a complex acoustic environment facilitates communication and survival. Two cues are used for sound localization at horizontal planes, interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD), which are analyzed by distinct neural circuits in the brainstem. Here, we review the studies on metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated neuromodulation of both intrinsic and synaptic properties of brainstem neurons in these circuits. Both mammalian and avian animal models have been used, with each having their advantages that are not present in the other. For the mammalian model, we discuss mGluR neuromodulation in the ILD circuit, with an emphasis on the recent discovery of differential modulation of synaptic transmission of different transmitter release modes. For the avian model, we focus on reviewing mGluR neuromodulation in the ITD pathway, with an emphasis on tonotopic distribution and synaptic plasticity of mGluR modulation in coincidence detector neurons. Future works are proposed to further investigate the functions and mechanisms of mGluRs in the sound localization circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Goel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Kang Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
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Eyob W, George AK, Homme RP, Stanisic D, Sandhu H, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Regulation of the parental gene GRM4 by circGrm4 RNA transcript and glutamate-mediated neurovascular toxicity in eyes. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:663-673. [PMID: 33074445 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic memory plays crucial roles in gene regulation. It not only modulates the expression of specific genes but also has ripple effects on transcription as well as translation of other genes. Very often an alteration in expression occurs either via methylation or demethylation. In this context, "1-carbon metabolism" assumes a special significance since its dysregulation by higher levels of homocysteine; Hcy (known as hyperhomocysteinemia; HHcy), a byproduct of "1-Carbon Metabolism" during methionine biosynthesis leads to serious implications in cardiovascular, renal, cerebrovascular systems, and a host of other conditions. Currently, the circular RNAs (circRNAs) generated via non-canonical back-splicing events from the pre-mRNA molecules are at the center stage for their essential roles in diseases via their epigenetic manifestations. We recently identified a circular RNA transcript (circGRM4) that is significantly upregulated in the eye of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice. We also discovered a concurrent over-expression of the mGLUR4 receptor in the eyes of these mice. In brief, circGRM4 is selectively transcribed from its parental mGLUR4 receptor gene (GRM4) functions as a "molecular-sponge" for the miRNAs and results into excessive turnover of the mGLUR4 receptor in the eye in response to extremely high circulating glutamate concentration. We opine that this epigenetic manifestation potentially predisposes HHcy people to retinovascular malfunctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wintana Eyob
- College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Dragana Stanisic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Harpal Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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126
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Kim E, Otgontenger U, Jamsranjav A, Kim SS. Deleterious Alteration of Glia in the Brain of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186676. [PMID: 32932623 PMCID: PMC7555758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deterioration of neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) arises from genetic, immunologic, and cellular factors inside the cortex. The traditional consensus of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) paradigm as a singular cause of AD has been under revision, with the accumulation of exploding neurobiological evidence. Among the multifaceted casualties of AD, the involvement of glia gains significance for its dynamic contribution to neurons, either in a neuroprotective or neurotoxic fashion. Basically, microglia and astrocytes contribute to neuronal sustainability by releasing neuroprotective cytokines, maintaining an adequate amount of glutamate in the synapse, and pruning excessive synaptic terminals. Such beneficial effects divert to the other detrimental cascade in chronic neuroinflammatory conditions. In this change, there are new discoveries of specific cytokines, microRNAs, and complementary factors. Previously unknown mechanisms of ion channels such as Kv1.3, Kir2.1, and HCN are also elucidated in the activation of microglia. The activation of glia is responsible for the excitotoxicity through the overflow of glutamate transmitter via mGluRs expressed on the membrane, which can lead to synaptic malfunction and engulfment. The communication between microglia and astrocytes is mediated through exosomes as well as cytokines, where numerous pieces of genetic information are transferred in the form of microRNAs. The new findings tell us that the neuronal environment in the AD condition is a far more complicated and dynamically interacting space. The identification of each molecule in the milieu and cellular communication would contribute to a better understanding of AD in the neurobiological perspective, consequently suggesting a possible therapeutic clue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sang Seong Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5812; Fax: +82-31-400-5958
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127
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Afshari AR, Fanoudi S, Rajabian A, Sadeghnia HR, Mollazadeh H, Hosseini A. Potential protective roles of phytochemicals on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity: A review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1113-1123. [PMID: 32963732 PMCID: PMC7491505 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.43687.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, as an essential neurotransmitter, has been thought to have different roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including nerve regeneration, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis. Excessive glutamate causes an up-regulation of the multiple signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and autophagy that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases pathophysiology. There are numerous findings on curcumin, astaxanthin, thymoquinone, and berberine, as natural products, which have outstanding effects in cell signaling far beyond their anti-oxidant activity, considering as a potential therapeutic target for glutamate excitotoxicity. Herein, we address the role of glutamate as a potential target in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the protective effects of certain phytochemicals on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R. Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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128
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Jeong J, Park HJ, Mun BR, Jang JK, Choi YM, Choi WS. JBPOS0101 regulates amyloid beta, tau, and glial cells in an Alzheimer's disease model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237153. [PMID: 32791516 PMCID: PMC7426148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory loss as the main symptoms. The deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation are hallmarks of AD and are major therapeutic targets. However, the exact etiology has not yet been fully elucidated; thus, no drug that cures the disease has been approved. JBPOS0101 is a phenyl carbamate compound that has been tested as a drug for epileptic diseases. In our previous study, we showed that JBPOS0101 attenuated the accumulation of Aβ as well as the deficits in learning and memory in the 5xFAD mouse model. Here, we tested the dose effect (70 or 35 mg/kg) of JBPOS0101 on the memory defect and pathological markers and further investigated the underlying mechanisms in 5xFAD mice. In the behavior tests, JBPOS0101 treatment ameliorated deficits in learning and memory. Moreover, JBPOS0101 attenuated Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation. The elevated phosphorylation levels of the active GSK3β form (GSK3β-y216) in 5xFAD, which are responsible for tau phosphorylation, decreased in the JBPOS0101-treated groups. Furthermore, the elevation of reactive astrocytes and microglia in 5xFAD mice was attenuated in JBPOS0101-treated groups. These data suggest that JBPOS0101 may be a new drug candidate to lessen amyloid- and tau-related pathology by regulating glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yongkang, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yongkang, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Mun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yongkang, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Kyong Jang
- Bio-Pharm Solutions Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Moon Choi
- Bio-Pharm Solutions Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yongkang, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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129
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Iovino L, Tremblay ME, Civiero L. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: The role of glial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:151-164. [PMID: 32807662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of a plethora of receptors and transporters, located both on neurons and glial cells. Of note, glutamate reuptake by dedicated transporters prevents its accumulation at the synapse as well as non-physiological spillover. Indeed, extracellular glutamate increase causes aberrant synaptic signaling leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and death. Moreover, extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion is strongly associated with glia reaction and neuroinflammation. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is mainly linked to an impaired ability of glial cells to reuptake and respond to glutamate, then this is considered a common hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we discuss the function of astrocytes and microglia in glutamate homeostasis, focusing on how glial dysfunction causes glutamate-induced excitotoxicity leading to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iovino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - M E Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - L Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
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130
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Chidambaram H, Chinnathambi S. G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Tau-different Roles in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 438:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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131
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Albert-Gascó H, Ros-Bernal F, Castillo-Gómez E, Olucha-Bordonau FE. MAP/ERK Signaling in Developing Cognitive and Emotional Function and Its Effect on Pathological and Neurodegenerative Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4471. [PMID: 32586047 PMCID: PMC7352860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information transduction from extracellular stimuli to the intracellular space. The transduction of information leads to changes in the ongoing metabolic pathways and the modification of gene expression patterns. In the central nervous system, ERK is expressed ubiquitously, both temporally and spatially. As for the temporal ubiquity, this signaling system participates in three key moments: (i) Embryonic development; (ii) the early postnatal period; and iii) adulthood. During embryonic development, the system is partly responsible for the patterning of segmentation in the encephalic vesicle through the FGF8-ERK pathway. In addition, during this period, ERK directs neurogenesis migration and the final fate of neural progenitors. During the early postnatal period, ERK participates in the maturation process of dendritic trees and synaptogenesis. During adulthood, ERK participates in social and emotional behavior and memory processes, including long-term potentiation. Alterations in mechanisms related to ERK are associated with different pathological outcomes. Genetic alterations in any component of the ERK pathway result in pathologies associated with neural crest derivatives and mental dysfunctions associated with autism spectrum disorders. The MAP-ERK pathway is a key element of the neuroinflammatory pathway triggered by glial cells during the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as prionic diseases. The process triggered by MAPK/ERK activation depends on the stage of development (mature or senescence), the type of cellular element in which the pathway is activated, and the anatomic neural structure. However, extensive gaps exist with regards to the targets of the phosphorylated ERK in many of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Albert-Gascó
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK;
| | - Francisco Ros-Bernal
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Esther Castillo-Gómez
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco E. Olucha-Bordonau
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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132
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Tigani W, Rossi MP, Artimagnella O, Santo M, Rauti R, Sorbo T, Ulloa Severino FP, Provenzano G, Allegra M, Caleo M, Ballerini L, Bozzi Y, Mallamaci A. Foxg1 Upregulation Enhances Neocortical Activity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5147-5165. [PMID: 32383447 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxg1 is an ancient transcription factor gene orchestrating a number of neurodevelopmental processes taking place in the rostral brain. In this study, we investigated its impact on neocortical activity. We found that mice overexpressing Foxg1 in neocortical pyramidal cells displayed an electroencephalography (EEG) with increased spike frequency and were more prone to kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. Consistently, primary cultures of neocortical neurons gain-of-function for Foxg1 were hyperactive and hypersynchronized. That reflected an unbalanced expression of key genes encoding for ion channels, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate receptors, and was likely exacerbated by a pronounced interneuron depletion. We also detected a transient Foxg1 upregulation ignited in turn by neuronal activity and mediated by immediate early genes. Based on this, we propose that even small changes of Foxg1 levels may result in a profound impact on pyramidal cell activity, an issue relevant to neuronal physiology and neurological aberrancies associated to FOXG1 copy number variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendalina Tigani
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Moira Pinzan Rossi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy.,AgenTus Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge CB4 OWG, United Kingdom
| | - Osvaldo Artimagnella
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Manuela Santo
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Rossana Rauti
- Laboratory of Neurons and Nanomaterials, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy.,Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Teresa Sorbo
- Laboratory of Neurons and Nanomaterials, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino
- Laboratory of Bionanotechnologies, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy.,Cell Biology Dept, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham NC-27710, USA
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Manuela Allegra
- Neuroscience Institute, Neurophysiology Section, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy.,Laboratory G5 Circuits Neuronaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, Neurophysiology Section, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Laboratory of Neurons and Nanomaterials, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Neuroscience Institute, Neurophysiology Section, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento 38068, Italy
| | - Antonello Mallamaci
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development, Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Trieste 34136, Italy
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133
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Zhao Y, He J, Yu N, Jia C, Wang S. Mechanisms of Dexmedetomidine in Neuropathic Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:330. [PMID: 32431587 PMCID: PMC7214625 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidin is a new-generation, highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist with a large number of advantages, including its sedative and analgesic properties, its ability to inhibit sympathetic nerves, its reduced anesthetic dosage, its hemodynamic stability, its mild respiratory depression abilities, and its ability to improve postoperative recognition. Its safety and effectiveness, as well as its ability to provide a certain degree of comfort to patients, make it a useful anesthetic adjuvant for a wide range of clinical applications. For example, dexmedetomidine is commonly used in patients undergoing general anesthesia, and it also exerts sedative effects during tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit patients. In recent years, with the deepening of clinical research on dexmedetomidine, the drug is still applied in the treatment of spastic pain, myofascial pain, neuropathic pain, complex pain syndrome, and chronic headache, as well as for multimodal analgesia. However, we must note that the appropriateness of patient and dose selection should be given attention when using this drug; furthermore, patients should be observed for adverse reactions such as hypotension and bradycardia. Therefore, the safety and effectiveness of this drug for long-term use remain to be studied. In addition, basic experimental studies have also found that dexmedetomidine can protect important organs, such as the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and lung, through various mechanisms, such as antisympathetic effects, the inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative stress, and a reduction in the inflammatory response. Moreover, the neuroprotective properties of dexmedetomidine have received the most attention from scholars. Hence, in this review, we mainly focus on the characteristics and clinical applications of dexmedetomidine, especially the role of dexmedetomidine in the nervous system and the use of dexmedetomidine in the relief of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianshuai He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changxin Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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134
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Alim MA, Peterson M, Pejler G. Do Mast Cells Have a Role in Tendon Healing and Inflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9051134. [PMID: 32375419 PMCID: PMC7290807 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the links between the tendon healing process, inflammatory mechanisms, and tendon homeostasis/pain after tissue damage is crucial in developing novel therapeutics for human tendon disorders. The inflammatory mechanisms that are operative in response to tendon injury are not fully understood, but it has been suggested that inflammation occurring in response to nerve signaling, i.e., neurogenic inflammation, has a pathogenic role. The mechanisms driving such neurogenic inflammation are presently not clear. However, it has recently been demonstrated that mast cells present within the injured tendon can express glutamate receptors, raising the possibility that mast cells may be sensitive to glutamate signaling and thereby modulate neurogenic inflammation following tissue injury. In this review, we discuss the role of mast cells in the communication with peripheral nerves, and their emerging role in tendon healing and inflammation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, General Medicine, Uppsala University, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Magnus Peterson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, General Medicine, Uppsala University, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Academic Primary Health Care, Region Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (G.P.)
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135
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A New Perspective on Using Glycols in Glutamate Biosensor Design: From Stabilizing Agents to a New Containment Net. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is involved in many normal physiological brain activities, but also neurological disorders and excitotoxicity. Hence, glutamate measurement is important both in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies often use amperometric biosensors due to their low invasiveness and the relatively small size of the devices. These devices also provide fast, real-time measurements because of their high sensitivity. In the present study, diethylene glycol (DEG), neopentyl glycol (NPG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and glycerol (GLY) were used to increase the long-term stability of glutamate biosensors. The evaluation was made by measuring variations of the main enzymatic (VMAX and KM) and analytical (Linear Region Slope (LRS)) parameters. Of the glycols tested, TEG was the most promising stabilizer, showing about twice as high VMAX maintained over a greater duration than with other stabilizers tested. It is also yielded the most stable linear region slope (LRS) values over the study duration. Moreover, we highlighted the ability of glycols to interact with enzyme molecules to form a containment network, able to maintain all the layered components of the biosensor adhering to the transducer.
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136
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How Sure Can We Be about ML Methods-Based Evaluation of Compound Activity: Incorporation of Information about Prediction Uncertainty Using Deep Learning Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061452. [PMID: 32210186 PMCID: PMC7144469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A great variety of computational approaches support drug design processes, helping in selection of new potentially active compounds, and optimization of their physicochemical and ADMET properties. Machine learning is a group of methods that are able to evaluate in relatively short time enormous amounts of data. However, the quality of machine-learning-based prediction depends on the data supplied for model training. In this study, we used deep neural networks for the task of compound activity prediction and developed dropout-based approaches for estimating prediction uncertainty. Several types of analyses were performed: the relationships between the prediction error, similarity to the training set, prediction uncertainty, number and standard deviation of activity values were examined. It was tested whether incorporation of information about prediction uncertainty influences compounds ranking based on predicted activity and prediction uncertainty was used to search for the potential errors in the ChEMBL database. The obtained outcome indicates that incorporation of information about uncertainty of compound activity prediction can be of great help during virtual screening experiments.
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137
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Noh W, Lee M, Kim HJ, Kim KS, Yang S. Hypergravity induced disruption of cerebellar motor coordination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4452. [PMID: 32157179 PMCID: PMC7064588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements for balanced motor activity in a normal gravity condition. It remains unknown how hypergravity is associated with cerebellum-dependent motor behaviors and Purkinje cell’s activities. In order to investigate the relationship between gravity and cerebellar physiology, we measured AMPA-mediated fast currents and mGluR1-mediated slow currents of cerebellar Purkinje cells along with cerebellum-dependent behaviors such as the footprint and irregular ladder under a hypergravity condition. We found abnormal animal behaviors in the footprint and irregular ladder tests under hypergravity. They are correlated with decreased AMPA and mGluR1-mediated synaptic currents of Purkinje cells. These results indicate that gravity regulates the activity of Purkinje cells, thereby modulating cerebellum-dependent motor outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Noh
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Minseok Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, Inha University, College of medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, Inha University, College of medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Sunggu Yang
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.
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138
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Hamadjida A, Sid‐Otmane L, Kwan C, Frouni I, Nafade V, Bédard D, Gagnon D, Wallman M, Rouillard C, Parent A, Parent M, Huot P. The highly selective mGlu
2
receptor positive allosteric modulator LY‐487,379 alleviates
l
‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:2412-2422. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Lamia Sid‐Otmane
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | - Vaidehi Nafade
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dave Gagnon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | - Claude Rouillard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | | | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montreal QC Canada
- Movement Disorder Clinic Division of Neurology Department of Neuroscience McGill University Health Centre Montreal QC Canada
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139
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Baranowska-Wójcik E, Kwiecień M, Grela ER, Szwajgier D, Kwiatkowska K, Kiczorowska B. The Role of Dietary Antioxidants in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Impact on Cerebral Oxidoreductive Balance. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020435. [PMID: 32046360 PMCID: PMC7071337 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive diseases of the nervous system that lead to neuron loss or functional disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases require long-term, sometimes life-long pharmacological treatment, which increases the risk of adverse effects and a negative impact of pharmaceuticals on the patients’ general condition. One of the main problems related to the treatment of this type of condition is the limited ability to deliver drugs to the brain due to their poor solubility, low bioavailability, and the effects of the blood-brain barrier. Given the above, one of the main objectives of contemporary scientific research focuses on the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. As disorders related to the competence of the antioxidative system are a marker in all diseases of this type, the primary prophylactics should entail the use of exogenous antioxidants, particularly ones that can be used over extended periods, regardless of the patient’s age, and that are easily available, e.g., as part of a diet or as diet supplements. The paper analyzes the significance of the oxidoreductive balance in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on information published globally in the last 10 years, an analysis is also provided with regard to the impact of exogenous antioxidants on brain functions with respect to the prevention of this type of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.G.); (K.K.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-67-44; Fax: +48-81-53-335-49
| | - Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (E.B.-W.); (D.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.G.); (K.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Eugeniusz R. Grela
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.G.); (K.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (E.B.-W.); (D.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.G.); (K.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bożena Kiczorowska
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.G.); (K.K.); (B.K.)
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140
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Matys J, Gieroba B, Jóźwiak K. Recent developments of bioanalytical methods in determination of neurotransmitters in vivo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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141
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Srivastava A, Das B, Yao AY, Yan R. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease Synaptic Dysfunction: Therapeutic Opportunities and Hope for the Future. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1345-1361. [PMID: 33325389 PMCID: PMC8439550 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The impaired synaptic plasticity and dendritic loss at the synaptic level is an early event associated with the AD pathogenesis. The abnormal accumulation of soluble oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ), the major toxic component in amyloid plaques, is viewed to trigger synaptic dysfunctions through binding to several presynaptic and postsynaptic partners and thus to disrupt synaptic transmission. Over time, the abnormalities in neural transmission will result in cognitive deficits, which are commonly manifested as memory loss in AD patients. Synaptic plasticity is regulated through glutamate transmission, which is mediated by various glutamate receptors. Here we review recent progresses in the study of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in AD cognition. We will discuss the role of mGluRs in synaptic plasticity and their modulation as a possible strategy for AD cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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142
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Marcinkowska M, Śniecikowska J, Fajkis N, Paśko P, Franczyk W, Kołaczkowski M. Management of Dementia-Related Psychosis, Agitation and Aggression: A Review of the Pharmacology and Clinical Effects of Potential Drug Candidates. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:243-268. [PMID: 32052375 PMCID: PMC7048860 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Along with cognitive decline, 90% of patients with dementia experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as psychosis, aggression, agitation, and depression. Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed off-label to manage certain symptoms, despite warnings from the regulatory agencies regarding the increased risk of mortality associated with their use in elderly patients. Moreover, these compounds display a limited clinical efficacy, mostly owing to the fact that they were developed to treat schizophrenia, a disease characterized by neurobiological deficits. Thus, to improve clinical efficacy, it has been suggested that patients with dementia should be treated with exclusively designed and developed drugs that interact with pharmacologically relevant targets. Within this context, numerous studies have suggested druggable targets that might achieve therapeutically acceptable pharmacological profiles. Based on this, several different drug candidates have been proposed that are being investigated in clinical trials for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. We highlight the recent advances toward the development of therapeutic agents for dementia-related psychosis and agitation/aggression and discuss the relationship between the relevant biological targets and their etiology. In addition, we review the compounds that are in the early stage of development (discovery or preclinical phase) and those that are currently being investigated in clinical trials for dementia-related psychosis and agitation/aggression. We also discuss the mechanism of action of these compounds and their pharmacological utility in patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Joanna Śniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland ,Adamed Pharma S.A., Czosnow, Poland
| | - Nikola Fajkis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Weronika Franczyk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland ,Adamed Pharma S.A., Czosnow, Poland
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143
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Schultz J, Uddin Z, Singh G, Howlader MMR. Glutamate sensing in biofluids: recent advances and research challenges of electrochemical sensors. Analyst 2020; 145:321-347. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing guidelines for glutamate in biofluids, associated with different diseases, providing knowledge translation among science, engineering, and medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schultz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Zakir Uddin
- School of Rehabilitation Science
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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144
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Jong YJI, Harmon SK, O’Malley KL. Location and Cell-Type-Specific Bias of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, mGlu 5, Negative Allosteric Modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4558-4570. [PMID: 31609579 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is determined by not only the agonist and a given receptor but also a variety of cell-type-specific factors that can influence a receptor's response. For example, the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, which is implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and autism, also signals from inside the cell which leads to sustained Ca2+ mobilization versus rapid transient responses. Because mGlu5 is an important drug target, many negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have been generated to modulate its activity. Here we show that NAMs such as AFQ056, AZD2066, and RG7090 elicit very different end points when tested in postnatal neuronal cultures expressing endogenous mGlu5 receptors. For example, AFQ056 fails to block intracellular mGlu5-mediated Ca2+ increases whereas RG7090 is very effective. These differences are not due to differential receptor levels, since about the same number of mGlu5 receptors are present on neurons from the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum based on pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular data. Moreover, biotinylation studies reveal that more than 90% of the receptor is intracellular in these neurons. Taken together, these data indicate that the tested NAMs exhibit both location-dependent and cell type specific bias for mGlu5-mediated Ca2+ mobilization which may affect clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin Ivy Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Steven K. Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Karen L. O’Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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145
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Magi S, Piccirillo S, Amoroso S, Lariccia V. Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs): Glutamate Transport and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225674. [PMID: 31766111 PMCID: PMC6888595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are the major transport mechanisms for extracellular glutamate removal in the central nervous system (CNS). The primary function assigned to EAATs is the maintenance of low extracellular glutamate levels, thus allowing glutamate to be used as a signaling molecule in the brain and to avoid excitotoxicity. However, glutamate has other recognized functions. For instance, it is a key anaplerotic substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as it can be converted to α-ketoglutarate by transaminases or glutamate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, glutamate is a precursor of the main antioxidant glutathione, which plays a pivotal role in preventing oxidative cell death. Therefore, glutamate signaling/use is at the crossroad of multiple metabolic pathways and accordingly, it can influence a plethora of cell functions, both in health and disease. Here, we provide an overview of the main functions of glutamate and its transport systems, analyzing its role as a neurotransmitter and at the same time, the possible metabolic fates it can undergo in the intracellular milieu. Specifically, the metabolic role of glutamate and the molecular machinery proposed to metabolically support its transport will be further analyzed.
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146
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Lee G, Cummings J, Decourt B, Leverenz JB, Sabbagh MN. Clinical drug development for dementia with Lewy bodies: past and present. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:951-965. [PMID: 31614096 PMCID: PMC6823159 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1681398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is an under-researched area despite being the second most common type of degenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is an area of unmet need with no approved symptomatic or disease-modifying therapies. The pharmacological management of DLB is complex and challenging because early trials of drugs for DLB have resulted in no demonstrable efficacy. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the DLB population have only recently been initiated. Understanding results from previous and current clinical trials in DLB can provide insights for future research and development.Areas covered: We provide an overview of the DLB drug development landscape and the current treatment strategies. We reviewed ClinicalTrials.gov to identify all clinical trials for the treatment of DLB.Expert opinion: DLB drug development has significantly improved in recent years with eight agents now in clinical trials. However, more rigorous RCTs are urgently needed. Diagnostic criteria must be optimized to accurately diagnose patients for clinical trials and care. New biomarker strategies are necessary to improve diagnostic capabilities and trial designs, and novel drug targets should be identified to develop DLB specific disease-modifying therapies. Evaluating the current drug development landscape can provide insight into how best to optimize development practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Science, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Boris Decourt
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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