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Kuczynska P, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Nowicka B, Jakubowska A, Strzalka W, Burda K, Strzalka K. The xanthophyll cycle in diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to light stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:125-137. [PMID: 32416342 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chosen aspects of the functioning of diadinoxanthin cycle in a model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown under low light conditions (LL) and under high light conditions (HL), which cause activation of violaxanthin cycle, were examined. Heterogeneity of the kinetics of diadinoxanthin ↔ diatoxanthin conversions regulated by de-epoxidase/epoxidase enzymes was detected. Three different rates of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation (τ > 20 min, 5 min > τ > 1.5 min and τ ≤ 1 min) were observed. Appearance and contribution of these phases depended on the light conditions and xanthophylls subpopulations in membranes. Moreover, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation was postulated to occur in darkness and its rate was estimated to be almost two times faster (τ ≈ 14 min) than diatoxanthin-epoxidation in LL- and HL-grown diatoms collected after the dark phase of the photoperiod and exposed to very high light and subsequent darkness. The level of lipid hydroperoxides and the expression of genes encoding xanthophyll cycle enzymes was measured. Our observations suggest that isoforms of these enzymes may participate in carotenoid synthesis or be exclusively involved in xanthophyll conversions. Violaxanthin cycle pigments present in HL-acclimated diatoms change thermodynamic properties of thylakoid membranes. Zeaxanthin is known to localize preferentially in the inner part of the lipid bilayer and diatoxanthin in its outer part. The different localization of these pigments probably decide about their complementary action in protection of the membranes against reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kuczynska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Jakubowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzalka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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102
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Calvaruso C, Rokka A, Aro EM, Büchel C. Specific Lhc Proteins Are Bound to PSI or PSII Supercomplexes in the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:67-79. [PMID: 32198308 PMCID: PMC7210636 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ecological relevance of diatoms, many aspects of their photosynthetic machinery remain poorly understood. Diatoms differ from the green lineage of oxygenic organisms by their photosynthetic pigments and light-harvesting complex (Lhc) proteins, the latter of which are also called fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins (FCP). These are composed of three groups of proteins: Lhcf as the main group, Lhcr that are PSI associated, and Lhcx that are involved in photoprotection. The FCP complexes are assembled in trimers and higher oligomers. Several studies have investigated the biochemical properties of purified FCP complexes, but limited knowledge is available about their interaction with the photosystem cores. In this study, isolation of stable supercomplexes from the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was achieved. To preserve in vivo structure, the separation of thylakoid complexes was performed by native PAGE and sucrose density centrifugation. Different subpopulations of PSI and PSII supercomplexes were isolated and their subunits identified. Analysis of Lhc antenna composition identified Lhc(s) specific for either PSI (Lhcr 1, 3, 4, 7, 10-14, and Lhcf10) or PSII (Lhcf 1-7, 11, and Lhcr2). Lhcx6_1 was reproducibly found in PSII supercomplexes, whereas its association with PSI was unclear. No evidence was found for the interaction between photosystems and higher oligomeric FCPs, comprising Lhcf8 as the main component. Although the subunit composition of the PSII supercomplexes in comparison with that of the trimeric FCP complexes indicated a close mutual association, the higher oligomeric pool is only weakly associated with the photosystems, albeit its abundance in the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Calvaruso
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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103
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Tavares RSN, Kawakami CM, Pereira KDC, do Amaral GT, Benevenuto CG, Maria-Engler SS, Colepicolo P, Debonsi HM, Gaspar LR. Fucoxanthin for Topical Administration, a Phototoxic vs. Photoprotective Potential in a Tiered Strategy Assessed by In Vitro Methods. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040328. [PMID: 32316531 PMCID: PMC7222355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin possesses a well-described antioxidant activity that might be useful for human skin photoprotection. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its properties when applied onto human skin. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the photoprotective and phototoxicity potential of fucoxanthin based on its ultraviolet (UVB 280–320 nm; UVA 320–400 nm) and visible (VIS 400–700 nm) absorption, photostability, phototoxicity in 3T3 mouse fibroblast culture vs. full-thickness reconstructed human skin (RHS), and its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation that is induced by UVA on HaCaT keratinocytes. Later, we evaluated the antioxidant properties of the sunscreen formulation plus 0.5% fucoxanthin onto RHS to confirm its bioavailability and antioxidant potential through the skin layers. The compound was isolated from the alga Desmarestia anceps. Fucoxanthin, despite presenting chemical photo-instability (dose 6 J/cm2: 35% UVA and 21% VIS absorbance reduction), showed acceptable photodegradation (dose 27.5 J/cm2: 5.8% UVB and 12.5% UVA absorbance reduction) when it was added to a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v). In addition, it increased by 72% of the total sunscreen UV absorption spectra, presenting UV-booster properties. Fucoxanthin presented phototoxic potential in 3T3 fibroblasts (mean photo effect 0.917), but it was non-phototoxic in the RHS model due to barrier function that was provided by the stratum corneum. In addition, it showed a significant inhibition of ROS formation at 0.01% (p < 0.001), in HaCat, and in a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v) (p < 0.001), in RHS. In conclusion, in vitro results showed fucoxanthin protective potential to the skin that might contribute to improving the photoprotective potential of sunscreens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spagolla Napoleão Tavares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Camila Martins Kawakami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Karina de Castro Pereira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Gabriela Timotheo do Amaral
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Carolina Gomes Benevenuto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Clinical and Toxicological Analyses Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hosana Maria Debonsi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil; (R.S.N.T.); (H.M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55 16 33154315
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104
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Fabris M, George J, Kuzhiumparambil U, Lawson CA, Jaramillo-Madrid AC, Abbriano RM, Vickers CE, Ralph P. Extrachromosomal Genetic Engineering of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Enables the Heterologous Production of Monoterpenoids. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:598-612. [PMID: 32032487 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geraniol is a commercially relevant plant-derived monoterpenoid that is a main component of rose essential oil and used as insect repellent. Geraniol is also a key intermediate compound in the biosynthesis of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), a group of over 2000 compounds that include high-value pharmaceuticals. As plants naturally produce extremely small amounts of these molecules and their chemical synthesis is complex, industrially sourcing these compounds is costly and inefficient. Hence, microbial hosts suitable to produce MIA precursors through synthetic biology and metabolic engineering are currently being sought. Here, we evaluated the suitability of a eukaryotic microalga, the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, for the heterologous production of monoterpenoids. Profiling of endogenous metabolism revealed that P. tricornutum, unlike other microbes employed for industrial production of terpenoids, accumulates free pools of the precursor geranyl diphosphate. To evaluate the potential for larger synthetic biology applications, we engineered P. tricornutum through extrachromosomal, episome-based expression, for the heterologous biosynthesis of the MIA intermediate geraniol. By profiling the production of geraniol resulting from various genetic and cultivation arrangements, P. tricornutum reached the maximum geraniol titer of 0.309 mg/L in phototrophic conditions. This work provides (i) a detailed analysis of P. tricornutum endogenous terpenoid metabolism, (ii) a successful demonstration of extrachromosomal expression for metabolic pathway engineering with potential gene-stacking applications, and (iii) a convincing proof-of-concept of the suitability of P. tricornutum as a novel production platform for heterologous monoterpenoids, with potential for complex pathway engineering aimed at the heterologous production of MIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jestin George
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Caitlin A. Lawson
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Raffaela M. Abbriano
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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105
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Topić Popović N, Beer Ljubić B, Strunjak-Perović I, Babić S, Lorencin V, Jadan M, Čižmek L, Matulić D, Bojanić K, Čož-Rakovac R. Seasonal antioxidant and biochemical properties of the Northern Adriatic Pecten jacobaeus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230539. [PMID: 32187223 PMCID: PMC7080251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work is the first study of Mediterranean scallop (Pecten jacobaeus) biochemical properties, antioxidant defenses, and free radical scavengers during the yearly seasons in the Northern Adriatic, off Istria. Scallop nutrient reserves (glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol) in four tissues under examination were positively correlated and were predominant in digestive gland and gonad. The muscle energy maxima were in correlation with the maximum fall gonosomatic index (GSI), when diatoms and coccolithophorids thrive. The decrease of GSI in summer might be related to the spawning or resorption of gametes. Summer also revealed elevated levels of glucose in gonad and digestive gland, while muscle glucose and cholesterol significantly varied in spring vs. winter samples. In relation to the diatom seasonal abundance, carotenoids, namely astaxanthin peaks were found in digestive gland, which, being stimulators of calcium transport over cell membranes, could have contributed to the high digestive gland levels of calcium in winter. In winter, total antioxidative status (TAS) of scallop tissues was 3-fold higher than in other seasons, particularly in digestive gland, having a significant correlation with magnesium, a regulatory tool in oxidative processes. The winter maxima of TAS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS in relation to summer maxima of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in digestive glands indicate to a decrease in antioxidant defense during cold months, and are related to the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (such as malondialdehyde) in digestive gland of scallops. Although the increased susceptibility to oxidative stress could be attributed to winter temperature, other factors such as the gonad maturation, availability of food supply, and salinity might counteract that effect. The seawater alterations of salinity, temperature and water quality are in relation to the river Po influx, which is very likely to influence the physiological and biochemical responses of scallops in the Northern Adriatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Margita Jadan
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Matulić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Bojanić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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106
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Lauritano C, Helland K, Riccio G, Andersen JH, Ianora A, Hansen EH. Lysophosphatidylcholines and Chlorophyll-Derived Molecules from the Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030166. [PMID: 32192075 PMCID: PMC7143213 DOI: 10.3390/md18030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been shown to be excellent producers of lipids, pigments, carbohydrates, and a plethora of secondary metabolites with possible applications in the pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical sectors. Recently, various microalgal raw extracts have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we performed the fractionation of raw extracts of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, previously shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, obtaining five fractions. Fractions C and D were found to significantly inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-⍺) release in LPS-stimulated human monocyte THP-1 cells. A dereplication analysis of these two fractions allowed the identification of their main components. Our data suggest that lysophosphatidylcholines and a breakdown product of chlorophyll, pheophorbide a, were probably responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory activity. Pheophorbide a is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. We tested and confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the most abundant lysophosphatidylcholine found in fraction C. This study demonstrated the importance of proper dereplication of bioactive extracts and fractions before isolation of compounds is commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5833-221
| | - Kirsti Helland
- Marbio, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Jeanette H. Andersen
- Marbio, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Espen H. Hansen
- Marbio, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
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107
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A Zeaxanthin-Producing Bacterium Isolated from the Algal Phycosphere Protects Coral Endosymbionts from Environmental Stress. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01019-19. [PMID: 31964724 PMCID: PMC6974559 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01019-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupying less than 1% of the seas, coral reefs are estimated to harbor ∼25% of all marine species. However, the destruction of coral reefs has intensified in the face of global climate changes, such as rising seawater temperatures, which induce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species harmful to corals. Although reef-building corals form complex consortia with bacteria and photosynthetic endosymbiotic algae of the family Symbiodiniaceae, the functional roles of coral-associated bacteria remain largely elusive. By manipulating the Symbiodiniaceae bacterial community, we demonstrated that a bacterium that produces an antioxidant carotenoid could mitigate thermal and light stresses in cultured Symbiodiniaceae isolated from a reef-building coral. Therefore, this study illuminates the unexplored roles of coral-associated bacteria under stressful conditions. Reef-building corals form a complex consortium with photosynthetic algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria, collectively termed the coral holobiont. These bacteria are hypothesized to be involved in the stress resistance of the coral holobiont, but their functional roles remain largely elusive. Here, we show that cultured Symbiodiniaceae algae isolated from the reef-building coral Galaxea fascicularis are associated with novel bacteria affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae. Antibiotic treatment eliminated the bacteria from cultured Symbiodiniaceae, resulting in a decreased maximum quantum yield of PSII (variable fluorescence divided by maximum fluorescence [Fv/Fm]) and an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under thermal and light stresses. We then isolated this bacterial strain, named GF1. GF1 inoculation in the antibiotic-treated Symbiodiniaceae cultures restored the Fv/Fm and reduced the ROS production. Furthermore, we found that GF1 produces the carotenoid zeaxanthin, which possesses potent antioxidant activity. Zeaxanthin supplementation to cultured Symbiodiniaceae ameliorated the Fv/Fm and ROS production, suggesting that GF1 mitigates thermal and light stresses in cultured Symbiodiniaceae via zeaxanthin production. These findings could advance our understanding of the roles of bacteria in Symbiodiniaceae and the coral holobiont, thereby contributing to the development of novel approaches toward coral protection through the use of symbiotic bacteria and their metabolites.
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108
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Lu X, Liu B, He Y, Guo B, Sun H, Chen F. Novel insights into mixotrophic cultivation of Nitzschia laevis for co-production of fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122145. [PMID: 31539854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine a compatible method for co-production of fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid of diatom Nitzschia laevis by mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation modes in view of cell growth, targeting products' contents, photosynthesis-related characteristics and carbon partitioning. The results showed that mixotrophic mode enhanced fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid yields by increasing their precursors of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA at the expense of starch. The increase of chlorophylls and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate indicated the development of Calvin cycle and carbon repartitioning in mixotrophic mode. Consequently, microalgal cells in mixotrophic mode achieved much higher fucoxanthin (60.12%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (50.67%) contents, and lower starch content (30.2%) compared with heterotrophic mode. Furthermore, fucoxanthin content was positively correlated with eicosapentaenoic acid content (adjusted R2 = 0.96). Taken together, these results showed that the mixotrophic mode could be a promising approach for the co-production of fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid by Nitzschia laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongjin He
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bingbing Guo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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109
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Nègre D, Aite M, Belcour A, Frioux C, Brillet-Guéguen L, Liu X, Bordron P, Godfroy O, Lipinska AP, Leblanc C, Siegel A, Dittami SM, Corre E, Markov GV. Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks Shed Light on the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Brown Algae Saccharina japonica and Cladosiphon okamuranus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E564. [PMID: 31744163 PMCID: PMC6912245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding growth mechanisms in brown algae is a current scientific and economic challenge that can benefit from the modeling of their metabolic networks. The sequencing of the genomes of Saccharina japonica and Cladosiphon okamuranus has provided the necessary data for the reconstruction of Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks (GSMNs). The same in silico method deployed for the GSMN reconstruction of Ectocarpus siliculosus to investigate the metabolic capabilities of these two algae, was used. Integrating metabolic profiling data from the literature, we provided functional GSMNs composed of an average of 2230 metabolites and 3370 reactions. Based on these GSMNs and previously published work, we propose a model for the biosynthetic pathways of the main carotenoids in these two algae. We highlight, on the one hand, the reactions and enzymes that have been preserved through evolution and, on the other hand, the specificities related to brown algae. Our data further indicate that, if abscisic acid is produced by Saccharina japonica, its biosynthesis pathway seems to be different in its final steps from that described in land plants. Thus, our work illustrates the potential of GSMNs reconstructions for formalizing hypotheses that can be further tested using targeted biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Nègre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, 9, Rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Méziane Aite
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Belcour
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Clémence Frioux
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
- Quadram Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Loraine Brillet-Guéguen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Xi Liu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Philippe Bordron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Godfroy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Agnieszka P. Lipinska
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Anne Siegel
- Université de Rennes 1, Institute for Research in IT and Random Systems (IRISA), Equipe Dyliss, 35052 Rennes, France
| | - Simon M. Dittami
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Plateforme ABiMS (FR2424), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Gabriel V. Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
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Variation in Lipid Components from 15 Species of Tropical and Temperate Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110630. [PMID: 31698797 PMCID: PMC6891767 DOI: 10.3390/md17110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the variation in lipid components from 15 species of seaweeds belonging to the Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta phyla collected in tropical (Indonesia) and temperate (Japan) areas. Analyses were performed of multiple components, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and alpha tocopherol (α-Toc). Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents varied among phyla, but not with the sampling location. Chl a and b were the major chlorophylls in Chlorophyta. Chl a and Chl c were the main chlorophylls in Ochrophyta, while Chl a was the dominant chlorophylls in Rhodophyta. β-Carotene and fucoxanthin were detected as major seaweed carotenoids. The former was present in all species in a variety of ranges, while the latter was mainly found in Ochrophyta and in small quantities in Rhodophyta, but not in Chlorophyta. The total lipids (TL) content and fatty acids composition were strongly affected by sampling location. The TL and n-3 PUFAs levels tended to be higher in temperate seaweeds compared with those in tropical seaweeds. The major n-3 PUFAs in different phyla, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) in Ochrophyta, α-linolenic acid (ALA) and SDA in Chlorophyta, and EPA in Rhodophyta, accumulated in temperate seaweeds. Chlorophylls, their derivatives, and carotenoids are known to have health benefits, such as antioxidant activities, while n-3 PUFAs are known to be essential nutrients that positively influence human nutrition and health. Therefore, seaweed lipids could be used as a source of ingredients with health benefits for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Takahashi T, Ogasawara S, Shinozaki Y, Tamiaki H. Synthesis of Cationic Pyridinium-(Bacterio)Chlorophyll Conjugates Bearing a Bacteriochlorin, Chlorin, or Porphyrin π-Skeleton and their Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shin Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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112
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Gaidarenko O, Sathoff C, Staub K, Huesemann MH, Vernet M, Hildebrand M. Timing is everything: Diel metabolic and physiological changes in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica grown in simulated outdoor conditions. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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113
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Cirri E, De Decker S, Bilcke G, Werner M, Osuna-Cruz CM, De Veylder L, Vandepoele K, Werz O, Vyverman W, Pohnert G. Associated Bacteria Affect Sexual Reproduction by Altering Gene Expression and Metabolic Processes in a Biofilm Inhabiting Diatom. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1790. [PMID: 31428077 PMCID: PMC6688387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are unicellular algae with a fundamental role in global biogeochemical cycles as major primary producers at the base of aquatic food webs. In recent years, chemical communication between diatoms and associated bacteria has emerged as a key factor in diatom ecology, spurred by conceptual and technological advancements to study the mechanisms underlying these interactions. Here, we use a combination of physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches to study the influence of naturally co-existing bacteria, Maribacter sp. and Roseovarius sp., on the sexual reproduction of the biofilm inhabiting marine pennate diatom Seminavis robusta. While Maribacter sp. severely reduces the reproductive success of S. robusta cultures, Roseovarius sp. slightly enhances it. Contrary to our expectation, we demonstrate that the effect of the bacterial exudates is not caused by altered cell-cycle regulation prior to the switch to meiosis. Instead, Maribacter sp. exudates cause a reduced production of diproline, the sexual attraction pheromone of S. robusta. Transcriptomic analyses show that this is likely an indirect consequence of altered intracellular metabolic fluxes in the diatom, especially those related to amino acid biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, and biosynthesis of defense molecules. This study provides the first insights into the influence of bacteria on diatom sexual reproduction and adds a new dimension to the complexity of a still understudied phenomenon in natural diatom populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Cirri
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sam De Decker
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gust Bilcke
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cristina Maria Osuna-Cruz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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114
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Iglesias MJ, Soengas R, Probert I, Guilloud E, Gourvil P, Mehiri M, López Y, Cepas V, Gutiérrez-Del-Río I, Redondo-Blanco S, Villar CJ, Lombó F, Soto S, Ortiz FL. NMR characterization and evaluation of antibacterial and antiobiofilm activity of organic extracts from stationary phase batch cultures of five marine microalgae (Dunaliella sp., D. salina, Chaetoceros calcitrans, C. gracilis and Tisochrysis lutea). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:192-205. [PMID: 31174083 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of five marine microalgae (Dunaliella sp., Dunaliella salina, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chaetoceros gracilis and Tisochrysis lutea) was investigated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic study of the soluble material obtained by sequential extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and methanol of biomass from stationary phase cultures. Hexane extracted the major lipids present in the microalgae during the stationary phase of growth, which correspond to storage lipids. Triacylglycerols (TGs) were the only storage lipids produced by Dunaliella and Chaetoceros. In contrast, T. lutea predominantly stored polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones, with sterols also detected as minor components of the hexane extract. The molecular structure of brassicasterol was determined in T. lutea and the presence of squalene in this sample was also unequivocally detected. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and pigments were concentrated in the AcOEt extracts. C. calcitrans and D. salina constituted an exception due to the high amount of TGs and glycerol produced, respectively, by these two strains. Chlorophylls a and b and β-carotene were the major pigments synthesized by Dunaliella and chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin were the only pigments detected in Chaetoceros and T. lutea. Information concerning the acyl chains present in TGs and MGDGs as well as the positional distribution of acyl chains on the glycerol moiety was obtained by NMR analysis of hexane and AcOEt extracts, with results consistent with those expected for the genera studied. Fatty acid composition of TGs in the two Dunaliella strains was different, with polyunsaturated acyl chains almost absent in the storage lipids produced by D. salina. Except in C. calcitrans, the polar nature of soluble compounds was inferred through the relative extraction yield using methanol as the extraction solvent. Glycerol was the major component of this fraction for the Dunaliella strains. In T. lutea 1,4/2,5-cyclohexanetetrol (CHT) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) preponderated. CHT was also the major polyol present in the Chaetoceros strains in which DMSP was not detected, but prominent signals of 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHSP) were observed in the 1H NMR spectra of methanolic extracts. The presence of DHSP confirms the production of this metabolite by diatoms. In addition, several other minor compounds (digalactosyldiacyglycerols (DGDGs), sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDGs), amino acids, carbohydrates, scyllo-inositol, mannitol, lactic acid and homarine) were also identified in the methanolic extracts. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extracts were tested. The AcOEt extract from C. gracilis showed a moderate antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma José Iglesias
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
| | - Raquel Soengas
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Ian Probert
- Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424 Station Biologique de Roscoff (Sorbonne Université / CNRS), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Emilie Guilloud
- Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424 Station Biologique de Roscoff (Sorbonne Université / CNRS), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Priscillia Gourvil
- Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424 Station Biologique de Roscoff (Sorbonne Université / CNRS), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sofia Antopolis, 06103, Nice, France
| | - Yuly López
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)-Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Rosselló 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginio Cepas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)-Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Rosselló 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez-Del-Río
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain. IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Spain
| | - Saúl Redondo-Blanco
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain. IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Spain
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain. IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain. IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Spain
| | - Sara Soto
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)-Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Rosselló 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando López Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
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115
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Metabolic Innovations Underpinning the Origin and Diversification of the Diatom Chloroplast. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080322. [PMID: 31366180 PMCID: PMC6723447 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the eukaryotic algal groups, diatoms make the most substantial contributions to photosynthesis in the contemporary ocean. Understanding the biological innovations that have occurred in the diatom chloroplast may provide us with explanations to the ecological success of this lineage and clues as to how best to exploit the biology of these organisms for biotechnology. In this paper, we use multi-species transcriptome datasets to compare chloroplast metabolism pathways in diatoms to other algal lineages. We identify possible diatom-specific innovations in chloroplast metabolism, including the completion of tocopherol synthesis via a chloroplast-targeted tocopherol cyclase, a complete chloroplast ornithine cycle, and chloroplast-targeted proteins involved in iron acquisition and CO2 concentration not shared between diatoms and their closest relatives in the stramenopiles. We additionally present a detailed investigation of the chloroplast metabolism of the oil-producing diatom Fistulifera solaris, which is of industrial interest for biofuel production. These include modified amino acid and pyruvate hub metabolism that might enhance acetyl-coA production for chloroplast lipid biosynthesis and the presence of a chloroplast-localised squalene synthesis pathway unknown in other diatoms. Our data provides valuable insights into the biological adaptations underpinning an ecologically critical lineage, and how chloroplast metabolism can change even at a species level in extant algae.
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116
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Athanasakoglou A, Kampranis SC. Diatom isoprenoids: Advances and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107417. [PMID: 31326522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the most productive and ecologically important groups of microalgae in contemporary oceans. Due to their distinctive metabolic and physiological features, they offer exciting opportunities for a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. One such feature is their ability to synthesize a wide diversity of isoprenoid compounds. However, limited understanding of how these molecules are synthesized have until recently hindered their exploitation. Following comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of various diatom species, the biosynthetic mechanisms and regulation of the different branches of the pathway are now beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent advances in understanding diatom isoprenoid synthesis and discuss the exploitation potential of diatoms as chassis for high-value isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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117
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Kennedy F, Martin A, Bowman JP, Wilson R, McMinn A. Dark metabolism: a molecular insight into how the Antarctic sea-ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus survives long-term darkness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:675-691. [PMID: 30985935 PMCID: PMC6617727 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light underneath Antarctic sea-ice is below detectable limits for up to 4 months of the year. The ability of Antarctic sea-ice diatoms to survive this prolonged darkness relies on their metabolic capability. This study is the first to examine the proteome of a prominent sea-ice diatom in response to extended darkness, focusing on the protein-level mechanisms of dark survival. The Antarctic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus was grown under continuous light or darkness for 120 d. The whole cell proteome was quantitatively analysed by nano-LC-MS/MS to investigate metabolic changes that occur during sustained darkness and during recovery under illumination. Enzymes of metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in respiratory processes, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, the urea cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain became more abundant in the dark. Within the plastid, carbon fixation halted while the upper sections of the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways became less active. We have discovered how F. cylindrus utilises an ancient alternative metabolic mechanism that enables its capacity for long-term dark survival. By sustaining essential metabolic processes in the dark, F. cylindrus retains the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus, ensuring rapid recovery upon re-illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Kennedy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and InnovationTasmanian Institute of AgricultureHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science LaboratoryUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobart7000TasmaniaAustralia
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118
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Su Y. The effect of different light regimes on pigments in Coscinodiscus granii. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:301-310. [PMID: 30478709 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of six different light regimes throughout the photosynthetically active radiation range (from 400 to 700 nm, including blue, green, yellow, red-orange, red, and white) at two intensities (100 and 300 µmol photons m-2 s-1) on pigmentation was assessed for the centric marine diatom Coscinodiscus granii for the first time. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and fucoxanthin were the dominating pigments in all treatments. The cellular concentrations of light harvesting pigment (Chl a, Chl c1 + c2, and fucoxanthin) were higher at 100 than at 300 µmol photons m-2 s-1 at all wavelengths, with the largest increases at red and blue light. The normalized concentrations of photoprotective pigments (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and diatoxanthin) were higher at high light intensity than in cells grown at low light intensity. An increase in β-carotene in low light conditions is expected as the increased Chl a was related to increased photosynthetic subunits which require β-carotene (bound to photosystem core). At 300 µmol photons m-2 s-1, yellow light resulted in significantly lower concentration of most of the detected pigments than the other wavelengths. At 100 µmol photons m-2 s-1, W and B light led to statistically lower and higher concentration of most of the detected pigments than the other wavelengths, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Su
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Bjerregaardsvej 5, 2500, Valby, Denmark.
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119
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Smerilli A, Balzano S, Maselli M, Blasio M, Orefice I, Galasso C, Sansone C, Brunet C. Antioxidant and Photoprotection Networking in the Coastal Diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E154. [PMID: 31159429 PMCID: PMC6617368 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known on the antioxidant activity modulation in microalgae, even less in diatoms. Antioxidant molecule concentrations and their modulation in microalgae has received little attention and the interconnection between light, photosynthesis, photoprotection, and antioxidant network in microalgae is still unclear. To fill this gap, we selected light as external forcing to drive physiological regulation and acclimation in the costal diatom Skeletonema marinoi. We investigated the role of light regime on the concentration of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and among them flavonoids and their connection with photoprotective mechanisms. We compared three high light conditions, differing in either light intensity or wave distribution, with two low light conditions, differing in photoperiod, and a prolonged darkness. The change in light distribution, from sinusoidal to square wave distribution was also investigated. Results revealed a strong link between photoprotection, mainly relied on xanthophyll cycle operation, and the antioxidant molecules and activity modulation. This study paves the way for further investigation on the antioxidant capacity of diatoms, which resulted to be strongly forced by light conditions, also in the view of their potential utilization in nutraceuticals or new functional cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Smerilli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maira Maselli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Martina Blasio
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Galasso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie marine, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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120
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Nwoba EG, Parlevliet DA, Laird DW, Alameh K, Moheimani NR. Light management technologies for increasing algal photobioreactor efficiency. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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121
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Gheysen L, Lagae N, Devaere J, Goiris K, Goos P, Bernaerts T, Van Loey A, De Cooman L, Foubert I. Impact of Nannochloropsis sp. dosage form on the oxidative stability of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched tomato purees. Food Chem 2019; 279:389-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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122
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Perin G, Bellan A, Bernardi A, Bezzo F, Morosinotto T. The potential of quantitative models to improve microalgae photosynthetic efficiency. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:380-391. [PMID: 30578540 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The massive increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere driven by human activities is causing huge negative consequences and new sustainable sources of energy, food and materials are highly needed. Algae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that can provide a highly strategic contribution to this challenge as alternative source of biomass to complement crops cultivation. Algae industrial cultures are commonly limited by light availability, and biomass accumulation is strongly dependent on their photon-to-biomass conversion efficiency. Investigation of algae photosynthetic metabolism is thus strategic for the generation of more efficient strains with higher productivity. Algae are cultivated at industrial scale in conditions highly different from the natural niches they adapted to and strains development efforts must fully consider the seminal influence on productivity of regulatory mechanism of photosynthesis as well as of cultivation parameters like cells concentration, light distribution in the culture, mixing, nutrients and carbon dioxide availability. In this review we will focus in particular on how mathematical models can account for the complex influence of all environmental parameters and can be exploited for development of improved algae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Perin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bellan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9 35131, Padova, Italy
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Fabrizio Bezzo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
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Novais MH, Penha AM, Morales EA, Potes M, Salgado R, Morais M. Vertical distribution of benthic diatoms in a large reservoir (Alqueva, Southern Portugal) during thermal stratification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1242-1255. [PMID: 31096337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater diatom communities are known to respond to a wide range of environmental factors, however, the depth gradient is usually neglected and few studies are available, especially in large reservoirs. During the ALqueva hydro-meteorological EXperiment (ALEX) field campaign, diatom communities were studied in the margins and in three platforms (from the surface to the bottom of the reservoir) located in the limnetic zone of the Alqueva reservoir, one of the largest artificial lakes in western Europe. A detailed meteorological and physico-chemical characterization of the reservoir was carried out from June to September in Summer 2014, when the reservoir was stratified, to relate these variables with diatom assemblages. Despite the large dimensions of the reservoir, no differences in the water physico-chemical characteristics and diatom descriptors were detected among platforms. Small changes in diatom assemblages, ecological guilds, taxa richness and Shannon diversity index were observed between sampling campaigns. Nevertheless, differences in diatoms were detected along a depth gradient, both in terms of diatom assemblages and ecological guilds. Taxa richness, Shannon diversity index, Pielou's evenness and Specific Pollution sensitivity Index (SPI) also differed with depth, with the lowest values of all indices detected at surface samples, increasing with depth, reaching the highest values at 20 m for taxa richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou's evenness indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Novais
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E. Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Marchã Penha
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E. Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A Morales
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E. Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal
| | - Miguel Potes
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Salgado
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Department of Physics, ECT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n° 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morais
- Institute of Earth Sciences - ICT, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho n°. 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E. Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345 Évora, Portugal
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Wang W, Yu LJ, Xu C, Tomizaki T, Zhao S, Umena Y, Chen X, Qin X, Xin Y, Suga M, Han G, Kuang T, Shen JR. Structural basis for blue-green light harvesting and energy dissipation in diatoms. Science 2019; 363:363/6427/eaav0365. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are abundant photosynthetic organisms in aquatic environments and contribute 40% of its primary productivity. An important factor that contributes to the success of diatoms is their fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCPs), which have exceptional light-harvesting and photoprotection capabilities. Here, we report the crystal structure of an FCP from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, which reveals the binding of seven chlorophylls (Chls) a, two Chls c, seven fucoxanthins (Fxs), and probably one diadinoxanthin within the protein scaffold. Efficient energy transfer pathways can be found between Chl a and c, and each Fx is surrounded by Chls, enabling the energy transfer and quenching via Fx highly efficient. The structure provides a basis for elucidating the mechanisms of blue-green light harvesting, energy transfer, and dissipation in diatoms.
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Koh HG, Kang NK, Jeon S, Shin SE, Jeong BR, Chang YK. Heterologous synthesis of chlorophyll b in Nannochloropsis salina enhances growth and lipid production by increasing photosynthetic efficiency. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:122. [PMID: 31114631 PMCID: PMC6515666 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophylls play important roles in photosynthesis, and thus are critical for growth and related metabolic pathways in photosynthetic organisms. They are particularly important in microalgae, emerging as the next generation feedstock for biomass and biofuels. Nannochloropsis are industrial microalgae for these purposes, but are peculiar in that they lack accessory chlorophylls. In addition, the localization of heterologous proteins to the chloroplast of Nannochloropsis has not been fully studied, due to the secondary plastid surrounded by four membranes. This study addressed questions of correct localization and functional benefits of heterologous expression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase from Chlamydomonas (CrCAO) in Nannochloropsis. RESULTS We cloned CrCAO from Chlamydomonas, which catalyzes oxidation of Chla producing Chlb, and overexpressed it in N. salina to reveal effects of the heterologous Chlb for photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production. For correct localization of CrCAO into the secondary plastid in N. salina, we added the signal-recognition sequence and the transit peptide (cloned from an endogenous chloroplast-localized protein) to the N terminus of CrCAO. We obtained two transformants that expressed CrCAO and produced Chlb. They showed improved growth under medium light (90 μmol/m2/s) conditions, and their photosynthetic efficiency was increased compared to WT. They also showed increased expression of certain photosynthetic proteins, accompanied by an increased maximum electron-transfer rate up to 15.8% and quantum yields up to 17%, likely supporting the faster growth. This improved growth resulted in increased biomass production, and more importantly lipid productivity particularly with medium light. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated beneficial effects of heterologous expression of CrCAO in Chlb-less organism N. salina, where the newly produced Chlb enhanced photosynthesis and growth. Accordingly, transformants showed improved production of biomass and lipids, important traits of microalgae from the industrial perspectives. Our transformants are the first Nannochloropsis cells that produced Chlb in the whole evolutionary path. We also succeeded in delivering a heterologous protein into the secondary plastid for the first time in Nannochloropsis. Taken together, our data showed that manipulation of photosynthetic pigments, including Chlb, can be employed in genetic improvements of microalgae for production of biofuels and other biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Koh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: LG Chem, 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-ryool Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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Sanjay KR, Sudarshan BL, Maheshwar PK, Priya PS. Volatile and phenolic compounds in freshwater diatom Nitzschia palea as a potential oxidative damage protective and anti-inflammatory source. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_649_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Xiong Ye
- Department of Development Technology of Marine ResourcesCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting‐Ting Fan
- Department of Development Technology of Marine ResourcesCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence Jordan Keen
- Department of Development Technology of Marine ResourcesCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing‐Nan Han
- Department of Development Technology of Marine ResourcesCollege of Life SciencesZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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Carotenoid profiling of five microalgae species from large-scale production. Food Res Int 2018; 120:810-818. [PMID: 31000301 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid profiles of biomass from five eukaryotic microalgae, Porphyridium cruentum, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis gaditana, produced at an industrial plant in outdoor photobioreactors, were investigated. Pigments were solvent-extracted after an ultrasonic pre-treatment and separated by HPLC-photodiode-array using a reversed-phase C18 column. Microalgae showed species-specific carotenoid profiles. Carotenoids were mostly in their free form, with a prevalence of xanthophylls over carotenes. Beta-carotene was the only carotenoid common to all species. The Rhodophyta P. cruentum exhibited the lowest total carotenoid content (167.2 mg 100 g-1 dw) and the simplest profile, with (all-E)-zeaxanthin (94.2 mg 100 g-1 dw, 56% of total carotenoids) and (all-E)-β- carotene (53.4 mg 100 g-1 dw, 32% of total carotenoids) as the major carotenoids. The Haptophyta Isochrysis galbana and the Bacillariophyta Phaeodactylum tricornutum were the species with the highest total carotenoid content (1760 mg and 1022 mg 100 g-1 dw, respectively). These species were characterized by similar carotenoid profiles, with (all-E)-fucoxanthin as the chief compound (1346 mg and 776.8 mg 100 g-1 dw for I. galbana and P. tricornutum, respectively), accounting for about 76% of total carotenoids. The Chlorophyta Tetraselmis suecica was the species showing the greatest variety of carotenoids, with both α- carotene and β- carotene and their derivatives present. (All-E)-lutein (85.4 mg 100 g-1 dw) and (all-E)-violaxanthin (81.8 mg 100 g-1 dw) were the major pigments in this species. In the Ochrophyta Nannochloropsis gaditana, (all-E)-violaxanthin was the prevalent carotenoid (336.7 mg 100 g-1 dw), followed by (all-E)-β-carotene (100.1 mg 100 g-1 algal dw). The carotenoid content of the microalgal biomass studied compared favourably to that of major vegetable sources. Due to their characteristics, these microalgae, most of them currently finding their main application in aquaculture, may be also regarded as valuable sources of carotenoids to be used in the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals.
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130
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Application of Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Functional Studies of Photosynthetic Biofilms. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a ubiquitous form of life for microorganisms. Photosynthetic biofilms such as microphytobenthos (MPB) and biological soil crusts (BSC) play a relevant ecological role in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, respectively. On the other hand, photosynthetic epilithic biofilms (PEB) are major players in the microbial-induced decay of stone structures of cultural heritage. The use of fluorescence techniques, namely, pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry, was crucial to understanding the photophysiology of these microbial communities, since they made it possible to measure biofilms’ photosynthetic activity without disturbing their delicate spatial organization within sediments or soils. The use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) added further technical advantages, enabling measurements to be made at a considerable distance from the samples, and under daylight. In this Perspective, we present state-of-the-art LIF techniques, show examples of the application of LIF to MPB and present exploratory results of LIF application to BSC, as well as to PEB colonizing stone structures of cultural heritage. Thereafter, we discuss the perspectives of LIF utilization in environmental research and monitoring, in cultural heritage conservation and assessment, and in biotechnological applications of photosynthetic biofilms.
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131
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Lomora M, Shumate D, Rahman AA, Pandit A. Therapeutic Applications of Phytoplankton, with an Emphasis on Diatoms and Coccolithophores. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Lomora
- SFI Centre For Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM); National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - David Shumate
- SFI Centre For Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM); National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Asrizal Abdul Rahman
- SFI Centre For Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM); National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- SFI Centre For Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM); National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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Serif M, Dubois G, Finoux AL, Teste MA, Jallet D, Daboussi F. One-step generation of multiple gene knock-outs in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by DNA-free genome editing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3924. [PMID: 30254261 PMCID: PMC6156588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently developed transgenic techniques to explore and exploit the metabolic potential of microalgae present several drawbacks associated with the delivery of exogenous DNA into the cells and its subsequent integration at random sites within the genome. Here, we report a highly efficient multiplex genome-editing method in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, relying on the biolistic delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins coupled with the identification of two endogenous counter-selectable markers, PtUMPS and PtAPT. First, we demonstrate the functionality of RNP delivery by positively selecting the disruption of each of these genes. Then, we illustrate the potential of the approach for multiplexing by generating double-gene knock-out strains, with 65% to 100% efficiency, using RNPs targeting one of these markers and PtAureo1a, a photoreceptor-encoding gene. Finally, we created triple knock-out strains in one step by delivering six RNP complexes into Phaeodactylum cells. This approach could readily be applied to other hard-to-transfect organisms of biotechnological interest. The manipulation of diatom genomes is essential for industrial applications based on their metabolic abilities. Here the authors present an efficient multiplex DNA-free gene editing method using CRISPR-Cas9 and counter-selectable markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Serif
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwendoline Dubois
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Laure Finoux
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Teste
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jallet
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Fayza Daboussi
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
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El-Sayed AEKB, Aboulthana WM, El-Feky AM, Ibrahim NE, Seif MM. Bio and phyto-chemical effect of Amphora coffeaeformis extract against hepatic injury induced by paracetamol in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2007-2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chemical Mutagenesis and Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Screening for Enhanced Accumulation of Carotenoids in a Model Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080272. [PMID: 30081564 PMCID: PMC6117690 DOI: 10.3390/md16080272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are a major group of unicellular algae that are rich in lipids and carotenoids. However, sustained research efforts are needed to improve the strain performance for high product yields towards commercialization. In this study, we generated a number of mutants of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a cosmopolitan species that has also been found in Nordic region, using the chemical mutagens ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). We found that both chlorophyll a and neutral lipids had a significant correlation with carotenoid content and these correlations were better during exponential growth than in the stationary growth phase. Then, we studied P. tricornutum common metabolic pathways and analyzed correlated enzymatic reactions between fucoxanthin synthesis and pigmentation or lipid metabolism through a genome-scale metabolic model. The integration of the computational results with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data revealed key compounds underlying the correlative metabolic pathways. Approximately 1000 strains were screened using fluorescence-based high-throughput method and five mutants selected had 33% or higher total carotenoids than the wild type, in which four strains remained stable in the long term and the top mutant exhibited an increase of 69.3% in fucoxanthin content compared to the wild type. The platform described in this study may be applied to the screening of other high performing diatom strains for industrial applications.
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Wang S, Verma SK, Hakeem Said I, Thomsen L, Ullrich MS, Kuhnert N. Changes in the fucoxanthin production and protein profiles in Cylindrotheca closterium in response to blue light-emitting diode light. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:110. [PMID: 29986707 PMCID: PMC6036692 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine diatoms have a higher fucoxanthin content in comparison to macroalgae. Fucoxanthin features many potent bioactive properties, particularly anti-obesity properties. Despite the great potential for harvesting larger amounts of fucoxanthin, the impacts of light quality (light source, intensity, and photoperiod) on fucoxanthin production and the essential proteins involved in fucoxanthin biosynthesis in marine diatoms remain unclear. RESULTS In the present study, Cylindrotheca closterium was selected from four different species of diatoms based on its high fucoxanthin content and productivity. Optimal light conditions (light source, intensity, and regime) were determined by a "Design of Experiment" approach (software MODDE Pro 11 was used). The model indicated that an 18/6 light/darkness regime increased fucoxanthin productivity remarkably as opposed to a 12/12 or 24/0 regime. Eventually, blue light-emitting diode light, as an alternative to fluorescent light, at 100 μmol/m2/s and 18/6 light/darkness regime yielded maximum fucoxanthin productivity and minimal energy consumption. The fucoxanthin production of C. closterium under the predicted optimal light conditions was assessed both in bottle and bag photobioreactors (PBRs). The high fucoxanthin content (25.5 mg/g) obtained from bag PBRs demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale production. The proteomes of C. closterium under the most favorable and unfavorable fucoxanthin biosynthesis light/darkness regimes (18/6 and 24/0, respectively) were compared to identify the essential proteins associated with fucoxanthin accumulation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Six proteins that were up-regulated in the 18/6 regime but down-regulated in the 24/0 were identified as important chloroplastic proteins involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and cellular processes. CONCLUSIONS Blue light-emitting diode light at 100 μmol/m2/s and 18/6 light/darkness regime induced maximum fucoxanthin productivity in C. closterium and minimized energy consumption. The high fucoxanthin production in the bag photobioreactor under optimal light conditions demonstrated the possibility of commercialization. Proteomics suggests that fucoxanthin biosynthesis is intimately associated with the photosynthetic efficiency of the diatom, providing another technical and bioengineering outlook on fucoxanthin enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sujit K. Verma
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Inamullah Hakeem Said
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Laurenz Thomsen
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias S. Ullrich
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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136
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Goessling JW, Su Y, Cartaxana P, Maibohm C, Rickelt LF, Trampe ECL, Walby SL, Wangpraseurt D, Wu X, Ellegaard M, Kühl M. Structure-based optics of centric diatom frustules: modulation of the in vivo light field for efficient diatom photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:122-134. [PMID: 29672846 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of diatom silicate frustules inspire photonics and nanotechnology research. Whether light interaction with the nano-structure of the frustule also affects diatom photosynthesis has remained unclear due to lack of information on frustule optical properties under more natural conditions. Here we demonstrate that the optical properties of the frustule valves in water affect light harvesting and photosynthesis in live cells of centric diatoms (Coscinodiscus granii). Microscale cellular mapping of photosynthesis around localized spot illumination demonstrated optical coupling of chloroplasts to the valve wall. Photonic structures of the three-layered C. granii valve facilitated light redistribution and efficient photosynthesis in cell regions distant from the directly illuminated area. The different porous structure of the two sides of the valve exhibited photon trapping and forward scattering of blue light enhancing photosynthetic active radiation inside the cell. Photonic structures of diatom frustules thus alter the cellular light field with implications on diatom photobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Goessling
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Yanyan Su
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Christian Maibohm
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lars F Rickelt
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Oxyguard International A/S, Farum Gydevej 64, 3520, Farum, Denmark
- Zenzor, Krondrevet 31, 3140, Ålsgårde, Denmark
| | - Erik C L Trampe
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Sandra L Walby
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wangpraseurt
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marianne Ellegaard
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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137
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Lu X, Sun H, Zhao W, Cheng KW, Chen F, Liu B. A Hetero-Photoautotrophic Two-Stage Cultivation Process for Production of Fucoxanthin by the Marine Diatom Nitzschia laevis. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E219. [PMID: 29941802 PMCID: PMC6070929 DOI: 10.3390/md16070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently much interest in fucoxanthin due to its broad beneficial health effects. The major commercial source of fucoxanthin is marine seaweed, which has many shortcomings, and has thus restricted its large-scale production and more diversified applications. In this study, growth characteristics and fucoxanthin accumulation were evaluated to explore the potential of the marine diatom Nitzschia laevis in fucoxanthin production. The results suggested that heterotrophic culture was more effective for cell growth, while the mixotrophic culture was favorable for fucoxanthin accumulation. A two-stage culture strategy was consequently established. A model of exponential fed-batch culture led to a biomass concentration of 17.25 g/L. A mix of white and blue light significantly increased fucoxanthin content. These outcomes were translated into a superior fucoxanthin productivity of 16.5 mg/(L·d), which was more than 2-fold of the best value reported thus far. The culture method established herein therefore represents a promising strategy to boost fucoxanthin production in N. laevis, which might prove to be a valuable natural source of commercial fucoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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138
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Depth related adaptations in symbiont bearing benthic foraminifera: New insights from a field experiment on Operculina ammonoides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9560. [PMID: 29934603 PMCID: PMC6015019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are marine calcifying protists that commonly harbor algae as symbionts. These organisms are major calcium carbonate producers and important contributors to primary production in the photic zones. Light is one of the main known factors limiting their distribution, and species of this group developed specific mechanisms that allow them to occupy different habitats across the light gradient. Operculina ammonoides (Gronovius, 1781) is a planispiral LBF that has two main shell morphotypes, thick involute and flat evolute. Earlier studies suggested morphologic changes with variation in water depth and presumably light. In this study, specimens of the two morphotypes were placed in the laboratory under artificial low light and near the sea floor at depths of 15 m, 30 m, and 45 m in the Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat for 23 days. Differences in growth and symbionts content were evaluated using weight, size, and chlorophyll a. Our results show that O. ammonoides exhibit morphological plasticity when constructing thinner chambers after relocation to low light conditions, and adding more weight per area after relocation to high light conditions. In addition, O. ammonoides exhibited chlorophyll content adaptation to a certain range of light conditions, and evolute specimens that were acclimatized to very low light did not survive relocation to a high light environment, possibly due to photo-oxidative stress.
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139
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Ayaz F, Eker-Develi E, Sahin M. First report of Nitzschia navis-varingica in the Mediterranean Sea and growth stimulatory effects of Nitzschia navis-varingica, Chrysochromulina alifera and Heterocapsa pygmaea on different mammalian cell types. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:571-579. [PMID: 29808356 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A benthic diatom, Nitzschia navis-varingica was found for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea. Effects of this diatom species together with the haptophyte Chrysochromulina alifera and the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa pygmaea isolated from the northeastern Mediterranean Sea coast on prostate, breast cancer and fibroblast cell lines were investigated. Algal extracts did not exert any toxic effect on these cell lines and it had growth stimulatory impact on the cells without discrimination of cell type. Our results suggest potential use of these algal extracts in tissue repair and cell growth boosting additive in the diet of humans as well as animals. Moreover, these algal extracts have potential to be used as natural resource in the skin vitalizing creams of cosmetics industry and as wound healing agents in the atopic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy, 33343, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Elif Eker-Develi
- Faculty of Education, Mersin University, Yenisehir, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Merve Sahin
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
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140
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Azizan A, Ahamad Bustamam MS, Maulidiani M, Shaari K, Ismail IS, Nagao N, Abas F. Metabolite Profiling of the Microalgal Diatom Chaetoceros Calcitrans and Correlation with Antioxidant and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities via ¹H NMR-Based Metabolomics. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16050154. [PMID: 29735927 PMCID: PMC5983285 DOI: 10.3390/md16050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are promising candidate resources from marine ecology for health-improving effects. Metabolite profiling of the microalgal diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans was conducted by using robust metabolomics tools, namely 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). The unsupervised data analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA), resolved the five types of extracts made by solvents ranging from polar to non-polar into five different clusters. Collectively, with various extraction solvents, 11 amino acids, cholesterol, 6 fatty acids, 2 sugars, 1 osmolyte, 6 carotenoids and 2 chlorophyll pigments were identified. The fatty acids and both carotenoid pigments as well as chlorophyll, were observed in the extracts made from medium polar (acetone, chloroform) and non-polar (hexane) solvents. It is suggested that the compounds were the characteristic markers that influenced the separation between the clusters. Based on partial least square (PLS) analysis, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and lutein displayed strong correlation to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. This metabolomics study showed that solvent extractions are one of the main bottlenecks for the maximum recovery of bioactive microalgal compounds and could be a better source of natural antioxidants due to a high value of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - M Maulidiani
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norio Nagao
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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141
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Unique organization of photosystem I-light-harvesting supercomplex revealed by cryo-EM from a red alga. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4423-4428. [PMID: 29632169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722482115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two photosystems present in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms and functions to harvest and convert light energy into chemical energy in photosynthesis. In eukaryotic algae and higher plants, PSI consists of a core surrounded by variable species and numbers of light-harvesting complex (LHC)I proteins, forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of PSI-LHCR from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae in two forms, one with three Lhcr subunits attached to the side, similar to that of higher plants, and the other with two additional Lhcr subunits attached to the opposite side, indicating an ancient form of PSI-LHCI. Furthermore, the red algal PSI core showed features of both cyanobacterial and higher plant PSI, suggesting an intermediate type during evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The structure of PsaO, existing in eukaryotic organisms, was identified in the PSI core and binds three chlorophylls a and may be important in harvesting energy and in mediating energy transfer from LHCII to the PSI core under state-2 conditions. Individual attaching sites of LHCRs with the core subunits were identified, and each Lhcr was found to contain 11 to 13 chlorophylls a and 5 zeaxanthins, which are apparently different from those of LHCs in plant PSI-LHCI. Together, our results reveal unique energy transfer pathways different from those of higher plant PSI-LHCI, its adaptation to the changing environment, and the possible changes of PSI-LHCI during evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
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142
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Rekully CM, Faulkner ST, Lachenmyer EM, Cunningham BR, Shaw TJ, Richardson TL, Myrick ML. Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy for Phytoplankton Species Classification Using an All-Pairs Method: Characterization of a System with Unexpectedly Low Rank. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:442-462. [PMID: 29069908 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817741278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An all-pairs method is used to analyze phytoplankton fluorescence excitation spectra. An initial set of nine phytoplankton species is analyzed in pairwise fashion to select two optical filter sets, and then the two filter sets are used to explore variations among a total of 31 species in a single-cell fluorescence imaging photometer. Results are presented in terms of pair analyses; we report that 411 of the 465 possible pairings of the larger group of 31 species can be distinguished using the initial nine-species-based selection of optical filters. A bootstrap analysis based on the larger data set shows that the distribution of possible pair separation results based on a randomly selected nine-species initial calibration set is strongly peaked in the 410-415 pair separation range, consistent with our experimental result. Further, the result for filter selection using all 31 species is also 411 pair separations; The set of phytoplankton fluorescence excitation spectra is intuitively high in rank due to the number and variety of pigments that contribute to the spectrum. However, the results in this report are consistent with an effective rank as determined by a variety of heuristic and statistical methods in the range of 2-3. These results are reviewed in consideration of how consistent the filter selections are from model to model for the data presented here. We discuss the common observation that rank is generally found to be relatively low even in many seemingly complex circumstances, so that it may be productive to assume a low rank from the beginning. If a low-rank hypothesis is valid, then relatively few samples are needed to explore an experimental space. Under very restricted circumstances for uniformly distributed samples, the minimum number for an initial analysis might be as low as 8-11 random samples for 1-3 factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Rekully
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stefan T Faulkner
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eric M Lachenmyer
- 2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brady R Cunningham
- 2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Timothy J Shaw
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- 2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael L Myrick
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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143
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Ambati RR, Gogisetty D, Aswathanarayana RG, Ravi S, Bikkina PN, Bo L, Yuepeng S. Industrial potential of carotenoid pigments from microalgae: Current trends and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1880-1902. [PMID: 29370540 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1432561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are rich source of various bioactive molecules such as carotenoids, lipids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, etc. and in recent Years carotenoids from algae gained commercial recognition in the global market for food and cosmeceutical applications. However, the production of carotenoids from algae is not yet fully cost effective to compete with synthetic ones. In this context the present review examines the technologies/methods in relation to mass production of algae, cell harvesting for extraction of carotenoids, optimizing extraction methods etc. Research studies from different microalgal species such as Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella sps., Nannochloropsis sps., Scenedesmus sps., Chlorococcum sps., Botryococcus braunii and Diatoms in relation to carotenoid content, chemical structure, extraction and processing of carotenoids are discussed. Further these carotenoid pigments, are useful in various health applications and their use in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries was briefly touched upon. The commercial value of algal carotenoids has also been discussed in this review. Possible recommendations for future research studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Rao Ambati
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,c Department of Biotechnology , Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) , Vadlamudi, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Deepika Gogisetty
- d Department of Chemistry , Sri Chaitanya Junior College , Tenali, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | | | - Sarada Ravi
- f Plant Cell Biotechnology Department , Central Food Technological Research Institute, (Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) , Mysore , Karnataka , India
| | | | - Lei Bo
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
| | - Su Yuepeng
- b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
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144
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Legesse FB, Rüger J, Meyer T, Krafft C, Schmitt M, Popp J. Investigation of Microalgal Carotenoid Content Using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy and Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1048-1055. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fisseha Bekele Legesse
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.v.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jan Rüger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.v.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.v.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.v.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.v.; Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
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145
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Su Y, Yi Z, Björnsdóttir SH, Brynjolfsson S, Fu W. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution for Enhanced Carotenoid Production in Microalgae. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1852:117-126. [PMID: 30109628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to produce natural pigments with competitive prices, algal strains employed in industrial production need to be improved for increasing the productivity of valuable metabolites, thereby reducing the overall production cost. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a traditional method for strain improvement, which has been effectively utilized in bacteria and fungi. With the growing interest in algal biotechnology, attempts have recently been put forward to improve microalgal strains with ALE approach. This chapter describes a stepwise adaptive evolution strategy that enhances carotenoid yield from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Su
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Zhiqian Yi
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Snædís Huld Björnsdóttir
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur Brynjolfsson
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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146
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Sabu S, Singh ISB, Joseph V. Optimisation of critical medium components and culture conditions for enhanced biomass and lipid production in the oleaginous diatom Navicula phyllepta: a statistical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26763-26777. [PMID: 28963632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms hold great promise as potential sources of biofuel production. In the present study, the biomass and lipid production in the marine diatom Navicula phyllepta, isolated from Cochin estuary, India and identified as a potential biodiesel feedstock, were optimized using Plackett-Burman (PB) statistical experimental design followed by central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The growth analyses of the isolate in different nitrogen sources, salinities and five different enriched sea water media showed the best growth in the cheapest medium with minimum components using urea as nitrogen source at salinity between 25 and 40 g kg-1. Plackett-Burman experimental analyses for screening urea, sodium metasilicate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, ferric chloride, salinity, temperature, pH and agitation influencing lipid and biomass production showed that silicate and temperature had a positive coefficient on biomass production, and temperature had a significant positive coefficient, while urea and phosphate showed a negative coefficient on lipid content. A 24 factorial central composite design (FCCD) was used to optimize the concentration of the factors selected. The optimized media resulted in 1.62-fold increase (64%) in biomass (1.2 ± 0.08 g L-1) and 1.2-fold increase (22%) in estimated total lipid production (0.11 ± 0.003 g L-1) compared to original media within 12 days of culturing. A significantly higher biomass and lipid production in the optimized medium demands further development of a two-stage strategy of biomass production followed by induction of high lipid production under nutrient limitation or varying culture conditions for large-scale production of biodiesel from the marine diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyo Sabu
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682016, India
| | - Isaac Sarojini Bright Singh
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682016, India
| | - Valsamma Joseph
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682016, India.
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147
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Kansy M, Gurowietz A, Wilhelm C, Goss R. An optimized protocol for the preparation of oxygen-evolving thylakoid membranes from Cyclotella meneghiniana provides a tool for the investigation of diatom plastidic electron transport. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:221. [PMID: 29178846 PMCID: PMC5702237 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preparation of functional thylakoid membranes from diatoms with a silica cell wall is still a largely unsolved challenge. Therefore, an optimized protocol for the isolation of oxygen evolving thylakoid membranes of the centric diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana has been developed. The buffer used for the disruption of the cells was supplemented with polyethylene glycol based on its stabilizing effect on plastidic membranes. Disruption of the silica cell walls was performed in a French Pressure cell and subsequent linear sorbitol density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate the thylakoid membrane fraction. RESULTS Spectroscopic characterization of the thylakoids by absorption and 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the photosynthetic pigment protein complexes in the isolated thylakoid membranes were intact. This was supported by oxygen evolution measurements which demonstrated high electron transport rates in the presence of the artificial electron acceptor DCQB. High photosynthetic activity of photosystem II was corroborated by the results of fast fluorescence induction measurements. In addition to PSII and linear electron transport, indications for a chlororespiratory electron transport were observed in the isolated thylakoid membranes. Photosynthetic electron transport also resulted in the establishment of a proton gradient as evidenced by the quenching of 9-amino-acridine fluorescence. Because of their ability to build-up a light-driven proton gradient, de-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin and diatoxanthin-dependent non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence could be observed for the first time in isolated thylakoid membranes of diatoms. However, the ∆pH, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation and diatoxanthin-dependent NPQ were weak compared to intact diatom cells or isolated thylakoids of higher plants. CONCLUSIONS The present protocol resulted in thylakoids with a high electron transport capacity. These thylakoids can thus be used for experiments addressing various aspects of the photosynthetic electron transport by, e.g., employing artificial electron donors and acceptors which do not penetrate the diatom cell wall. In addition, the present isolation protocol yields diatom thylakoids with the potential for xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quenching measurements. However, the preparation has to be further refined before these important topics can be addressed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kansy
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gurowietz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reimund Goss
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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148
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Ingebrigtsen RA, Hansen E, Andersen JH, Eilertsen HC. Field sampling marine plankton for biodiscovery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15863. [PMID: 29158560 PMCID: PMC5696511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and plankton can be a rich source of bioactivity. However, induction of secondary metabolite production in lab conditions can be difficult. One simple way of bypassing this issue is to collect biomass in the field and screen for bioactivity. Therefore, bulk net samples from three areas along the coast of northern Norway and Spitsbergen were collected, extracted and fractionated. Biomass samples from a strain of a mass-cultivated diatom Porosira glacialis were used as a reference for comparison to field samples. Screening for bioactivity was performed with 13 assays within four therapeutic areas: antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetes and antioxidation. We analysed the metabolic profiles of the samples using high resolution - mass spectroscopy (HR-MS). Principal component analysis showed a marked difference in metabolite profiles between the field samples and the photobioreactor culture; furthermore, the number of active fractions and extent of bioactivity was different in the field compared to the photobioreactor samples. We found varying levels of bioactivity in all samples, indicating that complex marine field samples could be used to investigate bioactivities from otherwise inaccessible sources. Furthermore, we hypothesize that metabolic pathways that would otherwise been silent under controlled growth in monocultures, might have been activated in the field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espen Hansen
- Marbio, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Hans Christian Eilertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
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149
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Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Mining terpenoids production and biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1269-1280. [PMID: 28549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are major bioactive compounds produced by microalgae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Mining metabolic potential of marine microalgae for commercial production of terpenoids suggest thraustochytrids as one of the promising cell factories. The identification of potential thraustochytrid strains and relevant laboratory scale bioprocesses has been pursued largely. Further investigations in the improvement of terpenoids biosynthesis expect relevant molecular mechanisms to be understood directing metabolic engineering of the pathways. In this review, fermentative and mechanistic studies to identify key enzymes and pathways that are associated to terpenoids biosynthesis in thraustochytrids are discussed. Exploration of biosynthesis mechanisms in other model organisms facilitated identification of potential molecular targets for engineering terpenoids biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. In addition, the preliminary genetic manipulation and in silico analysis in this review provides a platform for system-level metabolic engineering towards thraustochytrid strains improvement. Overall, the review contributes comprehensive information to allow better terpenoids productivity in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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150
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König S, Juhas M, Jäger S, Kottke T, Büchel C. The cryptochrome-photolyase protein family in diatoms. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:15-19. [PMID: 28720252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cryptochrome - photolyase family (CPF) consists of homologous flavoproteins having completely different functions involving DNA repair, circadian rhythm and/or photoreception. From the original photolyases, working either as (6-4) or cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyases, the animal- and plant-type cryptochromes, respectively, evolved and also the more intermediate DASH cryptochromes. Whereas animal cryptochromes work mostly in clock-related functions, plant cryptochromes are also directly involved in developmental processes such as hypocotyl elongation or flower induction. In diatoms, all types of cryptochromes and photolyases were predicted from genome sequences. However, up to now only two proteins have been characterised in more detail, CPF1 and CryP. CPF1 is related to animal-type cryptochromes, but works as a (6-4) photolyase in addition to having photoreceptor functions. It was shown to interact with the CLOCK:Bmal1 heterodimer in a heterologous system, and thus is probably involved in clock-related processes. Moreover, CPF1 directly influences transcription. The latter was also true for CryP, which is a cryptochrome distantly related to plant-type cryptochromes. In addition, CryP influences light-harvesting protein accumulation. For all diatom cryptochromes, down-stream signalling has to proceed via interaction partners different from the classical proteins involved in cryptochrome signalling in higher plants, because these candidates are missing in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah König
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Juhas
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jäger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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