101
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Cheng D, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, Wei Q, Wei D. A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: Water pollution problems and control approaches. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121682. [PMID: 31744723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Swine wastewater (SW) is an important source of antibiotics and hormones (A&H) in the environment due to their large-scale application in swine industry. A&H in SW can be released into the water environment through the direct discharge of SW, effluent from SW treatment plants, and runoff and leaching from farmland polluted by swine wastes. The presence of A&H in the water environment has become an increasing global concern considering their adverse effects to the aquatic organism and human. This review critically discusses: (i) the occurrence of A&H in global water environment and their potential risks to water organisms and human; (ii) the management and technical approaches for reducing the emission of A&H in SW to the water environment. The development of antibiotic alternatives and the enhanced implementation of vaccination and biosecurity are promising management approaches to cut down the consumption of antibiotics during swine production. Through the comparison of different biological treatment technologies for removing A&H in SW, membrane-based bioprocesses have relatively higher and more stable removal efficiencies. Whereas, the combined system of bioprocesses and AOPs is expected to be a promising technology for elimination and mineralization of A&H in swine wastewater. Further study on this system is therefore necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongle Cheng
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing and Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
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102
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The Potential Effect of Dietary Tannins on Enteric Methane Emission and Ruminant Production, as an Alternative to Antibiotic Feed Additives – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibiotic growth promoters in livestock nutrition cause microbial resistance which produces threats to human health. Therefore, tannins have been considered as natural alternative antibiotic feed additives which possess various biological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory. Additionally, these plants also have antiparasitic and anti-bloat characteristics which contribute to inhibit the enteric methane emission in order to improve nutrient digestibility, milk and meat quality, fatty acids composition and ruminant production. Antibiotic growth promoters have been practiced in animals feeding to increase feed intake, growth rate, weight gain as well as reduce metabolic disorders and energy losses in the rumen. In 2006, the European Union banned the usage of antibiotic growth promoters in the feeding of livestock. This antibiotic resistance issue has increased demand to explore the natural feed additives that might be useful for animal production system. Consequently, natural forages have been categorized as potential feed additives in animal production since it improves nutritive value, protein digestibility, increase amino acid absorption and growth rate. But, some plant materials are usually rich in tannins known as anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, the application of tannin-rich plants in ruminant nutrition needs great precaution due to its possible injurious effects (dose dependent) on animal health such as metabolic disorders. Hence, there is need to give attention to the usage of tannins in ruminant nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics feed additives to investigate its effects on enteric methane emissions and ruminants production. In addition, safety and risk associated with tannins feeding have also been briefly discussed.
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103
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Kaschubek T, Mayer E, Rzesnik S, Grenier B, Bachinger D, Schieder C, König J, Teichmann K. Effects of phytogenic feed additives on cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in intestinal porcine epithelial cells1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3657-3669. [PMID: 29982751 PMCID: PMC6127757 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing concerns about the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in livestock production and their complete ban in the European Union in 2006, suitable alternatives are urgently needed. Among others, anti-inflammatory activities of AGP are discussed as their putative mode of action. As numerous phytochemicals are known to modulate the cellular antioxidant capacity and immune response, we studied the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of a phytogenic (plant-derived) feed additive (PFA) in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The effects of the PFA were compared with those of selected phytogenic ingredients (grape seed extract [GRS], licorice extract [LIC], menthol [MENT], methyl salicylate [MES], oak bark extract [OAK], oregano essential oil [ORE], and a plant powder mix [PLA]), and with the effects of the AGP tylosin (TYL). Oxidative or inflammatory stress was induced by stimulating IPEC-J2 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.5 mM) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; 10 ng/mL), respectively. The antioxidative effects of feed additives were assessed with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive probe and by measuring the expression of 6 antioxidative target genes via quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Anti-inflammatory potential was analyzed using a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) reporter gene assay. Moreover, the expression levels of 6 NF-κB target genes were measured using RT-qPCR analysis, and the release of IL-6 was analyzed via ELISA. Significant decreases in cellular ROS upon H2O2 treatment were observed for the PFA (P < 0.001), LIC (P < 0.001), ORE (P < 0.05), and GRS (P < 0.01). No significant changes in the expression of antioxidative genes were found. NF-κB activation upon TNF-α treatment was significantly inhibited by the PFA (P < 0.05) and by ORE (P < 0.001). Moreover, the PFA and ORE significantly reduced the gene expression of IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; P < 0.05), as well as the release of IL-6 (P < 0.05). The other phytogenic compounds as well as the AGP TYL did not significantly affect any of the inflammatory parameters. In summary, we revealed the antioxidative properties of the PFA, LIC, ORE, and GRS, as well as anti-inflammatory properties of the PFA and ORE in IPEC-J2, providing a better understanding of the mode of action of this PFA under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kaschubek
- BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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104
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Orlowski S, Flees J, Greene ES, Ashley D, Lee SO, Yang FL, Owens CM, Kidd M, Anthony N, Dridi S. Effects of phytogenic additives on meat quality traits in broiler chickens1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3757-3767. [PMID: 30184154 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytogenics have been reported to improve growth performances in farm animals and are thereby considered as potential key solutions for antibiotic-free livestock nutrition. Yet, their effects on meat quality are still not well defined; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of 5 experimental phytogenic additives (3 dietary and 2 water supplements) on growth and meat quality in broilers. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 576) were assigned to 48 floor pens and divided into 6 treatments (Control, AV/HGP/16 premix [AVHGP], Superliv concentrate premix [SCP], bacteriostatic herbal growth promotor [BHGP], AV/SSL/12 [AVSSL], and Superliv Gold [SG]) in a complete randomized design (8 pens/treatment with 12 birds/pen, and 96 birds/group). Feed intake and BW were recorded, and birds were processed at 42 d to evaluate carcass traits. Breast muscle tissues were excised to determine stress- and antioxidant-related genes expression. Both AVSSL- and SG-treated broilers produced heavier (P < 0.05) slaughter weights compared with the control-fed broilers, whereas AVSSL supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) fat pad size and increased (P < 0.05) breast weights compared with the control-fed broilers. Although pH and a* values remained unchanged, L* was decreased (P < 0.05) in all treatment and b* was reduced (P < 0.05) in SG when compared with controls. The trained sensory panelists detected more (P < 0.05) green herb flavor in the breast meat from AVHGP than SCP, SG, and control birds. The expression of superoxide dismutase 2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and JNK gene was upregulated in AVHGP and BHGP compared with the control (P < 0.05). Together, these results indicated that phytogenic additives might improve meat quality of broilers through modulation of stress- and antioxidant-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Orlowski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Danielle Ashley
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Famous L Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Casey M Owens
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Michael Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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105
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Poultry Shelf-Life Enhancing Potential of Nanofibers and Nanoparticles Containing Porphyra dioica Extracts. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of commercially available red macroalgae Porphyra dioica were integrated as inner coatings of food-grade polypropylene (PP) films through use of electrospinning and electrospraying technologies. Two coating formulations (A = 5 wt% P. dioica extract and 7.5 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); B = 1 wt% P. dioica extract, 1 wt% PVA, and 17% gelatine) were evaluated as to their capacity to delay spoilage of minced chicken breasts, through monitoring of microbial growth (total mesophile aerobic colony counts), colour stability, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), and sensory analysis over a 4-day refrigerated storage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed an increased nanofiber and nanoparticle density on extract-enriched fibers, without compromise to their morphology or the homogeneity of the coatings. Total microbial counts on coating B samples was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced compared to uncoated plastic wraps. The coated samples also exhibited fewer colour degradation, though the coatings did not differ substantially from uncoated plastic wrap. Sensory analysis test subjects successfully distinguished the raw samples based on their treatment and gave a positive approval rating (66.7%) to the extract-enriched coatings when asked about edibility post storage.
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106
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Bobeck EA. NUTRITION AND HEALTH: COMPANION ANIMAL APPLICATIONS: Functional nutrition in livestock and companion animals to modulate the immune response. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa035. [PMID: 32026938 PMCID: PMC7053864 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of how the immune system functions in response to diet have altered the way we think about feeding livestock and companion animals on both the short (weeks/months) and long-term (years) timelines; however, depth of research in each of these species varies. Work dedicated to understanding how immune function can be altered with diet has revealed additional functions of required nutrients such as vitamins D and E, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and minerals such as zinc, while feed additives such as phytogenics and probiotics add an additional layer of immunomodulating potential to modern diets. For certain nutrients such as vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation, while for others such as zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Also to consider is the potential to over-immunomodulate, where important functions such as clearance of microbial infections may be reduced when supplementation reduces the inflammatory action of the immune system. Continued work in the area of nutritional immunology will further enhance our understanding of the power of nutrition and diet to improve health in both livestock and companion animals. This review collects examples from several species to highlight the work completed to understand how nutrition can be used to alter immune function, intended or not.
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107
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Van Noten N, Degroote J, Van Liefferinge E, Taminiau B, De Smet S, Desmet T, Michiels J. Effects of Thymol and Thymol α-D-Glucopyranoside on Intestinal Function and Microbiota of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E329. [PMID: 32092931 PMCID: PMC7070699 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated gluco-conjugation as a measure to delay thymol absorption and enhance its antimicrobial activity in the gut of weaned piglets. The three dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without additives (TCON), supplemented with thymol at 3.7 mmol/kg dry matter (TTHY), or with an equimolar amount of thymol α-D-glucopyranoside (TTαG). Each dietary treatment was replicated in 6 pens with 2 piglets per pen (n = 12 for analytical parameters) and was supplemented for 14 days. The total (free plus gluco-conjugated) thymol concentrations in the stomach contents were 14% lower in TTαG as compared to TTHY piglets. Neither of the additives could be detected further down the gut. E.coli counts in the proximal small intestine were significantly lower in TTHY than in TTαG pigs (3.35 vs. 4.29 log10 CFU/g); however, other bacterial counts and their metabolites were unaffected by treatment. A metagenomic bacterial analysis revealed a great relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the distal small intestine (range 88.4%-99.9%), irrespective of treatment. The intestinal barrier function was improved by TTHY, but not TTαG, compared to TCON. In conclusion, gluco-conjugation did not result in higher thymol concentrations in the gut, but conversely, it seemed to diminish the biological effects of thymol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Van Noten
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
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108
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Kahn LH, Bergeron G, Bourassa MW, De Vegt B, Gill J, Gomes F, Malouin F, Opengart K, Ritter GD, Singer RS, Storrs C, Topp E. From farm management to bacteriophage therapy: strategies to reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1441:31-39. [PMID: 30924542 PMCID: PMC6850639 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, a number of effective or commercially viable alternatives have been implemented by food animal producers or are under development. Perhaps the most well-established strategies are flock and herd management practices to mitigate disease introduction and spread, and, subsequently, reduce the need for antibiotic use. While vaccines in food animal production have been used to prevent both bacterial and viral diseases, but historically, most vaccines have targeted viral diseases. Though vaccines against viral diseases can help reduce the need for antibiotic use by controlling the spread of secondary bacterial infections, more recent vaccines under development specifically target bacteria. New developments in selecting and potentially tailoring bacteriophages provide a promising avenue for controlling pathogenic bacteria without the need for traditional small-molecule antibiotics. In this article we discuss these established and emerging strategies, which are anticipated to reduce the reliance on antibiotics in food animal production and should reduce the prevalence and transmission to humans of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Kahn
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Bert De Vegt
- Micreos Food Safety, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jason Gill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Filomena Gomes
- The New York Academy of Sciences, New York City, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward Topp
- University of Western Ontario and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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109
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Granstad S, Kristoffersen AB, Benestad SL, Sjurseth SK, David B, Sørensen L, Fjermedal A, Edvardsen DH, Sanson G, Løvland A, Kaldhusdal M. Effect of Feed Additives as Alternatives to In-feed Antimicrobials on Production Performance and Intestinal Clostridium perfringens Counts in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020240. [PMID: 32028636 PMCID: PMC7070674 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous non-antibiotic feed additives (alternatives to antibiotics, ATAs) have been marketed, but few have been evaluated under uniform testing conditions modelling commercial flocks. We compared 24 ATA treatments and the ionophorous coccidiostat narasin against a diet without any feed additives. Feed conversion ratio and body weight gain were registered from day 0 to 28 in Ross 308 chickens housed on litter floor. The chickens were challenged with Eimeria spp., and cecal Clostridium perfringens (CP) counts were investigated. Active components from all ATA classes had a positive impact on intestinal health or production performance. Whereas narasin had a strong CP-reducing effect in combination with performance-promoting impact, only two ATA treatments achieved significantly beneficial effects on CP counts as well as feed conversion during the time span following Eimeria challenge. Active components present in these two treatments include a Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain, short- and medium-chain fatty acids and Saccharomyces cerevisiae components. Different ATA classes had beneficial impact during distinct rearing phases and on specific performance targets, suggesting that optimizing combinations and use of active components can make ATAs even more useful tools in broiler rearing without the use of in-feed antimicrobials. Further studies of promising ATAs and ATA combinations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Granstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anja B. Kristoffersen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Sylvie L. Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Siri K. Sjurseth
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bruce David
- Nortura SA, P.O. Box 360 Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway; (B.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Line Sørensen
- Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling AS, Nedre Ila 20, 7018 Trondheim, Norway; (L.S.); (G.S.)
| | | | | | - Gorm Sanson
- Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling AS, Nedre Ila 20, 7018 Trondheim, Norway; (L.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Atle Løvland
- Nortura SA, P.O. Box 360 Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway; (B.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Magne Kaldhusdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.K.); (S.L.B.); (S.K.S.); (M.K.)
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110
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Technological Application of Tannin-Based Extracts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030614. [PMID: 32019231 PMCID: PMC7037717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds naturally found in vegetables. Their presence in nature has prompted their historical use in many different ways. The revision of their traditional utilization has allowed their further modification aiming for an industrial application. Sometimes these modifications have implied the addition of harmful substances such as formaldehyde, classified as a carcinogen of category B1. In other cases, these natural tannins have been replaced by synthetic compounds that threaten human and animal health and damage the environment. Therefore, currently, both academy and industry are searching for the substitution of these unsafe complexes by the increasing inclusion of tannins, natural molecules that can be obtained from several and diverse renewable resources, modified using harmless additives. To achieve promising results, cost-efficient and eco-friendly extraction methods have been designed. Once these green alternatives have been isolated, they have been successfully applied to many fields with very assorted aims of utilization such as coagulants, adhesives, floatation agents, tannings, dyes, additives, or biomolecules. Therefore, this review offers a global vision of the full process that involves the tannin’s technological application including an overview of the most relevant tannin sources, effective extraction methods, and their utilization in very diverse fields.
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111
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Karnjana K, Nobsathian S, Soowannayan C, Zhao W, Tang YJ, Wongprasert K. Purification and Evaluation of N-benzyl Cinnamamide from Red Seaweed Gracilaria fisheri as an Inhibitor of Vibrio harveyi AI-2 Quorum Sensing. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E80. [PMID: 32012662 PMCID: PMC7073586 DOI: 10.3390/md18020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the ethanol extract from red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri effectively decreased biofilm formation of Vibrio harveyi. In this study, the anti-biofilm active compounds in the ethanol extract were isolated and their structures identified. The anti-biofilm fractionation assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) produced two fractions which possessed maximal inhibitory activities toward the biofilm formation of V. harveyi strains 1114 and BAA 1116. Following chromatographic separation of the bioactive fractions, two pure compounds were isolated, and their structures were elucidated using FTIR, NMR, and HR-TOF-MS. The compounds were N-benzyl cinnamamide and α-resorcylic acid. The in vitro activity assay demonstrated that both compounds inhibited the biofilm formation of V. harveyi and possessed the anti-quorum sensing activity by interfering with the bioluminescence of the bacteria. However, the N-benzyl cinnamamide was more potent than α-resorcylic acid with a 10-fold lesser MIC. The present study reveals the beneficial property of the N-benzyl cinnamamide from the ethanol extract as a lead anti-microbial drug against V. harveyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwadee Karnjana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Chumporn Soowannayan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and Centex Shrimp Chalermprakiat Building, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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112
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Gómez-García M, Sol C, de Nova PJG, Puyalto M, Mesas L, Puente H, Mencía-Ares Ó, Miranda R, Argüello H, Rubio P, Carvajal A. Antimicrobial activity of a selection of organic acids, their salts and essential oils against swine enteropathogenic bacteria. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31890256 PMCID: PMC6935073 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate screening of new alternative antimicrobial compounds is essential for their use to control pathogens in swine production due to the replacement of antibiotics and zinc oxide. Most in vitro studies have separately reported the antimicrobial activity of organic acids and essential oils (EOs) using diverse methods for susceptibility testing. In addition, in vitro outcomes can help in the selection of the suitable antimicrobial compound and effective combinations of these compounds in the control of pathogens of interest in pork production. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determinate the antibacterial activity of six organic acids and six EOs against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens isolates, some of them multi-resistant to antibiotics, from swine origin. The synergistic effects between the products with higher activity for each bacteria were also calculated. Results All products tested showed activity against at least one bacterial species, except for black pepper EO. The results showed that formic acid with the shortest chain length was the most effective against E. coli and Salmonella spp., while the sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillates with long chain acids was the most effective against C. perfringens. The susceptibility of isolates tested to EOs was similar, a result that demonstrates a similar activity of these products against phylogenetically unrelated pathogens. In addition, an additive effect was shown for carvacrol-oregano EO for E. coli, formic acid-carvacrol and formic acid-thymol for Salmonella spp. and carvacrol-cinamaldehyde for C. perfringens. Conclusions The susceptibility of isolates to EOs was similar, a result that demonstrates a similar activity of these products against phylogenetically unrelated pathogens in contrast to organic acids. In addition, an additive effect was shown for several combinations of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-García
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Cinta Sol
- Norel SA, Calle Jesús Aprendiz n° 19, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J G de Nova
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Mónica Puyalto
- Norel SA, Calle Jesús Aprendiz n° 19, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mesas
- Norel SA, Calle Jesús Aprendiz n° 19, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Puente
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Óscar Mencía-Ares
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Rubén Miranda
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- 1Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
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Clavijo V, Baquero D, Hernandez S, Farfan JC, Arias J, Arévalo A, Donado-Godoy P, Vives-Flores M. Phage cocktail SalmoFREE® reduces Salmonella on a commercial broiler farm. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5054-5063. [PMID: 31073590 PMCID: PMC6748741 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic foodborne pathogens. Poultry products are thought to be the main source of Salmonella, which means that it is necessary to control Salmonella at the pre-harvest stage. Bacteriophages, acting as host-specific parasites of bacterial cells, represent one of the alternatives to antibiotics that can contribute to food safety and security. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of the bacteriophage cocktail SalmoFREE® to control Salmonella on a commercial broiler farm. We assessed the relationship between the use of SalmoFREE® and productivity parameters (feed conversion, weight gain, homogeneity). Two field trials (trial 1 n = 34,986; trial 2 n = 34,680) were carried out under commercial rearing conditions on a Colombian broiler farm with a record of Salmonella presence. Each trial comprised 2 control chicken houses and 2 experimental ones. SalmoFREE® and a control suspension were delivered in the drinking water at 3 time points in the production cycle, and the presence of Salmonella was assessed in cloacal swabs the day before and after the treatments. Results revealed that SalmoFREE® controls the incidence of Salmonella and does not affect the animals nor the production parameters, demonstrating its efficacy and innocuity at the production scale. We detected phage-specific genes in samples of total DNA extracted from ceca after the treatment with SalmoFREE®, and tested for the appearance of cocktail-resistant Salmonella, which showed to be an uncommon event. These results contribute relevant information to the adoption of phage therapy as an alternative to growth-promoter antibiotics on poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Clavijo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - D Baquero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - S Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - J C Farfan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - J Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - A Arévalo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, 250047, Colombia
| | - P Donado-Godoy
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, 250047, Colombia
| | - M Vives-Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
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114
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Yang C, Kennes YM, Lepp D, Yin X, Wang Q, Yu H, Yang C, Gong J, Diarra MS. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and citral on the performance and cecal microbiota of broilers vaccinated or not vaccinated against coccidiosis. Poult Sci 2019; 99:936-948. [PMID: 32029170 PMCID: PMC7587813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and citral (CIT) alone or in combination (CIN + CIT) on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of nonvaccinated broilers and broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Vaccinated (1,600) and nonvaccinated (1,600) 0-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments: basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BAC, 55 ppm), CIN (100 ppm), CIT (100 ppm), and CIN (100 ppm) + CIT (100 ppm). In general, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in birds treated with BAC, CIN, CIT, and CIN + CIT (P < 0.05) but were all decreased in vaccinated birds compared with nonvaccinated birds (P < 0.05). Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between vaccination and treatments for average daily gain during the periods of starter (day 0–9) and BW on day 10 were noted. Broilers receiving vaccines (P < 0.01) or feed supplemented with BAC, CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT (P < 0.01) showed reductions in mortality rate from day 0 to 28. The incidences of minor coccidiosis were higher (P < 0.05) in vaccinated birds than in nonvaccinated birds. Diet supplementation with BAC or tested encapsulated essential oils showed comparable effects on the coccidiosis incidences. Similar to BAC, CIN and its combination with CIT reduced both incidence and severity of necrotic enteritis (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed on the cecal microbiota at the phyla level. At the genus level, significant differences between vaccination and treatment groups were observed for 5 (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus, and Clostridium) of 40 detected genera (P < 0.05). The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in broilers fed with CIT, while Clostridium and Enterococcus were less abundant in broilers fed with CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups. Results from this study suggested that CIN alone or in combination with CIT in feed could improve chicken growth performance to the level comparable with BAC and alter cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, 120-A, chemin du Roy, Canada QC G0A 1S0
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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Kothari D, Lee WD, Niu KM, Kim SK. The Genus Allium as Poultry Feed Additive: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1032. [PMID: 31779230 PMCID: PMC6940947 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Allium, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae has been known since ancient times for their therapeutic potentials. As the number of multi-drug resistant infections has increased due to in-feed antibiotic usage in poultry, the relevance of alliums as feed additives has been critically assessed. Garlic and the other Allium species, such as onions, leek, shallot, scallion, and chives, have been characterized to contain a plethora of bioactive compounds such as organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, saponins, fructans, and fructo-oligosaccharides. Consequently, alliums have been validated to confer antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulatory, gut homeostasis, and lipid- as well as cholesterol-lowering properties in poultry. This review intends to summarize recent progress on the use of edible alliums as poultry feed additives, their beneficial effects, and the underlying mechanisms of their involvement in poultry nutrition. Perspectives for future research and limitations are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Woo-Do Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Institute of Biological Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Choi J, Wang L, Ammeter E, Lahaye L, Liu S, Nyachoti M, Yang C. Evaluation of lipid matrix microencapsulation for intestinal delivery of thymol in weaned pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:411-422. [PMID: 32705000 PMCID: PMC6994091 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) are defined as plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, which can have positive effects on animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. However, EO are volatile, can evaporate quickly, and be rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Also, due to their labile nature, the stability of EO during feed processing is often questionable, leading to variations in the final concentration in feed. Encapsulation has become one of the most popular methods of stabilizing EO during feed processing, storage, and delivery into the lower gut. The objectives of the present study were to 1) evaluate the stability of thymol microencapsulated in combination with organic acids in commercially available lipid matrix microparticles during the feed pelleting process and storage; 2) validate and demonstrate the slow release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles in a simulated pig gastric fluid (SGF) and a simulated pig intestinal fluid (SIF); and 3) evaluate in vivo release of thymol from the lipid matrix microparticles along the pig gut. The results showed that thymol concentration was not significantly different in the mash and pelleted feeds (P > 0.05). In the in vitro study, 26.04% thymol was released in SGF, and the rest of the thymol was progressively released in SIF until completion, which was achieved by 24 h. The in vivo study showed that 15.5% of thymol was released in the stomach, and 41.85% of thymol was delivered in the mid-jejunum section. Only 2.21% of thymol was recovered in feces. In conclusion, the lipid matrix microparticles were able to maintain the stability of thymol during a feed pelleting process and storage and allow a slow and progressive intestinal release of thymol in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lucy Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Emily Ammeter
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Song Liu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ismoyowati I, Indrasanti D, Mugiyono S, Pangestu M. Phytogenic compounds do not interfere physiological parameters and growth performances on two Indonesian local breeds of ducks. Vet World 2019; 12:1689-1697. [PMID: 32009747 PMCID: PMC6925049 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1689-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck’s breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 male day-old local breed ducks (Tegal and Muscovy ducks) were used in this experiment. The first factor was duck breed and the second factor was different phytogenic compounds supplementation in the diet: Garlic, turmeric, ginger, and kencur, at 3% each. The observed variables were the blood lipid profiles comprise high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol total, triglyceride, blood parameters, welfare (heterophil/lymphocyte [H/L] ratio), and growth performances (feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass percentage). Results: The interaction between breed of ducks and phytogenic compounds had a significant effect on blood triglyceride, but no significant effect on the blood lipid profile, hematological parameters, and growth performances. While, phytogenic compounds in the diet had significant effects on the blood lipid profile, heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), and H/L ratio of ducks. The breed factors affected HDL and growth performances. Muscovy duck had a higher HDL and growth performance compare to Tegal duck. Among those, garlic most effectively reduced triglyceride level in Tegal duck. Conclusion: Phytogenic compounds 3% do not have a negative effect on the physiological parameters of ducks increase ducks welfare (H/L ratio), so it does not affect the growth performances of ducks. Muscovy duck had higher growth performances than Tegal ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismoyowati Ismoyowati
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Diana Indrasanti
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Mugiyono
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Mulyoto Pangestu
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abdel-Gabbar M, Ahmed RR, Kandeil MA, Mohamed AEDH, Ali SM. Administration of ginger and/or thyme has ameliorative effects on liver and kidney functions of V-line rabbits: Histological and biochemical studies. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1758-1767. [PMID: 31441113 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris aqueous extracts as a natural antioxidant on liver and kidney functions and antioxidant status of growing rabbits. A total of 24 V-line male rabbits, 3 months old, 1.465 ± 0.12 kg average body weight (BW) were used in a complete randomized design. The rabbits were weighed individually and assigned randomly to four groups (6 animals/each). The first group (G1) was taken fresh water and served as control, rabbits of the second group (G2) were taken 100 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the Z. officinale aqueous extract daily. The third group (G3) was taken 50 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract daily and the fourth group (G4) was taken 100 mg/kg BW of the Z. officinale aqueous extract plus 50 mg/kg BW of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract in drinking water daily. The oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts increased (p < .001) serum protein profile compared with control group. Moreover, results of group 2 showed significant (p < .001) decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with group 3 and 4. Serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were significantly (p < .001) decreased in treated groups compared with control group. Oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits increased (p < .001) total antioxidant capacity and glutathione content and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase compared with the control group. In conclusion, the current study showed that oral administration of ginger and thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits showed no adverse effects on liver and kidney function parameters, histological structures and improved antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa M Ali
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Effects of Ginger Extract on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, and Antioxidant Status of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110857. [PMID: 31652863 PMCID: PMC6912797 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The application of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters was banned in many countries due to their negative effects, and several kinds of feed additives were widely investigated as antibiotic alternatives, in which natural plant-derived products received much attention due to their environmentally friendly properties and numerous biological activities. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a widely used herbal medicine and spice, was proven to have potential as an antibiotic alternative in poultry feed, but there is little literature on the efficacy of ginger extract (GE), which has concentrated bioactive compounds with high bioavailability. Our results showed that dietary GE supplementation increased egg weight, improved egg quality, and reduced the yolk cholesterol content of laying hens. Decreased serum activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase and improved antioxidant status were observed in the GE group. Our study demonstrated the potential benefits of GE in laying hens. Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger extract (GE) as a dietary supplement for laying hens. A total of 40-week-old 288 Hyline Brown laying hens were randomly divided into two groups with six replicates, and fed a basal diet with or without 100 g/t GE for eight weeks. Dietary GE supplementation increased egg weight, albumin height, and Haugh unit of eggs, and decreased yolk cholesterol content and activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase in serum at eight weeks. Moreover, GE resulted in higher total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content in yolk at four and eight weeks and in serum. It was concluded that GE was effective in increasing egg weight and improving the egg quality and antioxidant status of laying hens.
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In Vitro Activity of Neem ( Azadirachta indica) Oil on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100579. [PMID: 31590398 PMCID: PMC6833479 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is a saprobic filamentous fungus, food spoiling fungus and a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxin. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of neem oil (0.12% p/p of azadirachtin) was evaluated against the growth of six strains of A. carbonarius and the production of OTA. Four different concentrations of neem oil were tested in addition to three incubation times. Only the concentration of 0.3% of neem oil inhibited more than 95% of the strain’s growth (97.6% ± 0.5%), while the use of 0.5% and 1.0% of neem oil showed lower antifungal activity, 40.2% ± 3.1 and 64.7% ± 1.1, respectively. There was a complete inhibition of OTA production with 0.1% and 0.3% neem oil in the four strains isolated in the laboratory from grapes. The present study shows that neem essential oil can be further evaluated as an auxiliary method for the reduction of mycelial growth and OTA production.
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Sharifian M, Hosseini-Vashan S, Fathi Nasri M, Perai A. Pomegranate peel extract for broiler chickens under heat stress: Its influence on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, immunity, jejunal morphology, and meat quality. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090615. [PMID: 31462004 PMCID: PMC6770741 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonellosis is among the most common infectious poultry diseases that also represent a high risk to human health. The pathological process caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) triggers in the caecum the expression of certain genes, e.g., avian β-defensins (gallinacins), cytokines (interleukins), etc. On the other hand, gut microbiota influences the infection potential of pathogens. The present study aimed at revealing the differential expression of genes associated with the immune system and changes in the bacterial communities in the intestine of growing chickens in response to SE infection. We also tested a feed additive, essential oils-based phytobiotic Intebio, as a potential alternative to antibiotics and showed effects of its administration on the caecal microbiome composition and the expression of some genes related to immunity. The phytobiotic showed its efficiency for application in poultry rearing and production. Abstract This study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising.
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Rodrigues RO, Cooke RF, Firmino FC, Moura MKR, Angeli BF, Ferreira HAO, Brandão AP, Gex-Fabry M, Ostrensky A, Vasconcelos JLM. Productive and physiological responses of lactating dairy cows supplemented with phytogenic feed ingredients. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1133-1142. [PMID: 32704877 PMCID: PMC7200498 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment compared milk production, milk composition, and physiological responses in lactating dairy cows supplemented with or without a mixture of condensed tannins, encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, capsaicin, and piperine. Thirty-six lactating, multiparous, pregnant ¾ Holstein × ¼ Gir cows were maintained in a single drylot pen with ad libitum access to water and a total-mixed ration and were milked twice daily (d -7 to 84). On d 0, cows were ranked by days in milk (86 ± 3 d), milk yield (27.8 ± 1.0 kg), body weight (BW; 584 ± 10 kg), and body condition score (BCS; 3.04 ± 0.06) and assigned to receive (SUPP; n = 18) or not (CON; n = 18) 30 g/cow daily (as-fed basis) of Actifor Pro (Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg, Austria). From d 0 to 84, SUPP cows individually received (as-fed basis) 15 g of Actifor Pro mixed with 85 g of finely ground corn through self-locking headgates before each milking of the day. Each CON cow concurrently received 85 g (as-fed basis) of finely ground corn through self-locking headgates. Throughout the experimental period (d -7 to 84), cows from both treatments were administered 500 mg of sometribove zinc at 14-d intervals and were monitored daily for morbidity, including clinical mastitis. Individual milk production was recorded daily, whereas milk samples were collected weekly for analysis of milk composition. Cow BW, BCS, and blood samples were also collected weekly. Cows receiving SUPP gained more BCS (P = 0.05) and had greater (P = 0.04) milk yield during the experiment compared with CON cows (0.22 vs. 0.07 of BCS, SEM = 0.05; 29.5 vs. 27.9 kg/d, SEM = 0.5). Milk composition did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) between SUPP and CON cows; hence, SUPP cows also had greater (P ≤ 0.02) production of fat-corrected and energy-corrected milk. Incidence of clinical mastitis did not differ (P ≥ 0.49) between SUPP and CON cows. No treatment differences were also detected (P ≥ 0.21) for serum concentrations of glucose and serum urea N. Mean serum haptoglobin concentration during the experiment was greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. SUPP cows. Cows receiving SUPP had less (P ≤ 0.04) serum cortisol concentrations on d 21 and 42, and greater (P ≤ 0.05) serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I on d 7, 35, and 63 compared with CON cows (treatment × day interactions; P ≤ 0.02). Collectively, supplementing phytogenic feed ingredients improved nutritional status and milk production of lactating ¾ Holstein × ¼ Gir cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Franciele C Firmino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mayara K R Moura
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Beatriz F Angeli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Hingryd A O Ferreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - A Ostrensky
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jose L M Vasconcelos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Liu S, Adewole D, Yu L, Sid V, Wang B, O K, Yang C. Rutin attenuates inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in an in vitro mouse muscle cell (C2C12) model. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2756-2764. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Girard C, Fayolle K, Kerros S, Leriche F. Flow cytometric assessment of the antimicrobial properties of an essential oil mixture against Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/109687/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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126
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Zhao X, Schindell B, Li W, Ni L, Liu S, Wijerathne CUB, Gong J, Nyachoti CM, O K, Yang C. Distribution and localization of porcine calcium sensing receptor in different tissues of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2402-2413. [PMID: 30887022 PMCID: PMC6541828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors including calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important roles in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. However, molecular distribution of porcine CaSR (pCaSR) in different tissues, especially along the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract in weaned piglets, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and localization of pCaSR in the different tissues including intestinal segments of weaned piglets. Six male pigs were anesthetized and euthanized. Different tissues such as intestinal segments were collected. The pCaSR mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and localization were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein of pCaSR were detected in the kidney, lung, liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The pCaSR mRNA was much higher (five to 180 times) in the kidney when compared with other tissues (P < 0.05). The ileum had higher pCaSR mRNA and protein abundances than the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the pCaSR protein was mostly located in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. These results demonstrate that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. Further research is needed to confirm the expression of CaSR in the different types of epithelial cells isolated from weaned piglets and characterize the functions of pCaSR, its potential ligands and cell signaling pathways related to CaSR activation in enteroendocrine cells and potentially in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charith U B Wijerathne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Famuyide IM, Aro AO, Fasina FO, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of acetone crude leaf extracts of under-investigated Syzygium and Eugenia (Myrtaceae) species on multidrug resistant porcine diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:162. [PMID: 31118023 PMCID: PMC6532232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea, a global economically important disease burden affecting swine and, especially piglets, is commonly caused by infection with entero-toxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Adherence of ETEC to porcine intestinal epithelial cells following infection, is necessary for its pathogenesis. While antimicrobials are commonly given as therapy or as feed additives for prophylaxis against microbial infections, the concern over increased levels of antimicrobial resistance necessitate the search for safe and effective alternatives in livestock feed. Attention is shifting to natural products including plants as suitable alternatives to antimicrobials. The activity of acetone crude leaf extracts of nine under-explored South African endemic plants from the Myrtaceae family with good antimicrobial activity were tested against pathogenic E. coli of porcine origin using a microplate serial dilution method. Bioautography, also with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet as growth indicator was used to view the number of bioactive compounds in each extract. In vitro toxicity of extracts was determined against Caco-2 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. The antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates was tested on a panel of antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method while the anti-adherence mechanism was evaluated using a Caco-2 cell enterocyte anti-adhesion model. RESULTS The MIC of the extracts ranged from 0.07-0.14 mg/mL with S. legatii having the best mean MIC (0.05 mg/mL). Bioautography revealed at least two active bands in each plant extract. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values ranged between 0.03-0.66 mg/mL. Eugenia zeyheri least cytotoxic (LC50 = 0.66 mg/ml) while E. natalitia had the highest cytotoxicity (LC50 = 0.03 mg/mL). All the bacteria were completely resistant to doxycycline and colistin sulphate and many of the plant extracts significantly reduced adhesion of E. coli to Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS The extracts of the plants had good antibacterial activity as well as a protective role on intestinal epithelial cells against enterotoxigenic E. coli bacterial adhesion. This supports the potential use of these species in limiting infection causes by E. coli. Some of these plants or extracts may be useful as phytogenic feed additives but it has to be investigated by animal feed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M. Famuyide
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Abimbola O. Aro
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
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Herbal feed additives containing essential oil: 1. Impact on the nutritional worth of complete feed in vitro. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1909-1917. [PMID: 30989448 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was taken up to assess the impact of supplementing herbal feed additives [HFAs; fruit of Myristica fragrans (Jayphall), seeds of Anethum sowa (Suva), fruit of Apium graveolens (Ajmo), fruit of Cuminum cyminum (Jeera), bark of Cinnamonum zeylanicum (Dalchini), or whole plant of Eclipta alba (Bhangro)] containing essential oils as active component on the nutrient utilization and methane production using wheat straw-based total mixed ration (TMR) as a substrate by in vitro gas production technique. The essential oil content was the highest (P < 0.01) in M. fragrans followed by E. alba and A. sowa. In addition to essential oils, these HFAs also contained saponins, tannins, and antioxidants. The HFAs were supplemented at 1-3% of substrate dry matter (DM). The data were analyzed by 6 × 4 factorial design. Irrespective of level of HFA, the net gas production (NGP) and metabolizable energy (ME) availability was the highest (P < 0.01) in TMR supplemented with C. zeylanicum comparable with E. alba, but higher than TMR supplemented with other HFAs. Supplementation of TMR with different HFAs did not affect the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and true organic matter (TOM) and partitioning factor (PF). The total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetate, propionate (P < 0.01), and butyrate (P < 0.05) production was the highest in TMR supplemented with A. sowa, and the lowest was observed in TMR supplemented with C. cyminum. The isobutyrate and valerate production was also the highest (P < 0.01) in diet supplemented with A. sowa, but isovalerate production was the highest (P < 0.01) in diet supplemented with C. zeylanicum. The A:P ratio was the best in TMR supplemented with A. sowa. The efficiency of rumen fermentation was the highest, and efficiency of conversion of hexose to methane was the lowest in diet supplemented with A. sowa as compared to all other supplements. The in vitro methane production expressed as either percent of NGP, ml/100 mg DM of substrate/24 h, or as ml/100 mg of digestible OM/24 h was the lowest in TMR supplemented with A. sowa. The ammonia nitrogen production from TMR supplemented with M. fragrans and A. sowa was comparable, but significantly (P < 0.01) lower than TMR supplemented with other HFAs. Irrespective of the nature of HFA, the NGP and ME availability were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in TMR supplemented with HFAs at all levels as compared to un-supplemented TMR. As compared to control, the digestibility of NDF and that of TOM was depressed slightly in all the HFA-supplemented TMRs. The supplementation of HFAs at 2% of substrate DM improved (P < 0.01) the production of total VFAs, acetate, and propionate, and that of isovalerate in comparison to the un-supplemented TMR. The acetate to propionate ratio increased (P < 0.01) with the increase in the level of supplementation of HFAs containing essential oils. The methane and ammonia productions were depressed significantly when TMR was supplemented at 2% level of HFAs as compared to control TMR. It was concluded that supplementation of TMR with A. sowa at 2% of substrate was fermented better as indicated by the production of total and individual VFA, methane, and ammonia as compared to TMR supplemented with other HFA or un-supplemented TMR.
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Suphoronski SA, Chideroli RT, Facimoto CT, Mainardi RM, Souza FP, Lopera-Barrero NM, Jesus GFA, Martins ML, Di Santis GW, de Oliveira A, Gonçalves GS, Dari R, Frouel S, Pereira UP. Effects of a phytogenic, alone and associated with potassium diformate, on tilapia growth, immunity, gut microbiome and resistance against francisellosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6045. [PMID: 30988331 PMCID: PMC6465292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of A-Live (phytogenic) either individually or in combination with Aquaform (potassium diformate, acidifier) on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, innate immune parameters, gut microbiome, and resistance against Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis challenge. Each experimental group contained 140 fishes (34.3 ± 0.33) in two 150L tanks. The experimental design consisted of five groups: a negative control; treated groups (G1, G2, G3) supplemented with different concentrations of A-Live and Aquaform in the feed; and a positive control (PC) for pathogen infection. Groups G1, G2, G3, and PC were challenged with Francisella spp. after 15 days. After infection, the mortality was significantly lower in groups G1, G2, and G3 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, these groups showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in daily weight gain, feed conversion rate, and specific growth rate. The PC group presented increase (p < 0.05) in the leukocytes and neutrophils number. Innate immunity parameters showed no difference between treatments after infection. Microbiome analysis revealed an increased number of bacteria belonging to the Vibrionaceae family after pathogen infection suggesting a secondary pathogen function of these bacteria. These results validate the beneficial effects of these products in tilapia farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Suphoronski
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - R T Chideroli
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - C T Facimoto
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Mainardi
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - F P Souza
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - N M Lopera-Barrero
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - G F A Jesus
- Nucleus of studies in Aquaculture Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M L Martins
- Nucleus of studies in Aquaculture Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - G W Di Santis
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology (LABIM) and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - G S Gonçalves
- Fishing Institute (APTA-SP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R Dari
- MiXscience, Bruz, Brittany, France
| | - S Frouel
- MiXscience, Bruz, Brittany, France
| | - U P Pereira
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology (LABBEP) - Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Giannenas I, Bonos E, Filliousis G, Stylianaki I, Kumar P, Lazari D, Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P. Effect of a Polyherbal or an Arsenic-Containing Feed Additive on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Morphology, and Lipid Oxidation of Breast and Thigh Meat. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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131
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Karygianni L, Cecere M, Argyropoulou A, Hellwig E, Skaltsounis AL, Wittmer A, Tchorz JP, Al-Ahmad A. Compounds from Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus inhibit oral microbial growth. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 30808354 PMCID: PMC6390541 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of the increasing antibiotic resistance, the introduction of natural anti-infective agents has brought a new era in the treatment of bacterially derived oral diseases. METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of five natural constituents of Olea europaea (oleuropein, maslinic acid, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal, oleacein) and three compounds of Pistacia lentiscus (24Z-isomasticadienolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanonic aldehyde) against ten representative oral bacterial species and a Candida albicans strain. After the isolation and quality control of natural compounds, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay were performed. RESULTS Among all O. europaea-derived constituents, maslinic acid was the most active (MIC = 4.9-312 μg mL- 1, MBC = 9.8-25 μg mL- 1) one against oral streptococci and anaerobic pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra), while oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal and oleacein showed milder, yet significant effects against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Among all P. lentiscus compounds, oleanolic acid was the most effective one against almost all microorganisms with MIC values ranging from 9.8 μg mL- 1 (P. gingivalis) to 625 μg mL- 1 (F. nucleatum, P. micra). In the presence of 24Z-isomasticadienolic acid, a mean inhibitory concentration range of 2.4 μg mL- 1 to 625 μg mL- 1 was observed for strict anaerobia. The MIC value for 24Z-isomasticadienolic acid was estimated between 39 μg mL- 1 (Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis) and 78 μg mL- 1 (Streptococcus mutans). All tested compounds showed no effects against Prevotella intermedia. CONCLUSIONS Overall, maslinic acid and oleanolic acid exerted the most significant inhibitory activity against the tested oral pathogens, especially streptococci and anaerobic oral microorganisms.
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Omonijo FA, Liu S, Hui Q, Zhang H, Lahaye L, Bodin JC, Gong J, Nyachoti M, Yang C. Thymol Improves Barrier Function and Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:615-624. [PMID: 30567427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that essential oil thymol exhibits antibacterial activity. The protective effects of thymol on pig intestine during inflammation is yet to be investigated. In this study, an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model using IPEC-J2 cells was established. Cells were pretreated with thymol for 1 h and then exposed to LPS for various assays. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion, the mRNA abundance of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nutrient transporters, and tight junction proteins was measured. The results showed that LPS stimulation increased IL-8 secretion, ROS production, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA abundance ( P < 0.05), but the mRNA abundance of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAC1), and H+/peptide cotransporter 1 (PepT1) were decreased ( P < 0.05). Thymol blocked ROS production ( P < 0.05) and tended to decrease the production of LPS-induced IL-8 secretion ( P = 0.0766). The mRNA abundance of IL-8 and TNF-α was reduced by thymol pretreatment ( P < 0.05), but thymol did not improve the gene expression of nutrient transporters ( P > 0.05). The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was reduced and cell permeability increased by LPS treatment ( P < 0.05), but these effects were attenuated by thymol ( P < 0.05). Moreover, thymol increased zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and actin staining in the cells. However, the mRNA abundance of ZO-1 and occludin-3 was not affected by either LPS or thymol treatments. These results indicated that thymol enhances barrier function and reduce ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the epithelial cells during inflammation. The regulation of barrier function by thymol and LPS may be at post-transcriptional or post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , 12 Dafoe Road , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , 12 Dafoe Road , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Qianru Hui
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , 12 Dafoe Road , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Hua Zhang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc. , Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec J2S 7B6 , Canada
| | | | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , 12 Dafoe Road , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , 12 Dafoe Road , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
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Yang C, Zhang L, Cao G, Feng J, Yue M, Xu Y, Dai B, Han Q, Guo X. Effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, immune system, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microflora community in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:133-143. [PMID: 30388227 PMCID: PMC6312551 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the effects of a mixture of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, immune system, major fecal volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microflora community in the weaned piglets. We also evaluated the antibacterial activity of the essential oil mixture on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Three hundred weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into the following 3 treatment groups: basal diet (C), basal diet supplemented with the mixture of essential oils and organic acids (T1), and basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (T2). The mixture of essential oils and organic acids comprised of cinnamaldehyde (15%), thymol (5%), citric acid (10%), sorbic acid (10%), malic acid (6.5%), and fumaric acid (13.5%). In vitro studies showed that the mixture of essential oils extremely damaged the cell structure of pathogenic bacteria by deforming the membranes and disorganizing the intracellular components. In vivo studies revealed that diet supplementation with a mixture of essential oils and organic acids improved the final body weight and ADG of piglets (P < 0.05), increased the concentration of serum complement 4 (P < 0.05), and enhanced the fecal level of isovaleric acid (P < 0.05) compared with controls on day 28. Result of high-throughput sequencing revealed that: 1) a total of 1,177 and 1,162 observed taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared between all treatment groups on day 14 and 28, respectively; 2) the T1 exhibited higher (P < 0.05) beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac distance) than control and antibiotics treatment on day 28; 3) the samples in principle component analysis plot and tree of relative abundance were separated from each other based on dietary treatments and age; 4) Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most 2 dominate phyla; Lactobacillus and Streptococcus were the 2 top species among the recognized microbiota; 5) T1 had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus mucosae than control and antibiotics treatment on day 28. To conclude, the mixture of cinnamaldehyde and citric acids damaged the structure of pathogens in vitro; the mixture of essential oils and organic acids improved the growth performance, increased the fecal concentration of isovaleric acid, and modulated the microflora community in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianjie Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Omonijo FA, Kim S, Guo T, Wang Q, Gong J, Lahaye L, Bodin JC, Nyachoti M, Liu S, Yang C. Development of Novel Microparticles for Effective Delivery of Thymol and Lauric Acid to Pig Intestinal Tract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9608-9615. [PMID: 30141924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been widely supplemented in feeds at subtherapeutic concentrations to prevent postweaning diarrhea and increase the overall productivity of pigs. However, the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria worldwide has made it urgent to minimize the use of in-feed antibiotics. The development of promising alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of swine production. Both medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and essential oils exhibit great potential to postweaning diarrhea; however, their direct inclusion has compromised efficacy because of several factors including low stability, poor palatability, and low availability in the lower gut. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a formulation of microparticles to deliver a model of essential oil (thymol) and MCFA (lauric acid). The composite microparticles were produced by the incorporation of starch and alginate through a melt-granulation process. The release of thymol and lauric acid from the microparticles was in vitro determined using simulated salivary fluid (SSF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), consecutively. The microparticles prepared with 2% alginate solution displayed a slow release of thymol and lauric acid in the SSF (21.2 ± 2.3%; 36 ± 1.1%), SGF (73.7 ± 6.9%; 54.8 ± 1.7%), and SIF (99.1 ± 1.2%; 99.1 ± 0.6%), respectively, whereas, the microparticles without alginate showed a rapid release of thymol and lauric acid from the SSF (79.9 ± 11.8%; 84.9 ± 9.4%), SGF (92.5 ± 3.5%; 75.8 ± 5.9%), and SIF (93.3 ± 9.4%; 93.3 ± 4.6%), respectively. The thymol and lauric acid in the developed microparticles with or without alginate both exhibited excellent stabilities (>90%) during being stored at 4 °C for 12 weeks and after being stored at room temperature for 2 weeks. These results evidenced that the approach developed in the present study could be potentially employed to deliver thymol and lauric acid to the lower gut of pigs, although further in vivo investigations are necessary to validate the efficacy of the microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Seungil Kim
- Biomedical Engineering , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Tracy Guo
- Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario , Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc. , Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec , Canada J2S 7B6
| | | | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Song Liu
- Biomedical Engineering , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
- Department of Biosystems Engineering , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada R3T 2N2
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135
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Hassan YI, Lahaye L, Gong MM, Peng J, Gong J, Liu S, Gay CG, Yang C. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vet Res 2018; 49:71. [PMID: 30060767 PMCID: PMC6066918 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a serious concern in recent years. This phenomenon is a core challenge for both the medical and animal health communities, since the use of antibiotics has formed the cornerstone of modern medicine for treating bacterial infections. The empirical benefits of using antibiotics to address animal health issues in animal agriculture (using therapeutic doses) and increasing the overall productivity of animals (using sub-therapeutic doses) are well established. The use of antibiotics to enhance profitability margins in the animal production industry is still practiced worldwide. Although many technical and economic reasons gave rise to these practices, the continued emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is furthering the need to reduce the use of medically important antibiotics. This will require improving on-farm management and biosecurity practices, and the development of effective antibiotic alternatives that will reduce the dependence on antibiotics within the animal industry in the foreseeable future. A number of approaches are being closely scrutinized and optimized to achieve this goal, including the development of promising antibiotic alternatives to control bacterial virulence through quorum-sensing disruption, the use of synthetic polymers and nanoparticles, the exploitation of recombinant enzymes/proteins (such as glucose oxidases, alkaline phosphatases and proteases), and the use of phytochemicals. This review explores the most recent approaches within this context and provides a summary of practical mitigation strategies for the extensive use of antibiotics within the animal production chain in addition to several future challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | | | - Max M. Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Jian Peng
- College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- Office of National Programs, Animal Production and Protection, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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136
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Stevanović ZD, Bošnjak-Neumüller J, Pajić-Lijaković I, Raj J, Vasiljević M. Essential Oils as Feed Additives-Future Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:E1717. [PMID: 30011894 PMCID: PMC6100314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives' (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Dajić Stevanović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Ivana Pajić-Lijaković
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jog Raj
- PATENT CO DOO, Vlade Cetkovica 1A, 24211 Misicevo, Serbia.
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Abstract
Abstract
Control of swine dysentery with antibiotics is often ineffective due to the resistance of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The potential of some herbal-based components against B. hyodysenteriae was previously studied in vitro. This study aims at the evaluation of in vivo efficacy of phytogenic feed additives in the control of swine dysentery
The study involved 64 seven-week old weaned pigs allotted to 4 groups: two were fed on feed supplemented with either Patente Herba® or Patente Herba® Plus, the third received tiamulin (positive control), while the negative control was not given antibiotics or additives. Fecal consistency was recorded daily. The presence of B. hyodysenteriae in the feces was investigated weekly using microbiological assays and the PCR test. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated for each week, and for the whole experiment.
B. hyodysenteriae was detected in all samples by both methods. The additives showed efficacy in the prevention and control of swine dysentery as only normal and soft stool was observed in the treated groups. By contrast, in the negative control all feces categories were detected. Frequencies of feces categories significantly differed (p<0.001) between feed-supplemented groups and the negative control. Efficacy of both additives in the prevention of SD is comparable to tiamulin, based on insignificant differences in the frequency of the various feces categories.
Beneficial effects of both additives resulted in significantly (p≤0.05) higher weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio in comparison to the negative control. The average weight gains between additive-fed groups and tiamulin-treated group did not differ significantly.
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138
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Santovito E, Greco D, Logrieco AF, Avantaggiato G. Eubiotics for Food Security at Farm Level: Yeast Cell Wall Products and Their Antimicrobial Potential Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:531-537. [PMID: 29874106 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The population increase in the last century was the first cause of the industrialization of animal productions, together with the necessity to satisfy the high food demand and the lack of space and land for the husbandry practices. As a consequence, the farmers moved from extensive to intensive agricultural systems and introduced new practices, such as the administration of antimicrobial drugs. Antibiotics were then used as growth promoters and for disease prevention. The uncontrolled and continuous use of antibiotics contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals, and this had adverse impacts on human health. This emergence led the European Union, in 2003, to ban the marketing and use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and for prophylaxis purposes from January 2006. This ban caused problems in farms, due to the decrease in animal performances (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, reproduction, etc.), and the rise in the incidence of certain diseases, such as those induced by Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. The economic losses due to the ban increased the interest in researching alternative strategies for the prophylaxis of infectious diseases and for health and growth promotion, such as feed additives. Yeast-based materials, such as cell wall extract, represent promising alternatives to antibiotics, on the base of their prebiotic activity and their claimed capacity to bind enteropathogenic bacteria. Several authors reported examples of the effectiveness of yeast cell wall products in adsorbing bacteria, but there is a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms involved in this interaction. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current approaches used for the control of pathogenic bacteria in feed, with a particular focus on the use of yeast-derived materials proposed to control zoonoses at farm level, and on their effect on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Santovito
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
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139
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Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:126-136. [PMID: 30140752 PMCID: PMC6104524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production. Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions. In the past, the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production. With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology. The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing (QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production. The combination of different essential oils and other compounds (synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications. High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently, which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A. Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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140
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Hassan H, Samy A, Youssef AW, Mohamed M. Using Different Feed Additives as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoter to Improve Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2018.255.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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141
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Duskaev GK, Kazachkova NM, Ushakov AS, Nurzhanov BS, Rysaev AF. The effect of purified Quercus cortex extract on biochemical parameters of organism and productivity of healthy broiler chickens. Vet World 2018; 11:235-239. [PMID: 29657410 PMCID: PMC5891881 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.235-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Modern methods of producing poultry meat without the use of antibiotics are known, and it is possible to achieve the desired conditions, including the use of herbal preparations. In addition, it is known that metabolites of medicinal plants are inhibitors of the quorum sensing system in bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Quercus cortex extract in a reduced dose on the productivity and body state of healthy chicken broilers. Materials and Methods: For the experiment, 120 heads of 7-day-old healthy broiler chickens were selected, and they were divided into four groups (n=30, 3 replicates of 10 birds in each group) by the analog method. The composition of diets of the experimental Groups I and II additionally included Q. cortex extract and Groups II and III included an enzyme preparation containing glucoamylase and concomitant cellulolytic enzymes. The following methods of study were used; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry, and hematological analysis. Results: It was established that the increase in live weight of broiler chickens in experimental groups exceeded the analogous indicator in the control group by 3.1-16.6%, and feed intake within the entire experimental period increased by 2.6-15.4%, against a background of decreasing feed consumption for a weight gain of 1 kg of live weight (by 3.7-9.2%). There was an increase in iron concentration in blood of broiler chickens in Groups I and II (7.8-11.8%), in liver (23.7-92.4%, p≤0.05), and in spleen (53.9-77.7%, р≤0.05) against the background of a decrease in muscle tissue. A decreased content of monocytes and granulocytes was found, especially in experimental Group I. Conclusion: In the experiment, it was shown for the first time that the inclusion of Q. cortex extract in an enzyme-containing diet (anti-quarantine substances) was found to increase the productivity of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galimzhan Kalihanovich Duskaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Mihajlovna Kazachkova
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
| | - Alexander Sergeevich Ushakov
- Department for Feeding Poultry, All-Russia Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, Sergiev Posad, 141311, Russia
| | - Baer Serekpaevich Nurzhanov
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Albert Farhitdinovich Rysaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
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142
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Willing BP, Pepin DM, Marcolla CS, Forgie AJ, Diether NE, Bourrie BCT. Bacterial resistance to antibiotic alternatives: a wolf in sheep's clothing? Anim Front 2018; 8:39-47. [PMID: 32002217 PMCID: PMC6951935 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deanna M Pepin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Camila S Marcolla
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie E Diether
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin C T Bourrie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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143
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Tannins and Bacitracin Differentially Modulate Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1879168. [PMID: 29682522 PMCID: PMC5841071 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1879168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic growth promoters have been used for decades in poultry farming as a tool to maintain bird health and improve growth performance. Global concern about the recurrent emergence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance is challenging the livestock producers to search for alternatives to feed added antibiotics. The use of phytogenic compounds appears as a feasible option due to their ability to emulate the bioactive properties of antibiotics. However, detailed description about the effects of in-feed antibiotics and alternative natural products on chicken intestinal microbiota is lacking. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to study composition of cecal microbiota in broiler chickens supplemented with either bacitracin or a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins over a 30-day grow-out period. Both tannins and bacitracin had a significant impact on diversity of cecal microbiota. Bacitracin consistently decreased Bifidobacterium while other bacterial groups were affected only at certain times. Tannins-fed chickens showed a drastic decrease in genus Bacteroides while certain members of order Clostridiales mainly belonging to the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were increased. Different members of these groups have been associated with an improvement of intestinal health and feed efficiency in poultry, suggesting that these bacteria could be associated with productive performance of birds.
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144
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Growth, Survival and Spore Formation of the Pathogenic Aquatic Oomycete Aphanomyces astaci and Fungus Fusarium avenaceum Are Inhibited by Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Bark Extracts In Vitro. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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145
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Blanco-Penedo I, Fernández González C, Tamminen LM, Sundrum A, Emanuelson U. Priorities and Future Actions for an Effective Use of Phytotherapy in Livestock-Outputs from an Expert Workshop. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:248. [PMID: 29404346 PMCID: PMC5786824 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reflects on the recognised need for more joined-up, high-quality research on phytotherapy that addresses the current societal challenges in finding alternatives to the use of antibiotics. The study applied a multidisciplinary participatory approach in an expert workshop exercise within the FP7 EU IMPRO project. Prior to this study, a literature review was elaborated on research in the field of phytotherapy as applied to farm animals, cooperation between research bodies and initiatives to reduce the use of antibiotics by using phytotherapeutic remedies. The review was delivered to the participants of the workshop so as to receive feedback on it and enrich the discussion. Different expertise, background in research or veterinary practice, and varying positions regarding phytotherapy were the criteria in targeting participants. A structured workshop was subsequently organised, with questions to experts addressing scientific validation of phytotherapy, effective treatment under farm conditions and necessary developments for the future. Challenges identified by the experts were as follows: poor study designs, lack of reproducibility of studies, poor standardisation of products, cost-benefit concerns, lack of veterinarian training and poor data availability. To overcome obstacles, the need for improved study designs for clinical trials was given priority in order to prove the efficacy of remedies and to implement a monitoring system which enables the assessment of the effectiveness of treatments in farm practice. Reflections in this report are intended to be a resource for scientists, policy makers and end users for an effective use of phytotherapy at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Animal Welfare Subprogram, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Monells, Spain
| | | | - Lena-Mari Tamminen
- Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Albert Sundrum
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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146
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Liu X, Diarra MS, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yu H, Nie SP, Xie MY, Gong J. Effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:357-64. [PMID: 27245304 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1138281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. Carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. The present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling NE. In general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobial activity towards C. perfringens in either Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or a simulated gastrointestinal model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated and un-encapsulated carvacrol were approximately 200 μl/l against C. perfringens in BHI. In a broiler infection model with C. perfringens, the diets supplemented with encapsulated carvacrol at the dose of either 250 or 650 μg/g significantly reduced NE in the chicken intestine, which was close to the degree of lesions observed in bacitracin/salinomycin treated birds. Supplementation with either bacitracin/salinomycin or encapsulated carvacrol showed no significant impact on intestinal burden of Lactobacillus. However, the treatment with bacitracin/salinomycin or the low dose of encapsulated carvacrol reduced the level of C. perfringens in the ileum of birds at 35 days of age. These results suggest that our encapsulated carvacrol can be used to combat NE disease in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China.,b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Gong
- b Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , ON , Canada
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147
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Huang Q, Liu X, Zhao G, Hu T, Wang Y. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:137-150. [PMID: 30140753 PMCID: PMC6104569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring plant compounds including tannins, saponins and essential oils are extensively assessed as natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely present in plant region and possess various biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, etc. Therefore, tannins are the major research subject in developing natural alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Strong protein affinity is the well-recognized property of plant tannins, which has successfully been applied to ruminant nutrition to decrease protein degradation in the rumen, and thereby improve protein utilization and animal production efficiency. Incorporations of tannin-containing forage in ruminant diets to control animal pasture bloat, intestinal parasite and pathogenic bacteria load are another 3 important applications of tannins in ruminant animals. Tannins have traditionally been regarded as "anti-nutritional factor" for monogastric animals and poultry, but recent researches have revealed some of them, when applied in appropriate manner, improved intestinal microbial ecosystem, enhanced gut health and hence increased productive performance. The applicability of plant tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics depends on many factors that contribute to the great variability in their observed efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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148
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Ceppa F, Faccenda F, De Filippo C, Albanese D, Pindo M, Martelli R, Marconi P, Lunelli F, Fava F, Parisi G. Influence of essential oils in diet and life-stage on gut microbiota and fillet quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:318-333. [PMID: 28859525 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1370699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing fish farming to meet the demands of food security and sustainability in the 21st century will require new farming systems and improved feeds. Diet and microbe interactions in the gut is an important variable with the potential to make a significant impact on future fish farming diets and production systems. It was monitored the gut microbiota of farmed rainbow trout using 16S rRNA profiling over 51 weeks during standard rearing conditions and feeding diet with supplementation of an essential oils (MixOil) mixture from plants (at a concentration in diet of 200 mg/kg). Gut microbiota 16S rRNA profiling indicated that the fish gut was dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Although the dietary supplementation with MixOil had no impact on either the composition or architecture of gut microbiota, significant changes in alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of groups of gut bacteria were evident during growth stages on test feeds, especially upon prolonged growth on finishing feed. Fish fillet quality to guarantee palatability and safety for human consumption was also evaluated. Significant differences within the gut microbiota of juvenile and adult trout under the same rearing conditions were observed, The addition of essential oil blend affected some physicochemical characteristics of trout fillets, including their resistance to oxidative damage and their weight loss (as liquid loss and water holding capacity) during the first period of storage, that are two important parameters related to product shelf life and susceptibility to spoilage. The results highlighted the need for further studies concern dietary microbiome modulation at different life stages and its influence on animal health, growth performance and final product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ceppa
- a Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Filippo Faccenda
- b Technology Transfer Centre, Experiment and Technological Services Department , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- c Institute of Biometeorology , National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR) , Firenze , Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- d Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- e Genomics Platform, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Roberta Martelli
- f Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Paola Marconi
- g Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri , Firenze , Italy
| | - Fernando Lunelli
- b Technology Transfer Centre, Experiment and Technological Services Department , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- a Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- f Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
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149
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Mendel M, Chłopecka M, Dziekan N, Karlik W. Phytogenic feed additives as potential gut contractility modifiers—A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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150
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Mohammadi Gheisar M, Kim IH. Phytobiotics in poultry and swine nutrition – a review. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1350120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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