101
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Kang S, Kim JH, Jo E, Lee SJ, Jung J, Kim BM, Lee JH, Oh TJ, Yum S, Rhee JS, Park H. Chromosomal-level assembly of Takifugu obscurus (Abe, 1949) genome using third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:520-530. [PMID: 31887246 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Tetraodontidae family are known to have relatively small and compact genomes compared to other vertebrates. The obscure puffer fish Takifugu obscurus is an anadromous species that migrates to freshwater from the sea for spawning. Thus the euryhaline characteristics of T. obscurus have been investigated to gain understanding of their survival ability, osmoregulation, and other homeostatic mechanisms in both freshwater and seawater. In this study, a high quality chromosome-level reference genome for T. obscurus was constructed using long-read Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel sequencing and a Hi-C-based chromatin contact map platform. The final genome assembly of T. obscurus is 381 Mb, with a contig N50 length of 3,296 kb and longest length of 10.7 Mb, from a total of 62 Gb of raw reads generated using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology from a PacBio Sequel platform. The PacBio data were further clustered into chromosome-scale scaffolds using a Hi-C approach, resulting in a 373 Mb genome assembly with a contig N50 length of 15.2 Mb and and longest length of 28 Mb. When we directly compared the 22 longest scaffolds of T. obscurus to the 22 chromosomes of the tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, a clear one-to-one orthologous relationship was observed between the two species, supporting the chromosome-level assembly of T. obscurus. This genome assembly can serve as a valuable genetic resource for exploring fugu-specific compact genome characteristics, and will provide essential genomic information for understanding molecular adaptations to salinity fluctuations and the evolution of osmoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Euna Jo
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea.,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Jung
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea.,Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea.,Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
| | - Seungshic Yum
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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102
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Analgesia Effect of Enteric Sustained-Release Tetrodotoxin Pellets in the Rat. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010032. [PMID: 31906313 PMCID: PMC7022972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was identified as a latent neurotoxin that has a significant analgesia effect. It was rapidly absorbed and excreted in rat after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. To maintain the effect, frequent injections were required. The enteric sustained-release TTX pellets with sucrose pellets as a drug carrier was prepared by fluidized bed spray irrigation, coated in sequence with Eudragit NE30D as a sustained-release layer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a barrier layer and Eudragit L30D-55 as an enteric coating. TTX in the pellets could be sustained released for 12 h in dissolution test. In vivo, TTX pellets reached Cmax at 5 h, and t1/2 was 14.52 ± 2.37 h after intragastrically (i.g.) administration in rat. In acetic acid induced writhing test in rat, the pellets at the dosages of 20, 40, 60 and 80 μg·kg−1 produced analgesic effect at about 1.5 h to 9 h and the strongest effect was at about 3 h to 6 h. Simultaneously, the LD50 of the enteric sustained-release TTX pellets was 840.13 μg·kg−1, and the ED50 was about 30 μg·kg−1. Thus, the therapeutic index was about 25. The enteric sustained-release TTX pellets with absolute analgesia effect and greatly enhanced safety was prepared.
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103
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Nagasawa H, Takeuchi I, Jitsuiki K, Yanagawa Y. Transient Hemi-paresthesia after Eating Puffer Fish (Fugu): A Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e6507. [PMID: 32025428 PMCID: PMC6988721 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient was a 64-year-old man who felt numbness of the tongue 30 minutes after eating puffer fish (fugu) prepared by an unqualified person. He then felt hotness on the left side of his face and head, followed by left hemi-paresthesia. The patient had obesity and dyslipidemia. On arrival at our hospital, 150 minutes after eating the fugu, his consciousness was clear, and his only abnormal vital sign was mild hypertension. At approximately four hours after eating the fugu, his hemi-paresthesia spontaneously subsided. He was admitted to our hospital and his post-admission course was uneventful. Brain magnetic resonance image revealed no specific findings. He was discharged on 2nd day of hospitalization without complaint. We presented the 1st case of transient hemi-paresthesia after eating fugu. The mechanism underlying the development of hemi-paresthesia may be pure sensory ischemic attack or fugu intoxication due to an asymmetric distribution of sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagasawa
- Acute Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni, JPN
| | - Ikuto Takeuchi
- Acute Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni, JPN
| | - Kei Jitsuiki
- Acute Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni, JPN
| | - Youichi Yanagawa
- Acute Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni, JPN
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104
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Barrientos RG, Hernández-Mora G, Alegre F, Field T, Flewelling L, McGrath S, Deeds J, Chacón YS, Rojas Arrieta K, Vargas EC, Artavia KB, Stacy BA. Saxitoxin Poisoning in Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) Linked to Scavenging on Mass Mortality of Caribbean Sharpnose Puffer Fish ( Canthigaster rostrata-Tetraodontidae). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:466. [PMID: 31921922 PMCID: PMC6928104 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish within the family Tetraodontidae are potential sources of both endogenous tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and dietary derived saxitoxins (STXs). Ingestion of fish tissues containing these toxins by other vertebrates can lead to severe illness and death. The Caribbean sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster rostrata) is a widespread tetraodontid species within the western Atlantic. Mass settlement of juveniles into foraging habitats have been associated with large-scale puffer fish mortality events. In 2013, 2014, and 2017, puffer mortality events on the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica were also associated with strandings of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) found to have fed on C. rostrata. Stranded sea turtles were found dead without apparent cause or alive with severe neurological signs that resolved during short periods of captivity. Puffer fish and turtle organ samples were analyzed for both TTXs and STXs. Concentrations of TTXs were extremely low in the fish (0.5-0.7 μg/g) and undetectable in turtle stomach contents. However, concentrations of STXs in whole fish (16.6-47.5 μg STX-eq/g) exceeded the 0.8 μg STX-eq/g human seafood safety threshold for STXs by orders of magnitude. Saxitoxins were also detected in samples of stomach contents (ingested fish), brain, lung, kidney, and serum from three affected turtles. Study results indicate that saxitoxicosis resulting from opportunistic foraging on C. rostrata during fish mortality events may be a significant factor in episodic stranding of green sea turtles in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío González Barrientos
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Área de Bacteriología, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Sara McGrath
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Deeds
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yajaira Salazar Chacón
- Unidad de Residuos y Contaminantes en Alimentos de Origen Acuático, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Departamento de lnocuidad de Alimentos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Karla Rojas Arrieta
- Unidad de Residuos y Contaminantes en Alimentos de Origen Acuático, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Departamento de lnocuidad de Alimentos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Emilia Calvo Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Estación de Biología Marina Juan Bertoglia Richards, Universidad Nacional, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Karen Berrocal Artavia
- Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Estación de Biología Marina Juan Bertoglia Richards, Universidad Nacional, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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105
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Stable Tetrodotoxin Production by Bacillus sp. Strain 1839. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120704. [PMID: 31847253 PMCID: PMC6950503 DOI: 10.3390/md17120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was detected in a bacterial strain after five years of cultivation in laboratory conditions since its isolation from the animal host. A reliable method suitable for bacterial samples, high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, was used for toxin detection in spore and vegetative cultures of Bacillus sp. 1839. TTX was detected in a spore culture of the strain.
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106
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Mailho-Fontana PL, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC, Stokes AN, Grant T, Brodie ED, Brodie ED. Variations in tetrodotoxin levels in populations of Taricha granulosa are expressed in the morphology of their cutaneous glands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18490. [PMID: 31811169 PMCID: PMC6897900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), one of the most toxic substances in nature, is present in bacteria, invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians. Marine organisms seem to bioaccumulate TTX from their food or acquire it from symbiotic bacteria, but its origin in amphibians is unclear. Taricha granulosa can exhibit high TTX levels, presumably concentrated in skin poison glands, acting as an agent of selection upon predatory garter snakes (Thamnophis). This co-evolutionary arms race induces variation in T. granulosa TTX levels, from very high to undetectable. Using morphology and biochemistry, we investigated differences in toxin localization and quality between two populations at the extremes of toxicity. TTX concentration within poison glands is related to the volume of a single cell type in which TTX occurs exclusively in distinctive secretory granules, suggesting a relationship between granule structure and chemical composition. TTX was detected in mucous glands in both populations, contradicting the general understanding that these glands do not secrete defensive chemicals and expanding currently held interpretations of amphibian skin gland functionality. Skin secretions of the two populations differed in low-mass molecules and proteins. Our results demonstrate that interpopulation variation in TTX levels is related to poison gland morphology.
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107
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Biessy L, Boundy MJ, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Hawes I, Wood SA. Tetrodotoxin in marine bivalves and edible gastropods: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124404. [PMID: 31545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for countless human intoxications and deaths around the world. The distribution of TTX and its analogues is diverse and the toxin has been detected in organisms from both marine and terrestrial environments. Increasing detections seafood species, such as bivalves and gastropods, has drawn attention to the toxin, reinvigorating scientific interest and regulatory concerns. There have been reports of TTX in 21 species of bivalves and edible gastropods from ten countries since the 1980's. While TTX is structurally dissimilar to saxitoxin (STX), another neurotoxin detected in seafood, it has similar sodium channel blocking action and potency and both neurotoxins have been shown to have additive toxicities. The global regulatory level for the STX group toxins applied to shellfish is 800 μg/kg. The presence of TTX in shellfish is only regulated in one country; The Netherlands, with a regulatory level of 44 μg/kg. Due to the recent interest surrounding TTX in bivalves, the European Food Safety Authority established a panel to assess the risk and regulation of TTX in bivalves, and their final opinion was that a concentration below 44 μg of TTX per kg of shellfish would not result in adverse human effects. In this article, we review current knowledge on worldwide TTX levels in edible gastropods and bivalves over the last four decades, the different methods of detection used, and the current regulatory status. We suggest research needs that will assist with knowledge gaps and ultimately allow development of robust monitoring and management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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108
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Madejska A, Michalski M, Osek J. Marine Tetrodotoxin as a Risk for Human Health. J Vet Res 2019; 63:579-586. [PMID: 31934670 PMCID: PMC6950440 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a toxin mainly occurring naturally in contaminated puffer fish, which are a culinary delicacy in Japan. It is also detected in various marine organisms like globefish, starfish, sunfish, stars, frogs, crabs, snails, Australian blue-ringed octopuses, and bivalve molluscs. TTX is produced by marine bacteria that are consumed mainly by fish of the Tetraodontidae family and other aquatic animals. TTX poisoning through consuming marine snails has recently begun to occur over a wider geographical extent through Taiwan, China, and Europe. This neurotoxin causes food intoxication and poses an acute risk to public health. The aim of this review is to present the most recent information about TTX and its analogues with particular regard to toxicity, methods of analysis, and risk to humans of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Madejska
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Michalski
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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109
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Watanabe R, Tanioka M, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Matsumiya M, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Suzuki T. Quantitation of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues with a Combination of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Quantitative 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12911-12917. [PMID: 31647661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin and its analogues are the causative toxins of pufferfish poisoning. Tetrodotoxin has been recently detected in bivalve mollusks collected in New Zealand and Europe, highlighting the need to include tetrodotoxin in monitoring programs for bivalves by instrumental methods. In the present study, tetrodotoxin and its analogues in commercially available tetrodotoxin reagents were quantitated accurately by quantitative 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy. The results were applied to estimate relative molar responses of tetrodotoxin and its analogues in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS). All four components (tetrodotoxin hemilactal form (1), tetrodotoxin 10,7-lactone form (2), 4-epitetrodotoxin (3), and 4,9-anhydrotetrodotoxin (4)) generated by equilibrating tetrodotoxin in aqueous solution were prepared as a mixture. From the HSQC spectrum of the mixture, the separated signals derived from three components, excluding 1, were selected and used for the quantitation. In addition, the relative molar responses of 3 and 4 on HILIC/MS/MS were calculated to be 0.73 and 0.46, respectively. These values could be useful for quantitation of 3 and 4 using the tetrodotoxin standard by HILIC/MS/MS. Our results also indicate that qNMR is useful for preparation of tetrodotoxin certified reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science , 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-8648 , Japan
| | - Masato Tanioka
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi , Kanagawa 252-0880 , Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science , 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-8648 , Japan
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science , 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-8648 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science , 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-8648 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsumiya
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi , Kanagawa 252-0880 , Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572 , Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science , 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 236-8648 , Japan
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110
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Pinto EP, Rodrigues SM, Gouveia N, Timóteo V, Costa PR. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in two native species of puffer fish, Sphoeroides marmoratus and Lagocephalus lagocephalus, from NE Atlantic Ocean (Madeira Island, Portugal). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104780. [PMID: 31514973 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence in EU waters of invasive tetrodotoxin (TTX) -harbouring puffer fishes has been receiving increasingly attention due to potential new threats posed by this potent neurotoxin. The present study investigates the occurrence of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), and their analogues in two native puffer fish species from the NE Atlantic. High TTX content was detected by LC-MS/MS in several tissues of the Guinean puffer Sphoeroides marmoratus from Madeira Island (Portugal), reaching concentrations as high as 15 mg TTX kg-1 in the digestive tract of a male specimen and 7.4 mg TTX kg-1 in gonads of a female specimen. Several TTX analogues were also detected, including the 4-epi-TTX, 4,9-Anhydro-TTX, 5- 11- deoxyTTX and 6,11-dideoxyTTX. Although at low levels, STX was detected in liver of the Oceanic puffer Lagocephalus lagocephalus. Trace levels of decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) were also observed in L. lagocephalus. This study reports the presence of TTX and STX in native fish from EU waters, highlighting the need for a proper understating of the origin, distribution and fate of these toxins in NE Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Pereira Pinto
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Viriato Timóteo
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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111
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Novel Polyclonal Antibody Raised against Tetrodotoxin Using Its Haptenic Antigen Prepared from 4,9-anhydrotetrodotoxin Reacted with 1,2-Ethaneditiol and Further Reacted with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100551. [PMID: 31547067 PMCID: PMC6832204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polyclonal antibody against tetrodotoxin (TTX) was raised using its haptenic antigen, where 4,9-anhydroTTX was reacted with 1,2-ethanedithiol and this derivative was further reacted with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). This newly designed antigen (KLH-TTX) was inoculated into rabbits, resulting in the production of the specific polyclonal antibody, which reacted well with TTX and its analogs, 4-epiTTX, 11-oxoTTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, except for 4,9-anhydroTTX. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system using this specific antibody was also developed in the present study. This newly developed polyclonal antibody with analytical procedures using direct one-step ELISA is useful to detect TTX and its analogs in toxic organisms and also disclose the mechanisms involved in their metabolic pathways and accumulation of TTX.
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112
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Hettyey A, Üveges B, Móricz ÁM, Drahos L, Capon RJ, Van Buskirk J, Tóth Z, Bókony V. Predator-induced changes in the chemical defence of a vertebrate. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1925-1935. [PMID: 31408536 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Inducible defences are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but little is known about facultative changes in chemical defences in response to predators, especially so in vertebrates. 2. We tested for predator-induced changes in toxin production of larval common toads (Bufo bufo), which are known to synthesize bufadienolide compounds. 3. The experiment included larvae originating from three permanent and three temporary ponds reared in the presence or absence of chemical cues of three predators: dragonfly larvae, newts or fish. 4. Tadpoles raised with chemical cues of predation risk produced higher numbers of bufadienolide compounds and larger total bufadienolide quantities than predator-naive conspecifics. Further, the increase in intensity of chemical defence was greatest in response to fish, weakest to newts and intermediate to dragonfly larvae. Tadpoles originating from temporary and permanent ponds did not differ in their baseline toxin content or in the magnitude of their induced chemical responses. 5. These results provide the first compelling evidence for predator-induced changes in chemical defence of a vertebrate that may have evolved to enhance survival under predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Josh Van Buskirk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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113
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Liang X, Luo D, Luesch H. Advances in exploring the therapeutic potential of marine natural products. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104373. [PMID: 31351913 PMCID: PMC6839689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine natural products represent novel and diverse chemotypes that serve as templates for the discovery and development of therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action. These genetically encoded compounds produced by an evolutionary optimized biosynthetic machinery are usually quite complex and can be difficult to recreate in the laboratory. The isolation from the source organism results in limited amount of material; however, the development of advanced NMR technologies and dereplication strategies has enabled the structure elucidation on small scale. In order to rigorously explore the therapeutic potential of marine natural products and advance them further, the biological characterization has to keep pace with the chemical characterization. The limited marine natural product supply has been a serious challenge for thorough investigation of the biological targets. Several marine drugs have reached the markets or are in clinical trials, where those challenges have been overcome, including through the development of scalable syntheses. However, the identification of mechanisms of action of marine natural products early in the discovery process is potentially game changing, since effectively linking marine natural products to potential therapeutic applications in turn triggers motivation to tackle challenging syntheses and solve the supply problem. An increasing number of sensitive technologies and methods have been developed in recent years, some of which have been successfully applied to marine natural products, increasing the value of these compounds with respect to their biomedical utility. In this review, we discuss advances in overcoming the bottlenecks in marine natural product research, emphasizing on the development and advances of diverse target identification technologies applicable for marine natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States
| | - Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States.
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114
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Jang JY, Jung SM, Kim DW, Lee SS, Ahn HJ, Shin HS, Han KN. Effects of Yininemertes pratensis on Glass Eels from the Han River, Korea. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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115
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Hong HJ, Ly SY. Voltammetric Detection of Tetrodotoxin Real-Time In Vivo of Mouse Organs using DNA-Immobilized Carbon Nanotube Sensors. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180510145320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a biosynthesized neurotoxin that exhibits powerful anticancer
and analgesic abilities by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels that are crucial for cancer
metastasis and pain delivery. However, for the toxin’s future medical applications to come true, accurate,
inexpensive, and real-time in vivo detection of TTX remains as a fundamental step.
Methods:
In this study, highly purified TTX extracted from organs of Takifugu rubripes was injected
and detected in vivo of mouse organs (liver, heart, and intestines) using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and
Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) for the first time. In vivo detection of TTX was
performed with auxiliary, reference, and working herring sperm DNA-immobilized carbon nanotube
sensor systems.
Results:
DNA-immobilization and optimization of amplitude (V), stripping time (sec), increment (mV),
and frequency (Hz) parameters for utilized sensors amplified detected peak currents, while highly sensitive
in vivo detection limits, 3.43 µg L-1 for CV and 1.21 µg L-1 for SWASV, were attained. Developed
sensors herein were confirmed to be more sensitive and selective than conventional graphite rodelectrodes
modified likewise. A linear relationship was observed between injected TTX concentration
and anodic spike peak height. Microscopic examination displayed coagulation and abnormalities in
mouse organs, confirming the powerful neurotoxicity of extracted TTX.
Conclusion:
These results established the diagnostic measures for TTX detection regarding in vivo
application of neurotoxin-deviated anticancer agents and analgesics, as well as TTX from food poisoning
and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huck Jun Hong
- Biosensor Research Institute, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 172 Gongneung 2 dong, Nowon gu, Seoul, 139-743, South Korea
| | - Suw Young Ly
- Biosensor Research Institute, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 172 Gongneung 2 dong, Nowon gu, Seoul, 139-743, South Korea
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116
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Alves RN, Rambla-Alegre M, Braga AC, Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Campàs M, Reverté L, Flores C, Caixach J, Kilcoyne J, Costa PR, Diogène J, Marques A. Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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117
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Almeida P, Diaz R, Hernandez F, Ferrer G. Blow: a case of pufferfish intoxication in South Florida. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/6/e229272. [PMID: 31177198 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 43-year-old African American man with a history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease presenting with hypertensive emergency and bulbar paralysis in a descending fashion, which ultimately led to acute respiratory failure. He ingested pufferfish liver during the preceding 4 hours prior to presentation, as well as canned foods and cocaine over the prior 3 days. He had a complicated hospital course requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, as well as the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis. This case exemplifies the classic manifestations of tetrodotoxin poisoning with some unique overlapping features, in the setting of an interesting social history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almeida
- Pulmonary Medicine, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, Florida, USA
| | - Raiko Diaz
- Pulmonary Medicine, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, Florida, USA
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Pulmonary Medicine, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, Florida, USA
| | - Gustavo Ferrer
- Pulmonary Medicine, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, Florida, USA
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118
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Abal P, Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Acute Toxicity Assessment: Macroscopic and Ultrastructural Effects in Mice Treated with Oral Tetrodotoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E305. [PMID: 31146400 PMCID: PMC6628385 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extremely toxic marine compound produced by different genera of bacteria that can reach humans through ingestion mainly of pufferfish but also of other contaminated fish species, marine gastropods or bivalves. TTX blocks voltage-gated sodium channels inhibiting neurotransmission, which in severe cases triggers cardiorespiratory failure. Although TTX has been responsible for many human intoxications limited toxicological data are available. The recent expansion of TTX from Asian to European waters and diversification of TTX-bearing organisms entail an emerging risk of food poisoning. This study is focused on the acute toxicity assessment of TTX administered to mice by oral gavage following macroscopic and microscopic studies. Necropsy revealed that TTX induced stomach swelling 2 h after administration, even though no ultrastructural alterations were further detected. However, transmission electron microscopy images showed an increase of lipid droplets in hepatocytes, swollen mitochondria in spleens, and alterations of rough endoplasmic reticulum in intestines as hallmarks of the cellular damage. These findings suggested that gastrointestinal effects should be considered when evaluating human TTX poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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119
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Silva M, Rodríguez I, Barreiro A, Kaufmann M, Neto AI, Hassouani M, Sabour B, Alfonso A, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Tetrodotoxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Vectors of the North Atlantic Waters (Portuguese Maritime Territory, and Morocco Coast). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 31146433 PMCID: PMC6628425 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent alkaloid typically from tropical ecosystems, but in the last decade its presence has been more pronounced in the temperate waters of the Atlantic. In its last scientific opinion, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stressed the need for data regarding TTX prevalence in European waters. To address EFSA's concerns, benthic organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and fish with different feeding habits were collected along the Portuguese continental coast, islands (São Miguel, Azores, and Madeira) and the northwestern Moroccan coast. A total of 165 samples were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and ultra high performance chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Geographical tendencies were detected as follows, by descending order: S. Miguel Island (Azores), Moroccan coast, Madeira Island and Portuguese continental coast. The toxin amounts detected were significant, above the Dutch limit value established in 2017, showing the importance and the need for continuity of these studies to gain more knowledge about the prevalence of these toxins, unraveling new vectors, in order to better assess human health risk. This work represents a general overview of new TTX bearers (7) most of them in gastropods (Patella depressa, Nucella lapillus, Onchidella celtica and Aplysia depilans), followed by echinoderms (Echinus esculentus and Ophidiaster ophidianus) and puffer fish Sphoeroides marmoratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Inés Rodríguez
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza de Santo Domingo no. 20, 5a planta, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Aldo Barreiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Manfred Kaufmann
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Marine Biology Station of Funchal, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9000-107 Funchal, Portugal.
- Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edif. Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Ana Isabel Neto
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
- cE3c/GBA-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Meryem Hassouani
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Brahim Sabour
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
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120
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Santa Maria KC, Chan AN, O'Neill EM, Li B. Targeted Rediscovery and Biosynthesis of the Farnesyl-Transferase Inhibitor Pepticinnamin E. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1387-1393. [PMID: 30694017 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The natural product pepticinnamin E potently inhibits protein farnesyl transferases and has potential applications in treating cancer and malaria. Pepticinnamin E contains a rare N-terminal cinnamoyl moiety as well as several nonproteinogenic amino acids, including the unusual 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine. The biosynthesis of pepticinnamin E has remained uncharacterized because its original producing strain is no longer available. Here we identified a gene cluster (pcm) for this natural product in a new producer, Actinobacteria bacterium OK006, by means of a targeted rediscovery strategy. We demonstrated that the pcm cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of pepticinnamin E, a nonribosomal peptide/polyketide hybrid. We also characterized a key O-methyltransferase that modifies 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine. Our work has identified the gene cluster for pepticinnamins for the first time and sets the stage for elucidating the unique chemistry required for biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Santa Maria
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Andrew N Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Erinn M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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121
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Estevez P, Castro D, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Giraldez J, Gago-Martinez A. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges. Foods 2019; 8:E149. [PMID: 31052406 PMCID: PMC6560407 DOI: 10.3390/foods8050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in food and the sources of the contamination are relevant issues in food safety. The impact of climate change on these contaminations is a topic widely debated; however, the consequences of climate change for the food system is not as deeply studied as other human and animal health and welfare issues. Projections of climate change in Europe have been evaluated through the EU Commission, and the impact on the marine environment is considered a priority issue. Marine biotoxins are produced by toxic microalgae and are natural contaminants of the marine environment. They are considered to be an important contaminant that needs to be evaluated. Their source is affected by oceanographic and environmental conditions; water temperature, sunlight, salinity, competing microorganisms, nutrients, and wind and current directions affect the growth and proliferation of microalgae. Although climate change should not be the only reason for this increase and other factors such as eutrophication, tourism, fishery activities, etc. could be considered, the influence of climate change has been observed through increased growth of dinoflagellates in areas where they have not been previously detected. An example of this is the recent emergence of ciguatera fish poisoning toxins, typically found in tropical or subtropical areas from the Pacific and Caribbean and in certain areas of the Atlantic Sea such as the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). In addition, the recent findings of the presence of tetrodotoxins, typically found in certain areas of the Pacific, are emerging in the EU and contaminating not only the fish species where these toxins had been found before but also bivalve mollusks. The emergence of these marine biotoxins in the EU is a reason for concern in the EU, and for this reason, the risk evaluation and characterization of these toxins are considered a priority for the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA), which also emphasize the search for occurrence data using reliable and efficient analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jorge Giraldez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for marine biotoxins, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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122
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Katikou P. Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E240. [PMID: 31035492 PMCID: PMC6562576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are naturally occurring toxins responsible worldwide for human intoxication cases and fatalities, mainly associated with pufferfish consumption. In the last decade, TTXs were detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. As TTXs are not regulated or monitored at EU level, their unexpected occurrence in shellfish raised concerns as a food safety hazard and revealed the necessity of a thorough assessment on the public health risks associated with their presence. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was requested by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion, finally adopted in March 2017, according to which a provisional concentration below 44 μg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat, based on a large portion size of 400 g, was considered not to result in adverse effects in humans. The EFSA expert panel, however, recognized a number of shortcomings and uncertainties related to the unavailability of sufficient scientific data and provided relevant recommendations for future research to overcome these data gaps identified in order to further refine the risk assessment on TTXs. The present review aims to summarize the knowledge obtained towards addressing these recommendations in the two years following publication of the EFSA opinion, at the same time highlighting the points requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Katikou
- Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate General of Rural Development, Directorate of Research, Innovation and Education, Hapsa & Karatasou 1, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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123
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Bradley JA, Luithardt HH, Metea MR, Strock CJ. In Vitro Screening for Seizure Liability Using Microelectrode Array Technology. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:240-253. [PMID: 29432603 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced seizure liabilities produce significant compound attrition during drug discovery. Currently available in vitro cytotoxicity assays cannot predict all toxicity mechanisms due to the failure of these assays to predict sublethal target-specific electrophysiological liabilities. Identification of seizurogenic and other electrophysiological effects at early stages of the drug development process is important to ensure that safe candidate compounds can be developed while chemical design is taking place, long before these liabilities are discovered in costly preclinical in vivo studies. The development of a high throughput and reliable in vitro assay to screen compounds for seizure liabilities would de-risk compounds significantly earlier in the drug discovery process and with greater dependability. Here we describe a method for screening compounds that utilizes rat cortical neurons plated onto multiwell microelectrode array plates to identify compounds that cause neurophysiological disruptions. Changes in 12 electrophysiological parameters (spike train descriptors) were measured after application of known seizurogenic compounds and the response pattern was mapped relative to negative controls, vehicle control and neurotoxic controls. Twenty chemicals with a variety of therapeutic indications and targets, including GABAA antagonists, glycine receptor antagonists, ion channel blockers, muscarinic agonist, δ-opioid receptor agonist, dopaminergic D2/adrenergic receptor blocker and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, were tested to assess this system. Sixteen of the seventeen seizurogenic/neurotoxic compounds tested positive for seizure liability or neurotoxicity, moreover, different endpoint response patterns for firing rate, burst characteristics and synchrony that distinguished the chemicals into groups relating to target and seizurogenic response emerged from the data. The negative and vehicle control compounds had no effect on neural activity. In conclusion, the multiwell microelectrode array platform using cryopreserved rat cortical neurons is a highly effective high throughput method for reliably screening seizure liabilities within an early de-risking drug development paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica R Metea
- Cyprotex US, LLC, An Evotec Company, Watertown, Massachusetts
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124
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Detection of tetrodotoxins in juvenile pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) from the North Aegean Sea (Greece) by an electrochemical magnetic bead-based immunosensing tool. Food Chem 2019; 290:255-262. [PMID: 31000045 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two small Lagocephalus sceleratus juveniles were captured in picarel targeting catches from North Aegean Sea (Greece) in the autumn of 2017. An electrochemical immunosensing tool using magnetic beads as immobilisation support was developed and applied to the rapid screening of tetrodotoxins (TTXs), potent neurotoxins that constitute a food safety hazard when present in seafood. This tool revealed the presence of TTXs in both individuals. Results were compared with those provided by mELISA and LC-HRMS, the latter confirming the presence of TTX. Some of the tissues contained TTX contents close to or above 2 mg/kg. L. sceleratus juveniles had been considered as non-toxic and, to our knowledge, this is the first report of high TTX levels in small L. sceleratus individuals. Such specimens can be mistaken with other edible species, posing a threat to consumers. The availability of low-cost and user-friendly tools for TTXs detection will contribute to guarantee seafood safety.
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125
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Tóth Z, Kurali A, Móricz ÁM, Hettyey A. Changes in Toxin Quantities Following Experimental Manipulation of Toxin Reserves in Bufo bufo Tadpoles. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:253-263. [PMID: 30684072 PMCID: PMC6477007 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Possessing toxins can contribute to an efficient defence against various threats in nature. However, we generally know little about the energy- and time-demands of developing toxicity in animals, which determines the efficiency of chemical defence and its trade-off with other risk-induced phenotypic responses. In this study we examined how immersion into norepinephrine solution inducing the release of stored toxins, administration of mild stress mimicking predator attack or simple handling during experimental procedure affected the quantity and number of toxin compounds present in common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles as compared to undisturbed control individuals, and investigated how fast toxin reserves were restored. We found that total bufadienolide quantity (TBQ) significantly decreased only in the norepinephrine treatment group immediately after treatment compared to the control, but this difference disappeared after 12 h; there were no consistent differences in TBQ between treatments at later samplings. Interestingly, in the norepinephrine treatment approximately half of the compounds characterized by >700 m/z values showed the same changes in time as TBQ, but several bufadienolides characterized by <600 m/z values showed the opposite pattern: they were present in higher quantities immediately after treatment. The number of bufadienolide compounds was not affected by any treatments, but was positively related to TBQ. Our study represents the first experimental evidence that toxin quantities returned to the original level following induced toxin release within a very short period of time in common toad tadpoles and provide additional insights into the physiological background of chemical defence in this model vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Kurali
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
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126
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Biessy L, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Boundy MJ, Hawes I, Wood SA. Spatial variability and depuration of tetrodotoxin in the bivalve Paphies australis from New Zealand. Toxicon X 2019; 2:100008. [PMID: 32550565 PMCID: PMC7286059 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for many human intoxications globally. Despite its potency and widespread occurrence in taxonomically diverse species, the primary source of TTX remains uncertain. Paphies australis, an endemic clam found in New Zealand, has been found to contain TTX in several locations. However, it is unknown if this represents endogenous production or accumulation from an external source. To address this question, the concentrations of TTX in whole P. australis and dissected organs (siphons, foot, digestive gland and the ‘rest’) from thirteen sites around New Zealand were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS). Depuration rate of TTX was also investigated by harvesting and measuring concentrations in P. australis maintained in captivity on a toxin-free diet every three to 15 days for 150 days. The LC-MS/MS analyses of the spatial samples showed that TTX was present in P. australis from all regions tested, with significantly (p < 0.001) higher concentrations (15–50 μg kg−1) observed at lower latitudes of the North Island compared with trace levels (0.5–3 μg kg−1) in the South Island of New Zealand. Tetrodotoxin was detected in all the dissected organs but the siphons contained the highest concentrations of TTX at all sites analysed. A linear model of the depuration data identified a significant (p < 0.001) decline in total TTX concentrations in P. australis over the study period. The siphons maintained the highest amount of TTX across the entire depuration study. The digestive glands contained low concentrations at the start of the experiment, but this depurated rapidly and only traces remained after 21 days. These results provide evidence to suggest that P. australis does not produce TTX endogenously but obtains the neurotoxin from an exogenous source (e.g., diet) with the source more prevalent in warmer northern waters. The association of higher TTX concentrations in shellfish with warmer environments raises concerns that this toxin's distribution and abundance could become an increasing human health issue with global warming. TTX-containing Paphies australis were maintained in captivity for 150 days and significantly depurated the toxin. Thirteen populations of Paphies australis from around New Zealand were collected and tested for TTX. All populations tested contained TTX but a significant latitudinal gradient was observed. This study provides further evidence of an exogenous source of TTX in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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127
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Göransson U, Jacobsson E, Strand M, Andersson HS. The Toxins of Nemertean Worms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E120. [PMID: 30781381 PMCID: PMC6410017 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ribbon worms (phylum: Nemertea) are found in marine environments, where they act as predators and scavengers. They are characterized by an eversible proboscis that isused to hunt for prey and thick mucus covering their skin. Both proboscis and epidermal mucus mediate toxicity to predators and preys. Research into the chemical nature of the substances that render toxicity has not been extensive, but it has nevertheless led to the identification of several compounds of potential medicinal use or for application in biotechnology. This review provides a complete account of the current status of research into nemertean toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Göransson
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Jacobsson
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Malin Strand
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Håkan S Andersson
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
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128
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Boente-Juncal A, Vale C, Cifuentes M, Otero P, Camiña M, Rodriguez-Vieytes M, Botana LM. Chronic In Vivo Effects of Repeated Exposure to Low Oral Doses of Tetrodotoxin: Preliminary Evidence of Nephrotoxicity and Cardiotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E96. [PMID: 30736354 PMCID: PMC6410189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent naturally occurring neurotoxins. InitiallyTTX was associated with human food intoxications in Japan, but nowadays, concerns about thehuman health risks posed by TTX have increased in Europe after the identification of the toxin infish, marine gastropods, and bivalves captured in European waters. Even when TTX monitoring isnot currently performed in Europe, an acute oral no observable effect level (NOAEL) of 75 μg/kghas been recently established but, to date, no studies evaluating the chronic oral toxicity of TTXhave been released, even when EFSA has highlighted the need for them. Thus, in this work, thechronic effects of low oral TTX doses (below the acute lethal dose 50) were evaluated followinginternationally adopted guidelines. The results presented here demonstrate that low oral doses ofTTX have deleterious effects on renal and cardiac tissues. Moreover, alterations in bloodbiochemistry parameters, urine production, and urinalysis data were already detected at the oraldose of 75 μg/kg after the 28 days exposure. Thus, the data presented here constitute an initialapproach for the chronic evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of tetrodotoxin after its ingestion throughcontaminated fishery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Boente-Juncal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paz Otero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Camiña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis Miguel Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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129
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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30669603 PMCID: PMC6357038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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130
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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E28. [PMID: 30621279 PMCID: PMC6357042 DOI: 10.3390/md17010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin with bacterial origin. To date, around 28 analogs of TTX are known, but only 12 were detected in marine organisms, namely TTX, 11-oxoTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4-CysTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, 5,11-dideoxyTTX, and 6,11-dideoxyTTX. TTX and its derivatives are involved in many cases of seafood poisoning in many parts of the world due to their occurrence in different marine species of human consumption such as fish, gastropods, and bivalves. Currently, this neurotoxin group is not monitored in many parts of the world including in the Indian Ocean area, even with reported outbreaks of seafood poisoning involving puffer fish, which is one of the principal TTX vectors know since Egyptian times. Thus, the main objective of this review was to assess the incidence of TTXs in seafood and associated seafood poisonings in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Most reported data in this geographical area are associated with seafood poisoning caused by different species of puffer fish through the recognition of TTX poisoning symptoms and not by TTX detection techniques. This scenario shows the need of data regarding TTX prevalence, geographical distribution, and its vectors in this area to better assess human health risk and build effective monitoring programs to protect the health of consumers in Indian Ocean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, nr 3453, Campus Principal, 257 Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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131
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Dell'Aversano C, Tartaglione L, Polito G, Dean K, Giacobbe M, Casabianca S, Capellacci S, Penna A, Turner AD. First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:881-892. [PMID: 30408884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are naturally-occurring toxins that may contaminate the food chain, inducing similar neurological symptoms in humans. They are co-extracted under the same conditions and thus their combined detection is desirable. Whilst PST are regulated and officially monitored in Europe, more data on TTX occurrence in bivalves and gastropods are needed before meaningful regulations can be established. In this study, we used three separate analytical methods - pre-column oxidation with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, ultrahigh performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and HILIC high resolution (HR) MS/MS - to investigate the presence of PST and TTX in seawater and shellfish (mussels, clams) collected in spring summer 2015 to 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected at 10 sites in the Syracuse Bay (Sicily, Italy) in concomitance with a mixed bloom of Alexandrium minutum and A. pacificum. A very high PST contamination in mussels emerged, unprecedentedly found in Italy, with maximum total concentration of 10851 μg saxitoxin equivalents per kg of shellfish tissue measured in 2016. In addition, for the first time TTX was detected in Italy in most of the analysed samples in the range 0.8-6.4 μg TTX eq/kg. The recurring blooms of PST-producing species over the 3-year period, the high PST levels and the first finding of TTX in mussels from the Syracuse bay, suggest that monitoring programmes of PST and TTX in seafood should be activated in this geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Polito
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Mariagrazia Giacobbe
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (NRC), Via San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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132
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Whitelaw BL, Cooke IR, Finn J, Zenger K, Strugnell JM. The evolution and origin of tetrodotoxin acquisition in the blue-ringed octopus (genus Hapalochlaena). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:114-122. [PMID: 30472480 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin is a potent non-proteinaceous neurotoxin, which is commonly found in the marine environment. Synthesised by bacteria, tetrodotoxin has been isolated from the tissues of several genera including pufferfish, salamanders and octopus. Believed to provide a defensive function, the independent evolution of tetrodotoxin sequestration is poorly understood in most species. Two mechanisms of tetrodotoxin resistance have been identified to date, tetrodotoxin binding proteins in the circulatory system and mutations to voltage gated sodium channels, the binding target of tetrodotoxin with the former potentially succeeding the latter in evolutionary time. This review focuses on the evolution of tetrodotoxin acquisition, in particular how it may have occurred within the blue-ringed octopus genus (Hapalochlaena) and the subsequent impact on venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Whitelaw
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Ira R Cooke
- College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Vic. Australia
| | - Julian Finn
- Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Kyall Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - J M Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Vic. Australia
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133
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Zhang X, Han C, Chen S, Li L, Zong J, Zeng J, Mei G. Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tetrodotoxin from the Liver of Takifugu pseudommus. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120529. [PMID: 30544721 PMCID: PMC6315837 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a marine biotoxin that has high scientific value. However, the lack of efficient TTX extraction and preparation methods has led to a scarcity of TTX samples for clinical application. In this study, TTX from the liver of Takifugu pseudommus was ultrasound-assisted extracted with acidified organic solvents. The extraction process was analyzed and optimized by single factor method and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions predicted by a response surface model were as follows: liquid:material ratio, 2.8:1; extraction temperature, 60 °C; extraction time, 23.3 min. Under these conditions, the extraction of TTX had a yield of 89.65%, and the results were further verified by experimental extraction, and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). It was found that the extracts of T. pseudommus liver contained TTX and its four analogues at certain proportions (TTX: 10.4%; 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX: 83.3%; 5,11-dideoxyTTX:2.4%; 4,9-anhydro TTX:2.6%; 5-deoxyTTX:1.3%). This study demonstrates a stable and efficient extraction process of TTX from pufferfish liver, which can be helpful for further research and analysis, as well as the utilization of TTX from pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China.
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Chengcheng Han
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China.
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Le Li
- Quality and Standard Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China.
| | - Jingjing Zong
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Junjie Zeng
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China.
| | - Guangming Mei
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China.
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134
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Rapid analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a porous graphitic carbon column. Food Chem 2018; 269:166-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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135
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Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Reprint of “Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms”. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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136
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Vlasenko AE, Velansky PV, Chernyshev AV, Kuznetsov VG, Magarlamov TY. Tetrodotoxin and its analogues profile in nemertean species from the sea of Japan. Toxicon 2018; 156:48-51. [PMID: 30439440 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For the first time search for tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues in the extracts of nemerteans using HPLC-MS/MS was performed. TTX analogues were detected in two nemertean species in addition to TTX: 7 analogues were detected in the extract of Cephalothrix simula, 3 analogues - in the extract 11-norTTX of Kulikovia manchenkoi. Presence of 5-deoxyTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX and -6(R)-ol in nemerteans was shown for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Vlasenko
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - P V Velansky
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - A V Chernyshev
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690092, Russia
| | - V G Kuznetsov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690092, Russia
| | - T Yu Magarlamov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
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137
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Gerssen A, Bovee THF, Klijnstra MD, Poelman M, Portier L, Hoogenboom RLAP. First Report on the Occurrence of Tetrodotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks in The Netherlands. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E450. [PMID: 30388789 PMCID: PMC6265950 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is traditionally associated with seafood from tropical regions, but recently TTX was detected in bivalve mollusks in more temperate European waters. In The Netherlands it was therefore decided to monitor TTX in shellfish harvested from Dutch production areas. All shellfish production areas were monitored in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total 1063 samples were investigated, and the highest concentrations were observed in 2016, i.e., 253 µg TTX/kg in oysters and 101 µg TTX/kg in mussels. No TTX analogues, with the exception of 4-epi-TTX in one single sample, were found and contaminated samples also showed positive results in the neuro-2a bioassay. The occurrence of TTX seems to be consistent over the last three years with the highest concentrations observed annually in late June. The causative organism and the reasons why specific Dutch production areas are affected while others are not, are still unclear. Initially in The Netherlands an action limit of 20 µg TTX/kg was used to ensure the safety of consumers (2016), but recently The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) established an acute reference dose, and based on a high portion size of consuming 400 g mussels, this dose was translated into a safe concentration of 44 µg TTX per kg for shellfish. This concentration is now used as an action limit and TTX is formally included in the Dutch shellfish monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Toine H F Bovee
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen Marine Research, Korringaweg 7, 4401NT Yerseke, The Netherlands.
| | - Liza Portier
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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138
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Moran AW, Al-Rammahi MA, Batchelor DJ, Bravo DM, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Enteric Nervous System Are Components of Cell-Cell Communication Pathway Regulating Intestinal Na +/Glucose Co-transport. Front Nutr 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 30416998 PMCID: PMC6212479 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/glucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1 is the major route for transport of dietary glucose from the lumen of the intestine into absorptive enterocytes. Sensing of dietary sugars and artificial sweeteners by the sweet taste receptor, T1R2-T1R3, expressed in the enteroendocrine L-cell regulates SGLT1 expression in neighboring absorptive enterocytes. However, the mechanism by which sugar sensing by the enteroendocrine cell is communicated to the absorptive enterocytes is not known. Here, we show that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) secreted from the enteroendocrine cell in response to luminal sugars regulates SGLT1 mRNA and protein expression in absorptive enterocytes, via the enteric neurons. Glucose and artificial sweeteners induced secretion of GLP-2 from mouse small intestine, which was inhibited by the sweet-taste receptor inhibitor, gurmarin. In wild type mice there was an increase in sugar-induced SGLT1 mRNA and protein abundance that was not observed in GLP-2 receptor knockout mice. GLP-2 receptor is expressed in enteric neurons, and not in absorptive enterocytes ruling out a paracrine effect of GLP-2. Electric field stimulation of the intestine resulted in upregulation of SGLT1 expression that was abolished by the nerve blocking agent tetrodotoxin. We conclude that GLP-2 and the enteric nervous system are components of the enteroendocrine-absorptive enterocyte communication pathway regulating intestinal glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Moran
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miran A Al-Rammahi
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Daniel J Batchelor
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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139
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Finch SC, Boundy MJ, Harwood DT. The Acute Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin and Tetrodotoxin⁻Saxitoxin Mixtures to Mice by Various Routes of Administration. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E423. [PMID: 30360529 PMCID: PMC6266834 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin associated with human poisonings through the consumption of pufferfish. More recently, TTX has been identified in bivalve molluscs from diverse geographical environments, including Europe, and is therefore recognised as an emerging threat to food safety. A recent scientific opinion of the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain recognised the need for further data on the acute oral toxicity of TTX and suggested that, since saxitoxin (STX) and TTX had similar modes of action, it was possible that their toxicities were additive so could perhaps be combined to yield one health-based guideline value. The present study determined the toxicity of TTX by various routes of administration. The testing of three different mixtures of STX and TTX and comparing the experimentally determined values to those predicted on the basis of additive toxicity demonstrated that the toxicities of STX and TTX are additive. This illustrates that it is appropriate to treat TTX as a member of the paralytic shellfish group of toxins. Since the toxicity of TTX was found to be the same as STX by feeding, a molar toxicity equivalence factor of 1.0 for TTX can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
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140
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Addressing the Issue of Tetrodotoxin Targeting. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100352. [PMID: 30261623 PMCID: PMC6212850 DOI: 10.3390/md16100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the medical application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels. The selectivity of action, lack of affinity with the heart muscle NaV channels, and the inability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier make this toxin an attractive candidate for anesthetic and analgesic drug design. The efficacy of TTX was shown in neuropathic, acute and inflammatory pain models. The main emphasis of the review is on studies focused on the improvement of TTX efficacy and safety in conjunction with additional substances and drug delivery systems. A significant improvement in the effectiveness of the toxin was demonstrated when used in tandem with vasoconstrictors, local anesthetics and chemical permeation enhancers, with the best results obtained with the encapsulation of TTX in microparticles and liposomes conjugated to gold nanorods.
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141
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Gu H, Duan N, Xia Y, Hun X, Wang H, Wang Z. Magnetic Separation-Based Multiple SELEX for Effectively Selecting Aptamers against Saxitoxin, Domoic Acid, and Tetrodotoxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9801-9809. [PMID: 30153406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel magnetic separation-based multiple systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was applied to select aptamers simultaneously against three kinds of marine biotoxins, including domoic acid (DA), saxitoxin (STX), and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) was prepared to adsorb unbound ssDNAs and simplify the separation step. In the multiple SELEX, after the initial twelve rounds of selection against mixed targets and the subsequent four respective rounds of selection against each single target, the three resulting ssDNA pools were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. Several aptamer candidates were selected and subjected to the binding affinity and specificity test. Finally, DA-06 ( Kd = 62.07 ± 19.97 nM), TTX-07 ( Kd = 44.12 ± 15.38 nM), and STX-41 ( Kd = 61.44 ± 23.18 nM) showed high affinity and good specificity for DA, TTX, and STX, respectively. They were also applied to detect and quantify DA, TTX, and STX successfully. The other two multitarget aptamers, DA-01 and TTX-27, were also obtained, which can bind with either DA or TTX. These aptamers provide alternative recognition molecules to antibodies for biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Chemical Biology and Materials Engineering , Suzhou University of Science and Technology , Suzhou 215009 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Nuo Duan
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xu Hun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Haitao Wang
- National National of Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- National National of Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
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142
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Lüddecke T, Schulz S, Steinfartz S, Vences M. A salamander’s toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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143
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Giusti A, Ricci E, Guarducci M, Gasperetti L, Davidovich N, Guidi A, Armani A. Emerging risks in the European seafood chain: Molecular identification of toxic Lagocephalus spp. in fresh and processed products. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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144
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Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:205-218. [PMID: 30107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a widely variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. While the motor deficits are only visible following a severe dopamine depletion, neurodegenerative process and some non-motor symptoms are manifested years before the motor deficits. Importantly, chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to the development of compensatory mechanisms that play roles in the progression of the disease and the response to anti-parkinsonian therapies. The identification of these mechanisms will be of great importance for improving our understanding of factors with important contributions to the disease course and the underlying adaptive process. To date, most of the data obtained from animal models reflect the late, chronic, dopamine-depleted states, when compensatory mechanisms have already been established. Thus, adequate animal models with which researchers are able to dissect early- and late-phase mechanisms are necessary. Here, we reviewed the literature related to animal models of early-stage PD and pharmacological treatments capable of inducing acute dopamine impairments and/or depletion, such as reserpine, haloperidol and tetrodotoxin. We highlighted the advantages, limitations and the future prospective uses of these models, as well as their applications in the identification of novel agents for treating this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clara Grandi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.
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145
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Lima SDC, Porta LDC, Lima ÁDC, Campeiro JD, Meurer Y, Teixeira NB, Duarte T, Oliveira EB, Picolo G, Godinho RO, Silva RH, Hayashi MAF. Pharmacological characterization of crotamine effects on mice hind limb paralysis employing both ex vivo and in vivo assays: Insights into the involvement of voltage-gated ion channels in the crotamine action on skeletal muscles. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006700. [PMID: 30080908 PMCID: PMC6095621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high medical importance of Crotalus snakes is unquestionable, as this genus is the second in frequency of ophidian accidents in many countries, including Brazil. With a relative less complex composition compared to other genera venoms, as those from the Bothrops genus, the Crotalus genus venom from South America is composed basically by the neurotoxin crotoxin (a phospholipase A2), the thrombin-like gyroxin (a serinoprotease), a very potent aggregating protein convulxin, and a myotoxic polypeptide named crotamine. Interestingly not all Crotalus snakes express crotamine, which was first described in early 50s due to its ability to immobilize animal hind limbs, contributing therefore to the physical immobilization of preys and representing an important advantage for the envenoming efficacy, and consequently, for the feeding and survival of these snakes in nature. Representing about 10–25% of the dry weight of the crude venom of crotamine-positive rattlesnakes, the polypeptide crotamine is also suggested to be of importance for antivenom therapy, although the contribution of this toxin to the main symptoms of envenoming process remains far unknown until now. Herein, we concomitantly performed in vitro and in vivo assays to show for the first time the dose-dependent response of crotamine-triggered hind limbs paralysis syndrome, up to now believed to be observable only at high (sub-lethal) concentrations of crotamine. In addition, ex vivo assay performed with isolated skeletal muscles allowed us to suggest here that compounds active on voltage-sensitive sodium and/or potassium ion channels could both affect the positive inotropic effect elicited by crotamine in isolated diaphragm, besides also affecting the hind limbs paralysis syndrome imposed by crotamine in vivo. By identifying the potential molecular targets of this toxin, our data may contribute to open new roads for translational studies aiming to improve the snakebite envenoming treatment in human. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that the intraplantal or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of crotamine in mice do not promote pain. Therefore, this work may also suggest the profitable utility of non-toxic analogs of crotamine as a potential tool for targeting voltage-gated ion channels in skeletal muscles, aiming its potential use in the therapy of neuromuscular dysfunctions and envenoming therapy. Representing more than 10% of the dry weight of the crude venom of crotamine-positive rattlesnakes, crotamine may act as toxin mainly by imposing the physical immobilization of preys. Its presence was described to be important for antivenom therapy, although the knowledge on the effective contribution of crotamine to the main symptoms of envenoming process remains elusive and limited. Herein, we show for the first time the dose-dependent response for the hind limbs paralysis syndrome promoted by crotamine. We also report herein that compounds active on voltage-sensitive sodium and/or potassium ion channels can affect the positive inotropic effect elicited by crotamine in vitro in isolated diaphragm and also in the hind limbs paralysis syndrome triggered by crotamine in vivo. This potential targeting of voltage-sensitive sodium and/or potassium ion channels suggested here for crotamine may contribute to open new roads for translational studies aiming to improve the snakebite envenoming treatment in human. More importantly, nociceptive threshold evaluation demonstrated that crotamine does not trigger pain, and therefore, we also suggest crotamine as a potential tool for targeting voltage-gated ion channels present in skeletal muscles, with potential to be used as a lead compound to develop drugs for neuromuscular dysfunctions therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunamita de Carvalho Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Carvalho Porta
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Álvaro da Costa Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joana D'Arc Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ywlliane Meurer
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Duarte
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandt Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP-RP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Akemi Furuie Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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146
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A single run UPLC-MS/MS method for detection of all EU-regulated marine toxins. Talanta 2018; 189:622-628. [PMID: 30086968 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for identification and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic marine toxins. The method included the determination of 14 toxins of STX group, 15 lipophilic toxins, 15 toxins of the TTX group and DA. LODs and LOQs for STX group were significantly improved in comparison to the official validated methods and at the same level than other UPLC-MS/MS published methods. The same for lipophilic toxins, with better LODs and LOQs than the EU official method. LOD and LOQ for DA were higher than those obtained with the EU official method. While for TTXs LOD and LOQ were comparable to other validated methods. Validation studies demonstrated acceptable method performance characteristics for linearity, and repeatability between-batch and within-batch. The study demonstrated that the UPLC-MS/MS method provides an excellent tool to determinate hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins and therefore it could be appropriate for routine testing and interlaboratory validation.
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147
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Biessy L, Smith KF, Boundy MJ, Webb SC, Hawes I, Wood SA. Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in the New Zealand Clam, Paphies australis, Established Using Immunohistochemistry and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E282. [PMID: 29986427 PMCID: PMC6070791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. It was originally thought to only occur in puffer fish but has now been identified in twelve different classes of freshwater and marine organisms, including bivalves. Despite being one of the world’s most studied biotoxins, its origin remains uncertain. There is contradictory evidence regarding the source of TTX and its pathway through food webs. To date, the distribution of TTX has not been examined in bivalves. In the present study, 48 Paphies australis, a TTX-containing clam species endemic to New Zealand, were collected. Thirty clams were dissected, and organs and tissues pooled into five categories (siphons, digestive gland, adductor muscles, and the ‘rest’) and analyzed for TTX using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The micro-distribution of TTX was visualized in the remaining 18 individuals using an immunohistological technique incorporating a TTX-specific monoclonal antibody. The LC-MS analysis revealed that siphons contained the highest concentrations of TTX (mean 403.8 µg/kg). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed TTX in the outer cells of the siphons, but also in the digestive system, foot, and gill tissue. Observing TTX in organs involved in feeding provides initial evidence to support the hypothesis of an exogenous source in P. australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | | | - Stephen C Webb
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
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148
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Matsuda Y, Bai T, Phippen CBW, Nødvig CS, Kjærbølling I, Vesth TC, Andersen MR, Mortensen UH, Gotfredsen CH, Abe I, Larsen TO. Novofumigatonin biosynthesis involves a non-heme iron-dependent endoperoxide isomerase for orthoester formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2587. [PMID: 29968715 PMCID: PMC6030086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novofumigatonin (1), isolated from the fungus Aspergillus novofumigatus, is a heavily oxygenated meroterpenoid containing a unique orthoester moiety. Despite the wide distribution of orthoesters in nature and their biological importance, little is known about the biogenesis of orthoesters. Here we show the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of 1 and the identification of key enzymes for the orthoester formation by a series of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-deletion experiments and in vivo and in vitro reconstitutions of the biosynthesis. The novofumigatonin pathway involves endoperoxy compounds as key precursors for the orthoester synthesis, in which the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme NvfI performs the endoperoxidation. NvfE, the enzyme catalyzing the orthoester synthesis, is an Fe(II)-dependent, but cosubstrate-free, endoperoxide isomerase, despite the fact that NvfE shares sequence homology with the known Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. NvfE thus belongs to a class of enzymes that gained an isomerase activity by losing the α-ketoglutarate-binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Tongxuan Bai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Christopher B W Phippen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina S Nødvig
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inge Kjærbølling
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tammi C Vesth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte H Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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149
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150
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Beach DG, Kerrin ES, Thomas K, Quilliam MA, McCarron P. Capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for multiclass analysis of polar marine toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5405-5420. [PMID: 29767301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polar marine toxins are more challenging to analyze by mass spectrometry-based methods than lipophilic marine toxins, which are now routinely measured in shellfish by multiclass reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS/MS is a technique that is well suited for the analysis of polar marine toxins, and has the potential of providing very high resolution separation. Here, we present a CE-MS/MS method developed, with use of a custom-built interface, for the sensitive multiclass analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, tetrodotoxins, and domoic acid in seafood. A novel, highly acidic background electrolyte (5 M formic acid) was designed to maximize protonation of analytes and to allow a high degree of sample stacking to improve the limits of detection. The method was applied to a wide range of regulated and less common toxin analogues, and exhibited a high degree of selectivity between toxin isomers and matrix interference. The limits of detection in mussel tissue were 0.0052 mg/kg for tetrodotoxins, 0.160 mg/kg for domoic acid, and between 0.0018 and 0.120 mg/kg for paralytic shellfish toxins, all of which showed good linearity. Minimal ionization suppression was observed when the response from neat and mussel-matrix-matched standards was corrected with multiple internal standards. Analysis of shellfish matrix reference materials and spiked samples demonstrated good accuracy and precision. Finally, the method was transferred to a commercial CE-MS/MS system to demonstrate its widespread applicability for use in both R & D and routine regulatory settings. The approach of using a highly acidic background electrolyte is of broad interest, and can be considered generally applicable to simultaneous analysis of other classes of small, polar molecules with differing pKa values. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Elliott S Kerrin
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Krista Thomas
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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