101
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Ahmed B, Ameen F, Rizvi A, Ali K, Sonbol H, Zaidi A, Khan MS, Musarrat J. Destruction of Cell Topography, Morphology, Membrane, Inhibition of Respiration, Biofilm Formation, and Bioactive Molecule Production by Nanoparticles of Ag, ZnO, CuO, TiO 2, and Al 2O 3 toward Beneficial Soil Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7861-7876. [PMID: 32309695 PMCID: PMC7160826 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unregulated discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) from various nanotechnology industries into the environment is expected to alter the composition and physiological functions of soil microbiota. Considering this knowledge gap, the impact of five NPs (Ag, ZnO, CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2) differing in size and morphology on growth behavior and physiological activity of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas mosselii, and Sinorhizobium meliloti were investigated. Various biochemical and microscopic approaches were adopted. Interestingly, all bacterial strains were found sensitive to Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs but showed tolerance toward CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2-NPs. The loss of cellular respiration due to NPs was coupled with a reduction in population size. ZnO-NPs at 387.5 μg mL-1 had a maximum inhibitory impact on A. chroococcum and reduced its population by 72%. Under Ag-NP stress, the reduction in IAA secretion by bacterial strains followed the order S. meliloti (74%) > P. mosselii (63%) > A. chroococcum (49%). The surface of bacterial cells had small- or large-sized aggregates of NPs. Also, numerous gaps, pits, fragmented, and disorganized cell envelopes were visible. Additionally, a treated cell surface appeared corrugated with depressions and alteration in cell length and a strong heterogeneity was noticed under atomic force microscopy (AFM). For instance, NPs induced cell roughness for P. mosselii followed the order 12.6 nm (control) > 58 nm (Ag-NPs) > 41 nm (ZnO-NPs). TEM analysis showed aberrant morphology, cracking, and disruption of the cell envelope with extracellular electron-dense materials. Increased permeability of the inner cell membrane caused cell death and lowered EPS production. Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs also disrupted the surface adhering ability of bacteria, which varied with time and concentration of NPs. Conclusively, a plausible mechanism of NP toxicity to bacteria has been proposed to understand the mechanistic basis of ecological interaction between NPs and resourceful bacteria. These results also emphasize to develop strategies for the safe disposal of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmed
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asfa Rizvi
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Khursheed Ali
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hana Sonbol
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almas Zaidi
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Saghir Khan
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Javed Musarrat
- Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh 202002, India
- School
of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam
Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India
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102
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Upadhyay N, Kar D, Datta S. A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter modulates auxin levels in root to regulate root development and promotes aluminium tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:745-759. [PMID: 31677167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MATE (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) transporters play multiple roles in plants including detoxification, secondary metabolite transport, aluminium (Al) tolerance, and disease resistance. Here we identify and characterize the role of the Arabidopsis MATE transporter DETOXIFICATION30. AtDTX30 regulates auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis roots to modulate root development and Al-tolerance. DTX30 is primarily expressed in roots and localizes to the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells including root hairs. dtx30 mutants exhibit reduced elongation of the primary root, root hairs, and lateral roots. The mutant seedlings accumulate more auxin in their root tips indicating role of DTX30 in maintaining auxin homeostasis in the root. Al induces DTX30 expression and promotes its localization to the distal transition zone. dtx30 seedlings accumulate more Al in their roots but are hyposensitive to Al-mediated rhizotoxicity perhaps due to saturation in root growth inhibition. Increase in expression of ethylene and auxin biosynthesis genes in presence of Al is absent in dtx30. The mutants exude less citrate under Al conditions, which might be due to misregulation of AtSTOP1 and the citrate transporter AtMATE. In conclusion, DTX30 modulates auxin levels in root to regulate root development and in the presence of Al indirectly modulates citrate exudation to promote Al tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Upadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Debojyoti Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Sourav Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
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103
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Dang X, Chen B, Liu F, Ren H, Liu X, Zhou J, Qin Y, Lin D. Auxin Signaling-Mediated Apoplastic pH Modification Functions in Petal Conical Cell Shaping. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3904-3916.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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104
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Kim SW, Goossens A, Libert C, Van Immerseel F, Staal J, Beyaert R. Phytohormones: Multifunctional nutraceuticals against metabolic syndrome and comorbid diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113866. [PMID: 32088261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the co-occurrence of diverse symptoms initiating the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and a variety of comorbid diseases. The complex constellation of numerous comorbidities makes it difficult to develop common therapeutic approaches that ameliorate these pathological features simultaneously. The plant hormones abscisic acid, salicylic acid, auxin, and cytokinins, have shown promising anti-inflammatory and pro-metabolic effects that could mitigate several disorders relevant to metabolic syndrome. Intriguingly, besides plants, human cells and gut microbes also endogenously produce these molecules, indicating a role in the complex interplay between inflammatory responses associated with metabolic syndrome, the gut microbiome, and nutrition. Here, we introduce how bioactive phytohormones can be generated endogenously and through the gut microbiome. These molecules subsequently influence immune responses and metabolism. We also elaborate on how phytohormones can beneficially modulate metabolic syndrome comorbidities, and propose them as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Woo Kim
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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105
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A MATE Transporter is Involved in Pathogenicity and IAA Homeostasis in the Hyperplastic Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020156. [PMID: 31979049 PMCID: PMC7074806 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years, many evidences have been accumulating about the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as a multifaceted compound in the microbial world, with IAA playing a role as a bacterial intra and intercellular signaling molecule or as an effector during pathogenic or beneficial plant–bacteria interactions. However, pretty much nothing is known on the mechanisms that bacteria use to modulate IAA homeostasis, in particular on IAA active transport systems. Here, by an approach combining in silico three-dimensional (3D) structural modeling and docking, mutagenesis, quantitative gene expression analysis, and HPLC FLD auxin quantitative detection, for the first time a bacterial multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter was demonstrated to be involved in the efflux of IAA, as well as of its conjugate IAA–Lysine, in the plant pathogenic hyperplastic bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii strain Psn23. Furthermore, according to the role proved to be played by Psn23 MatE in the development of plant disease, and to the presence of Psn23 MatE homologs in all the genomospecies of the P. syringae complex, this membrane transporter could likely represent a promising target for the design of novel and selective anti-infective molecules for plant disease control.
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106
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A novel experimental approach for studying life-history traits of phytophagous arthropods utilizing an artificial culture medium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20327. [PMID: 31889108 PMCID: PMC6937311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental approaches to studying life-history traits in minute herbivorous arthropods are hampered by the need to work with detached host plant material and the difficulty of maintaining that material in a suitable condition to support the animal throughout the duration of the test. In order to address this shortcoming, we developed a customizable agar-based medium modified from an established plant cell-culture medium to nourish detached leaves laid atop it while also preventing arthropods from escaping the experimental arena. The artificial culture medium was tested with two herbivorous mite species: the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella; Eriophyidae) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae; Tetranychidae). The proposed approach was a major improvement over a standard protocol for prolonged studies of individual eriophyid mites and also provided some benefits for experiments with spider mites. Moreover, the described method can be easily modified according to the requirements of host plant species and applied to a wide range of microherbivore species. Such applications include investigations of life-history traits and other ecological and evolutionary questions, e.g. mating or competitive behaviours or interspecific interactions, assessing invasiveness potential and predicting possible outbreaks. The approach presented here should have a significant impact on the advancement of evolutionary and ecological research on microscopic herbivores.
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107
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Vega A, O'Brien JA, Gutiérrez RA. Nitrate and hormonal signaling crosstalk for plant growth and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:155-163. [PMID: 31726384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is an essential macronutrient for plants, a primary nitrogen source in natural and human-made ecosystems. Nitrate can also act as a signaling molecule that directs genome-wide gene expression changes with an impact on plant metabolism, physiology, growth and development. Nitrate and phytohormone signaling pathways crosstalk to modulate growth and developmental programs in a multifactorial manner. Nitrate-signaling controls plant growth and development using molecular mechanisms that involve phytohormone-signaling pathways. In contrast, many phytohormones modulate or impact nitrate signaling in interconnected pathways. In this review, we explore recent progress in our understanding of well-documented connections between nitrate and phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid. We also discuss recent studies connecting nitrate to other phytohormones such as ethylene, salicylic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids. While many molecular details remain to be elucidated, a number of core signaling components at the intersection between nitrate and the major hormonal pathways have been described. We focus on established interactions of nitrate and different hormonal pathways to bring about cellular, growth and developmental processes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vega
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - José Antonio O'Brien
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
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108
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Meier MC, Cheng WH, Atwater HA, Lewis NS, Carim AI. Inorganic Phototropism in Electrodeposition of Se-Te. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18658-18661. [PMID: 31697074 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical deposition of Se-Te on isolated Au islands using an unstructured, incoherent beam of light produces growth of Se-Te alloy toward the direction of the incident light beam. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations of light absorption indicated that the induced spatial growth anisotropy was a function of asymmetric absorption in the evolving deposit. Inorganic phototropic growth is analogous to biological systems such as palm trees that exhibit phototropic growth wherein physical extension of the plant guides the crown toward the time-averaged position of the sun, to maximize solar harvesting.
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109
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Erland LAE, Saxena P. Auxin driven indoleamine biosynthesis and the role of tryptophan as an inductive signal in Hypericum perforatum (L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223878. [PMID: 31622392 PMCID: PMC6797091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 60 years since Skoog and Miller first reported the chemical redirection of plant growth the underlying biochemical mechanisms are still poorly understood, with one challenge being the capacity for applied growth regulators to act indirectly or be metabolized to active phytohormones. We hypothesized that tryptophan is metabolized to auxin, melatonin or serotonin inducing organogenesis in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Root explants from two germplasm lines of St. John's wort with altered melatonin metabolism and wildtype were incubated with auxin or tryptophan for 24, 48 or 72 h to induce regeneration. In wildtype, tryptophan had little effect on the indoleamine pathway, and was found to promote primary growth, suggesting excess tryptophan moved quickly through various secondary metabolite pathways and protein synthesis. In lines 4 and 112 tryptophan was associated with modified morphogenesis, indoleamine and auxin levels. Incubation with tryptophan increased shoot organogenesis while incubation with auxin led to root regeneration. The established paradigm of thought views tryptophan primarily as a precursor for auxin and indoleamines, among other metabolites, and mediation of auxin action by the indoleamines as a one-way interaction. We propose that these processes run in both directions with auxin modifying indoleamine biosynthesis and the melatonin:serotonin balance contributing to its effects on plant morphogenesis, and that tryptophan also functions as an inductive signal to mediate diverse phytochemical and morphogenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. E. Erland
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Praveen Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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110
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Powers SK, Holehouse AS, Korasick DA, Schreiber KH, Clark NM, Jing H, Emenecker R, Han S, Tycksen E, Hwang I, Sozzani R, Jez JM, Pappu RV, Strader LC. Nucleo-cytoplasmic Partitioning of ARF Proteins Controls Auxin Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell 2019; 76:177-190.e5. [PMID: 31421981 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays crucial roles in nearly every aspect of plant growth and development. The auxin response factor (ARF) transcription factor family regulates auxin-responsive gene expression and exhibits nuclear localization in regions of high auxin responsiveness. Here we show that the ARF7 and ARF19 proteins accumulate in micron-sized assemblies within the cytoplasm of tissues with attenuated auxin responsiveness. We found that the intrinsically disordered middle region and the folded PB1 interaction domain of ARFs drive protein assembly formation. Mutation of a single lysine within the PB1 domain abrogates cytoplasmic assemblies, promotes ARF nuclear localization, and results in an altered transcriptome and morphological defects. Our data suggest a model in which ARF nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning regulates auxin responsiveness, providing a mechanism for cellular competence for auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Powers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David A Korasick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Katherine H Schreiber
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hongwei Jing
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ryan Emenecker
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Soeun Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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111
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Light-seeking mobile houseplants raise big questions about the future of technology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15313-15315. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909980116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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112
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Aguiar LM, Dos Santos JB, Barroso GM, Laia MLD, Gonçalves JF, da Costa VAM, Brito LA. Influence of 2,4-D residues on the soil microbial community and growth of tree species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:69-77. [PMID: 31342787 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1644289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) has low half-life in the soil, but it is capable of altering the soil microbial community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of 2,4-D residues on the structure of the soil microbial community and the growth of tree species. The tolerance and phytoremediation potential of tree species were evaluated. The microbial analysis was performed by T-RFLP. The 2,4-D herbicide reduced the plant height of K. lathrophyton, number of leaves of C. ferrea and K. lathrophyton and root dry matter allocation for C. brasiliense, I. striata, P. heptaphyllum, and T. guianensis. Cucumis sativus intoxication on soil contaminated with 2,4-D was not significant. The structure of Fungi community in the rhizospheric soils of C. ferrea was altered. The herbicide 2,4-D increased the diversity of Fungi in rhizospheric soils of P. heptahyllum and R. grandis. Most tree species were tolerant, and the evaluation time was sufficient to remedy 2,4-D. The structures of the microbial communities Archaea, Bacteria, and Fungi were little influenced by 2,4-D. The diversity of the Archaea domain was not affected, the diversity of the Bacteria in Inga striata decreased while the fungi increased in Protium heptaphyllum and Richeria grandis with 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Monteiro Aguiar
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Luiz de Laia
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Janaína Ferreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Unaí, Brasil
| | | | - Lílian Almeida Brito
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brasil
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113
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Kosakivska I, Romanenko K, Voytenko L, Vasyuk V, Shcherbatiuk M, Shcherbatiuk M. Hormonal complex of gametophytes of Dryopteris filix-mas (Dryopteridaceae) in in vitro culture. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj76.03.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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114
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Generoso Ferreira M, Madureira Barroso G, da Costa VAM, de Castro E Castro BM, Cola Zanuncio J, Marinho Pereira I, Ferreira EA, Teodoro Francino DM, Barbosa Dos Santos J. Development of native forest species of the Atlantic forest in soil contaminated with hormonal herbicides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:921-927. [PMID: 31179716 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1583636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal herbicides, used in pastures, can suffer drift and reach forests. The sensitivity and potential phytoremediation of native species to herbicide residues should be evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the initial development of native Atlantic Forest tree species in soil contaminated with hormonal herbicides. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a 4 x 8 factorial scheme. The first factor had the control and the herbicide Tordon® in three doses (0.166, 0.333 and 0.666 L ha-1) and the second consisted of the forest species Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.), Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC., Dalbergia villosa (Benth.) Benth., Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth., Machaerium opacum Vogel, Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) JF Macbr., Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton and Rose, Senna macranthera (DC Collad.) HS Irwin and Barnaby. The emergence, height, survival, emergence speed index, intoxication, root volume, stem diameter, root and shoot dry mass, leaf area and leaf numbers of the forest species were evaluated. The A. colubrina, D. villosa and M. opacum initial development was reduced by the herbicides 2.4-D plus picloram residues. S. macranthera and P. gonoacantha are tolerant to this mixture and, therefore, show potential for phytoremediation of degraded areas containing residues of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Generoso Ferreira
- a Departamento de Engenharia Florestal , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- a Departamento de Engenharia Florestal , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - Vitor Antunes M da Costa
- a Departamento de Engenharia Florestal , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | | | - José Cola Zanuncio
- c Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - Israel Marinho Pereira
- a Departamento de Engenharia Florestal , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - Evander Alves Ferreira
- d Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - Dayana Maria Teodoro Francino
- e Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- d Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Minas Gerais , Brasil
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Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Bird DC, Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Translating auxin responses into ovules, seeds and yield: Insight from Arabidopsis and the cereals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:310-336. [PMID: 30474296 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain production in cereal crops depends on the stable formation of male and female gametes in the flower. In most angiosperms, the female gamete is produced from a germline located deep within the ovary, protected by several layers of maternal tissue, including the ovary wall, ovule integuments and nucellus. In the field, germline formation and floret fertility are major determinants of yield potential, contributing to traits such as seed number, weight and size. As such, stimuli affecting the timing and duration of reproductive phases, as well as the viability, size and number of cells within reproductive organs can significantly impact yield. One key stimulant is the phytohormone auxin, which influences growth and morphogenesis of female tissues during gynoecium development, gametophyte formation, and endosperm cellularization. In this review we consider the role of the auxin signaling pathway during ovule and seed development, first in the context of Arabidopsis and then in the cereals. We summarize the gene families involved and highlight distinct expression patterns that suggest a range of roles in reproductive cell specification and fate. This is discussed in terms of seed production and how targeted modification of different tissues might facilitate improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge Lora
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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Batista-Silva W, Medeiros DB, Rodrigues-Salvador A, Daloso DM, Omena-Garcia RP, Oliveira FS, Pino LE, Peres LEP, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Modulation of auxin signalling through DIAGETROPICA and ENTIRE differentially affects tomato plant growth via changes in photosynthetic and mitochondrial metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:448-465. [PMID: 30066402 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin modulates a range of plant developmental processes including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and shoot and root development. Recent studies have shown that plant hormones also strongly influence metabolic networks, which results in altered growth phenotypes. Modulating auxin signalling pathways may therefore provide an opportunity to alter crop performance. Here, we performed a detailed physiological and metabolic characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with either increased (entire) or reduced (diageotropica-dgt) auxin signalling to investigate the consequences of altered auxin signalling on photosynthesis, water use, and primary metabolism. We show that reduced auxin sensitivity in dgt led to anatomical and physiological modifications, including altered stomatal distribution along the leaf blade and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in clear reductions in both photosynthesis and water loss in detached leaves. By contrast, plants with higher auxin sensitivity (entire) increased the photosynthetic capacity, as deduced by higher Vcmax and Jmax coupled with reduced stomatal limitation. Remarkably, our results demonstrate that auxin-sensitive mutants (dgt) are characterized by impairments in the usage of starch that led to lower growth, most likely associated with decreased respiration. Collectively, our findings suggest that mutations in different components of the auxin signalling pathway specifically modulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Acácio Rodrigues-Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciele Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ellen Pino
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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117
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Kosakivska IV, Voytenko LV, Drobot KO, Matvieieva NA. Accumulation of Indolyl-3-Acetic and Abscisic Acids by “Hairy” Roots of Artemisia vulgaris. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452718060051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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118
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Morffy NJ, Strader LC. Locally Sourced: Auxin Biosynthesis and Transport in the Root Meristem. Dev Cell 2018; 47:262-264. [PMID: 30399331 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Localized maxima of the plant hormone auxin are crucial to root development and meristem maintenance. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Brumos et al. used elegant genetic and grafting experiments to distinguish between the contributions of local and distal auxin sources to auxin maxima generation and root meristem maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Morffy
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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119
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Sherp AM, Lee SG, Schraft E, Jez JM. Modification of auxinic phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides by the acyl acid amido synthetase GH3.15 from Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17731-17738. [PMID: 30315112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicide-resistance traits are the most widely used agriculture biotechnology products. Yet, to maintain their effectiveness and to mitigate selection of herbicide-resistant weeds, the discovery of new resistance traits that use different chemical modes of action is essential. In plants, the Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases catalyze the conjugation of amino acids to jasmonate and auxin phytohormones. This reaction chemistry has not been explored as a possible approach for herbicide modification and inactivation. Here, we examined a set of Arabidopsis GH3 proteins that use the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) as substrates along with the corresponding auxinic phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxylacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB). The IBA-specific AtGH3.15 protein displayed high catalytic activity with 2,4-DB, which was comparable to its activity with IBA. Screening of phenoxyalkanoic and phenylalkyl acids indicated that side-chain length of alkanoic and alkyl acids is a key feature of AtGH3.15's substrate preference. The X-ray crystal structure of the AtGH3.15·2,4-DB complex revealed how the herbicide binds in the active site. In root elongation assays, Arabidopsis AtGH3.15-knockout and -overexpression lines grown in the presence of 2,4-DB exhibited hypersensitivity and tolerance, respectively, indicating that the AtGH3.15-catalyzed modification inactivates 2,4-DB. These findings suggest a potential use for AtGH3.15, and perhaps other GH3 proteins, as herbicide-modifying enzymes that employ a mode of action different from those of currently available herbicide-resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Sherp
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Evelyn Schraft
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Joseph M Jez
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.
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120
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Li W, Li H, Xu P, Xie Z, Ye Y, Li L, Li D, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhao Y. Identification of Auxin Activity Like 1, a chemical with weak functions in auxin signaling pathway. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:275-287. [PMID: 30311174 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic auxin AAL1 with new structure was identified. Different from known auxins, it has weak effects. By AAL1, we found specific amino acids could restore the effects of auxin with similar structure. Auxin, one of the most important phytohormones, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and environmental response. Although many critical regulators have been identified in auxin signaling pathway, some factors, especially those with weak fine-tuning roles, are still yet to be discovered. Through chemical genetic screenings, we identified a small molecule, Auxin Activity Like 1 (AAL1), which can effectively inhibit dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Genetic screening identified AAL1 resistant mutants are also hyposensitive to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). AAL1 resistant mutants such as shy2-3c and ecr1-2 are well characterized as mutants in auxin signaling pathway. Genetic studies showed that AAL1 functions through auxin receptor Transport Inhibitor Response1 (TIR1) and its functions depend on auxin influx and efflux carriers. Compared with known auxins, AAL1 exhibits relatively weak effects on plant growth, with 20 µM and 50 µM IC50 (half growth inhibition chemical concentration) in root and hypocotyl growth respectively. Interestingly, we found the inhibitory effects of AAL1 and IAA could be partially restored by tyrosine and tryptophan respectively, suggesting some amino acids can also affect auxin signaling pathway in a moderate manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AAL1 acts through auxin signaling pathway, and AAL1, as a weak auxin activity analog, provides us a tool to study weak genetic interactions in auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haimin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yajin Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingting Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 68 Wenchang Road, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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121
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Gudiño ME, Blanco-Touriñán N, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Blázquez MA, Navarro-García F. β-Lactam Antibiotics Modify Root Architecture and Indole Glucosinolate Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2086-2098. [PMID: 29986082 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in soils could be due to natural production by soil microorganisms or to the effect of anthropogenic activities. However, the impact of these compounds on plant physiology has not been thoroughly investigated. To evaluate the effect of β-lactam antibiotics (carbenicillin and penicillin) on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana roots, plants were grown in the presence of different amounts and we found a reduction in root size, an increase in the size of root hairs as well as an abnormal position closer to the tip of the roots. Those phenomena were dependent on the accumulation of both antibiotics inside root tissues and also correlated with a decrease in size of the root apical meristem not related to an alteration in cell division but to a decrease in cell expansion. Using an RNA sequencing analysis, we detected an increase in the expression of genes related to the response to oxidative stress, which would explain the increase in the levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species found in the presence of those antibiotics. Moreover, some auxin-responsive genes were misregulated, especially an induction of CYP79B3, possibly explaining the increase in auxin levels in the presence of carbenicillin and the decrease in the amount of indole glucosinolates, involved in the control of fungal infections. Accordingly, penicillin-treated plants were hypersensitive to the endophyte fungus Colletotrichum tofieldiae. These results underscore the risks for plant growth of β-lactam antibiotics in agricultural soils, and suggest a possible function for these compounds as fungus-produced signaling molecules to modify plant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Gudiño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas 'Primo Yúfera', CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas 'Primo Yúfera', CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas 'Primo Yúfera', CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico Navarro-García
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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122
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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123
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Ochoa L, Zuverza-Mena N, Medina-Velo IA, Flores-Margez JP, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Copper oxide nanoparticles and bulk copper oxide, combined with indole-3-acetic acid, alter aluminum, boron, and iron in Pisum sativum seeds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1238-1245. [PMID: 29660876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CuO nanoparticles (nCuO), a potential nanopesticide, with the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional components in seeds of green pea (Pisum sativum) cultivated in soil amended with nCuO at 50 or 100mgkg-1, with/without IAA at 10 or 100μM. Similar treatments including bulk CuO (bCuO) and CuCl2 were set as controls. Bulk CuO at 50mgkg-1 reduced seed yield (52%), compared with control. Bulk CuO at 50mgkg-1 and nCuO at 100mgkg-1, plus IAA at 100μM, increased iron in seeds (41 and 42%, respectively), while nCuO at 50mgkg-1, plus IAA at 100μM reduced boron (80%, respect to control and 63%, respect to IAA at 100μM). IAA, at 10μM increased seed protein (33%), compared with control (p≤0.05). At both concentrations IAA increased sugar in seeds (20%). Overall, nCuO, plus IAA at 10μM, does not affect the production or nutritional quality of green pea seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ochoa
- Environmental Science Master's Program, Geology Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Nubia Zuverza-Mena
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX, USA; The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Illya A Medina-Velo
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Juan Pedro Flores-Margez
- Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, UACJ, Plutarco Elias Calles 1210, Ciudad Juarez, Chih CP 32310, Mexico
| | - José R Peralta-Videa
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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124
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Okamoto T, Takatani S, Noutoshi Y, Motose H, Takahashi T. Omeprazole Enhances Mechanical Stress-Induced Root Growth Reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1581-1591. [PMID: 30011034 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical sensing is one of the most fundamental processes for sessile plants to survive and grow. The response is known to involve calcium elevation in the cell. Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally on agar plates covered with a dialysis membrane show a 2-fold reduction in root growth compared with those grown vertically, a response to mechanical stress generated due to gravitropism of the root. To understand the molecular mechanism of how plant roots sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, we screened chemical libraries for compounds that affect the horizontal root growth in this experimental system and found that, while having no effect on root gravitropism, omeprazole known as a proton pump inhibitor significantly enhanced the mechanical stress-induced root growth reduction especially in lower pH media. In contrast, omeprazole reversed neither the alleviation of the mechanical stress-induced growth reduction caused by calcium depletion nor the insensitivity to the mechanical stress in the ethylene signaling mutant ein2. Together with the finding that omeprazole increased expression of touch-induced genes and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1, our results suggest that the target of omeprazole mediates ethylene signaling in the root growth response to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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125
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Fukui K, Hayashi KI. Manipulation and Sensing of Auxin Metabolism, Transport and Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1500-1510. [PMID: 29668988 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is involved in virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. A chemical genetic approach has greatly contributed to the identification of important genes in auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling. Molecular genetic technologies and structural information for auxin regulatory components have accelerated the identification and characterization of many novel small molecule modulators in auxin biology. These modulators have been widely utilized to dissect auxin responses. Here we provide an overview of the structure, primary target, in planta activity and application of small molecule modulators in auxin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
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126
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Kinoshita T, McCourt P, Asami T, Torii KU. Plant Chemical Biology. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1483-1486. [PMID: 30032233 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Peter McCourt
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tadao Asami
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Li X, Li Y, Mai J, Tao L, Qu M, Liu J, Shen R, Xu G, Feng Y, Xiao H, Wu L, Shi L, Guo S, Liang J, Zhu Y, He Y, Baluška F, Shabala S, Yu M. Boron Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity by Promoting Root Alkalization in Transition Zone via Polar Auxin Transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1254-1266. [PMID: 29784768 PMCID: PMC6053005 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) alleviates aluminum (Al) toxicity in higher plants; however, the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we used bromocresol green pH indicator, noninvasive microtest, and microelectrode ion flux estimation techniques to demonstrate that B promotes root surface pH gradients in pea (Pisum sativum) roots, leading to alkalization in the root transition zone and acidification in the elongation zone, while Al inhibits these pH gradients. B significantly decreased Al accumulation in the transition zone (∼1.0-2.5 mm from the apex) of lateral roots, thereby alleviating Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Net indole acetic acid (IAA) efflux detected by an IAA-sensitive platinum microelectrode showed that polar auxin transport, which peaked in the root transition zone, was inhibited by Al toxicity, while it was partially recovered by B. Electrophysiological experiments using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin transporter mutants (auxin resistant1-7; pin-formed2 [pin2]) and the specific polar auxin transporter inhibitor1-naphthylphthalamic acid showed that PIN2-based polar auxin transport is involved in root surface alkalization in the transition zone. Our results suggest that B promotes polar auxin transport driven by the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 and leads to the downstream regulation of the plasma membrane-H+-ATPase, resulting in elevated root surface pH, which is essential to decrease Al accumulation in this Al-targeted apical root zone. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the role of exogenous B in alleviation of Al accumulation and toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Mai
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Qu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yingming Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Hongdong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Lishu Wu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxue Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
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128
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Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. A comprehensive phylogeny of auxin homeostasis genes involved in adventitious root formation in carnation stem cuttings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196663. [PMID: 29709027 PMCID: PMC5927418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional basis of auxin homeostasis requires knowledge about auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin catabolism genes, which is not always directly available despite the recent whole-genome sequencing of many plant species. Through sequence homology searches and phylogenetic analyses on a selection of 11 plant species with high-quality genome annotation, we identified the putative gene homologs involved in auxin biosynthesis, auxin catabolism and auxin transport pathways in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). To deepen our knowledge of the regulatory events underlying auxin-mediated adventitious root formation in carnation stem cuttings, we used RNA-sequencing data to confirm the expression profiles of some auxin homeostasis genes during the rooting of two carnation cultivars with different rooting behaviors. We also confirmed the presence of several auxin-related metabolites in the stem cutting tissues. Our findings offer a comprehensive overview of auxin homeostasis genes in carnation and provide a solid foundation for further experiments investigating the role of auxin homeostasis in the regulation of adventitious root formation in carnation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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129
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Sherp AM, Westfall CS, Alvarez S, Jez JM. Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.15 acyl acid amido synthetase has a highly specific substrate preference for the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4277-4288. [PMID: 29462792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various phytohormones control plant growth and development and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases are plant enzymes that typically conjugate amino acids to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or jasmonic acid (JA) to inactivate or activate these phytohormones, respectively; however, the physiological and biological roles of many of these enzymes remain unclear. Using a biochemical approach, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.15 (AtGH3.15) preferentially uses indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and glutamine as substrates. The X-ray crystal structure of the AtGH3.15·AMP complex, modeling of IBA in the active site, and biochemical analysis of site-directed mutants provide insight on active site features that lead to AtGH3.15's preference for IBA. Assay-based in planta analysis of AtGH3.15-overexpressing lines indicated that their root elongation and lateral root density were resistant to IBA treatment but not to treatment with either IAA or JA. These findings suggest that AtGH3.15 may play a role in auxin homeostasis by modulating the levels of IBA for peroxisomal conversion to IAA. Analysis of AtGH3.15 promoter-driven yellow fluorescent protein reporter lines revealed that AtGH3.15 is expressed at significant levels in seedlings, roots, and parts of the siliques. We conclude that AtGH3.15 is unique in the GH3 protein family for its role in modifying IBA in auxin homeostasis and that it is the first GH3 protein shown to primarily modify a plant growth regulator other than IAA and JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Sherp
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Corey S Westfall
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joseph M Jez
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
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130
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Frick EM, Strader LC. Roles for IBA-derived auxin in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:169-177. [PMID: 28992091 PMCID: PMC5853464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is a central regulator of plant growth and development. Because auxin plays critical roles in cell division and cell expansion, plants use a number of cellular mechanisms to regulate auxin levels and response. Among these mechanisms is regulated input from the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) toward the pool of active auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)]. In this review, we cover the mechanisms of IBA transport and conversion, and discuss specific roles for IBA-derived auxin in driving certain developmental events. We further discuss multiple open questions remaining for the IBA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Frick
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
- Correspondence:
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131
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Ma Q, Grones P, Robert S. Auxin signaling: a big question to be addressed by small molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:313-328. [PMID: 29237069 PMCID: PMC5853230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing a mechanistic understanding of the crucial roles of the phytohormone auxin has been an important and coherent aspect of plant biology research. Since its discovery more than a century ago, prominent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin action, ranging from metabolism and transport to cellular and transcriptional responses. However, there is a long road ahead before a thorough understanding of its complex effects is achieved, because a lot of key information is still missing. The availability of an increasing number of technically advanced scientific tools has boosted the basic discoveries in auxin biology. A plethora of bioactive small molecules, consisting of the synthetic auxin-like herbicides and the more specific auxin-related compounds, developed as a result of the exploration of chemical space by chemical biology, have made the tool box for auxin research more comprehensive. This review mainly focuses on the compounds targeting the auxin co-receptor complex, demonstrates the various ways to use them, and shows clear examples of important basic knowledge obtained by their usage. Application of these precise chemical tools, together with an increasing amount of structural information for the major components in auxin action, will certainly aid in strengthening our insights into the complexity and diversity of auxin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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132
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McClerklin SA, Lee SG, Harper CP, Nwumeh R, Jez JM, Kunkel BN. Indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent auxin synthesis contributes to virulence of Pseudomonas syringae strain DC3000. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006811. [PMID: 29293681 PMCID: PMC5766252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae modulates plant hormone signaling to promote infection and disease development. P. syringae uses several strategies to manipulate auxin physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana to promote pathogenesis, including its synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the predominant form of auxin in plants, and production of virulence factors that alter auxin responses in the host; however, the role of pathogen-derived auxin in P. syringae pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that P. syringae strain DC3000 produces IAA via a previously uncharacterized pathway and identify a novel indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, AldA, that functions in IAA biosynthesis by catalyzing the NAD-dependent formation of IAA from indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld). Biochemical analysis and solving of the 1.9 Å resolution x-ray crystal structure reveal key features of AldA for IAA synthesis, including the molecular basis of substrate specificity. Disruption of aldA and a close homolog, aldB, lead to reduced IAA production in culture and reduced virulence on A. thaliana. We use these mutants to explore the mechanism by which pathogen-derived auxin contributes to virulence and show that IAA produced by DC3000 suppresses salicylic acid-mediated defenses in A. thaliana. Thus, auxin is a DC3000 virulence factor that promotes pathogenicity by suppressing host defenses. Pathogens have evolved multiple strategies for suppressing host defenses and modulating host physiology to promote colonization and disease development. For example, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae uses several strategies to the manipulate hormone signaling of its hosts, including production of virulence factors that alter hormone responses in and synthesis of plant hormones or hormone mimics. Synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a common form of the plant hormone auxin, by many plant pathogens has been implicated in virulence. However, the role of pathogen-derived IAA during pathogenesis by leaf spotting pathogens such as P. syringae strain DC3000 is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that P. syringae strain DC3000 uses a previously uncharacterized biochemical pathway to synthesize IAA, catalyzed by a novel aldehyde dehydrogenase, AldA, and carry out biochemical and structural studies of the AldA protein to investigate AldA activity and substrate specificity. We also generate an aldA mutant disrupted in IAA synthesis to show that IAA is a DC3000 virulence factor that promotes pathogenesis by suppressing host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A. McClerklin
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Harper
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ron Nwumeh
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Barbara N. Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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133
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Alarcón-Poblete E, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Alberdi M, Rengel Z, Reyes-Díaz M. Molecular regulation of aluminum resistance and sulfur nutrition during root growth. PLANTA 2018; 247:27-39. [PMID: 29119269 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity and sulfate deprivation both regulate microRNA395 expression, repressing its low-affinity sulfate transporter ( SULTR2;1 ) target. Sulfate deprivation also induces the high-affinity sulfate transporter gene ( SULTR12 ), allowing enhanced sulfate uptake. Few studies about the relationships between sulfate, a plant nutrient, and aluminum, a toxic ion, are available; hence, the molecular and physiological processes underpinning this interaction are poorly understood. The Al-sulfate interaction occurs in acidic soils, whereby relatively high concentrations of trivalent toxic aluminum (Al3+) may hamper root growth, limiting uptake of nutrients, including sulfur (S). On the other side, Al3+ may be detoxified by complexation with sulfate in the acid soil solution as well as in the root-cell vacuoles. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the mechanisms governing plant responses to Al toxicity and its relationship with sulfur nutrition, emphasizing the role of phytohormones, microRNAs, and ion transporters in higher plants. It is known that Al3+ disturbs gene expression and enzymes involved in biosynthesis of S-containing cysteine in root cells. On the other hand, Al3+ may induce ethylene biosynthesis, enhance reactive oxygen species production, alter phytohormone transport, trigger root growth inhibition and promote sulfate uptake under S deficiency. MicroRNA395, regulated by both Al toxicity and sulfate deprivation, represses its low-affinity Sulfate Transporter 2;1 (SULTR2;1) target. In addition, sulfate deprivation induces High Affinity Sulfate Transporters (HAST; SULTR1;2), improving sulfate uptake from low-sulfate soil solutions. Identification of new microRNAs and cloning of their target genes are necessary for a better understanding of the role of molecular regulation of plant resistance to Al stress and sulfate deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Alarcón-Poblete
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, P.O. Box 56-D, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaría, Universidad Católica de Temuco, P.O. Box 56-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Miren Alberdi
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
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134
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Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. The role of plant hormones during grafting. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:49-58. [PMID: 29181647 PMCID: PMC5762790 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plant tissues together through a process known as grafting. By creating a chimeric organism, desirable properties from two plants combine to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, vigour or facilitate the asexual propagation of plants. In addition, grafting has been extremely informative in science for studying and identifying the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its increasing use in horticulture and science, how plants undertake the process of grafting remains elusive. Here, we discuss specifically the role of eight major plant hormones during the wound healing and vascular formation process, two phenomena involved in grafting. We furthermore present the roles of these hormones during graft formation and highlight knowledge gaps and future areas of interest for the field of grafting biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden.
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135
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Olatunji D, Geelen D, Verstraeten I. Control of Endogenous Auxin Levels in Plant Root Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2587. [PMID: 29194427 PMCID: PMC5751190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the different biosynthesis-related pathways that contribute to the regulation of endogenous auxin in plants. We demonstrate that all known genes involved in auxin biosynthesis also have a role in root formation, from the initiation of a root meristem during embryogenesis to the generation of a functional root system with a primary root, secondary lateral root branches and adventitious roots. Furthermore, the versatile adaptation of root development in response to environmental challenges is mediated by both local and distant control of auxin biosynthesis. In conclusion, auxin homeostasis mediated by spatial and temporal regulation of auxin biosynthesis plays a central role in determining root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Olatunji
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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136
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Mravec J, Kračun SK, Zemlyanskaya E, Rydahl MG, Guo X, Pičmanová M, Sørensen KK, Růžička K, Willats WGT. Click chemistry-based tracking reveals putative cell wall-located auxin binding sites in expanding cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15988. [PMID: 29167548 PMCID: PMC5700113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key plant regulatory molecule, which acts upon a plethora of cellular processes, including those related to cell differentiation and elongation. Despite the stunning progress in all disciplines of auxin research, the mechanisms of auxin-mediated rapid promotion of cell expansion and underlying rearrangement of cell wall components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the limitations of current methodologies for probing auxin. Here we describe a click chemistry-based approach, using an azido derivative of indole-3-propionic acid. This compound is as an active auxin analogue, which can be tagged in situ. Using this new tool, we demonstrate the existence of putative auxin binding sites in the cell walls of expanding/elongating cells. These binding sites are of protein nature but are distinct from those provided by the extensively studied AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1). Using immunohistochemistry, we have shown the apoplastic presence of endogenous auxin epitopes recognised by an anti-IAA antibody. Our results are intriguingly in line with previous observations suggesting some transcription-independent (non-genomic) activity of auxin in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | | | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kamil Růžička
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague, Czechia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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137
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Li H, Wang B, Zhang Q, Wang J, King GJ, Liu K. Genome-wide analysis of the auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family in allotetraploid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:204. [PMID: 29145811 PMCID: PMC5691854 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin/Indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) genes participate in the auxin signaling pathway and play key roles in plant growth and development. Although the Aux/IAA gene family has been identified in many plants, within allotetraploid Brassica napus little is known. RESULTS In this study, a total of 119 Aux/IAA genes were found in the genome of B. napus. They were distributed non-randomly across all 19 chromosomes and other non-anchored random scaffolds, with a symmetric distribution in the A and C subgenomes. Evolutionary and comparative analysis revealed that 111 (94.1%) B. napus Aux/IAA genes were multiplied due to ancestral Brassica genome triplication and recent allotetraploidy from B. rapa and B. oleracea. Phylogenetic analysis indicated seven subgroups containing 29 orthologous gene sets and two Brassica-specific gene sets. Structures of genes and proteins varied across different genes but were conserved among homologous genes in B. napus. Furthermore, analysis of transcriptional profiles revealed that the expression patterns of Aux/IAA genes in B. napus were tissue dependent. Auxin-responsive elements tend to be distributed in the proximal region of promoters, and are significantly associated with early exogenous auxin up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Members of the Aux/IAA gene family were identified and analyzed comprehensively in the allotetraploid B. napus genome. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of diversification of the Aux/IAA gene family and will facilitate further dissection of Aux/IAA gene function in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Graham J. King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480 Australia
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Retzer K, Lacek J, Skokan R, Del Genio CI, Vosolsobě S, Laňková M, Malínská K, Konstantinova N, Zažímalová E, Napier RM, Petrášek J, Luschnig C. Evolutionary Conserved Cysteines Function as cis-Acting Regulators of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED 2 Distribution. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2274. [PMID: 29109378 PMCID: PMC5713244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of plant development requires modulation of growth responses that are under control of the phytohormone auxin. PIN-FORMED plasma membrane proteins, involved in intercellular transport of the growth regulator, are key to the transmission of such auxin signals and subject to multilevel surveillance mechanisms, including reversible post-translational modifications. Apart from well-studied PIN protein modifications, namely phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, no further post-translational modifications have been described so far. Here, we focused on root-specific Arabidopsis PIN2 and explored functional implications of two evolutionary conserved cysteines, by a combination of in silico and molecular approaches. PIN2 sequence alignments and modeling predictions indicated that both cysteines are facing the cytoplasm and therefore would be accessible to redox status-controlled modifications. Notably, mutant pin2C-A alleles retained functionality, demonstrated by their ability to almost completely rescue defects of a pin2 null allele, whereas high resolution analysis of pin2C-A localization revealed increased intracellular accumulation, and altered protein distribution within plasma membrane micro-domains. The observed effects of cysteine replacements on root growth and PIN2 localization are consistent with a model in which redox status-dependent cysteine modifications participate in the regulation of PIN2 mobility, thereby fine-tuning polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Skokan
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Charo I Del Genio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Nataliia Konstantinova
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard M Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
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139
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Busatto N, Salvagnin U, Resentini F, Quaresimin S, Navazio L, Marin O, Pellegrini M, Costa F, Mierke DF, Trainotti L. The Peach RGF/GLV Signaling Peptide pCTG134 Is Involved in a Regulatory Circuit That Sustains Auxin and Ethylene Actions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1711. [PMID: 29075273 PMCID: PMC5641559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants the cell-to-cell interactions coordinating morphogenetic and physiological processes are mediated, among others, by the action of hormones, among which also short mobile peptides were recognized to have roles as signals. Such peptide hormones (PHs) are involved in defense responses, shoot and root growth, meristem homeostasis, organ abscission, nutrient signaling, hormone crosstalk and other developmental processes and act as both short and long distant ligands. In this work, the function of CTG134, a peach gene encoding a ROOT GROWTH FACTOR/GOLVEN-like PH expressed in mesocarp at the onset of ripening, was investigated for its role in mediating an auxin-ethylene crosstalk. In peach fruit, where an auxin-ethylene crosstalk mechanism is necessary to support climacteric ethylene synthesis, CTG134 expression peaked before that of ACS1 and was induced by auxin and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, whereas it was minimally affected by ethylene. In addition, the promoter of CTG134 fused with the GUS reporter highlighted activity in plant parts in which the auxin-ethylene interplay is known to occur. Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing CTG134 showed abnormal root hair growth, similar to wild-type plants treated with a synthetic form of the sulfated peptide. Moreover, in tobacco, lateral root emergence and capsule size were also affected. In Arabidopsis overexpressing lines, molecular surveys demonstrated an impaired hormonal crosstalk, resulting in a re-modulated expression of a set of genes involved in both ethylene and auxin synthesis, transport and perception. These data support the role of pCTG134 as a mediator in an auxin-ethylene regulatory circuit and open the possibility to exploit this class of ligands for the rational design of new and environmental friendly agrochemicals able to cope with a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Busatto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Genomics and Crop Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pellegrini
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Department of Genomics and Crop Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Dale F. Mierke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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140
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Wu W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li H, Liu J, Tan J, He J, Bai J, Ma H. Evolution Analysis of the Aux/IAA Gene Family in Plants Shows Dual Origins and Variable Nuclear Localization Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2107. [PMID: 28991190 PMCID: PMC5666789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays pivotal roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family encodes short-lived nuclear proteins acting on auxin perception and signaling, but the evolutionary history of this gene family remains to be elucidated. In this study, the Aux/IAA gene family in 17 plant species covering all major lineages of plants is identified and analyzed by using multiple bioinformatics methods. A total of 434 Aux/IAA genes was found among these plant species, and the gene copy number ranges from three (Physcomitrella patens) to 63 (Glycine max). The phylogenetic analysis shows that the canonical Aux/IAA proteins can be generally divided into five major clades, and the origin of Aux/IAA proteins could be traced back to the common ancestor of land plants and green algae. Many truncated Aux/IAA proteins were found, and some of these truncated Aux/IAA proteins may be generated from the C-terminal truncation of auxin response factor (ARF) proteins. Our results indicate that tandem and segmental duplications play dominant roles for the expansion of the Aux/IAA gene family mainly under purifying selection. The putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in Aux/IAA proteins are conservative, and two kinds of new primordial bipartite NLSs in P. patens and Selaginella moellendorffii were discovered. Our findings not only give insights into the origin and expansion of the Aux/IAA gene family, but also provide a basis for understanding their functions during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Yaxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Yuqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jiadai He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China.
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141
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Wright RC, Zahler ML, Gerben SR, Nemhauser JL. Insights into the Evolution and Function of Auxin Signaling F-Box Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Through Synthetic Analysis of Natural Variants. Genetics 2017; 207:583-591. [PMID: 28760746 PMCID: PMC5629325 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of complex body plans in land plants has been paralleled by gene duplication and divergence within nuclear auxin-signaling networks. A deep mechanistic understanding of auxin signaling proteins therefore may allow rational engineering of novel plant architectures. Toward that end, we analyzed natural variation in the auxin receptor F-box family of wild accessions of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana and used this information to populate a structure/function map. We employed a synthetic assay to identify natural hypermorphic F-box variants and then assayed auxin-associated phenotypes in accessions expressing these variants. To more directly measure the impact of the strongest variant in our synthetic assay on auxin sensitivity, we generated transgenic plants expressing this allele. Together, our findings link evolved sequence variation to altered molecular performance and auxin sensitivity. This approach demonstrates the potential for combining synthetic biology approaches with quantitative phenotypes to harness the wealth of available sequence information and guide future engineering efforts of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clay Wright
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800
| | - Mollye L Zahler
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800
| | - Stacey R Gerben
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800
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142
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Enders TA, Frick EM, Strader LC. An Arabidopsis kinase cascade influences auxin-responsive cell expansion. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:68-81. [PMID: 28710770 PMCID: PMC5605409 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades are conserved mechanisms of signal transduction across eukaryotes. Despite the importance of MPK proteins in signaling events, specific roles for many Arabidopsis MPK proteins remain unknown. Multiple studies have suggested roles for MPK signaling in a variety of auxin-related processes. To identify MPK proteins with roles in auxin response, we screened mpk insertional alleles and identified mpk1-1 as a mutant that displays hypersensitivity in auxin-responsive cell expansion assays. Further, mutants defective in the upstream MAP kinase kinase MKK3 also display hypersensitivity in auxin-responsive cell expansion assays, suggesting that this MPK cascade affects auxin-influenced cell expansion. We found that MPK1 interacts with and phosphorylates ROP BINDING PROTEIN KINASE 1 (RBK1), a protein kinase that interacts with members of the Rho-like GTPases from Plants (ROP) small GTPase family. Similar to mpk1-1 and mkk3-1 mutants, rbk1 insertional mutants display auxin hypersensitivity, consistent with a possible role for RBK1 downstream of MPK1 in influencing auxin-responsive cell expansion. We found that RBK1 directly phosphorylates ROP4 and ROP6, supporting the possibility that RBK1 effects on auxin-responsive cell expansion are mediated through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of ROP activity. Our data suggest a MKK3 • MPK1 • RBK1 phosphorylation cascade that may provide a dynamic module for altering cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia C. Strader
- Correspondence: Lucia Strader (), Department of Biology; Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive; St. Louis, MO 63130; USA, Phone: 314-935-3298, Fax: 314-935-4432
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143
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Saini K, AbdElgawad H, Markakis MN, Schoenaers S, Asard H, Prinsen E, Beemster GTS, Vissenberg K. Perturbation of Auxin Homeostasis and Signaling by PINOID Overexpression Induces Stress Responses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1308. [PMID: 28824662 PMCID: PMC5539238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Under normal and stress conditions plant growth require a complex interplay between phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, details of the nature of this crosstalk remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that PINOID (PID), a serine threonine kinase of the AGC kinase family, perturbs auxin homeostasis, which in turn modulates rosette growth and induces stress responses in Arabidopsis plants. Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants with altered PID expression were used to study the effect on auxin levels and stress-related responses. In the leaves of plants with ectopic PID expression an accumulation of auxin, oxidative burst and disruption of hormonal balance was apparent. Furthermore, PID overexpression led to the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, while pid knockout mutants showed only moderate changes in stress-related metabolites. These physiological changes in the plants overexpressing PID modulated their response toward external drought and osmotic stress treatments when compared to the wild type. Based on the morphological, transcriptome, and metabolite results, we propose that perturbations in the auxin hormone levels caused by PID overexpression, along with other hormones and ROS downstream, cause antioxidant accumulation and modify growth and stress responses in Arabidopsis. Our data provide further proof for a strong correlation between auxin and stress biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Saini
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni Suef, Egypt
| | - Marios N. Markakis
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Plant and Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, Technological Educational Institute of Crete: University of Applied SciencesHeraklion, Greece
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144
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Simonini S, Bencivenga S, Trick M, Østergaard L. Auxin-Induced Modulation of ETTIN Activity Orchestrates Gene Expression in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1864-1882. [PMID: 28804059 PMCID: PMC5590509 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin governs crucial developmental decisions throughout the plant life cycle. Auxin signaling is effectuated by auxin response factors (ARFs) whose activity is repressed by Aux/IAA proteins under low auxin levels, but relieved from repression when cellular auxin concentrations increase. ARF3/ETTIN (ETT) is a conserved noncanonical Arabidopsis thaliana ARF that adopts an alternative auxin-sensing mode of translating auxin levels into multiple transcriptional outcomes. However, a mechanistic model for how this auxin-dependent modulation of ETT activity regulates gene expression has not yet been elucidated. Here, we take a genome-wide approach to show how ETT controls developmental processes in the Arabidopsis shoot through its auxin-sensing property. Moreover, analysis of direct ETT targets suggests that ETT functions as a central node in coordinating auxin dynamics and plant development and reveals tight feedback regulation at both the transcriptional and protein-interaction levels. Finally, we present an example to demonstrate how auxin sensitivity of ETT-protein interactions can shape the composition of downstream transcriptomes to ensure specific developmental outcomes. These results show that direct effects of auxin on protein factors, such as ETT-TF complexes, comprise an important part of auxin biology and likely contribute to the vast number of biological processes affected by this simple molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonini
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Bencivenga
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and System Biology Department, John Innes Centre, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
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145
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Auxin steers root cell expansion via apoplastic pH regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4884-E4893. [PMID: 28559333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are embedded within cell walls, which provide structural integrity, but also spatially constrain cells, and must therefore be modified to allow cellular expansion. The long-standing acid growth theory postulates that auxin triggers apoplast acidification, thereby activating cell wall-loosening enzymes that enable cell expansion in shoots. Interestingly, this model remains heavily debated in roots, because of both the complex role of auxin in plant development as well as technical limitations in investigating apoplastic pH at cellular resolution. Here, we introduce 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) as a suitable fluorescent pH indicator for assessing apoplastic pH, and thus acid growth, at a cellular resolution in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Using HPTS, we demonstrate that cell wall acidification triggers cellular expansion, which is correlated with a preceding increase of auxin signaling. Reduction in auxin levels, perception, or signaling abolishes both the extracellular acidification and cellular expansion. These findings jointly suggest that endogenous auxin controls apoplastic acidification and the onset of cellular elongation in roots. In contrast, an endogenous or exogenous increase in auxin levels induces a transient alkalinization of the extracellular matrix, reducing cellular elongation. The receptor-like kinase FERONIA is required for this physiological process, which affects cellular root expansion during the gravitropic response. These findings pinpoint a complex, presumably concentration-dependent role for auxin in apoplastic pH regulation, steering the rate of root cell expansion and gravitropic response.
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146
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Mettbach U, Strnad M, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Immunogold-EM analysis reveal brefeldin a-sensitive clusters of auxin in Arabidopsis root apex cells. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1327105. [PMID: 28702129 PMCID: PMC5501221 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1327105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogold electron microscopy (EM) study of Arabidopsis root apices analyzed using specific IAA antibody and high-pressure freeze fixation technique allowed, for the first time, vizualization of subcellular localization of IAA in cells assembled intactly within plant tissues. Our quantitative analysis reveals that there is considerable portion of IAA gold particles that clusters within vesicles and membraneous compartments in all root apex cells. There are clear tissue-specific and developmental differences of clustered IAA in root apices. These findings have significant consequences for our understanding of this small molecule which is controlling plant growth, development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - S. Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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147
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Huang J, Reichelt M, Chowdhury S, Hammerbacher A, Hartmann H. Increasing carbon availability stimulates growth and secondary metabolites via modulation of phytohormones in winter wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1251-1263. [PMID: 28159987 PMCID: PMC5444446 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in plant acclimation to changes in environmental conditions. However, their role in whole-plant regulation of growth and secondary metabolite production under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) is uncertain but crucially important for understanding plant responses to abiotic stresses. We grew winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) under three [CO2] (170, 390, and 680 ppm) over 10 weeks, and measured gas exchange, relative growth rate (RGR), soluble sugars, secondary metabolites, and phytohormones including abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) at the whole-plant level. Our results show that, at the whole-plant level, RGR positively correlated with IAA but not ABA, and secondary metabolites positively correlated with JA and JA-Ile but not SA. Moreover, soluble sugars positively correlated with IAA and JA but not ABA and SA. We conclude that increasing carbon availability stimulates growth and production of secondary metabolites via up-regulation of auxin and jasmonate levels, probably in response to sugar-mediated signalling. Future low [CO2] studies should address the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaf ABA and SA biosynthesis, and at the transcriptional level should focus on biosynthetic and, in particular, on responsive genes involved in [CO2]-induced hormonal signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Somak Chowdhury
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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148
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Spartz AK, Lor VS, Ren H, Olszewski NE, Miller ND, Wu G, Spalding EP, Gray WM. Constitutive Expression of Arabidopsis SMALL AUXIN UP RNA19 (SAUR19) in Tomato Confers Auxin-Independent Hypocotyl Elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1453-1462. [PMID: 27999086 PMCID: PMC5291034 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or auxin) mediates the elongation growth of shoot tissues by promoting cell expansion. According to the acid growth theory proposed in the 1970s, auxin activates plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) to facilitate cell expansion by both loosening the cell wall through acidification and promoting solute uptake. Mechanistically, however, this process is poorly understood. Recent findings in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have demonstrated that auxin-induced SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) genes promote elongation growth and play a key role in PM H+-ATPase activation by inhibiting PP2C.D family protein phosphatases. Here, we extend these findings by demonstrating that SAUR proteins also inhibit tomato PP2C.D family phosphatases and that AtSAUR19 overexpression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) confers the same suite of phenotypes as previously reported for Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we employ a custom image-based method for measuring hypocotyl segment elongation with high resolution and a method for measuring cell wall mechanical properties, to add mechanistic details to the emerging description of auxin-mediated cell expansion. We find that constitutive expression of GFP-AtSAUR19 bypasses the normal requirement of auxin for elongation growth by increasing the mechanical extensibility of excised hypocotyl segments. In contrast, hypocotyl segments overexpressing a PP2C.D phosphatase are specifically impaired in auxin-mediated elongation. The time courses of auxin-induced SAUR expression and auxin-dependent elongation growth were closely correlated. These findings indicate that induction of SAUR expression is sufficient to elicit auxin-mediated expansion growth by activating PM H+-ATPases to facilitate apoplast acidification and mechanical wall loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Spartz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Vai S Lor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Neil E Olszewski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Nathan D Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Guosheng Wu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.K.S., V.S.L., H.R., N.E.O., W.M.G.); and
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (N.D.M., G.W., E.P.S.)
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Chebli Y, Geitmann A. Cellular growth in plants requires regulation of cell wall biochemistry. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 44:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Su Y, Luo W, Chen X, Liu H, Hu Y, Lin W, Xiao L. Auxin Extraction and Purification Based on Recombinant Aux/IAA Proteins. Biol Proced Online 2017; 19:1. [PMID: 28100961 PMCID: PMC5237334 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-016-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) extraction and purification are of great importance in auxin research, which is a hot topic in the plant growth and development field. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is frequently used for IAA extraction and purification. However, no IAA-specific SPE columns are commercially available at the moment. Therefore, the development of IAA-specific recognition materials and IAA extraction and purification methods will help researchers meet the need for more precise analytical methods for research on phytohormones. RESULTS Since the AUXIN RESISTANT/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE (Aux/IAA) proteins show higher specific binding capability with auxin, recombinant IAA1, IAA7 and IAA28 proteins were used as sorbents to develop an IAA extraction and purification method. A GST tag was used to solidify the recombinant protein in a column. Aux/IAA proteins solidified in a column have successfully trapped trace IAA in aqueous solutions. The IAA7 protein showed higher IAA binding capability than the other proteins tested. In addition, expression of the IAA7 protein in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells produced better levels of binding than IAA7 expressed in E. coli. CONCLUSION This work validated the potential of Aux/IAA proteins to extract and purify IAA from crude plant extracts once we refined the techniques for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Weigui Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqing Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanhuang Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China ; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China ; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
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