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Abstract
The engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, a process referred to as efferocytosis, is essential for maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and a prerequisite for the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils are the predominant circulating white blood cell in humans, and contain an arsenal of toxic substances that kill and degrade microbes. Neutrophils are short-lived and spontaneously die by apoptosis. This review will highlight how the engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils by human phagocytes occurs, how heterogeneity of phagocyte populations influences efferocytosis signaling, and downstream consequences of efferocytosis. The efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages promotes anti-inflammatory signaling, prevents neutrophil lysis, and dampens immune responses. Given the immunomodulatory properties of efferocytosis, understanding pathways that regulate and enhance efferocytosis could be harnessed to combat infection and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallary C Greenlee-Wacker
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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102
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Guerra FE, Borgogna TR, Patel DM, Sward EW, Voyich JM. Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:286. [PMID: 28713774 PMCID: PMC5491559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection, neutrophils engage and expose invading microorganisms to antimicrobial peptides and proteins, as well as reactive oxygen species, as part of their bactericidal arsenal. Ideally, neutrophils ingest bacteria to prevent damage to surrounding cells and tissues, kill invading microorganisms with antimicrobial mechanisms, undergo programmed cell death to minimize inflammation, and are cleared away by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium that is a common commensal and causes a wide range of diseases from skin infections to endocarditis. Since its discovery, S. aureus has been a formidable neutrophil foe that has challenged the efficacy of this professional assassin. Indeed, proper clearance of S. aureus by neutrophils is essential to positive infection outcome, and S. aureus has developed mechanisms to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we will review mechanisms used by S. aureus to modulate and evade neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms including priming, activation, chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, and resolution of infection. We will also highlight how S. aureus uses sensory/regulatory systems to tailor production of virulence factors specifically to the triggering signal, e.g., neutrophils and defensins. To conclude, we will provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that may potentially enhance neutrophil antimicrobial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermin E Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy R Borgogna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Delisha M Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Eli W Sward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jovanka M Voyich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
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103
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Martin C, Ohayon D, Alkan M, Mocek J, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Candalh C, Thevenot G, Millet A, Tamassia N, Cassatella MA, Thieblemont N, Burgel PR, Witko-Sarsat V. Neutrophil-Expressed p21/waf1 Favors Inflammation Resolution in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:740-50. [PMID: 26517580 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0047oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-associated inflammation during Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is a determinant of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). Neutrophil apoptosis is a key factor in inflammation resolution and is controlled by cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). p21/Waf1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is a partner of PCNA, and its mRNA is up-regulated in human neutrophils during LPS challenge. We show here that, after 7 days of persistent infection with P. aeruginosa, neutrophilic inflammation was more prominent in p21(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, no intrinsic defect in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages was found in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. Inflammatory cell analysis in peritoneal lavages after zymosan-induced peritonitis showed a significantly increased number of neutrophils at 48 hours in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. In vitro analysis was consistent with delayed neutrophil apoptosis in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. Ectopic expression of p21/waf1 in neutrophil-differentiated PLB985 cells potentiated apoptosis and reversed the prosurvival effect of PCNA. In human neutrophils, p21 messenger RNA was induced by TNF-α, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and LPS. Neutrophils isolated from patients with CF showed enhanced survival, which was reduced after treatment with a carboxy-peptide derived from the sequence of p21/waf1. Notably, p21/waf1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in neutrophils within lungs from patients with CF. Our data reveal a novel role for p21/waf1 in the resolution of inflammation via its ability to control neutrophil apoptosis. This mechanism may be relevant in the neutrophil-dominated inflammation observed in CF and other chronic inflammatory lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Martin
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,2 Department of Pneumology, Cochin Hospital, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Manal Alkan
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Julie Mocek
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Magali Pederzoli-Ribeil
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Céline Candalh
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Guiti Thevenot
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Millet
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- 6 Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,2 Department of Pneumology, Cochin Hospital, France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
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104
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. Bifunctional antimicrobial conjugates and hybrid antimicrobials. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:832-885. [PMID: 28530279 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2016Novel antimicrobial drugs are continuously needed to counteract bacterial resistance development. An innovative molecular design strategy for novel antibiotic drugs is based on the hybridization of an antibiotic with a second functional entity. Such conjugates can be grouped into two major categories. In the first category (antimicrobial hybrids), both functional elements of the hybrid exert antimicrobial activity. Due to the dual targeting, resistance development can be significantly impaired, the pharmacokinetic properties can be superior compared to combination therapies with the single antibiotics, and the antibacterial potency is often enhanced in a synergistic manner. In the second category (antimicrobial conjugates), one functional moiety controls the accumulation of the other part of the conjugate, e.g. by mediating an active transport into the bacterial cell or blocking the efflux. This approach is mostly applied to translocate compounds across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria through membrane-embedded transporters (e.g. siderophore transporters) that provide nutrition and signalling compounds to the cell. Such 'Trojan Horse' approaches can expand the antibacterial activity of compounds against Gram-negative pathogens, or offer new options for natural products that could not be developed as standalone antibiotics, e.g. due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klahn
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - M Brönstrup
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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105
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Lysis of human neutrophils by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Blood 2017; 129:3237-3244. [PMID: 28473408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-766253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) causes infections associated with extensive tissue damage and necrosis. In vitro, human neutrophils fed CA-MRSA lyse by an unknown mechanism that is inhibited by necrostatin-1, an allosteric inhibitor of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK-1). RIPK-1 figures prominently in necroptosis, a specific form of programmed cell death dependent on RIPK-1, RIPK-3, and the mixed-lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). We previously reported that necrostatin-1 inhibits lysis of human neutrophils fed CA-MRSA and attributed the process to necroptosis. We now extend our studies to examine additional components in the programmed cell death pathway to test the hypothesis that neutrophils fed CA-MRSA undergo necroptosis. Lysis of neutrophils fed CA-MRSA was independent of tumor necrosis factor α, active RIPK-1, and MLKL, but dependent on active RIPK-3. Human neutrophils fed CA-MRSA lacked phosphorylated RIPK-1, as well as phosphorylated or oligomerized MLKL. Neutrophils fed CA-MRSA possessed cytoplasmic complexes that included inactive caspase 8, RIPK-1, and RIPK-3, and the composition of the complex remained stable over time. Together, these data suggest that neutrophils fed CA-MRSA underwent a novel form of lytic programmed cell death via a mechanism that required RIPK-3 activity, but not active RIPK-1 or MLKL, and therefore was distinct from necroptosis. Targeting the molecular pathways that culminate in lysis of neutrophils during CA-MRSA infection may serve as a novel therapeutic intervention to limit the associated tissue damage.
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106
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Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Influence of Microbes on Neutrophil Life and Death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:159. [PMID: 28507953 PMCID: PMC5410578 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and they are among the first white cells recruited to infected tissues. These leukocytes are essential for the innate immune response to bacteria and fungi. Inasmuch as neutrophils produce or contain potent microbicides that can be toxic to the host, neutrophil turnover and homeostasis is a highly regulated process that prevents unintended host tissue damage. Indeed, constitutive neutrophil apoptosis and subsequent removal of these cells by mononuclear phagocytes is a primary means by which neutrophil homeostasis is maintained in healthy individuals. Processes that alter normal neutrophil turnover and removal of effete cells can lead to host tissue damage and disease. The interaction of neutrophils with microbes and molecules produced by microbes often alters neutrophil turnover. The ability of microbes to alter the fate of neutrophils is highly varied, can be microbe-specific, and ranges from prolonging the neutrophil lifespan to causing rapid neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis. Here we provide a brief overview of these processes and their associated impact on innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
| | - Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
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107
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Assis LM, Nedeljković M, Dessen A. New strategies for targeting and treatment of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 31:1-14. [PMID: 28867240 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacterial infection in humans, and has been notoriously able to acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics. An example is methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which despite having been initially associated with clinical settings, now is one of the key causative agents of community-acquired infections. Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus involves mechanisms ranging from drug efflux to increased expression or mutation of target proteins, and this has required innovative approaches to develop novel treatment methodologies. This review provides an overview of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance developed by S. aureus, and describes the emerging alternatives being sought to circumvent infection and proliferation, including new generations of classic antibiotics, synergistic approaches, antibodies, and targeting of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mayrink Assis
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Nedeljković
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - A Dessen
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38044 Grenoble, France.
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108
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent studies that describe novel inflammatory and signaling mechanisms that regulate macrophage death in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Macrophages contribute to all stages of atherosclerosis. The traditional dogma states that in homeostatic conditions, macrophages undergo apoptosis and are efficiently phagocytosed to be cleared by a process called efferocytosis. In advanced atherosclerosis, however, defective efferocytosis results in secondary necrosis of these uncleared apoptotic cells, which ultimately contributes to the formation of the characteristic necrotic core and the vulnerable plaque. Here, we outline the different types of lesional macrophage death: apoptosis, autophagic and the newly defined necroptosis (i.e. a type of programmed necrosis). Recent discoveries demonstrate that macrophage necroptosis directly contributes to necrotic core formation and plaque instability. Further, promoting the resolution of inflammation using preresolving mediators has been shown to enhance efferocytosis and decrease plaque vulnerability. Finally, the canonical 'don't eat me' signal CD47 has recently been described as playing an important role in atherosclerotic lesion progression by impairing efficient efferocytosis. Although we have made significant strides in improving our understanding of cell death and clearance mechanisms in atherosclerosis, there still remains unanswered questions as to how these pathways can be harnessed using therapeutics to promote lesion regression and disease stability. SUMMARY Improving our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate macrophage death in atherosclerosis, in particular apoptosis, necroptosis and efferocytosis, will provide novel therapeutic opportunities to resolve atherosclerosis and promote plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Correspondence to: Denuja Karunakaran, PhD or Katey J Rayner, PhD, Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7. ; or
| | - Denuja Karunakaran
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Correspondence to: Denuja Karunakaran, PhD or Katey J Rayner, PhD, Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7. ; or
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109
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Role of granule proteases in the life and death of neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:473-481. [PMID: 28212734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute a crucial component of the innate immune defenses against microbes. Produced in the bone marrow and patrolling in blood vessels, neutrophils are recruited to injured tissues and are immediately active to contain pathogen invasion. Neutrophils undergo programmed cell death by multiple, context-specific pathways, which have consequences on immunopathology and disease outcome. Studies in the last decade indicate additional functions for neutrophils - or a subset of neutrophils - in modulating adaptive responses and tumor progression. Neutrophil granules contain abundant amounts of various proteases, which are directly implicated in protective and pathogenic functions of neutrophils. It now emerges that neutral serine proteases such as cathepsin G and proteinase-3 also contribute to the neutrophil life cycle, but do so via different pathways than that of the aspartate protease cathepsin D and that of mutants of the serine protease elastase. The aim of this review is to appraise the present knowledge of the function of neutrophil granule proteases and their inhibitors in neutrophil cell death, and to integrate these findings in the current understandings of neutrophil life cycle and programmed cell death pathways.
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110
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Ahn D, Prince A. Participation of Necroptosis in the Host Response to Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:262-270. [PMID: 28125817 PMCID: PMC5413418 DOI: 10.1159/000455100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Common pulmonary pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the host-adapted pathogens responsible for health care-associated pneumonias, such as the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcecsens, are able to activate cell death through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL cascade that causes necroptosis. Necroptosis can influence the pathogenesis of pneumonia through several mechanisms. Activation of this pathway can result in the loss of specific types of immune cells, especially macrophages, and, in so doing, contribute to host pathology through the loss of their critical immunoregulatory functions. However, in other settings of infection, necroptosis promotes pathogen removal and the eradication of infected cells to control excessive proinflammatory signaling. Bacterial production of pore-forming toxins provides a common mechanism to activate necroptosis by diverse bacterial species, with variable consequences depending upon the specific pathogen. Included in this brief review are data demonstrating the ability of the carbapenem-resistant ST258 K. pneumoniae to activate necroptosis in the setting of pneumonia, which is counterbalanced by their suppression of CYLD expression. Exactly how necroptosis and other mechanisms of cell death are coregulated in the response to specific pulmonary pathogens remains a topic of active investigation, and it may provide potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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111
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Mariathasan S, Tan MW. Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates: A Novel Therapeutic Platform against Bacterial Infections. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:135-149. [PMID: 28126271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are potent components of the immune repertoire and have been successfully exploited to treat bacterial infections. Recently an antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) that combines key attributes of an antibody and antibiotic has been shown to be efficacious against Staphylococcus aureus infection. An AAC has three components: an antibiotic payload to kill bacteria, an antibody to target delivery of the payload to bacteria, and a linker attaching the payload to the antibody. With increasing understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of S. aureus, this article highlights how this knowledge has led to the design principles of an efficacious AAC, and discusses how the AAC platform could be translationally applied to treat other perilous infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Department of Late-Stage Oncology Biomarkers Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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112
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Serine-Aspartate Repeat Protein D Increases Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Survival in Blood. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00559-16. [PMID: 27795358 PMCID: PMC5203653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses a panel of cell wall-anchored adhesins, including proteins belonging to the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family, exemplified by the serine-aspartate repeat protein D (SdrD), which serve key roles in colonization and infection. Deletion of sdrD from S. aureus subsp. aureus strain NCTC8325-4 attenuated bacterial survival in human whole blood ex vivo, which was associated with increased killing by human neutrophils. Remarkably, SdrD was able to inhibit innate immune-mediated bacterial killing independently of other S. aureus proteins, since addition of recombinant SdrD protein and heterologous expression of SdrD in Lactococcus lactis promoted bacterial survival in human blood. SdrD contributes to bacterial virulence in vivo, since fewer S. aureus subsp. aureus NCTC8325-4 ΔsdrD bacteria than bacteria of the parent strain were recovered from blood and several organs using a murine intravenous infection model. Collectively, our findings reveal a new property of SdrD as an important key contributor to S. aureus survival and the ability to escape the innate immune system in blood.
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113
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Margaroli C, Tirouvanziam R. Neutrophil plasticity enables the development of pathological microenvironments: implications for cystic fibrosis airway disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:38. [PMID: 27868161 PMCID: PMC5136534 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathological course of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, features an aberrant innate immune response dominated by neutrophils. In cystic fibrosis, neutrophil burden and activity of neutrophil elastase in the extracellular fluid have been identified as strong predictors of lung disease severity. REVIEW Although neutrophils are generally considered to be rigid, pre-programmed effector leukocytes, recent studies suggest extensive plasticity in how neutrophil functions unfold upon recruitment to peripheral tissues, and how they choose their ultimate fate. Indeed, upon migration to cystic fibrosis airways, neutrophils display dysregulated lifespan, metabolic activation, and altered effector and regulatory functions, consistent with profound adaptation and phenotypic reprogramming. Licensed by signals present in cystic fibrosis airway microenvironment to survive and develop these novel functions, neutrophils orchestrate, in partnership with the epithelium and with the resident microbiota, the evolution of a pathological microenvironment. This microenvironment is defined by altered proteolytic, redox, and metabolic balance and the presence of stable luminal structures in which neutrophils and microbes coexist. CONCLUSIONS The elucidation of molecular mechanisms driving neutrophil plasticity in vivo will open new treatment opportunities designed to modulate, rather than block, the crucial adaptive functions fulfilled by neutrophils. This review aims to outline emerging mechanisms of neutrophil plasticity and their participation in the building of pathological microenvironments in the context of cystic fibrosis and other diseases with similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory + Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Dr NE, Rm 344, Atlanta, GA, 30322-1014, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory + Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Dr NE, Rm 344, Atlanta, GA, 30322-1014, USA.
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Kim GL, Choi SY, Seon SH, Lee S, Park SS, Song JY, Briles DE, Rhee DK. Pneumococcal pep27 mutant immunization stimulates cytokine secretion and confers long-term immunity with a wide range of protection, including against non-typeable strains. Vaccine 2016; 34:6481-6492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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115
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Chen Q, Chen J, Chen J, Lu XJ. Molecular and functional characterization of liver X receptor in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis: Regulator of inflammation and efferocytosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:358-368. [PMID: 27539204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are modulators of metabolic processes and inflammation in mammals as nuclear receptors. However, the precise function of LXR in teleosts remains unclear. Here, we characterized a LXR gene (PaLXR) from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. The PaLXR transcript was expressed widely in all tissues studied, and changes in expression were observed in tissues and monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ) upon infection with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. PaLXR activation decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-10 upon E. ictaluri infection, while their expression was increased following the knockdown of PaLXR by siRNA. Moreover, E. ictaluri infection induced the apoptosis of ayu neutrophils and PaLXR activation enhanced the internalization of E. ictaluri-infected apoptotic neutrophils by MO/MΦ (efferocytosis), while PaLXR knockdown led to decreased efferocytosis. Furthermore, PaLXR activation inhibited intracellular bacterial survival during efferocytosis, while PaLXR knockdown enhanced survival. In conclusion, our results indicate that PaLXR plays a role in the modulation of innate immune responses in ayu MO/MФ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; The Donghai Sea Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Upgrading Mariculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; The Donghai Sea Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Upgrading Mariculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; The Donghai Sea Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Upgrading Mariculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Peruń A, Biedroń R, Konopiński MK, Białecka A, Marcinkiewicz J, Józefowski S. Phagocytosis of live versus killed or fluorescently labeled bacteria by macrophages differ in both magnitude and receptor specificity. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:424-435. [PMID: 27826145 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor (SR)-mediated opsonin-independent phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages has been suggested to represent an important, early mechanism of anti-bacterial host defense. However, although the ability to bind bacteria has been demonstrated to be a shared feature of all types of SRs, in many cases the evidence is limited to the demonstration of increased binding of killed, fluorescently labeled bacteria to non-phagocytic cells transfected with these receptors. We sought to verify the ability of SRs to mediate non-opsonic phagocytosis of live Escherichia coli (Ec) and Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), model species of Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, respectively, and to assess the relative contributions of different SRs expressed on murine macrophages in this process. We found that the class A SR SR-A/CD204 was the major receptor mediating phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Sa, whereas different SRs had highly redundant roles in the phagocytosis of live Sa. Conversely, different SRs contributed to the phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Ec. In comparison, phagocytosis of live Ec was of much lower magnitude and was selectively mediated by SR-A. These results question the use of fluorescently labeled bacteria as valid replacements for live bacteria. The low magnitude of opsonin-independent phagocytosis of Ec and unimpaired phagocytosis of Sa in SR-A- or CD36-deficient macrophages indicate that the defect in this process might not be responsible for the reported impaired bacteria clearance in mice deficient in these receptors. We postulate that this impairment might result to a larger extent from inhibition of intracellular bacteria killing caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced in excessive amounts by SR-deficient cells in response to bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Peruń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafał Biedroń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej K Konopiński
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Białecka
- Centre of Microbiological Research and Autovaccines, Cracow, Poland
| | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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117
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Ohayon D, De Chiara A, Chapuis N, Candalh C, Mocek J, Ribeil JA, Haddaoui L, Ifrah N, Hermine O, Bouillaud F, Frachet P, Bouscary D, Witko-Sarsat V. Cytoplasmic proliferating cell nuclear antigen connects glycolysis and cell survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35561. [PMID: 27759041 PMCID: PMC5069676 DOI: 10.1038/srep35561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a scaffolding protein involved in DNA replication, has been described as a key element in survival of mature neutrophil granulocytes, which are non-proliferating cells. Herein, we demonstrated an active export of PCNA involved in cell survival and chemotherapy resistance. Notably, daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cells (HL-60R) have a prominent cytosolic PCNA localization due to increased nuclear export compared to daunorubicin-sensitive HL-60 cells (HL-60S). By interacting with nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a protein involved in NAD biosynthesis, PCNA coordinates glycolysis and survival, especially in HL-60R cells. These cells showed a dramatic increase in intracellular NAD+ concentration as well as glycolysis including increased expression and activity of hexokinase 1 and increased lactate production. Furthermore, this functional activity of cytoplasmic PCNA was also demonstrated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our data uncover a novel pathway of nuclear export of PCNA that drives cell survival by increasing metabolism flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ohayon
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Alessia De Chiara
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Céline Candalh
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Julie Mocek
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Ribeil
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lamya Haddaoui
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France.,Hematology Department CHU &UMR INSERM U892/CNRS6299, Université d'Angers, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Necker Hospital Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France.,INSERM UMR1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Centre Etude Atomique, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Hematology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,FILO: French Innovative Leukemia Organization (GOELAMS), CHU Bretonneau, TOURS France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, France
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118
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Cohen TS, Jones-Nelson O, Hotz M, Cheng L, Miller LS, Suzich J, Stover CK, Sellman BR. S. aureus blocks efferocytosis of neutrophils by macrophages through the activity of its virulence factor alpha toxin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35466. [PMID: 27739519 PMCID: PMC5064327 DOI: 10.1038/srep35466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, is associated with an influx of inflammatory neutrophils into the lung tissue and airways. Regulation and clearance of recruited neutrophils is essential for preventing tissue damage by “friendly fire”, a responsibility of macrophages in a process called efferocytosis. We hypothesized that S. aureus impairs efferocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AMs) through the activity of the secreted virulence factor alpha toxin (AT), which has been implicated in altering the antimicrobial function of AMs. Infection of mice lacking AMs resulted in significantly increased numbers of neutrophils in the lung, while clearance of neutrophils delivered intranasally into uninfected mice was reduced in AM depleted animals. In vitro, sublytic levels of AT impaired uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by purified AMs. In vivo, the presence of AT reduced uptake of neutrophils by AMs. Differential uptake of neutrophils was not due to changes in either the CD47/CD172 axis or CD36 levels. AT significantly reduced lung expression of CCN1 and altered AM surface localization of DD1α, two proteins known to influence efferocytosis. We conclude that AT may contribute to tissue damage during S. aureus pneumonia by inhibiting the ability of AM to clear neutrophils at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Cohen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Omari Jones-Nelson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Meghan Hotz
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lily Cheng
- Department of Translational Science, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21231, USA
| | - JoAnn Suzich
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - C Kendall Stover
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bret R Sellman
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, LLC One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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119
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Linton MF, Babaev VR, Huang J, Linton EF, Tao H, Yancey PG. Macrophage Apoptosis and Efferocytosis in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ J 2016; 80:2259-2268. [PMID: 27725526 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis and the ability of macrophages to clean up dead cells, a process called efferocytosis, are crucial determinants of atherosclerosis lesion progression and plaque stability. Environmental stressors initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Unresolved ER stress with activation of the UPR initiates apoptosis. Macrophages are resistant to apoptotic stimuli, because of activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Macrophages express 3 Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, which are products of distinct but homologous genes. Akt displays isoform-specific effects on atherogenesis, which vary with different vascular cell types. Loss of macrophage Akt2 promotes the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduces atherosclerosis. However, Akt isoforms are redundant with regard to apoptosis. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a pro-apoptotic effector of the UPR, and the JNK1 isoform opposes anti-apoptotic Akt signaling. Loss of JNK1 in hematopoietic cells protects macrophages from apoptosis and accelerates early atherosclerosis. IκB kinase α (IKKα, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family) plays an important role in mTORC2-mediated Akt signaling in macrophages, and IKKα deficiency reduces macrophage survival and suppresses early atherosclerosis. Efferocytosis involves the interaction of receptors, bridging molecules, and apoptotic cell ligands. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a critical mediator of macrophage efferocytosis via the Src/PI3K/Rac1 pathway in atherosclerosis. Agonists that resolve inflammation offer promising therapeutic potential to promote efferocytosis and prevent atherosclerotic clinical events. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2259-2268).
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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120
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Wang X, He Z, Liu H, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Neutrophil Necroptosis Is Triggered by Ligation of Adhesion Molecules following GM-CSF Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4090-4100. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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121
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Greenlee-Wacker MC, Nauseef WM. IFN-γ targets macrophage-mediated immune responses toward Staphylococcus aureus. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:751-758. [PMID: 27707882 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1215-565rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections, especially with Staphylococcus aureus (SA), commonly cause morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a condition characterized by a defective phagocyte oxidase. IFN-γ reduces the frequency and consequences of infection in CGD by mechanisms that remain unknown. As IFN-γ promotes bacterial killing, efferocytosis of effete polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and cytokine production in macrophages-the same macrophage effector functions that are impaired in response to SA-we hypothesized that IFN-γ may reverse these defects and thereby, augment macrophage control of SA during infection. IFN-γ primed activation of the NADPH oxidase in a time-dependent manner, enhanced killing of ingested SA independent of any effects on phagocytosis, and increased binding of SA-laden neutrophils (PMN-SA) to macrophages. However, IFN-γ did not increase the percentage of apoptotic PMN or PMN-SA internalized by macrophages. Under conditions in which viable SA were eliminated, PMN-SA primed the inflammasome for subsequent activation by silica but did not induce IL-1β production by macrophages. IFN-γ enhanced IL-6 production in response to SA or PMN-SA but did not increase inflammasome activation in response to either agonist. In summary, IFN-γ augmented direct killing of SA by macrophages, promoted engagement of PMN-SA, and enhanced macrophage-mediated cytokine responses that could collectively augment control of SA infection. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that IFN-γ improves responsiveness of macrophages to SA and provides insights into the mechanism of the clinical benefits of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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122
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Hill PB, Imai A. The immunopathogenesis of staphylococcal skin infections - A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:8-28. [PMID: 27865269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius are the major causes of bacterial skin disease in humans and dogs. These organisms can exist as commensals on the skin, but they can also cause severe or even devastating infections. The immune system has evolved mechanisms to deal with pathogenic microorganisms and has strategies to combat bacteria of this type. What emerges is a delicate "peace" between the opposing sides, but this balance can be disrupted leading to a full blown "war". In the ferocious battle that ensues, both sides attempt to get the upper hand, using strategies that are comparable to those used by modern day armies. In this review article, the complex interactions between the immune system and the organisms are described using such military analogies. The process is described in a sequential manner, starting with the invasion itself, and progressing to the eventual battlezone in which there are heavy casualties on both sides. By the end, the appearance of a simple pustule on the skin surface will take on a whole new meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Companion Animal Health Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy SA 5371, Australia.
| | - A Imai
- Dermatology resident, Synergy Animal General Hospital, 815 Kishigami Kawaguchi, Saitama, 333-0823, Japan
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123
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124
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Zhang L, Li D, Li X, Hu L, Cheng M, Xia F, Gong P, Wang B, Ge J, Zhang H, Cai R, Wang Y, Sun C, Feng X, Lei L, Han W, Gu J. LysGH15 kills Staphylococcus aureus without being affected by the humoral immune response or inducing inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29344. [PMID: 27385518 PMCID: PMC4935890 DOI: 10.1038/srep29344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysin LysGH15, derived from the staphylococcal phage GH15, exhibits a wide lytic spectrum and highly efficient lytic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here, we found that LysGH15 did not induce resistance in MRSA or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains after repeated treatment. Although LysGH15 triggered the generation of LysGH15-specific antibodies in mice, these antibodies did not block lytic activity in vitro (nor the binding capacity of LysGH15). More importantly, when the antibody titre was highest in mice immunized with LysGH15, a single intravenous injection of LysGH15 was sufficient to protect mice against lethal infection with MRSA. These results indicated that LysGH15-specific antibodies did not affect the killing efficiency of LysGH15 against MRSA in vitro or in vivo. LysGH15 also reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice with lethal infections. Furthermore, a high-dose LysGH15 injection did not cause significant adverse effects or pathological changes in the main organs of treated animals. These results provide further evidence for the administration of LysGH15 as an alternative strategy for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Mengjun Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Pengjuan Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Jinli Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Ruopeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
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125
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Malachowa N, Kobayashi SD, Quinn MT, DeLeo FR. NET Confusion. Front Immunol 2016; 7:259. [PMID: 27446089 PMCID: PMC4923183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are arguably the most important white blood cell for defense against bacterial and fungal infections. These leukocytes are produced in high numbers on a daily basis in humans and are recruited rapidly to injured/infected tissues. Phagocytosis and subsequent intraphagosomal killing and digestion of microbes have historically been the accepted means by which neutrophils carry out their role in innate host defense. Indeed, neutrophils contain and produce numerous cytotoxic molecules, including antimicrobial peptides, proteases, and reactive oxygen species, that are highly effective at killing the vast majority of ingested microbes. On the other hand, it is these characteristics - high numbers and toxicity - that endow neutrophils with the potential to injure and destroy host tissues. This potential is borne out by many inflammatory processes and diseases. Therefore, it is not surprising that host mechanisms exist to control virtually all steps in the neutrophil activation process and to prevent unintended neutrophil activation and/or lysis during the resolution of inflammatory responses or during steady-state turnover. The notion that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) form by cytolysis as a standard host defense mechanism seems inconsistent with these aforementioned neutrophil "containment" processes. It is with this caveat in mind that we provide perspective on the role of NETs in human host defense and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
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126
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Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for killing bacteria and other microorganisms, and they also have a significant role in regulating the inflammatory response. Stimulated neutrophils activate their NADPH oxidase (NOX2) to generate large amounts of superoxide, which acts as a precursor of hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species that are generated by their heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. When neutrophils engulf bacteria they enclose them in small vesicles (phagosomes) into which superoxide is released by activated NOX2 on the internalized neutrophil membrane. The superoxide dismutates to hydrogen peroxide, which is used by myeloperoxidase to generate other oxidants, including the highly microbicidal species hypochlorous acid. NOX activation occurs at other sites in the cell, where it is considered to have a regulatory function. Neutrophils also release oxidants, which can modify extracellular targets and affect the function of neighboring cells. We discuss the identity and chemical properties of the specific oxidants produced by neutrophils in different situations, and what is known about oxidative mechanisms of microbial killing, inflammatory tissue damage, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
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127
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McGuinness WA, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Evasion of Neutrophil Killing by Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2016; 5:E32. [PMID: 26999220 PMCID: PMC4810153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes many types of infections, ranging from self-resolving skin infections to severe or fatal pneumonia. Human innate immune cells, called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils), are essential for defense against S. aureus infections. Neutrophils are the most prominent cell type of the innate immune system and are capable of producing non-specific antimicrobial molecules that are effective at eliminating bacteria. Although significant progress has been made over the past few decades, our knowledge of S. aureus-host innate immune system interactions is incomplete. Most notably, S. aureus has the capacity to produce numerous molecules that are directed to protect the bacterium from neutrophils. Here we review in brief the role played by neutrophils in defense against S. aureus infection, and correspondingly, highlight selected S. aureus molecules that target key neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will A McGuinness
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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128
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Parker D, Ahn D, Cohen T, Prince A. Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:19-53. [PMID: 26582515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Taylor Cohen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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129
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Abstract
Upon entry to the systemic circulation, neutrophils exhibit a short mean time to cell death. The viability of most cell types in a steady state is preserved by the interplay of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, wherein the anti-apoptotic members inhibit the action of their pro-apoptotic counterparts. Neutrophils, however, display absent or severely reduced expression of several anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Hence, they rely on the expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, for survival. This protein is uniquely short-lived relative to related proteins and its loss likely precipitates the induction of apoptosis in neutrophils. This review describes the role of Mcl-1 in the neutrophil in the context of apoptosis and highlights the proteins' importance to the cell. We also address neutrophil apoptosis in the broader context of the cells' response to pathogens, focussing particularly on the strategies used by pathogens to manipulate the apoptotic pathway to their own ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Murphy
- Centre for Microbial-Host Interactions, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Old Blessington Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland,
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130
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Kobayashi SD, Porter AR, Dorward DW, Brinkworth AJ, Chen L, Kreiswirth BN, DeLeo FR. Phagocytosis and Killing of Carbapenem-Resistant ST258 Klebsiella pneumoniae by Human Neutrophils. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1615-22. [PMID: 26768252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains classified as multilocus sequence type 258 (ST258) are among the most widespread multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired pathogens. Treatment of infections caused by these organisms is difficult, and mortality is high. The basis for the success of ST258, outside of antibiotic resistance, remains incompletely determined. Here we tested the hypothesis that ST258K. pneumoniae has enhanced capacity to circumvent killing by human neutrophils, the primary cellular defense against bacterial infections. There was limited binding and uptake of ST258 by human neutrophils, and correspondingly, there was limited killing of bacteria. On the other hand, transmission electron microscopy revealed that any ingested organisms were degraded readily within neutrophil phagosomes, thus indicating that survival in the neutrophil assays is due to limited phagocytosis, rather than to microbicide resistance after uptake. Our findings suggest that enhancing neutrophil phagocytosis is a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of infection caused by carbapenem-resistant ST258K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | | | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark
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131
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Desai J, Kumar SV, Mulay SR, Konrad L, Romoli S, Schauer C, Herrmann M, Bilyy R, Müller S, Popper B, Nakazawa D, Weidenbusch M, Thomasova D, Krautwald S, Linkermann A, Anders HJ. PMA and crystal-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation involves RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL signaling. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:223-9. [PMID: 26531064 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation contributes to gout, autoimmune vasculitis, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. The outside-in signaling pathway triggering NET formation is unknown. Here, we show that the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1-stabilizers necrostatin-1 or necrostatin-1s and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-inhibitor necrosulfonamide prevent monosodium urate (MSU) crystal- or PMA-induced NET formation in human and mouse neutrophils. These compounds do not affect PMA- or urate crystal-induced production of ROS. Moreover, neutrophils of chronic granulomatous disease patients are shown to lack PMA-induced MLKL phosphorylation. Genetic deficiency of RIPK3 in mice prevents MSU crystal-induced NET formation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, neutrophil death and NET formation may involve the signaling pathway defining necroptosis downstream of ROS production. These data imply that RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL could represent molecular targets in gout or other crystallopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Santhosh V Kumar
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Konrad
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Romoli
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Susanna Müller
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Weidenbusch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana Thomasova
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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132
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Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, Staben L, Kajihara KK, Vandlen R, DePalatis L, Raab H, Hazenbos WL, Morisaki JH, Kim J, Park S, Darwish M, Lee BC, Hernandez H, Loyet KM, Lupardus P, Fong R, Yan D, Chalouni C, Luis E, Khalfin Y, Plise E, Cheong J, Lyssikatos JP, Strandh M, Koefoed K, Andersen PS, Flygare JA, Wah Tan M, Brown EJ, Mariathasan S. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26536114 DOI: 10.1038/nature16057.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be an extracellular pathogen. However, survival of S. aureus within host cells may provide a reservoir relatively protected from antibiotics, thus enabling long-term colonization of the host and explaining clinical failures and relapses after antibiotic therapy. Here we confirm that intracellular reservoirs of S. aureus in mice comprise a virulent subset of bacteria that can establish infection even in the presence of vancomycin, and we introduce a novel therapeutic that effectively kills intracellular S. aureus. This antibody-antibiotic conjugate consists of an anti-S. aureus antibody conjugated to a highly efficacious antibiotic that is activated only after it is released in the proteolytic environment of the phagolysosome. The antibody-antibiotic conjugate is superior to vancomycin for treatment of bacteraemia and provides direct evidence that intracellular S. aureus represents an important component of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Lehar
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Pillow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leanna Staben
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly K Kajihara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Helga Raab
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wouter L Hazenbos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - J Hiroshi Morisaki
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Summer Park
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Lupardus
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rina Fong
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Pathology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Luis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yana Khalfin
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joseph P Lyssikatos
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Magnus Strandh
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koefoed
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - John A Flygare
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Man Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Eric J Brown
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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133
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Immunomodulation and Disease Tolerance to Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2015; 4:793-815. [PMID: 26580658 PMCID: PMC4693165 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens that causes severe morbidity and mortality throughout the world. S. aureus can infect skin and soft tissues or become invasive leading to diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. In contrast, S. aureus is also a common commensal microbe and is often part of the human nasal microbiome without causing any apparent disease. In this review, we explore the immunomodulation and disease tolerance mechanisms that promote commensalism to S. aureus.
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134
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Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, Staben L, Kajihara KK, Vandlen R, DePalatis L, Raab H, Hazenbos WL, Morisaki JH, Kim J, Park S, Darwish M, Lee BC, Hernandez H, Loyet KM, Lupardus P, Fong R, Yan D, Chalouni C, Luis E, Khalfin Y, Plise E, Cheong J, Lyssikatos JP, Strandh M, Koefoed K, Andersen PS, Flygare JA, Wah Tan M, Brown EJ, Mariathasan S. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature 2015; 527:323-8. [PMID: 26536114 DOI: 10.1038/nature16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be an extracellular pathogen. However, survival of S. aureus within host cells may provide a reservoir relatively protected from antibiotics, thus enabling long-term colonization of the host and explaining clinical failures and relapses after antibiotic therapy. Here we confirm that intracellular reservoirs of S. aureus in mice comprise a virulent subset of bacteria that can establish infection even in the presence of vancomycin, and we introduce a novel therapeutic that effectively kills intracellular S. aureus. This antibody-antibiotic conjugate consists of an anti-S. aureus antibody conjugated to a highly efficacious antibiotic that is activated only after it is released in the proteolytic environment of the phagolysosome. The antibody-antibiotic conjugate is superior to vancomycin for treatment of bacteraemia and provides direct evidence that intracellular S. aureus represents an important component of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Lehar
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Pillow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leanna Staben
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly K Kajihara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Helga Raab
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wouter L Hazenbos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - J Hiroshi Morisaki
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Summer Park
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Lupardus
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rina Fong
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Pathology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Luis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yana Khalfin
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joseph P Lyssikatos
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Magnus Strandh
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koefoed
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - John A Flygare
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Man Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Eric J Brown
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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135
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Lämmermann T. In the eye of the neutrophil swarm-navigation signals that bring neutrophils together in inflamed and infected tissues. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 100:55-63. [PMID: 26416718 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr0915-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are sentinel cells that express in higher vertebrates >30 chemokine and chemoattractant receptors to sense and quickly react to tissue damage signals. Intravital microscopy studies in mouse models of wounding, inflammation, and infection have revealed that neutrophils form cell swarms at local sites of tissue injury and cell death. This swarming response is choreographed by chemokines, lipids, and other chemoattractants, controlling sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis, intercellular signal relay, and cluster formation among neutrophils. This review will give a brief overview about the basic principles and key molecules that have led to the refined multistep model of how neutrophils come together to isolate sites of tissue injury and microbial invasion from healthy tissue. Whereas auto- and paracrine signaling among neutrophils during later phases of swarming can provide a level of self-organization for robust navigation in diverse inflammatory settings, guidance factors from primary tissue lesions, resident bystander cells, and dying cells regulate the initial phases of the swarming response. This review will discuss how the specific environmental context and mixture of attractants at the locally inflamed site can lead to variants of the multistep attraction model and influence the extent of neutrophil swarming, ranging from accumulations of only few individual cells to the aggregation of several hundreds of neutrophils, as found in abscesses. Given the critical roles of neutrophils in both host protection and tissue destruction, novel insights on neutrophil swarming might provide useful for the therapeutic modulation of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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136
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Methicillin-resistant strains of the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus pose a significant public health threat in the community, as they are easily transmitted, especially prone to cause invasive disease, and infect otherwise healthy individuals. The mechanistic basis for the ability of these organisms to evade the innate immune responses remains incompletely defined. RECENT FINDINGS The success of pathogens such as S. aureus rests, in part, on their capacity to overcome neutrophil-mediated host defense to establish infection and cause human disease. S. aureus has the potential to thwart effective neutrophil chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, and succeeds in evading killing by neutrophils. Furthermore, S. aureus surviving within neutrophils promotes neutrophil cytolysis, with release of host-derived molecules that promote local inflammation. Here, we provide a brief overview of our understanding of the mechanisms by which S. aureus - including methicillin-resistant S. aureus - avoids neutrophil-mediated host defense and causes disease. SUMMARY Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which S. aureus avoids neutrophil-mediated responses and initiates signaling cascades that culminate in neutrophil lysis will provide insights prerequisite to the development of novel targets for treating staphylococcal infections.
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137
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Activation and function of murine primary microglia in the absence of the prion protein. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:25-32. [PMID: 26298321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP(C)) is predominantly expressed in the nervous and immune systems and is involved in relevant cell signaling. Microglia participate in neuroimmune interactions, and their regulatory mechanisms are critical for both health and disease. Despite recent reports with a microglial cell line, little is known about the relevance of PrP(C) in brain microglia. We investigated the role of PrP(C) in mouse primary microglia, and found no differences between wild type and Prnp-null cells in cell morphology or the expression of a microglial marker. Translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus also did not differ, nor did cytokine production. The levels of iNOS were also similar and, finally, microglia of either genotype showed no differences in either rates of phagocytosis or migration, even following activation. Thus, functional roles of PrP(C) in primary microglial cells are - if present - much more subtle than in transformed microglial cell lines.
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138
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Kitur K, Parker D, Nieto P, Ahn DS, Cohen TS, Chung S, Wachtel S, Bueno S, Prince A. Toxin-induced necroptosis is a major mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus lung damage. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004820. [PMID: 25880560 PMCID: PMC4399879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strains cause a highly inflammatory necrotizing pneumonia. The virulence of this strain has been attributed to its expression of multiple toxins that have diverse targets including ADAM10, NLRP3 and CD11b. We demonstrate that induction of necroptosis through RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling is a major consequence of S. aureus toxin production. Cytotoxicity could be prevented by inhibiting either RIP1 or MLKL signaling and S. aureus mutants lacking agr, hla or Hla pore formation, lukAB or psms were deficient in inducing cell death in human and murine immune cells. Toxin-associated pore formation was essential, as cell death was blocked by exogenous K+ or dextran. MLKL inhibition also blocked caspase-1 and IL-1β production, suggesting a link to the inflammasome. Rip3-/- mice exhibited significantly improved staphylococcal clearance and retained an alveolar macrophage population with CD200R and CD206 markers in the setting of acute infection, suggesting increased susceptibility of these leukocytes to necroptosis. The importance of this anti-inflammatory signaling was indicated by the correlation between improved outcome and significantly decreased expression of KC, IL-6, TNF, IL-1α and IL-1β in infected mice. These findings indicate that toxin-induced necroptosis is a major cause of lung pathology in S. aureus pneumonia and suggest the possibility of targeting components of this signaling pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) cause a highly inflammatory pneumonia associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Much of this lung destruction is attributed to toxins that target specific receptors on human and murine cells. We demonstrate that the α-hemolysin (Hla) and other agr-regulated toxins activate RIP1/RIP3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis and IL-1β expression, through a mechanism that involves MLKL pore-formation and inflammasome activation. Cell death can be inhibited by osmoprotectants and K+ repletion. Necroptosis results in alveolar macrophage depletion and loss of anti-inflammatory signaling. Rip3-/- mice maintain significantly greater numbers of alveolar macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes, CD206+ and CD200R+; decreased proinflammatory cytokine production; and improved SA clearance. Necroptosis represents a common mechanism of pulmonary damage activated by multiple SA toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipyegon Kitur
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela Nieto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danielle S. Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wachtel
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Bueno
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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139
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Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1518-27. [PMID: 25749135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes many types of human infections and syndromes-most notably skin and soft tissue infections. Abscesses are a frequent manifestation of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections and are formed, in part, to contain the nidus of infection. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are the primary cellular host defense against S. aureus infections and a major component of S. aureus abscesses. These host cells contain and produce many antimicrobial agents that are effective at killing bacteria, but can also cause non-specific damage to host tissues and contribute to the formation of abscesses. By comparison, S. aureus produces several molecules that also contribute to the formation of abscesses. Such molecules include those that recruit neutrophils, cause host cell lysis, and are involved in the formation of the fibrin capsule surrounding the abscess. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms and processes underlying the formation of S. aureus abscesses, including the involvement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and provide a brief overview of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
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140
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Zurek OW, Pallister KB, Voyich JM. Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits Neutrophil-derived IL-8 to Promote Cell Death. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:934-8. [PMID: 25722299 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While Staphylococcus aureus accelerates human neutrophil cell death, the underlying host- and pathogen-derived mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Previous studies demonstrated that the S. aureus SaeR/S sensory system is essential for pathogen survival following neutrophil phagocytosis. Herein, we demonstrate that the SaeR/S system promoted accelerated cell death, suppressed phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB, and reduced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in human neutrophils. Treatment of neutrophils with recombinant IL-8 significantly reduced bacterial burden and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which S. aureus suppresses the early neutrophil-derived IL-8 response to disrupt cell fate and promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia W Zurek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Kyler B Pallister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Jovanka M Voyich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman
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141
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ω-Hydroxyemodin limits staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing-mediated pathogenesis and inflammation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2223-35. [PMID: 25645827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04564-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a global health threat. Small molecules that inhibit bacterial virulence have been suggested as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antibiotics, as they may limit pathogenesis and increase bacterial susceptibility to host killing. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of invasive skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in both the hospital and community settings, and it is also becoming increasingly antibiotic resistant. Quorum sensing (QS) mediated by the accessory gene regulator (agr) controls virulence factor production essential for causing SSTIs. We recently identified ω-hydroxyemodin (OHM), a polyhydroxyanthraquinone isolated from solid-phase cultures of Penicillium restrictum, as a suppressor of QS and a compound sought for the further characterization of the mechanism of action. At concentrations that are nontoxic to eukaryotic cells and subinhibitory to bacterial growth, OHM prevented agr signaling by all four S. aureus agr alleles. OHM inhibited QS by direct binding to AgrA, the response regulator encoded by the agr operon, preventing the interaction of AgrA with the agr P2 promoter. Importantly, OHM was efficacious in a mouse model of S. aureus SSTI. Decreased dermonecrosis with OHM treatment was associated with enhanced bacterial clearance and reductions in inflammatory cytokine transcription and expression at the site of infection. Furthermore, OHM treatment enhanced the immune cell killing of S. aureus in vitro in an agr-dependent manner. These data suggest that bacterial disarmament through the suppression of S. aureus QS may bolster the host innate immune response and limit inflammation.
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143
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Liu L, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Wang L, Yuan G, Asim M, Wang W, Zeng L, Liu X, Lin L. Oligochitosan stimulated phagocytic activity of macrophages from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) associated with respiratory burst coupled with nitric oxide production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:17-24. [PMID: 24968077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulating effects of oligochitosan have been proven in several fish, however, the mechanisms underlying the stimulation are not characterized. In the present study, the effects of oligochitosan were investigated using macrophages isolated from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). The results showed that the phagocytic activity of the macrophages was enhanced by the addition of oligochitosan in vitro and in vivo. The two of the most important antimicrobial pathways of macrophages, NADPH oxidase and iNOS pathways were included for further studies. The amounts of superoxide anion and the mRNAs of the five subunits of NADPH oxidase genes were significantly enhanced in the oligochitosan-treated macrophages and macrophages isolated from fish fed with feed containing oligochitosan. In addition, the NO production, iNOS activity and iNOS gene expression were all significantly increased in the presence of oligochitosan. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β were also significantly increased in the macrophages derived from fish fed with oligochitosan. In conclusion, the stimulation effects of oligochitosan on the phagocytic activity of the fish macrophages were associated with respiratory burst coupled with nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Pathology, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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144
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Yeaman MR, Filler SG, Schmidt CS, Ibrahim AS, Edwards JE, Hennessey JP. Applying Convergent Immunity to Innovative Vaccines Targeting Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25309545 PMCID: PMC4176462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent perspectives forecast a new paradigm for future “third generation” vaccines based on commonalities found in diverse pathogens or convergent immune defenses to such pathogens. For Staphylococcus aureus, recurring infections and a limited success of vaccines containing S. aureus antigens imply that native antigens induce immune responses insufficient for optimal efficacy. These perspectives exemplify the need to apply novel vaccine strategies to high-priority pathogens. One such approach can be termed convergent immunity, where antigens from non-target organisms that contain epitope homologs found in the target organism are applied in vaccines. This approach aims to evoke atypical immune defenses via synergistic processes that (1) afford protective efficacy; (2) target an epitope from one organism that contributes to protective immunity against another; (3) cross-protect against multiple pathogens occupying a common anatomic or immunological niche; and/or (4) overcome immune subversion or avoidance strategies of target pathogens. Thus, convergent immunity has a potential to promote protective efficacy not usually elicited by native antigens from a target pathogen. Variations of this concept have been mainstays in the history of viral and bacterial vaccine development. A more far-reaching example is the pre-clinical evidence that specific fungal antigens can induce cross-kingdom protection against bacterial pathogens. This trans-kingdom protection has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies of the recombinant Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein (rAls3) where it was shown that a vaccine containing rAls3 provides homologous protection against C. albicans, heterologous protection against several other Candida species, and convergent protection against several strains of S. aureus. Convergent immunity reflects an intriguing new approach to designing and developing vaccine antigens and is considered here in the context of vaccines to target S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | | | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - John E Edwards
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
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145
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Nauseef WM, Borregaard N. Neutrophils at work. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:602-11. [PMID: 24940954 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we discuss data demonstrating recently recognized aspects of neutrophil homeostasis in the steady state, granulopoiesis in 'emergency' conditions and interactions of neutrophils with the adaptive immune system. We explore in vivo observations of the recruitment of neutrophils from blood to tissues in models of blood-borne infections versus bacterial invasion through epithelial linings. We examine data on novel aspects of the activation of NADPH oxidase and the heterogeneity of phagosomes and, finally, consider the importance of two neutrophil-derived biological agents: neutrophil extracellular traps and ectosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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146
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Abstract
It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are highly versatile and sophisticated cells that display de novo synthetic capacity and may greatly extend their lifespan. In addition, concepts such as "neutrophil heterogeneity" and "neutrophil plasticity" have started to emerge, implying that, under pathological conditions, neutrophils may differentiate into discrete subsets defined by distinct phenotypic and functional profiles. A number of studies have shown that neutrophils act as effectors in both innate and adaptive immunoregulatory networks. In fact, once recruited into inflamed tissues, neutrophils engage into complex bidirectional interactions with macrophages, natural killer, dendritic and mesenchymal stem cells, B and T lymphocytes, or platelets. As a result of this cross-talk, mediated either by contact-dependent mechanisms or cell-derived soluble factors, neutrophils and target cells reciprocally modulate their survival and activation status. Altogether, these novel aspects of neutrophil biology have shed new light not only on the potential complex roles that neutrophils play during inflammation and immune responses, but also in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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