101
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Lorè NI, Bragonzi A, Cigana C. The IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in pulmonary defence and immunopathology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:19-27. [PMID: 27033174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-17A/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) axis is emerging as a key player in host defence. Several studies have demonstrated that IL-17A-mediated responses play a critical role in both acute and chronic inflammation induced by infectious agents, environmental stimuli and genetic diseases in the airways. In this regard, it is becoming evident that IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling may have a protective and beneficial impact on health, but that it can also result in detrimental outcomes. On one hand, the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis can contribute to the elimination of noxious stimuli and to the resolution of acute inflammatory processes; on the other hand, it can exacerbate immunopathological responses, contributing to the development and progression of chronic respiratory illnesses. In addition, cellular and molecular signatures underlying IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling have been increasingly identified, although further studies are needed to clarify such complex responses. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries on the role of the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in driving host pulmonary defence and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ivan Lorè
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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102
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Orosz L, Papanicolaou EG, Seprényi G, Megyeri K. IL-17A and IL-17F induce autophagy in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 77:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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103
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Regulation of Interleukin-17 Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:139-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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The IL17F and IL17RA Genetic Variants Increase Risk of Cerebral Malaria in Two African Populations. Infect Immun 2015; 84:590-7. [PMID: 26667835 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00671-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum that is partly caused by cytokine-mediated inflammation. It is not known whether interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokines, which regulate inflammation, control the development of CM. To evaluate the involvement of IL-17 cytokines in CM, we analyzed 46 common polymorphisms in IL17A, IL17F, and IL17RA (which encodes the common receptor chain of the members of the IL-17 family) in two independent African populations. A case-control study involving 115 Nigerian children with CM and 160 controls from the community (CC) showed that IL17F reference single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 6913472 (rs6913472) (P = 0.004; odds ratio [OR] = 3.12), IL17F rs4715291 (P = 0.004; OR = 2.82), IL17RA rs12159217 (P = 0.01; OR = 2.27), and IL17RA rs41396547 (P = 0.026; OR = 3.15) were independently associated with CM. A replication study was performed in 240 nuclear Malian family trios (two parents with one CM child). We replicated the association for 3 SNPs, IL17F rs6913472 (P = 0.03; OR = 1.39), IL17RA rs12159217 (P = 0.01; OR = 1.52), and IL17RA rs41396547 (P = 0.04; OR = 3.50). We also found that one additional SNP, IL17RA rs41433045, in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs41396547, was associated with CM in both Nigeria and Mali (P = 0.002; OR = 4.12 in the combined sample). We excluded the possibility that SNPs outside IL17F and IL17RA, in strong LD with the associated SNPs, could account for the observed associations. Furthermore, the results of a functional study indicated that the aggravating GA genotype of IL17F rs6913472 was associated with lower IL-17F concentrations. Our findings show for the first time that IL17F and IL17RA polymorphisms modulate susceptibility to CM and provide evidence that IL-17F protects against CM.
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105
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Karin N, Wildbaum G, Thelen M. Biased signaling pathways via CXCR3 control the development and function of CD4+ T cell subsets. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:857-62. [PMID: 26657511 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0915-441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally related chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) regulate cell trafficking through interactions with 7-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors. Biased signaling or functional selectivity is a concept that describes a situation where a 7-transmembrane domain receptor preferentially activates one of several available cellular signaling pathways. It can be divided into 3 distinct cases: ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue or cell bias. Many studies, including those coming from our lab, have shown that only a limited number of chemokines are key drivers of inflammation. We have referred to them as "driver chemokines." They include the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, the CCR2 ligand CCL2, all 3 CCR5 ligands, and the CCR9 ligand CCL25. As for CXCR3, despite the proinflammatory nature of CXCL10 and CXCL9, transgenic mice lacking CXCR3 display an aggravated manifestation of different autoimmune disease, including Type I diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recently, we showed that whereas CXCL9 and CXCL10 induce effector Th1/Th17 cells to promote inflammation, CXCL11, with a relatively higher binding affinity to CXCR3, drives the development of the forkhead box P3-negative IL-10(high) T regulatory 1 cell subset and hence, dampens inflammation. We also showed that CXCL9/CXCL10 activates a different signaling cascade than CXCL11, despite binding to the same receptor, CXCR3, which results in these diverse biologic activities. This provides new evidence for the role of biased signaling in regulating biologic activities, in which CXCL11 induces ligand bias at CXCR3 and receptor-biased signaling via atypical chemokine receptor 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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106
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Han Q, Das S, Hirano M, Holland SJ, McCurley N, Guo P, Rosenberg CS, Boehm T, Cooper MD. Characterization of Lamprey IL-17 Family Members and Their Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5440-51. [PMID: 26491201 PMCID: PMC4655163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is an ancient cytokine implicated in a variety of immune defense reactions. We identified five members of the sea lamprey IL-17 family (IL-17D.1, IL-17D.2, IL-17E, IL-17B, and IL-17C) and six IL-17R genes (IL-17RA.1, IL-17RA.2, IL-17RA.3, IL-17RF, IL-17RE/RC, and IL-17RD), determined their relationship with mammalian orthologs, and examined their expression patterns and potential interactions to explore their roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The most highly expressed IL-17 family member is IL-17D.1 (mammalian IL-17D like), which was found to be preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of skin, intestine, and gills and by the two types of lamprey T-like cells. IL-17D.1 binding to rIL-17RA.1 and to the surface of IL-17RA.1-expressing B-like cells and monocytes of lamprey larvae was demonstrated, and treatment of lamprey blood cells with rIL-17D.1 protein enhanced transcription of genes expressed by the B-like cells. These findings suggest a potential role for IL-17 in coordinating the interactions between T-like cells and other cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Peng Guo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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107
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Glial influences on BBB functions and molecular players in immune cell trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:472-82. [PMID: 26454208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes an elaborate structure formed by specialized capillary endothelial cells, which together with pericytes and perivascular glial cells regulates the exchanges between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Intricate interactions between the different cellular constituents of the BBB are crucial in establishing a functional BBB and maintaining the delicate homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes and microglia in inducing and maintaining barrier properties under physiological conditions as well as their involvement during neuroinflammatory pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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108
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The role of chemokines in adjusting the balance between CD4+ effector T cell subsets and FOXp3-negative regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:829-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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109
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Sharma J, Balakrishnan L, Datta KK, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Khan AA, Sahu A, Singhal A, Getnet D, Raju R, Chatterjee A, Gowda H, Keshava Prasad TS, Shankar S, Pandey A. A knowledgebase resource for interleukin-17 family mediated signaling. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:291-6. [PMID: 26077014 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) belongs to a relatively new family of cytokines that has garnered attention as the signature cytokine of Th17 cells. This cytokine family consists of 6 ligands, which bind to 5 receptor subtypes and induce downstream signaling. Although the receptors are ubiquitously expressed, cellular responses to ligands vary across tissues. The cytokine family is associated with various autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and psoriasis in addition to being implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. In addition, this family plays a role in host defense against bacterial and fungal infections. The signaling mechanisms of the IL-17 family of proinflammatory cytokines are not well explored. In this study, we present a resource of literature-annotated reactions induced by IL-17. The reactions are catalogued under 5 categories, namely; molecular association, catalysis, transport, activation/inhibition and gene regulation. A total of 93 molecules and 122 reactions have been annotated. The IL-17 pathway is freely available through NetPath, a resource of signal transduction pathways previously developed by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | | | - Aafaque Ahmad Khan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Apeksha Sahu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Anish Singhal
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India. .,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, 575001, India.
| | - Derese Getnet
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Computational Biology Group, Cancer Research Program-9, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Kerala, 695014, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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110
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Therapeutic Potential of IL-17-Mediated Signaling Pathway in Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:436450. [PMID: 26146463 PMCID: PMC4471389 DOI: 10.1155/2015/436450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that various cytokines and tissue microenvironments contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity, and IL-17 family is one of highlights acknowledged. Although the implication of IL-17 family in most common autoimmune diseases (such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis) has been extensively characterized, the role of this critical family in pathophysiology of autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) still needs to be clarified. In the review, we look into the intriguing biology of IL-17 family and further dissect on the intricate role of IL-17-mediated pathway in AILD. Considering encouraging data from preclinical and clinical trials, IL-17 targeted therapy has shown promises in several certain autoimmune conditions. However, blocking IL-17-mediated pathway is just beginning, and more fully investigation and reflection are required. Taking together, targeting IL-17-mediated responses may open up new areas of potential clinical treatment for AILD.
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111
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Konya C, Paz Z, Apostolidis SA, Tsokos GC. Update on the role of Interleukin 17 in rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Cytokine 2015; 75:207-15. [PMID: 26028353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells when in the presence of a distinct set of cytokines and other cells. Preclinical and clinical studies have assigned a role to IL-17 in tissue inflammation and damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies blocking the action of IL-17 have already been approved to treat patients with psoriasis and it is expected that they may also benefit patients with other rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Konya
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Ziv Paz
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - George C Tsokos
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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112
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Raychaudhuri SK, Saxena A, Raychaudhuri SP. Role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:1019-23. [PMID: 25939522 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a discrete subset of T cell subpopulation, which produce IL-17 and certain other pro-inflammatory cytokines. A regulatory role of Th17 cells have been proposed in several autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Psoriatic disease is an autoimmune disease which mainly involves skin and joints. Until recently, psoriasis and PsA were thought to be Th1 mediated disease, but after the discovery of IL-17 and IL-17 knockout animal studies as well as human experimental data indicate a crucial role of the Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA. Our research group have not only found abundance of CD4(+)IL-17(+) T cells, mainly the memory phenotype (CD4RO(+)CD45RA(-)CD11a(+)) in the synovial fluid, but also have shown the existence of a functional IL-17 receptor in synovial fibroblast of psoriatic arthritis patients. Similarly, both animal and human studies indicate a regulatory role of the Th17 cells in AS; most critical observations are that Th17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-22) can contribute to bone erosion, osteitis and new bone formation the hall mark skeletal features associated with the pathophysiology of AS. In this review article, we have discussed the contributing role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in the pathogenesis of PsA and AS.
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113
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Ling Y, Cypowyj S, Aytekin C, Galicchio M, Camcioglu Y, Nepesov S, Ikinciogullari A, Dogu F, Belkadi A, Levy R, Migaud M, Boisson B, Bolze A, Itan Y, Goudin N, Cottineau J, Picard C, Abel L, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Puel A. Inherited IL-17RC deficiency in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:619-31. [PMID: 25918342 PMCID: PMC4419340 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive IL-17RA, IL-17RC, and ACT1 deficiencies and autosomal-dominant IL-17F deficiency in humans underlie susceptibility to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by recurrent or persistent infections of the skin, nail, oral, and genital mucosae with Candida species, mainly C. albicans. Autosomal-recessive (AR) IL-17RA and ACT1 deficiencies and autosomal-dominant IL-17F deficiency, each reported in a single kindred, underlie CMC in otherwise healthy patients. We report three patients from unrelated kindreds, aged 8, 12, and 37 yr with isolated CMC, who display AR IL-17RC deficiency. The patients are homozygous for different nonsense alleles that prevent the expression of IL-17RC on the cell surface. The defect is complete, abolishing cellular responses to IL-17A and IL-17F homo- and heterodimers. However, in contrast to what is observed for the IL-17RA– and ACT1-deficient patients tested, the response to IL-17E (IL-25) is maintained in these IL-17RC–deficient patients. These experiments of nature indicate that human IL-17RC is essential for mucocutaneous immunity to C. albicans but is otherwise largely redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ling
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Cypowyj
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Caner Aytekin
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, 06080 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Miguel Galicchio
- Victor J. Vilela Children's Hospital, Rosario, 2000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yildiz Camcioglu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Nepesov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydan Ikinciogullari
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Dogu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aziz Belkadi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alexandre Bolze
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France UMS24, Cell Imaging Platform, Federative Structure of Research (SFR), Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, and Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julien Cottineau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 UMS24, Cell Imaging Platform, Federative Structure of Research (SFR), Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, and Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 UMS24, Cell Imaging Platform, Federative Structure of Research (SFR), Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, and Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 UMS24, Cell Imaging Platform, Federative Structure of Research (SFR), Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, and Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, 75015 Paris, France Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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114
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Lin X, Lin Q, Ye JJ. Role of IL-17 in nucleus pulposus cell proliferation and metabolism cultured in vitro. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:41-7. [PMID: 25901923 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17) in human degenerative disc disease. METHODS Through magnetic resonance imaging, human degenerative disc tissues were confirmed from the isolated nucleus pulposus cells, which were then cultured in vitro. The cells were cultured with and without different concentrations of IL-17. 2 ng/mL, 5 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 15 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL IL-17 concentrations were used for stimulation. After 72 hours, the inhibition rate of proliferation was measured by MTS method. For 48 and 96 hours, the nucleus pulposus cells were cultured with and without the appropriate IL-17 concentrations. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the matrix macromolecules and degrading tissue genes were measured by Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS It was noted that nucleus pulposus cell proliferation was inhibited after culturing in vitro with IL-17 stimulation, and it was further observed that the inhibition effect was significantly stronger with 15 ng/mL IL-17 concentration. With the dosage of 15 ng/mL, IL-17 stimulation induced multiple cellular responses, such as the significant increase in mRNA expression for both aggrecan (ACAN) and type I collagen (COLLA1) genes (P<0.05), and the significant decrease in mRNA expression of both degrading tissue genes, MMP3 and TIMP3 (P<0.05). Western blot results also showed that the protein level of COL1A1 was significantly decreased (t=3.199, P=0.006), while the protein level of one peptidases (ADAMTS5) significantly increased (t=2.667, P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-17 can inhibit proliferation and affect the metabolism of the cultured nucleus pulposus cells in vitro, and these findings could possibly contribute to the degenerative changes that occur in DDD through extracellular matrix synthesis inhibition, promoting nucleus pulposus extracellular matrix degradation and disrupting the metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- Emergency Department, Affiliated First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jun-Jian Ye
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
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Reynolds JM, Lee YH, Shi Y, Wang X, Angkasekwinai P, Nallaparaju KC, Flaherty S, Chang SH, Watarai H, Dong C. Interleukin-17B Antagonizes Interleukin-25-Mediated Mucosal Inflammation. Immunity 2015; 42:692-703. [PMID: 25888259 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines has emerged as a critical player in inflammatory diseases. Among them, IL-25 has been shown to be important in allergic inflammation and protection against parasitic infection. Here we have demonstrated that IL-17B, a poorly understood cytokine, functions to inhibit IL-25-driven inflammation. IL-17B and IL-25, both binding to the interleukin-17 receptor B (IL-17RB), were upregulated in their expression after acute colonic inflammation. Individual inhibition of these cytokines revealed opposing functions in colon inflammation: IL-25 was pathogenic but IL-17B was protective. Similarly opposing phenotypes were observed in Citrobacter rodentium infection and allergic asthma. Moreover, IL-25 was found to promote IL-6 production from colon epithelial cells, which was inhibited by IL-17B. Therefore, our data demonstrate that IL-17B is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the IL-17 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kalyan C Nallaparaju
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Stephanie Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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116
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Conti HR, Whibley N, Coleman BM, Garg AV, Jaycox JR, Gaffen SL. Signaling through IL-17C/IL-17RE is dispensable for immunity to systemic, oral and cutaneous candidiasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122807. [PMID: 25849644 PMCID: PMC4388490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungal microbe of the human orogastrointestinal tract and skin. C. albicans causes multiple forms of disease in immunocompromised patients, including oral, vaginal, dermal and disseminated candidiasis. The cytokine IL-17 (IL-17A) and its receptor subunits, IL-17RA and IL-17RC, are required for protection to most forms of candidiasis. The importance of the IL-17R pathway has been observed not only in knockout mouse models, but also in humans with rare genetic mutations that impact generation of Th17 cells or the IL-17 signaling pathway, including Hyper-IgE Syndrome (STAT3 or TYK2 mutations) or IL17RA or ACT1 gene deficiency. The IL-17 family of cytokines is a distinct subclass of cytokines with unique structural and signaling properties. IL-17A is the best-characterized member of the IL-17 family to date, but far less is known about other IL-17-related cytokines. In this study, we sought to determine the role of a related IL-17 cytokine, IL-17C, in protection against oral, dermal and disseminated forms of C. albicans infection. IL-17C signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of the IL-17RA and IL-17RE subunits. We observed that IL-17C mRNA was induced following oral C. albicans infection. However, mice lacking IL-17C or IL-17RE cleared C. albicans infections in the oral mucosa, skin and bloodstream at rates similar to WT littermate controls. Moreover, these mice demonstrated similar gene transcription profiles and recovery kinetics as WT animals. These findings indicate that IL-17C and IL-17RE are dispensable for immunity to the forms of candidiasis evaluated, and illustrate a surprisingly limited specificity of the IL-17 family of cytokines with respect to systemic, oral and cutaneous Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Conti
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Natasha Whibley
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bianca M. Coleman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Abhishek V. Garg
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jillian R. Jaycox
- Carnegie Mellon University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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IL-17 and Its Receptor System: a New Target for Psoriatic Arthritis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-015-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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118
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Chandrakumar SF, Yeung J. Interleukin-17 antagonists in the treatment of psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:109-14. [PMID: 25775627 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2014.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder of unknown etiology. Interleukin (IL)-17a, a key product of the recently identified Th17 cell subset, has been found to play a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-17 antagonists are a new class of biological agent currently in development for psoriasis that selectively inhibit IL-17a activity. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the current efficacy data from phase II randomized controlled trials of the IL-17 antagonists brodalumab, ixekizumab, and secukinumab for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. CONCLUSION Patients treated with IL-17 antagonists achieved marked reduction in psoriasis disease severity as demonstrated by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 response rates. A sizable proportion of patients treated with brodalumab and ixekizumab achieved unprecedented clinical clearance of their psoriasis (PASI > 90). These encouraging results demonstrate the efficacy of these agents and validate the pro-inflammatory role of IL-17 in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Felicia Chandrakumar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Care, Women's College Hospital, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Jensen Yeung
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Care, Women's College Hospital, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON
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Busman-Sahay KO, Walrath T, Huber S, O'Connor W. Cytokine crowdsourcing: multicellular production of TH17-associated cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:499-510. [PMID: 25548251 PMCID: PMC5477895 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0814-386r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2 decades since its discovery, IL-17A has become appreciated for mounting robust, protective responses against bacterial and fungal pathogens. When improperly regulated, however, IL-17A can play a profoundly pathogenic role in perpetuating inflammation and has been linked to a wide variety of debilitating diseases. IL-17A is often present in a composite milieu that includes cytokines produced by TH17 cells (i.e., IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-26) or associated with other T cell lineages (e.g., IFN-γ). These combinatorial effects add mechanistic complexity and more importantly, contribute differentially to disease outcome. Whereas TH17 cells are among the best-understood cell types that secrete IL-17A, they are frequently neither the earliest nor dominant producers. Indeed, non-TH17 cell sources of IL-17A can dramatically alter the course and severity of inflammatory episodes. The dissection of the temporal regulation of TH17-associated cytokines and the resulting net signaling outcomes will be critical toward understanding the increasingly intricate role of IL-17A and TH17-associated cytokines in disease, informing our therapeutic decisions. Herein, we discuss important non-TH17 cell sources of IL-17A and other TH17-associated cytokines relevant to inflammatory events in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen O Busman-Sahay
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Travis Walrath
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William O'Connor
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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120
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Th17 differentiation and their pro-inflammation function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 841:99-151. [PMID: 25261206 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper cells are classical but constantly reinterpreted T-cell subset, playing critical roles in a diverse range of inflammatory responses or diseases. Depending on the cytokines they release and the immune responses they mediate, CD4(+) T cells are classically divided into two major cell populations: Th1 and Th2 cells. However, recent studies challenged this Th1/Th2 paradigm by discovering several T-helper cell subsets with specific differentiation program and functions, including Th17 cells, Treg cells, and Tfh cells. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding and recent progresses on the Th17 lineage differentiation and its effector impacts on variety of inflammatory responses or disease pathogenesis.
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121
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Abstract
: Interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) is responsible for both IL-17A and IL-25 (IL-17E) signaling pathways. Current evidences suggest distinct but interactive responses between IL-17A and IL-25 signaling, both of which are critical for intestinal immune homeostasis. IL-17RA is assumed to regulate this counterbalance and therefore becomes a crucial molecule in mucosal immunology. In this review, we will describe the structure of IL-17RA, compare IL-17A and IL-25 signaling pathways, and emphasize on the function of IL-17RA in intestinal inflammation and discuss current evidences of accomplished and ongoing clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting Th17 pathway, especially IL-17RA.
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122
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Interleukin-17 inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7554. [PMID: 25523081 PMCID: PMC4271266 DOI: 10.1038/srep07554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17(A) (IL-17) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that acts as a central regulator of inflammatory response within the brain, but its physiological roles under non-inflammatory conditions remain elusive. Here we report that endogenous IL-17 ablates neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus. Genetic deletion of IL-17 increased the number of adult-born neurons in the DG. Further, we found that IL-17 deletion altered cytokine network, facilitated basal excitatory synaptic transmission, enhanced intrinsic neuronal excitability, and increased expression of proneuronal genes in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs). Our findings suggest a profound role of IL-17 in the negative regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis under physiology conditions.
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123
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Halwani R, Al-Kufaidy R, Vazquez-Tello A, Pureza MA, BaHammam AS, Al-Jahdali H, Alnassar SA, Hamid Q, Al-Muhsen S. IL-17 Enhances Chemotaxis of Primary Human B Cells during Asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114604. [PMID: 25494178 PMCID: PMC4262428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory mediator that is believed to play a critical role in regulating tissue inflammation during asthma, COPD, as well as other inflammatory disorders. The level of expression of IL-17 has been shown to be upregulated in lung bronchial tissue of asthmatic patients. Several reports have provided further evidence that this cytokine could play a key role in enhancing the migration of inflammatory as well as structural cells of the bronchial lung tissue during asthma and COPD. B cell infiltration to sites of inflammation during inflammatory disorders such as bowel disease, asthma and COPD has been reported. Accordingly, in this study we hypothesized that IL-17 may exert a chemotactic effect on primary B cells during asthma. We observed that B cells from asthmatic patients expressed significantly higher levels of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, compared to those of healthy subjects. Using an in-vitro migration assay, B cells were shown to migrate towards both IL-17A and IL-17F. Interestingly, blocking IL-17A and IL-17F signaling using either anti-IL-17R antibodies or MAP kinase inhibitors prevented in vitro migration of B cell towards IL-17. These observations indicate a direct chemotactic effect of IL-17 cytokines on primary peripheral blood B cells with higher effect being on asthmatic B cells. These findings revealed a key role for IL-17 in enhancing the migration of B cells to the lung tissue during asthma or COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua Al-Kufaidy
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Tello
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Angeline Pureza
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Al-Jahdali
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division-ICU, King Saud University for health sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Alnassar
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, department of pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Azman R, Lappin DF, MacPherson A, Riggio M, Robertson D, Hodge P, Ramage G, Culshaw S, Preshaw PM, Taylor J, Nile C. Clinical associations between IL-17 family cytokines and periodontitis and potential differential roles for IL-17A and IL-17E in periodontal immunity. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
The balance between osteoblast-dependent bone formation and osteoclast-dependent bone resorption maintains bone homeostasis. In inflammatory conditions, this balance shifts toward bone resorption, causing osteolytic bone lesions observed in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. A recently discovered family of cytokine IL-17 is widely reported to mediate diverse inflammatory processes. During the last decade, novel roles for IL-17 in skeletal homeostasis have been discovered indicating the potential importance of this cytokine in bone metabolism. This review will summarize and discuss the involvement of IL-17 during bone homeostasis in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. A better understanding of the role of IL-17 in skeletal systems warrants an advance in bone biology, as well as development of therapeutic strategies against bone-lytic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(10): 479-483]
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Hard Tissue & Bio-tooth Regeneration (IHBR), School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Korea
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126
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Peng X, Xiao Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Dong Y, Du J. IL-17A produced by bothγδT and Th17 cells promotes renal fibrosis via RANTES-mediated leukocyte infiltration after renal obstruction. J Pathol 2014; 235:79-89. [PMID: 25158055 DOI: 10.1002/path.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Peng
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital; Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases. The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
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127
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IL-17A induces Pendrin expression and chloride-bicarbonate exchange in human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103263. [PMID: 25141009 PMCID: PMC4139276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium plays an active role in the response to inhaled pathogens in part by responding to signals from the immune system. Epithelial responses may include changes in chemokine expression, increased mucin production and antimicrobial peptide secretion, and changes in ion transport. We previously demonstrated that interleukin-17A (IL-17A), which is critical for lung host defense against extracellular bacteria, significantly raised airway surface pH in vitro, a finding that is common to a number of inflammatory diseases. Using microarray analysis of normal human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells treated with IL-17A, we identified the electroneutral chloride-bicarbonate exchanger Pendrin (SLC26A4) as a potential mediator of this effect. These data were verified by real-time, quantitative PCR that demonstrated a time-dependent increase in Pendrin mRNA expression in HBE cells treated with IL-17A up to 48 h. Using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, we confirmed that Pendrin protein expression is increased in IL-17 treated HBE cells and that it is primarily localized to the mucosal surface of the cells. Functional studies using live-cell fluorescence to measure intracellular pH demonstrated that IL-17A induced chloride-bicarbonate exchange in HBE cells that was not present in the absence of IL-17A. Furthermore, HBE cells treated with short interfering RNA against Pendrin showed substantially reduced chloride-bicarbonate exchange. These data suggest that Pendrin is part of IL-17A-dependent epithelial changes and that Pendrin may therefore be a therapeutic target in IL-17A-dependent lung disease.
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128
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Xu B, Guenther JF, Pociask DA, Wang Y, Kolls JK, You Z, Chandrasekar B, Shan B, Sullivan DE, Morris GF. Promotion of lung tumor growth by interleukin-17. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L497-508. [PMID: 25038189 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00125.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrate that inhaled cigarette smoke, the predominant lung carcinogen, elicits a T helper 17 (Th17) inflammatory phenotype. Interleukin-17A (IL-17), the hallmark cytokine of Th17 inflammation, displays pro- and antitumorigenic properties in a manner that varies according to tumor type and assay system. To investigate the role of IL-17 in lung tumor growth, we used an autochthonous tumor model (K-Ras(LA1) mice) with lung delivery of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses IL-17A. Virus-mediated expression of IL-17A in K-Ras(LA1) mice at 8-10 wk of age doubled lung tumor growth in 3 wk relative to littermates that received a green fluorescent protein-expressing control adenovirus. IL-17 induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in vivo and in vitro. In accord with this finding, selective and specific inhibitors of MMP-9 repressed the increased motility and invasiveness of IL-17-treated lung tumor cells in culture. Knockdown or mutation of p53 promoted the motility of murine lung tumor cells and abrogated the promigratory role of IL-17. Coexpression of siRNA-resistant wild-type, but not mutant, human p53 rescued both IL-17-mediated migration and MMP-9 mRNA induction in p53 knockdown lung tumor cells. IL-17 increased MMP-9 mRNA stability by reducing interaction with the mRNA destabilizing serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1). Taken together, our results indicate that IL-17 stimulates lung tumor growth and regulates MMP-9 mRNA levels in a p53- and SRSF1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James F Guenther
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Derek A Pociask
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Bin Shan
- Department of Medicine-Pulmonary Section, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gilbert F Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana;
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Winton H, Bidwell J, Armitage W. Haplotype Analysis on Chromosome 6p of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, and Interleukin-17F Alleles Associated With Corneal Transplant Rejection. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:1540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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130
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Corneth OBJ, Mus AMC, Asmawidjaja PS, Klein Wolterink RGJ, van Nimwegen M, Brem MD, Hofman Y, Hendriks RW, Lubberts E. Absence of interleukin-17 receptor a signaling prevents autoimmune inflammation of the joint and leads to a Th2-like phenotype in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:340-9. [PMID: 24504806 DOI: 10.1002/art.38229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) signals through the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) A/C heterodimer. IL-17RA serves as a common receptor subunit for several IL-17 cytokine family members. Lack of IL-17RA signaling may therefore have additional effects beyond those of lack of IL-17A alone. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of IL-17RA signaling in autoimmune arthritis. METHODS Disease incidence and severity were scored in type II collagen-treated wild-type, IL-17RA-deficient, and IL-23p19-deficient mice. T helper cell profiles and humoral immune responses were analyzed at several time points. Pathogenicity of T cells and total splenocytes was determined by in vitro functional assay. IL-17RA signaling was blocked in vivo in mice with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). RESULTS Comparable to the findings in IL-23p19-deficient mice, IL-17RA-deficient mice were completely protected against the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). However, IL-17RA-deficient mice exhibited an increased number of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells, distinct from IL-17A+CD4+ T cells. This was associated with fewer plasma cells, lower production of pathogenic IgG2c antibody, and increased production of IgG1 antibody. Both isolated CD4+ T cells and total splenocytes from IL-17RA-deficient mice had a reduced ability to induce IL-6 production by synovial fibroblasts in the setting of CIA, in a functional in vitro assay. Furthermore, blocking of IL-17RA signaling in AIA reduced synovial inflammation. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that absence of IL-17RA leads to a Th2-like phenotype characterized by IL-4 production and suggest that IL-17RA signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of IL-4 in CIA and the development of autoimmune inflammation of the joint.
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Ota K, Kawaguchi M, Matsukura S, Kurokawa M, Kokubu F, Fujita J, Morishima Y, Huang SK, Ishii Y, Satoh H, Hizawa N. Potential involvement of IL-17F in asthma. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:602846. [PMID: 24829928 PMCID: PMC4009148 DOI: 10.1155/2014/602846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of IL-17F is seen in the airway of asthmatics and its level is correlated with disease severity. Several studies have demonstrated that IL-17F plays a pivotal role in allergic airway inflammation and induces several asthma-related molecules such as CCL20. IL-17F-induced CCL20 may attract Th17 cells into the airway resulting in the recruitment of additional Th17 cells to enhance allergic airway inflammation. We have recently identified, for the first time, that bronchial epithelial cells are its novel cell source in response to IL-33 via ST2-ERK1/2-MSK1 signaling pathway. The receptor for IL-17F is the heterodimeric complex of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, and IL-17F activates many signaling pathways. In a case-control study of 867 unrelated Japanese subjects, a His161 to Arg161 (H161R) substitution in the third exon of the IL-17F gene was associated with asthma. In atopic patients with asthma, prebronchodilator baseline FEV1/FVC values showed a significant association with the H161R variant. Moreover, this variant is a natural antagonist for the wild-type IL-17F. Moreover, IL-17F is involved in airway remodeling and steroid resistance. Hence, IL-17F may play an orchestrating role in the pathogenesis of asthma and may provide a valuable therapeutic target for development of novel strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ota
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mio Kawaguchi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8501, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Kurokawa
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University, School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Fumio Kokubu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8501, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujita
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuko Morishima
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- Johns Hopkins University, Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224-6801, USA
- National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Ishii
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Satoh
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Tong Z, Yan H, Liu W. Interleukin-17F attenuates H2O2-induced cell cycle arrest. Cell Immunol 2014; 287:74-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The Th17 pathway has recently been shown to play a critical role in host defense, allergic responses and autoimmune inflammation. Th17 cells predominantly produce IL-17 and IL-22, which are two cytokines with broad effects in the lung and other tissues. This review summarizes not only what is currently known about the molecular regulation of this pathway and Th17-related cytokine signaling, but also the roles of these cytokines in pathogen immunity and asthma. In the last 5 years, the Th17 field has rapidly grown and research has revealed that the Th17 pathway is essential in lung pathogenesis in response to exogenous stimuli. As work in the field continues, it is expected that many exciting therapeutic advances will be made for a broad range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Keven M Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Maalmi H, Beraies A, Charad R, Ammar J, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. IL-17A and IL-17F genes variants and susceptibility to childhood asthma in Tunisia. J Asthma 2014; 51:348-54. [PMID: 24393079 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.876647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IL-17A and IL-17F are new pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in neutrophilic inflammation and thus, involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. We investigated the possible association among asthma and IL-17A -197G/A (rs2275913), IL-17F 7488A/G (rs763780) and IL-17F 7383A/G (rs2397084). METHODS The study was performed in 171 patients with asthma (mean age 9.5 years, 105 boys, and 66 girls) and 171 healthy individuals matched with patients in age and sex. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect genes' polymorphisms. RESULTS IL-17A -197G/A and IL-17F 7383A/G were associated with asthma in children (p = 0.008, p = 0.001, respectively). No association was found with IL-17F 7488A/G polymorphism. Haplotype analysis revealed a significant association between GA and AG haplotypes and asthma (p = 0.004, p = 0.02). When patients were stratified according to the atopic status, no significant association was detected with any of the three studied variants. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that SNPs in IL-17A and IL-17F confer susceptibility to childhood asthma in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Maalmi
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, 99/08-40 Unité de Recherche "Homéostasie et disfonctionnement cellulaire" (99/08-40), Université de Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia and
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Sohda M, Misumi Y, Tashiro K, Yamazaki M, Saku T, Oda K. Identification of a soluble isoform of human IL-17RA generated by alternative splicing. Cytokine 2013; 64:642-5. [PMID: 24084331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
IL-17RA, a member of the interleukin (IL)-17 receptor family, is a single membrane-spanning protein that ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface. IL-17RA transduces IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17A/F heterodimer-mediated signals by forming a complex with IL-17RC, and also signals the IL-17E (also known as IL-25) response in combination with IL-17RB (also known as IL-25R). Previously, soluble isoforms of human IL-17RC and IL-17RB have been reported, but the existence of a soluble isoform of human IL-17RA has remained unclear. Here, we report the identification of a soluble isoform of human IL-17RA at the mRNA and protein levels. Reverse transcribed PCR experiments showed that the IL-17RA variant is generated by spliced out of exon 11 encoding the transmembrane region in a variety of human tissues. The soluble IL-17RA isoform was detected in the culture media of human cell lines by Western blotting. The existence of the soluble IL-17RA isoform sheds new light on the regulation of IL-17RA mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sohda
- Division of Oral Biochemistry, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Verdier J, Ruemmele FM. Molecular mechanisms and cell targets of Th17 cells in the gastrointestinal tract: an innate sense of adaptivity. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:475-92. [PMID: 24069950 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (TH) 17 activation is crucial for protective immune responses against bacteria and fungi at mucosal surfaces, but it can also be implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although rapid progress was made elucidating induction and functional heterogeneity of Th17 responses, the underlying molecular effects of Th17 response including the most relevant different cell targets of Th17 cytokines remain poorly understood. Cytokines produced by Th17 cells have broad effects on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and can act in synergy with various inflammatory factors. In this review, we will focus on the effects of Th17-derived cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract and discuss how Th17 responses can affect both innate and adaptive immunity and may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory GI processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verdier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , UMR989, Paris , France
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Cornelius DC, Hogg JP, Scott J, Wallace K, Herse F, Moseley J, Wallukat G, Dechend R, LaMarca B. Administration of interleukin-17 soluble receptor C suppresses TH17 cells, oxidative stress, and hypertension in response to placental ischemia during pregnancy. Hypertension 2013; 62:1068-73. [PMID: 24060899 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, new onset hypertension with proteinuria during pregnancy, is associated with chronic inflammation and placental oxidative stress (ROS). Chronic interleukin-17 (IL-17) increases blood pressure, autoantibodies (angiotensin II type I receptor [AT1-AA]), and ROS during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine whether T-helper 17 (TH17) suppression via IL-17 recombinant receptor C (IL-17RC) decreases pathophysiology associated with placental ischemia (reduced uterine perfusion pressure [RUPP]). On gestation day 14, miniosmotic pumps infusing 100 pg of IL-17RC per day were implanted into pregnant rats undergoing RUPP. On gestation day 18, carotid catheters were inserted. On gestation day 19, mean arterial pressure was recorded and TH17 cells, oxidative stress, and AT1-AA were measured and analyzed via 1-way ANOVA. Mean arterial pressure increased from 101 ± 2 mm Hg in normal pregnant rats (n = 19) to 120 ± 1 mm Hg in RUPP rats (n = 17) but decreased to 110 ± 2 mm Hg in RUPP+IL-17RC rats (n = 22). Pup weight decreased from 2.28 ± 0.2 g in normal pregnant rats to 1.96 ± 0.3 g in RUPP rats but was significantly increased to 2.01 ± 0.1 in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. TH17 cells were 1.77% in RUPP rats but decreased to 0.65% in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. Urinary isoprostanes were normalized in RUPP+IL-17RC rats (52 pg/µg) compared with 89 pg/µg in RUPP controls. Placental ROS was 652 relative light units in RUPP rats but decreased to 337 relative light units in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. AT1-AA was 17.27 ± 0.7 bpm in RUPP rats but decreased to 5.00 ± 0.5 bpm in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. With this study, we show that infusion of IL-17RC blunts TH17s, oxidative stress, AT1-AA, and hypertension in the RUPP model of preeclampsia, indicating that TH17 cells may play an important role in disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Cornelius
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellowship Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216.
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Hnilicová J, Hozeifi S, Stejskalová E, Dušková E, Poser I, Humpolíčková J, Hof M, Staněk D. The C-terminal domain of Brd2 is important for chromatin interaction and regulation of transcription and alternative splicing. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3557-68. [PMID: 24048450 PMCID: PMC3826993 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determines genes that are regulated by Brd2 and finds that, in addition to expression control, Brd2 modulates the alternative splicing of several hundred genes. The in vivo interaction of Brd2 with chromatin is analyzed, and the contributions of individual Brd2 domains to the chromatin interaction are determined. Brd2 is a member of the bromodomain extra terminal (BET) protein family, which consists of four chromatin-interacting proteins that regulate gene expression. Each BET protein contains two N-terminal bromodomains, which recognize acetylated histones, and the C-terminal protein–protein interaction domain. Using a genome-wide screen, we identify 1450 genes whose transcription is regulated by Brd2. In addition, almost 290 genes change their alternative splicing pattern upon Brd2 depletion. Brd2 is specifically localized at promoters of target genes, and our data show that Brd2 interaction with chromatin cannot be explained solely by histone acetylation. Using coimmunoprecipitation and live-cell imaging, we show that the C-terminal part is crucial for Brd2 association with chromatin. Live-cell microscopy also allows us to map the average binding time of Brd2 to chromatin and quantify the contributions of individual Brd2 domains to the interaction with chromatin. Finally, we show that bromodomains and the C-terminal domain are equally important for transcription and splicing regulation, which correlates with the role of these domains in Brd2 binding to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Hnilicová
- Department of RNA Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 182 23, Czech Republic
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139
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Jin W, Dong C. IL-17 cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e60. [PMID: 26038490 PMCID: PMC3820987 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and its closest relative, IL-17F, have recently drawn much attention in the field of immunology. IL-17 and IL-17F are expressed by a distinct type of T cells, T helper 17 cells and certain other lymphocytes. These cytokines play key regulatory roles in host defense and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings in IL-17 biology and the progress towards understanding the regulatory mechanisms of IL-17 expression and signaling mechanisms. This knowledge will benefit the development of novel immune modulators that enhance immunity to various infections and reduce inflammatory damage in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084, China ; MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX 77054, USA
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140
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Abstract
The role of T cell subpopulations in human disease is in a transition phase due to continuous discovery of new subsets of T cell, one of which is Th17, characterized by the production of signature cytokine IL-17. In the last couple of years, many articles are coming out on the role of Th17 and its signature cytokine IL-17 in different autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), SLE and multiple sclerosis. Psoriasis and PsA are immune-mediated diseases, affecting the skin and joints, respectively. Initially, it was thought that psoriasis and PsA were Th1-mediated diseases; however, studies in knockout animal models (IL-17 knockout mice) as well as human experimental data indicate that Th17 and its signature cytokine IL-17 have a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic disease. Th17 cells have been identified from the dermal extracts of psoriatic lesions. Subsequently, our research group has substantiated this observation that Th17 cells are enriched in the papillary dermis of psoriatic plaques and in freshly isolated effector T lymphocytes from the synovial fluid of PsA patients, and we have reported that the majority of these CD4 + IL-17+ T cells are of memory phenotype (CD4RO(+)CD45RA(-)CD11a(+)). Recent reports also suggest that the synovial tissue in psoriatic arthritis is enriched with IL-17R, and its most well recognized receptor IL-17RA is functionally active in psoriatic arthritis. In this review article, we have discussed the role of IL-17 in psoriatic disease and have narrated about the novel IL17/IL-17R antibodies currently in preparation for its therapeutic uses in autoimmune diseases.
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141
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Novelli L, Chimenti MS, Chiricozzi A, Perricone R. The new era for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: perspectives and validated strategies. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 13:64-9. [PMID: 24021172 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis. Psoriasis (PsO) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, characterized by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. PsA and PsO can be considered as a unique disease and are immune-mediated diseases and both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in their pathogenesis. Initially, PsO and PsA were thought to be Th1-mediated diseases, however, in the last years, several studies have shown the role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of PsA and PsO. Th17 cells have been detected in dermal infiltrates of psoriatic lesions as well as in synovial fluid. Interleukin (IL)-23, produced by antigen presenting cells (APC), especially by dendritic cells (DC), is the key regulator cytokine for Th17 and IL-17 production. In this review we discuss the role of IL-17 and IL-23 in the pathogenesis of PsO and PsA and their role as therapeutic targets for PsO and PsA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Novelli
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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142
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143
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Abstract
The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, a subset of cytokines consisting of IL-17A-F, plays crucial roles in host defense against microbial organisms and in the development of inflammatory diseases. Although IL-17A is the signature cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, IL-17A and other IL-17 family cytokines have multiple sources ranging from immune cells to non-immune cells. The IL-17 family signals via their correspondent receptors and activates downstream pathways that include NFκB, MAPKs and C/EBPs to induce the expression of anti-microbial peptides, cytokines and chemokines. The proximal adaptor Act1 is a common mediator during the signaling of all IL-17 cytokines so far and is thus involved in IL-17 mediated host defense and IL-17-driven autoimmune conditions. This review will give an overview and recent updates on the IL-17 family, the activation and regulation of IL-17 signaling as well as diseases associated with this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Gu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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144
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Song X, Qian Y. IL-17 family cytokines mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2335-47. [PMID: 23917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the immediate protective response of the body to pathogen invasions, allergen challenges, chemical exposures or physical injuries. Acute inflammation usually accompanies with transient infiltration of leukocytes, removal of danger signals and eventually tissue repair, while persistent and uncontrolled inflammation becomes a major stimulator in the progression of many chronic diseases in human, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer. Interleukin (IL)-17 family is a recent classified subset of cytokines, playing critical roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In this review, we will summarize recent progresses on the signalings of this family cytokines and their impacts on the inflammatory responses or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Ho AW, Garg AV, Monin L, Simpson-Abelson MR, Kinner L, Gaffen SL. The anaphase-promoting complex protein 5 (AnapC5) associates with A20 and inhibits IL-17-mediated signal transduction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70168. [PMID: 23922952 PMCID: PMC3726431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is the founding member of a family of cytokines and receptors with unique structures and signaling properties. IL-17 is the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, a relatively new T cell population that promotes inflammation in settings of infection and autoimmunity. Despite advances in understanding Th17 cells, mechanisms of IL-17-mediated signal transduction are less well defined. IL-17 signaling requires contributions from two receptor subunits, IL-17RA and IL-17RC. Mutants of IL-17RC lacking the cytoplasmic domain are nonfunctional, indicating that IL-17RC provides essential but poorly understood signaling contributions to IL-17-mediated signaling. To better understand the role of IL-17RC in signaling, we performed a yeast 2-hybrid screen to identify novel proteins associated with the IL-17RC cytoplasmic tail. One of the most frequent candidates was the anaphase promoting complex protein 7 (APC7 or AnapC7), which interacted with both IL-17RC and IL-17RA. Knockdown of AnapC7 by siRNA silencing exerted no detectable impact on IL-17 signaling. However, AnapC5, which associates with AnapC7, was also able to bind IL-17RA and IL-17RC. Moreover, AnapC5 silencing enhanced IL-17-induced gene expression, suggesting an inhibitory activity. Strikingly, AnapC5 also associated with A20 (TNFAIP3), a recently-identified negative feedback regulator of IL-17 signal transduction. IL-17 signaling was not impacted by knockdown of Itch or TAXBP1, scaffolding proteins that mediate A20 inhibition in the TNFα and IL-1 signaling pathways. These data suggest a model in which AnapC5, rather than TAX1BP1 and Itch, is a novel adaptor and negative regulator of IL-17 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W. Ho
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Abhishek V. Garg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leticia Monin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Simpson-Abelson
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Kinner
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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146
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Abstract
Several experimental approaches have been utilized, in order to critically examine the roles of IL-17 family members in intestinal inflammation. These approaches have included: (1) the use of IL-17A and IL-17F-deficient mice, (2) specific antibodies directed against IL-17, (3) an IL-17 vaccine, (4) methods to block the IL-17 receptor and (5) small-molecule inhibitors of IL-17. Previous studies found somewhat conflicting results in preclinical models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), using specific strains of IL-17-deficient mice. This paper will review the preclinical results using various pharmacological approaches [specific IL-17 antibodies, an IL-17 receptor fusion protein, IL-12/IL-23 p40 subunit and IL-17 vaccine approaches, as well as a small molecule inhibitor (Vidofludimus)] to inhibit IL-17 in animal models of IBD. Recent clinical results in patients with IBD will also be discussed for Secukinumab (an IL-17A antibody), Brodalumab (an IL-17 receptor antibody) and two small-molecule drugs (Vidofludimus and Tofacitinib), which inhibit IL-17 as part of their overall pharmacological profiles. This review paper will also discuss some pharmacological lessons learned from the preclinical and clinical studies with anti-IL-17 drugs, as related to drug pharmacodynamics, IL-17 receptor subtypes and other pertinent factors. Finally, future pharmacological approaches of interest will be discussed, such as: (1) Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t (Rorγt) antagonists, (2) Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) antagonists, (3) Pim-1 kinase inhibitors and (4) Dual small-molecule inhibitors of NF-κB and STAT3, like synthetic triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine , Hummelstown, Pennsylvania , USA
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147
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IL-17A and Th17 cells in lung inflammation: an update on the role of Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17R signaling in host defense against infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:267971. [PMID: 23956759 PMCID: PMC3730142 DOI: 10.1155/2013/267971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The significance of Th17 cells and interleukin- (IL-)17A signaling in host defense and disease development has been demonstrated in various infection and autoimmune models. Numerous studies have indicated that Th17 cells and its signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to the airway's immune response against various bacteria and fungal infection. Cytokines such as IL-23, which are involved in Th17 differentiation, play a critical role in controlling Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) infection. IL-17A acts on nonimmune cells in infected tissues to strengthen innate immunity by inducing the expression of antimicrobial proteins, cytokines, and chemokines. Mice deficient in IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) expression are susceptible to infection by various pathogens. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in unraveling the mechanism behind Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17A/IL-17R signaling, and also the importance of IL-17A in pulmonary infection.
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148
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Mesturini R, Gigliotti CL, Orilieri E, Cappellano G, Soluri MF, Boggio E, Woldetsadik A, Dianzani C, Sblattero D, Chiocchetti A, Yagi J, Rojo JM, Dianzani U. Differential induction of IL-17, IL-10, and IL-9 in human T helper cells by B7h and B7.1. Cytokine 2013; 64:322-30. [PMID: 23778031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ICOS and CD28 are expressed by T cells and are involved in costimulation of cytokine production in T helper (TH) cells. ICOS binds B7h expressed by several cell types, whereas CD28 binds B7.1 and B7.2 expressed by activated antigen presenting cells. This work investigated the role of B7h and B7.1 in TH17 and TH9 cell differentiation by assessing activity of recombinant B7h-Fc and B7.1-Fc on human naïve TH cells activated in the presence of different combinations of exogenous cytokines. In the presence of TGF-β1 and IL-1β (TH17 promoting condition), B7h-Fc was more effective than B7.1-Fc in inducing IL-17A and IL-10 secretion, whereas B7.1-Fc was more effective in inducing IL-17F. Dual costimulation with B7h-Fc and B7.1-Fc displayed an intermediate pattern with predominance of IL-17F over IL-17A, secretion of high levels of IL-10, and secretion of IL-9 levels lower than those induced by B7.1-Fc alone. In the presence of TGF-β1 and IL-4 (TH9 promoting condition), B7h-Fc induced IL-17A only, whereas B7.1-Fc induced also IL-17F, IL-10, and high levels of IL-9. Experiments on memory TH cells showed that B7h-Fc mainly supported secretion of IL-17A and IL-10, whereas B7.1-Fc supported secretion of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-10, and IL-9. These data indicate that B7h and B7.1 play different roles in modulation of TH17 and TH9 differentiation. This plasticity might be important in the immune response to pathogens and tumors, and in the development of autoimmune diseases, and should be taken in consideration in designing of immunotherapeutic protocols triggering ICOS or CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mesturini
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Health Sciences, "A. Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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149
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The effects of IL-17 upon human natural killer cells. Cytokine 2013; 62:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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150
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Melton AC, Melrose J, Alajoki L, Privat S, Cho H, Brown N, Plavec AM, Nguyen D, Johnston ED, Yang J, Polokoff MA, Plavec I, Berg EL, O'Mahony A. Regulation of IL-17A production is distinct from IL-17F in a primary human cell co-culture model of T cell-mediated B cell activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58966. [PMID: 23505568 PMCID: PMC3591360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper regulation of B cell responses leads to excessive production of antibodies and contributes to the development of autoimmune disease. T helper 17 (Th17) cells also drive the development of autoimmune disease, but the role of B cells in shaping Th17 cell-mediated immune responses, as well as the reciprocal regulation of B cell responses by IL-17 family cytokines, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the regulation of IL-17A and IL-17F in a model of T cell-dependent B cell activation. Stimulation of primary human B cell and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (BT) co-cultures with α-IgM and a non-mitogenic concentration of superantigens for three days promoted a Th17 cell response as evidenced by increased expression of Th17-related gene transcripts, including Il17f, Il21, Il22, and Il23r, in CD4 T cells, as well as the secretion of IL-17A and IL-17F protein. We tested the ability of 144 pharmacologic modulators representing 91 different targets or pathways to regulate IL-17A and IL-17F production in these stimulated BT co-cultures. IL-17A production was found to be preferentially sensitive to inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, while prostaglandin EP receptor agonists, including PGE2, increased IL-17A concentrations. In contrast, the production of IL-17F was inhibited by PGE2, but selectively increased by TLR2 and TLR5 agonists. These results indicate that IL-17A regulation is distinct from IL-17F in stimulated BT co-cultures and that this co-culture approach can be used to identify pathway mechanisms and novel agents that selectively inhibit production of IL-17A or IL-17F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Melton
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Melrose
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Liisa Alajoki
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Privat
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Cho
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Naomi Brown
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Marija Plavec
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dat Nguyen
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elijah D. Johnston
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Polokoff
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Plavec
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen L. Berg
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison O'Mahony
- BioSeek, a division of DiscoveRx, Corp., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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