Potential theranostics application of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (4-in-1 system)

Natural products based nanoformulations for cancer treatment: Current evolution in Indian research

The use of medicinal plants is as ancient as human civilization. The development of phytochemistry and pharmacology facilitates the identification of natural bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action, including against cancer. The efficacy and the safety of a bioactive compound depend on its optimal delivery to the target site. Most natural bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, tannins, etc.) are unable to reach their target sites due to their low water solubility, less cellular absorption, and high molecular weight, leading to their failure into clinical translation. Therefore, many scientific studies are going on to overcome the drawbacks of natural products for clinical applications. Several studies in India, as well as worldwide, have proposed the development of natural products-based nanoformulations to increase their efficacy and safety profile for cancer therapy by improving the delivery of natural bioactive compounds to their target site. Therefore, we are trying to discuss the development of natural products-based nanoformulations in India to improve the efficacy and safety of natural bioactive compounds against cancer.

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host's own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host's immune system.

The Decoration of ZnO Nanoparticles by Gamma Aminobutyric Acid, Curcumin Derivative and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are applied in various applications in catalysis, biosensing, imaging, and as antibacterial agents. Here we to prepare ZnO nanomaterials decorated by γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), curcumin derivatives (CurBF₂) and silver nanoparticles (CurBF₂-AgNPs). The structures of all ZnO nanostructures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Further, their antibacterial activities against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were investigated through analysis of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Among the prepared nanostructures, the ZnO NPs-GABA/CurBF₂-AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. ZnO NPs fabricated here may have potential use in future anti-bacterial compositions and coatings technologies.

Plant-mediated green synthesis of metal-based nanoparticles for dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic applications

The skin is the primordial barrier that protects the human body against environmental factors. Due to the arise of dermatological pathologies, the development of efficient delivery systems for topical applications has received increased interest. The highest challenge consists of increasing the penetration of the active ingredients through the skin barrier, alongside to the need of obtaining enough skin retention to achieve therapeutic concentrations. Metals, specially noble metals, have been used for years to treat and prevent health issues, among them dermatological disorders. Nanoparticles have been extensively used for topical applications given their advantages, namely by enhancing solubility of apolar drugs, the possibility of controlled release, the higher stability and the capability to target specific areas and delivery of high concentrations of active ingredients. In order to take advantage of the before mentioned unique properties of nanoparticles and the biological activities of metals, various metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) have been synthesized in the past few years, such as silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), zinc (ZnNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs), copper (CuNPs) and copper oxide (CuONPs) nanoparticles. These MNPs are flexible structures that allow the control of physical characteristics, with enhanced surface properties, which provides a high applicability in dermopharmacy and cosmetics. The conventional methods for synthesizing nanoparticles (physical and chemical approaches) are associated with major drawbacks, being the most concerning the high cost (in resources, energy, time and space) and human/environmental toxicity. Hence, the need to develop an alternative synthesis pathway was imposed, giving rise to the green synthesis methodology. In general, green synthesis consist of using biological sources (plants, bacteria or fungi) to synthesize ecological benign, non-hazard and biocompatible nanoparticles. With the development of green synthesis, starting materials have been used more frequently, among them plants. Plant-mediated green synthesis of nanoparticles is based on the use of plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles, and their outstanding advantages have paved the way for exciting developments on nanoparticle synthesis to the detriment of complex and toxicity-associated chemical and physical synthesis. MNPs produced by plant-mediated synthesis also demonstrate notorious biological activities, i.e., anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound healing and antiaging activities. However, safety assessment of phyto MNPs (phyto-MNPs) holds significant importance due to the lack of toxicological studies and the conception issues that some of the available studies show. In general, current studies suggest the biocompatibility and safety of phyto-MNPs, together with significantly improved and relevant biological activities towards dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Against this backdrop, there is still a long way to run until the application of phyto-MNPs in the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, but studies so far show a very high potential towards their clinical translation for dermopharmaceutical and cosmetics applications. This review focuses on phyto-MNPs synthesized resorting to various plant extracts, including their production, characterization and the biological activities that support their topical application for dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes.

Green Approach to Overcome the Resistance Pattern of Candida spp. Using Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum F9

Candida species are the most common causative agents responsible for the majority of morbidity as well as mortality rates due to invasive fungal infections worldwide. In this study, a green approach was developed to control the pathogenic Candida spp. isolated from clinical samples, and prior data collections, ethics approval was obtained. Sixty candida isolates were obtained from the different device-associated infections and identified as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata with prevalence rates 41.6, 38.3, 8.3, 6.6, and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were extra-cellular synthesized by biomass filtrate of previously identified Penicillium chrysogenum strain F9. The physico-chemical characterizations of biosynthesized Ag-NPs were assessed by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DIS), and zeta potential (ζ) analysis. Data revealed successful synthesis of crystallographic spherical Ag-NPs with average size 18 to 60 nm at maximum absorption peak 415 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups related to reduction, capping, and stabilizing Ag-NPs. The DLS analysis showed that NPs were homogenous and stable with poly-dispersity index (PDI) and ζ value 0.008 and - 21 mV, respectively. Susceptibility pattern analysis revealed that sixty Candida isolates (100%) were susceptible to Ag-NPs as compared to 25 isolates (41.6%), and 30 isolates (50%) were susceptible to fluconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. Interestingly, 30 Candida isolates (50%) were resistant to amphotericin B, which are more than those recorded for fluconazole (17 isolates with percent 28.3%), while 18 candida isolates (30%) were susceptible dose-dependent to fluconazole. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentration _50/90 (MIC_50/90) was 62.5/125, 16/64, and 1/4 for Ag-NPs, fluconazole, and amphotericin B, respectively. However, green synthesized Ag-NPs can be used to overcome the resistance pattern of Candida spp., and recommended as an anti-candida agent.

Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using Brazilian red propolis and evaluation of its antimicrobial and anticancer activities

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highlighted due to their low toxicity, compatibility with the human body, high surface area to volume ratio, and surfaces that can be easily modified with ligands. Biosynthesis of AuNPs using plant extract is considered a simple, low-cost, and eco-friendly approach. Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP), a product of bees, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Here, we described the biosynthesis of AuNPs using BRP extract (AuNPextract) and its fractions (AuNPhexane, AuNPdichloromethane, AuNPethyl acetate) and evaluated their structural properties and their potential against microorganisms and cancer cells. AuNPs showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 535 nm. The sizes and morphologies were influenced by the BRP sample used in the reaction. FTIR and TGA revealed the involvement of bioactive compounds from BRP extract or its fractions in the synthesis and stabilization of AuNPs. AuNPdichloromethane and AuNPhexane exhibited antimicrobial activities against all strains tested, showing their efficacy as antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases. AuNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity both in T24 and PC-3 cells. AuNPdichloromethane and AuNPextract exhibited the highest in vitro cytotoxic effect. Also, the cytotoxicity of biogenic nanoparticles was induced by mechanisms associated with apoptosis. The results highlight a potential low-cost green method using Brazilian red propolis to synthesize AuNPs, which demonstrated significant biological properties.

Rapid green synthesis of non-cytotoxic silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of 'Golden Delicious' apple pulp and cumin seeds with antibacterial and antioxidant activity

Abstract

A simple, facile and rapid microwave irradiated system was applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles using 'Golden Delicious' apple pulp (Malus domestica) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed extracts. The phytosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zeta sizer analysis. In the study, the presence of face-centered cubic crystalline structured metallic silver in AgNPs from apple and cumin extracts and the monodisperse nature of AgNPs with the size distribution range of 5.46–20 nm and 1.84–20.57 nm were confirmed, respectively. This study established an efficient green synthesis approach that created so far, the smallest silver nanoparticles by using these two extracts. According to the results obtained, AgNPs synthesized using both extracts were non-toxic against L929 mouse fibroblast cells, while they were effective against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria with a greater effect on S. aureus. Moreover, AgNPs synthesized through cumin extract exhibited a higher ABTS scavenging ability (96.43 ± 0.78% at 160 μg/mL) in comparison to apple pulp extract mediated AgNPs, while both AgNPs showed lower activity for DPPH (27.84 ± 0.56% and 13.12 ± 0.32% from cumin seed and apple pulp extracts, respectively). In summary, our results suggest the green non-cytotoxic AgNPs synthesized in this study could be a promising template for further biological and clinical applications.

Graphical abstract

Critical analysis of biophysicochemical parameters for qualitative improvement of phytogenic nanoparticles

Conventional chemical approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) may restrict their applicability as they are not eco-friendly, energetically efficient and often involve toxic reducing/capping agents; but phytonanotechnology enabled the synthesis of safe, inexpensive, highly biocompatible NPs. In this regard, thorough understanding of green components and the modulatory effects of different reaction conditions on the physicochemical parameters of green synthesized NPs would be a prerequisite, which is not depicted elsewhere. This review critically analyzes the relevant reaction conditions from their mechanistic viewpoints in plant-based synthesis of NPs arising fundamental issues which need to be determined carefully. The size, stability and surface chemistry of phytogenic NPs may be fabricated as a function of multiple interconnected reaction parameters and the plant species used. The therapeutic potential of phytogenic NPs may depend on the plant species used; and so the meticulous understanding of physicochemical parameters and the family wise shorting of elite plant species may potentially benefit the theranostic future of plant-based NPs.

Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application

This review is devoted to the medical application of silver nanoparticles produced as a result of "green" synthesis using various living organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants). The proposed mechanisms of AgNPs synthesis and the action mechanisms on target cells are highlighted.

Cytotoxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Methods in Cancer

Cancer is a major public health problem, but despite the several treatment approaches available, patients develop resistance in short time periods, making overcoming resistance or finding more efficient treatments an imperative challenge. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been described as an alternative option due to their physicochemical properties. The scope of this review was to systematize the available scientific information concerning these characteristics in AgNPs synthesized according to green chemistry's recommendations as well as their cytotoxicity in different cancer models. This is the first paper analyzing, correlating, and summarizing AgNPs' main parameters that modulate their cellular effect, including size, shape, capping, and surface plasmon resonance profile, dose range, and exposure time. It highlights the strong dependence of AgNPs' cytotoxic effects on their characteristics and tumor model, making evident the strong need of standardization and full characterization. AgNPs' application in oncology research is a new, open, and promising field and needs additional studies.

Effects of silver and gold nanoparticles phytosynthesized with Cornus mas extract on oral dysplastic human cells

Background: Oral cancer is highly aggressive due to difficult diagnosis, therapy resistance and increasing frequency; thus finding prevention therapies is very important. Aim: This study evaluates the use of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs), phyto-synthesized with Cornus mas extract against oral dysplastic lesions. Methods: NPs were characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and laser Doppler microelectrophoresis. Biological testing employed two human oral cell lines: gingival fibroblasts and dysplastic keratinocytes and evaluated viability, cell death mechanisms and cellular uptake. Results: NPs induced selective toxic effects against dysplastic cells. p53/BAX/BCL2 activation and PI3K/AKT inhibition led to cell death through necrosis and apoptosis. NPs also induced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: NPs of gold and silver showed promising beneficial effects in the therapy of oral dysplasia.

Time-dependent study of graphene oxide-trypsin adsorption interface and visualization of nano-protein corona

Understanding of interactions of nanomaterials with biomolecules (especially proteins) is of great importance to the area of nanobiotechnology. Graphene and its derivative such as graphene oxide (GO), are two-dimensional (2-D) nanomaterials with remarkable physical and chemical properties and have been broadly explored in biotechnology and biomedical application. Here, we have reported the nature of adsorption of trypsin on the GO surface, considering its biomedical implications. A simple incubation of trypsin on GO surface exhibits varying resistance to autolysis. The structural morphology of trypsin on the GO surface was studied by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopies. Results suggest that the trypsin follows the Freundlich Isotherm. By the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 100 mg/g. From protein assay results we have concluded that the native trypsin exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency (33.97*10⁴ L mol^-1 min^-1) in comparison to other Trp-GO constructs. We have further visualized morphological change on GO-trypsin interface throughout the adsorption process by taking samples at definite time intervals, which suggests that the interaction of trypsin with GO is an example of the soft corona. Our findings may be implicated in enzyme engineering as well as enzyme-based bio-sensing applications.

Bactericidal and In-Vitro Cytotoxic Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Fabricated by Endophytic Actinomycetes and Their Use as Coating for the Textile Fabrics

An endophytic strain of Streptomyces antimycoticus L-1 was isolated from healthy medicinal plant leaves of Mentha longifolia L. and used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), through the use of secreted enzymes and proteins. UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses of the Ag-NPs were carried out. The XRD, TEM, and FT-IR analysis results demonstrated the successful biosynthesis of crystalline, spherical Ag-NPs with a particle size of 13-40 nm. Further, the stability of the Ag-NPs was assessed by detecting the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) at 415 nm for one month or by measuring the NPs surface charge (-19.2 mV) by zeta potential analysis (ζ). The green-synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity at different concentrations (6.25-100 ppm) against the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium with a clear inhibition zone ranging from (9.5 ± 0.4) nm to (21.7 ± 1.0) mm. Furthermore, the green-synthesized Ag-NPs displayed high efficacy against the Caco-2 cancerous cell line (the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) = 5.7 ± 0.2 ppm). With respect to antibacterial and in-vitro cytotoxicity analyses, the Ag-NPs concentration of 100 ppm was selected as a safe dose for loading onto cotton fabrics. The scanning electron microscopy connected with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) for the nano-finished fabrics showed the distribution of Ag-NPs as 2% of the total fabric elements. Moreover, the nano-finished fabrics exhibited more activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, even after 10 washing cycles, indicating the stability of the treated fabrics.

Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells by Generating Reactive Oxygen Species and Activating Caspase 3 and 9 Enzyme Activities

Silver nanoparticles are among the most significant diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicines. In the current study, the green chemistry approach was made to optimize a cost-effective synthesis protocol for silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of the important anticancer plant Fagonia indica. We investigated the anticancer potential and possible involvement of AgNPs in apoptosis. The biosynthesized AgNPs are stable (zeta potential, -16.3 mV) and spherical with a crystal size range from 10 to 60 nm. The MTT cell viability assay shows concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells (IC₅₀, 12.35 μg/mL). In addition, the fluorescent microscopic analysis shows activation of caspases 3 and 9 by AgNPs that cause morphological changes (AO/EB assay) in the cell membrane and cause nuclear condensation (DAPI assay) that eventually lead to apoptotic cell death (Annexin V/PI assay). It was also observed that AgNPs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulate oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells. This is the first study that reports the synthesis of a silver nanoparticle mediated by Fagonia indica extract and evaluation of the cellular and molecular mechanism of apoptosis.

The potential antimalarial efficacy of hemocompatible silver nanoparticles from Artemisia species against P. falciparum parasite

Malaria represents one of the most common infectious diseases which becoming an impellent public health problem worldwide. Antimalarial classical medications include quinine-based drugs, like chloroquine, and artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin, a molecule found in the plant Artemisia annua. Such therapeutics are very effective but show heavy side effects like drug resistance. In this study, "green" silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been prepared from two Artemisia species (A. abrotanum and A. arborescens), traditionally used in folk medicine as a remedy for different conditions, and their potential antimalarial efficacy have been assessed. AgNPs have been characterized by UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. The structural characterization has demonstrated the spheroidal shape of nanoparticles and dimensions under 50 nm, useful for biomedical studies. Zeta potential analysis have shown the stability and dispersion of green AgNPs in aqueous medium without aggregation. AgNPs hemocompatibility and antimalarial activity have been studied in Plasmodium falciparum cultures in in vitro experiments. The antiplasmodial effect has been assessed using increasing doses of AgNPs (0.6 to 7.5 μg/mL) on parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). Obtained data showed that the hemocompatibility of AgNPs is related to their synthetic route and depends on the administered dose. A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) have shown the lowest percentage of hemolytic activity on pRBCs, underlining their hemocompatibility. These results are in accordance with the lower levels of parasitemia observed after A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) treatment respect to A. arborescens-AgNPs (2), and AgNPs (3) derived from a classical chemical synthesis. Moreover, after 24 and 48 hours of A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) treatment, the parasite growth was locked in the ring stage, evidencing the effect of these nanoparticles to hinder the maturation of P. falciparum. The anti-malarial activity of A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) on pRBCs was demonstrated to be higher than that of A. arborescens-AgNPs (2).

Phyto-fabricated Cr2O3 nanoparticle for multifunctional biomedical applications

Aim: The biosynthesis of chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr₂O₃ NPs), using Hyphaene thebaica as a bioreductant, for assessment of their potential nanomedicinal applications. Materials & methods: Biosynthesized Cr₂O₃ NPs were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy and ζ-potential measurement. In vitro assays were used to assess the biological properties of Cr₂O₃ NPs. Results: Nanoparticles with size approximately 25-38 nm were obtained with a characteristic Cr-O vibration at 417 cm^-1. A broad spectrum antimicrobial potential and antioxidant nature is reported. Slight inhibition of polio virus and biocompatibility at low doses was observed. Conclusion: We conclude a multifunctional nature of biogenic Cr₂O₃ NPs.

Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the most attractive nanomaterials in biomedicine due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art advances of AgNPs in the synthesis methods, medical applications and biosafety of AgNPs. The synthesis methods of AgNPs include physical, chemical and biological routes. AgNPs are mainly used for antimicrobial and anticancer therapy, and also applied in the promotion of wound repair and bone healing, or as the vaccine adjuvant, anti-diabetic agent and biosensors. This review also summarizes the biological action mechanisms of AgNPs, which mainly involve the release of silver ions (Ag+), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destruction of membrane structure. Despite these therapeutic benefits, their biological safety problems such as potential toxicity on cells, tissue, and organs should be paid enough attention. Besides, we briefly introduce a new type of Ag particles smaller than AgNPs, silver Ångstrom (Å, 1 Å = 0.1 nm) particles (AgÅPs), which exhibit better biological activity and lower toxicity compared with AgNPs. Finally, we conclude the current challenges and point out the future development direction of AgNPs.

Hesperidin Loaded on Gold Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System for a Successful Biocompatible, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Phagocytosis Inducer Model

Hesperidin is a flavonoid glycoside with proven therapeutic activities for various diseases, including cancer. However, its poor solubility and bioavailability render it only slightly absorbed, requiring a delivery system to reach its therapeutic target. Hesperidin loaded on gold nanoparticles (Hsp-AuNPs) was prepared by a chemical synthesis method. Various characterization techniques such as UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM and EDX, Zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, were used to confirm the synthesis of Hsp-AuNPs. The cytotoxic effect of Hsp-AuNPs on human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) was assessed using MTT and crystal violet assays. The results revealed significant decrease in proliferation and inhibition of growth of the treated cells when compared with human normal breast epithelial cell line (HBL-100). Determination of apoptosis by fluorescence microscope was also performed using acridine orange-propidium iodide dual staining assay. The in vivo study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of Hsp-AuNPs in mice. The levels of hepatic and kidney functionality markers were assessed. No significant statistical differences were found for the tested indicators. Histological images of liver, spleen, lung and kidney showed no apparent damages and histopathological abnormalities after treatment with Hsp-AuNPs. Hsp-AuNPs ameliorated the functional activity of macrophages against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells-bearing mice. The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was also assessed in bone marrow–derived macrophage cells treated with Hsp-AuNPs. The results obviously demonstrated that Hsp-AuNPs treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF.

Analytical study of biosynthesised silver nanoparticles against multi-drug resistant biofilm-forming pathogens

The emergence of the huge number of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria requires an alternative to the drugs. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a strong candidate for this due to their bactericidal properties, which can be better concluded by understanding their morphology and chemistry. The study hypothesised that AgNPs synthesised using leaves of Syzygium cumini can be used to treat locally emerging MDRs forming biofilms on indwelling medical devices. Synthesised particles were characterised by methods like UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Zetasizer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to predict phytochemicals present in the leaves. The shape of particles is revealed to be relatively spherical, with average size to be around 10-100 nm. Phenolic compounds are attributed to the formation of nanoparticles, stability analysis shows particles to be stable, and zeta potential determined the surface charge to be -20.1 mV. Biosynthesised particles are found to possess efficient antibacterial activity MDR bacteria developing biofilms in medical devices; hence, it is concluded that S. cumini based NPs can be used to develop a layer on implant-related medical devices. Toxicity evaluation against A594 cancer cells portrays AgNPs to be potential tumour reduction agents in a concentration-dependent manner.

Multifunctional properties of spherical silver nanoparticles fabricated by different microbial taxa

This study addresses the impacts of metabolites from different microbial taxa on the fabrication and multifunctional biological properties of spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Three microbial taxa, a bacterial (Bacillus cereus A1-5), actinomycetes (Streptomyces noursei H1-1), and fungal (Rhizopus stolonifer A6-2) strains were used for Ag-NPs biosynthesis, whereas Streptomyces noursei is demonstrated for the first time. These isolates were identified using either 16S rRNA or ITS gene sequencing. Characterization of Ag-NPs was done using color change analysis, Uv-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, SEM-EDX, DLS, and Zeta potential analysis. All biosynthesized NPs exhibited spherical shape with different sizes ranged from 6‒50 nm, 6-30 nm and 6-40 nm for NPs obtained by A1-5, H1-1 and A6-2, respectively. The crystalline center cubic face of Ag-NPs was confirmed using XRD at 2θ values 38.08o, 44.27o, 64.41o and 77.36o. FT-IR analysis revealed varied intense absorption peaks for biomolecules required for NPs synthesize by each microbial strain. The stability of spherical Ag-NPs was confirmed due to highly DLS negative surface charge of ‒17.5mV, ‒18.9mV, and ‒15.6mV for NPs synthesized by strains A1-5, H1-1, and A6-2, respectively. Ag-NPs exhibited a broadspectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with varied effectiveness. They also exhibited a cytotoxic effect against cancer cell line (caco-2) in a dose-dependent pattern with IC50 of 8.9 ± 0.5, 5.6 ± 3.0, 11.2 ± 0.5 μg/ml for NPs synthesized by strains A1-5, H1-1, and A6-2, respectively. Moreover, these spherical Ag-NPs showed larvicidal activity against the 3rd instar larvae of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti.

Anti-angiogenic vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles for the treatment of melanoma and their in vivo toxicity study

In recent days, vanadium complexes and nanoparticles have received sustainable attention owing to their vast applications in different fields. In the present study, we report a facile approach for the synthesis of irregular dumbbell shaped vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles (V₂O₅ NPs: 30-60 nm) via the polyol-induced microwave irradiation process along with calcination. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various physico-chemical techniques (e.g. XRD, TEM, FT-IR, DLS and XPS). The cell viability assay showed that V₂O₅ NPs could efficiently inhibit the proliferation of different cancer cells (B16F10, A549, and PANC1), depicting their anti-proliferative activity. However, V₂O₅ NPs did not exert significant cytotoxicity to the normal cells (CHO, HEK-293 and NRK-49F), suggesting their biocompatible nature. Interestingly, these nanoparticles inhibited the proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells (HUVECs and EA.hy926) and disrupted the blood vasculature in a chick embryo model, indicating their anti-angiogenic properties. The mechanistic study revealed that the effective internalization of V₂O₅ NPs generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn up-regulated p53 protein and down-regulated survivin protein in cancer cells, leading to the apoptosis process. Furthermore, the administration of V₂O₅ NPs to melanoma bearing C57BL6/J mice significantly increased their survivability as compared to the control untreated tumor bearing mice, exhibiting the therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles against melanoma. Additionally, the in vivo toxicity study demonstrated no toxic effect in mice upon sub-chronic exposure to V₂O₅ NPs. Altogether, we strongly believe that V₂O₅ NPs could intrinsically provide a new direction for alternative therapeutic treatment strategies for melanoma and other cancers by employing their anti-angiogenic properties in the future.

Recent advances in the analysis of nanoparticle-protein coronas

In spite of radical advances in nanobiotechnology, the clinical translation of nanoparticle (NP)-based agents is still a major challenge due to various physiological factors that influence their interactions with biological systems. Recent decade witnessed meticulous investigation on protein corona (PC) that is the first surrounds NPs once administered into the body. Formation of PC around NP surface exhibits resilient effects on their circulation, distribution, therapeutic activity, toxicity and other factors. Although enormous literature is available on the role of PC in altering pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NPs, understanding on its analytical characterization methods still remains shallow. Therefore, the current review summarizes the impact of PC on biological fate of NPs and stressing on analytical methods employed for studying the NP-PC.

Green Chemistry Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Anticancer Effects

Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly and become an integral part of modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a class of eco-friendly, cost-effective and biocompatible agents that have attracted attention for their possible biomedical and bioengineering applications. Like many other inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, iron oxide and quantum dots, AgNPs have also been widely studied as components of advanced anticancer agents in order to better manage cancer in the clinic. AgNPs are typically produced by the action of reducing reagents on silver ions. In addition to numerous laboratory-based methods for reduction of silver ions, living organisms and natural products can be effective and superior source for synthesis of AgNPs precursors. Currently, plants, bacteria and fungi can afford biogenic AgNPs precursors with diverse geometries and surface properties. In this review, we summarized the recent progress and achievements in biogenic AgNPs synthesis and their potential uses as anticancer agents.

Effects of the Morphology, Surface Modification and Application Methods of ZnO-NPs on the Growth and Biomass of Tomato Plants

Benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture include reduced fertilizer loss, improved seed germination rate and increased crops quality and yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), at 1500 ppm, on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth. ZnO-NPs were synthetized to produce either spherical or hexagonal morphologies. In this research, we also studied two application methods (foliar and drench) and nanoparticles’ (NPs) surface modification with maltodextrin. The results obtained indicate that ZnO-NP-treated tomato plants significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and plant organs (leaves, stem and root) dry weight compared to plants without NP treatment.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles induced cytogenotoxic and genotoxic changes in Allium cepa L. varies with nanoparticles doses and duration of exposure

This study aimed to test the ability of aqueous leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to estimate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of AgNPs using Allium cepa assay. Fresh Eichhornia crassipes plants were collected from the Nile River of Egypt. The mixed-shaped structures of the biogenic AgNPs were qualitatively characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis clarified the presence of the elemental silver in a percentage of 83.29%. The biogenic AgNPs were quite stable (0.316) and negatively charged (-18.5 mV) based on the polydispersity index values. Allium cepa L. roots were exposed to several AgNPs concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L^-1) for different time intervals 2, 4 and 6 h. Cytotoxicity measured by both the spectrophotometric and macroscopic techniques recorded the maximum cell death of root tips of A. cepa after 20 mg L^-1 treatment. The analysis of comet assay output images showed an alteration of DNA repair kinetics. The use of aqueous leaf extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach in the large-scale production of AgNPs by the method proposed in this study may be a step in improving the water loss in the Nile River. At the same time, a sensitive approach to the cytogenotoxicity of AgNPs must be considered.

Silver Nanoparticles Stimulates Spermatogenesis Impairments and Hematological Alterations in Testis and Epididymis of Male Rats

The potential pharmaceutical application of nanoparticles has led to the toxicity within the male reproductive system. In the present study, the effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on hematological parameters, free radical generation, antioxidant system, sperm parameters, and organ histo-morphometry in male rats were investigated. Ag-NPs were produced by the reduction of silver ions, while the formation of which was monitored by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Zeta potential, transmission, and scanning electron microscopies were applied for the characterization of AgNPs. A total of 30 rats were divided into 6 groups and were sub-dermally exposed to Ag-NPs at the dosage of 0 (control), 10, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) doses for either 7 or 28 days. Ag-NP administration altered hematological indices and caused dose-dependent decreases in sperm motility, velocity, kinematic parameters, concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In the epididymis and testis, the concentrations of malondialdehyde and peroxide increases while superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and total thiol group decreases. These findings suggest that Ag-NP triggered hormonal imbalance and induce oxidative stress in testis and epididymis; which negatively affect sperm parameters of male rats.

Nanomedicine Fight against Antibacterial Resistance: An Overview of the Recent Pharmaceutical Innovations

Based on the recent reports of World Health Organization, increased antibiotic resistance prevalence among bacteria represents the greatest challenge to human health. In addition, the poor solubility, stability, and side effects that lead to inefficiency of the current antibacterial therapy prompted the researchers to explore new innovative strategies to overcome such resilient microbes. Hence, novel antibiotic delivery systems are in high demand. Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest due to their favored physicochemical properties, drug targeting efficiency, enhanced uptake, and biodistribution. The present review focuses on the recent applications of organic (liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles), and inorganic (silver, silica, magnetic, zinc oxide (ZnO), cobalt, selenium, and cadmium) nanosystems in the domain of antibacterial delivery. We provide a concise description of the characteristics of each system that render it suitable as an antibacterial delivery agent. We also highlight the recent promising innovations used to overcome antibacterial resistance, including the use of lipid polymer nanoparticles, nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles, anti-microbial oligonucleotides, smart responsive materials, cationic peptides, and natural compounds. We further discuss the applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, combination drug therapy, nano antibiotic strategy, and phage therapy, and their impact on evading antibacterial resistance. Finally, we report on the formulations that made their way towards clinical application.

Recent Advancements of Nanomedicine towards Antiangiogenic Therapy in Cancer

Angiogenesis is a process of generation of de-novo blood vessels from already existing vasculature. It has a crucial role in different physiological process including wound healing, embryonic development, and tumor growth. The methods by which therapeutic drugs inhibit tumor angiogenesis are termed as anti-angiogenesis cancer therapy. Developments of angiogenic inhibiting drugs have various limitations causing a barrier for successful treatment of cancer, where angiogenesis plays an important role. In this context, investigators developed novel strategies using nanotechnological approaches that have demonstrated inherent antiangiogenic properties or used for the delivery of antiangiogenic agents in a targeted manner. In this present article, we decisively highlight the recent developments of various nanoparticles (NPs) including liposomes, lipid NPs, protein NPs, polymer NPs, inorganic NPs, viral and bio-inspired NPs for potential application in antiangiogenic cancer therapy. Additionally, the clinical perspectives, challenges of nanomedicine, and future perspectives are briefly analyzed.

Synergistic Cytotoxicity Of Shikonin-Silver Nanoparticles As An Opportunity For Lung Cancer

The combined action of shikonin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for apoptosis in human cancer cells has not been elucidated. Hence, we investigated the synergistic combinatorial effect of shikonin and AgNPs in human lung cancer cells. Shikonin was used as a reducing and capping agent for AgNPs synthesis as a green method avoiding the hazards of chemical methods. Radiolabeling of shikonin-AgNPs with radioactive iodine forming [131 I]I-Shikonin-AgNPs was carried out to enable the intracellular tracking of NPs. The antitumor effect of a combined treatment (shikonin-AgNPs) was evaluated using tissue culture assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of SHK-AgNPs on A549 cells after 24 hours determined by an MTT assay is 2.4 ± 0.11 μg/mL. As a deduction, this study revealed that the combination of shikonin and AgNPs treatment significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation of A549 cells (human lung carcinoma cell line) with a great potential than the monotherapy.

Bacterial biosynthesis of nanosilver: a green catalyst for the synthesis of (amino pyrazolo)-(phenyl)methyl naphth-2-ol derivatives and their antimicrobial potential

Heterogeneous silver nanoparticles produced by Streptomyces sp. RAB 10, were used as bio-catalysts in a three-component reaction in aqueous media.

Biogenic Ag Nanoparticles from Neem Extract: Their Structural Evaluation and Antimicrobial Effects against Pseudomonas nitroreducens and Aspergillus unguis (NII 08123)

Silver nanocrystals have been successfully fabricated by the bioreduction route using the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves as the reducing and capping agent without solvent interference. The silver nanocrystals were grown in a single-step method, without the influence of external energy or surfactants, and at room temperature. The nanoparticles were prepared from different ratios of silver ions to reducing agent molecules and were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles were roughly spherical and polydispersed with diameters of less than 40 nm, as determined with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis elucidated the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The presence of participating functional groups was determined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were analyzed as a potential surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate by incorporating rhodamine B as the Raman reporter molecule. The bioreduction process was monitored through SERS fingerprint, which was evaluated by the change in vibrational energies of metal-ligand bonds. It was possible to detect the SERS spectral pattern of the probe molecules on the Ag nanoparticles without the use of any aggregating agent. Thus, the formation of probable intra- and interparticle hot spots was attributed to evaporation-induced aggregation. Furthermore, stirring and precursor salt concentration influenced the kinetics involved in the fabrication process. The thermal stability of the lyophilized nanoparticles prepared from 0.1 M AgNO₃ was evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and had a residual mass of 60% at 600 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies were used to validate the compositional and chemical-state information. The biomass-capped silver nanoparticles provided antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas nitroreducens, a biofilm-forming bacterium, and the fungus, Aspergillus unguis (NII 08123).

Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Their Application in Melanoma Cancer Theranostics

Treatment and cure for melanoma, the most aggressive subcategory of skin cancer, still remains a daunting challenge to be circumvented. When metastasized, it requires radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, etc. as its treatment, although it can be removed by surgical intervention if detected in its early stage. Development of upgraded therapeutic modalities for melanoma facilitating early diagnosis with subsequent excision before metastasis is, therefore, an urgent need. As we witnessed, nanotechnology has become instrumental with its far-reaching ramifications both in diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. In this review we are going to summarize the encouraging developments made in recent times for functionalization of nanoparticles (including liposomes, polymeric, metal, viral, protein nanoparticles) to create numerous theranostics (therapy plus diagnostics) for melanoma. We will also reflect on the melanoma statistics, molecular biology, conventional therapies, ongoing clinical trials, and future outlook.

Recent Trends of the Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics

In recent years, various nanomaterials have emerged as an exciting tool in cancer theranostic applications due to their multifunctional property and intrinsic molecular property aiding effective diagnosis, imaging, and successful therapy. However, chemically synthesized nanoparticles have several issues related to the cost, toxicity and effectiveness. In this context, bio-inspired nanoparticles (NPs) held edges over conventionally synthesized nanoparticles due to their low cost, easy synthesis and low toxicity. In this present review article, a detailed overview of the cancer theranostics applications of various bio-inspired has been provided. This includes the recent examples of liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and viral nanoparticles. Finally, challenges and the future scopes of these NPs in cancer therapy and diagnostics applications are highlighted.

One-Step Photochemical Green Synthesis of Water-Dispersible Ag, Au, and Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles

A simple and green synthetic protocol for the rapid and effective preparation of Ag, Au and Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) is reported based on the light irradiation of a biocompatible, water-soluble dextran functionalized with benzophenone (BP) in the presence of AgNO₃ , HAuCl₄ , or both. Photoactivation of the BP moiety produces the highly reducing ketyl radicals through fast (<50 ns) intramolecular H-abstraction from the dextran scaffold, which, in turn, ensures excellent dispersibility of the obtained metal NPs in water. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs and the photothermal action of the Au@Ag core-shell are also shown.

Silver nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in experimental cyclosporiasis

Cyclosporiasis is an emerging worldwide infection caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis. In immunocompetent patients, it is mainly manifested by self-limited diarrhea, which is persistent and may be fatal in immunocompromised patients. The standard treatment for cyclosporiasis is a combination of two antibiotics, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Gastrointestinal, haematologic and renal side effects were reported with this combination. Moreover, sulfa allergy, foetal anomalies and recurrence were recorded with no alternative drug treatment option. In this study, silver nanoparticles were chemically synthesized to be evaluated for the first time for their anti-cyclospora effects in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed experimental mice in comparison to the standard treatment. The effect of silver nanoparticles was assessed through studying stool oocyst load, oocyst viability, ultrastructural changes in oocysts, and estimation of serum gamma interferon. Toxic effect of the therapeutic agents was evaluated by measuring liver enzymes, urea and creatinine in mouse sera. Results showed that silver nanoparticles had promising anti-cyclospora potentials. The animals that received these nanoparticles showed a statistically significant decrease in the oocyst burden and number of viable oocysts in stool and a statistically significant increase in serum gamma interferon in comparison to the corresponding group receiving the standard treatment and to the infected non-treated control group. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed mutilated oocysts with irregularities, poring and perforations. Biochemical results showed no evidence of toxicity of silver nanoparticles, as the sera of the mice showed a statistically non-significant decrease in liver enzymes in immunocompetent subgroups, and a statistically significant decrease in immunosuppressed subgroups. Furthermore, a statistically non-significant decrease in urea and creatinine was recorded in all subgroups. Thus, silver nanoparticles proved their effectiveness against Cyclospora infection, and this will draw the attention to its use as an alternative to the standard therapy.

Elemental Silver Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Bio Applications

The data on the specifics of synthesis of elemental silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) having various geometric shapes (pseudo spherical, prismatic, cubic, trigonal-pyramidal, etc.), obtained by using various biological methods, and their use in biology and medicine have been systematized and generalized. The review covers mainly publications published in the current 21st century. Bibliography: 262 references.

Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles: In Vivo Study of Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIR)-Based Bio-imaging and Cell Labeling Applications

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is a striking imaging modality for biomedical and clinical applications due to its deep tissue penetration and low phototoxicity. The major issue with NIR dyes is their non-specific distribution and requirement of tagging with biomolecules for specific tissue localization. Till now, there have been no imaging agents available that can distribute into a specific organ without the need for targeted ligands, which remains as an unmet clinical need. In the present study, we demonstrate that the Zinnia elegans plant extract (abbreviated as ZE) assisted synthesis of highly biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuZE), leading to their non-invasive bio-imaging applications in the NIR region (red at 820 nm emission: NIR region). AuZE and ZE both exhibited green fluorescence at 350 nm excitation and red fluorescence in the NIR region (710 nm). We verified the source of this fluorescence, which originates from the fluorescent molecules present in the ZE extract. After intraperitoneal administration in C57BL6 mice, very interestingly, AuZE is distributed into the brain of C57BL6 mice without the need for any targeted ligand and exhibited bright red fluorescence in the NIR region (710 nm excitation, 820 nm emission) as evidenced by non-invasive imaging as well as ICPOES techniques. We further explored the activity of ZE and AuZE as cell labeling agents (B16F10 cells were pre-incubated with AuZE and implanted into mice, and the fluorescence was monitored), which could be applicable for graft transplantation biology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the versatile applications of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using a ZE extract. Considering these exciting results and fruitful outcomes, the ZE and AuZE NPs would stand as an alternative imaging agent to commercially available NIR dyes and change the conventional fluorescence-based bio-imaging strategies. Therefore, the biosynthesized AuNPs open new directions for future research to explore these latest observations in the field of disease diagnosis and therapy.