101
|
Smetana J, Di Fronzo C, Amorosi A, Martynov D. Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7526. [PMID: 37687983 PMCID: PMC10490664 DOI: 10.3390/s23177526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Compact Michelson interferometers are well positioned to replace existing displacement sensors in the readout of seismometers and suspension systems, such as those used in contemporary gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we continue our previous investigation of a customised compact displacement sensor built by SmarAct that operates on the principle of deep frequency modulation. The focus of this paper is the linearity of this device and its subsequent impact on sensitivity. We show the three primary sources of nonlinearity that arise in the sensor: residual ellipticity, intrinsic distortion of the Lissajous figure, and distortion caused by exceeding the velocity limit imposed by the demodulation algorithm. We verify the theoretical models through an experimental demonstration, where we show the detrimental impact that these nonlinear effects have on device sensitivity. Finally, we simulate the effect that these nonlinearities are likely to have if implemented in the readout of the Advanced LIGO suspensions and show that the noise from nonlinearities should not dominate across the key sub-10 Hz frequency band.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Smetana
- Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Chiara Di Fronzo
- Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, A&M Department, Université de Liège, Allé de la Découverte 9 B52/Quartier Polytec 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.D.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Anthony Amorosi
- Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, A&M Department, Université de Liège, Allé de la Découverte 9 B52/Quartier Polytec 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.D.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Denis Martynov
- Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Healy J, Lousto CO. Ultimate Black Hole Recoil: What is the Maximum High-Energy Collision Kick? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:071401. [PMID: 37656861 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.071401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We performed a series of 1381 full numerical simulations of high energy collision of black holes to search for the maximum recoil velocity after their merger. We consider equal mass binaries with opposite spins pointing along their orbital plane and perform a search of spin orientations, impact parameters, and initial linear momenta to find the maximum recoil for a given spin magnitude s. This spin sequence for s=0.4, 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9 is then extrapolated to the extreme case, s=1, to obtain an estimated maximum recoil velocity of 28,562±342 km/s, thus approximately bounded by 10% of the speed of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Healy
- Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation (CCRG), School of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Carlos O Lousto
- Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation (CCRG), School of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Zheng X, Dolde J, Cambria MC, Lim HM, Kolkowitz S. A lab-based test of the gravitational redshift with a miniature clock network. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4886. [PMID: 37573452 PMCID: PMC10423269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a clock at a higher gravitational potential will tick faster than an otherwise identical clock at a lower potential, an effect known as the gravitational redshift. Here we perform a laboratory-based, blinded test of the gravitational redshift using differential clock comparisons within an evenly spaced array of 5 atomic ensembles spanning a height difference of 1 cm. We measure a fractional frequency gradient of [ - 12.4 ± 0. 7(stat) ± 2. 5(sys)] × 10-19/cm, consistent with the expected redshift gradient of - 10.9 × 10-19/cm. Our results can also be viewed as relativistic gravitational potential difference measurements with sensitivity to mm scale changes in height on the surface of the Earth. These results highlight the potential of local-oscillator-independent differential clock comparisons for emerging applications of optical atomic clocks including geodesy, searches for new physics, gravitational wave detection, and explorations of the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan Dolde
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Matthew C Cambria
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hong Ming Lim
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shimon Kolkowitz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Khuri MA, Rainone JF. Black Lenses in Kaluza-Klein Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:041402. [PMID: 37566867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We present the first examples of formally asymptotically flat black hole solutions with horizons of general lens space topology L(p,q). These five-dimensional static or stationary spacetimes are regular on and outside the event horizon for any choice of relatively prime integers 1≤q
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Khuri
- Department of Mathematics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jordan F Rainone
- Department of Mathematics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Chen ASK, Elvang H, Herderschee A. Bootstrapping the String Kawai-Lewellen-Tye Kernel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:031602. [PMID: 37540857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.031602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
We show that double-copy maps for amplitudes in effective field theory are severely constrained at four points by self-consistency and locality at six points. The resulting double-copy kernel depends only on two parameters as well as a specific symmetric function in s, t, u and interpolates between the original Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) string double copy and the open and closed string period integrals. Amplitudes double copied with this map must obey either the string monodromy relations or the field theory Kleiss-Kuijf (KK) and Bern, Carrasco, and Johansson (BCJ) relations; there are no other options. Our construction elucidates the "single-valued projection" property of the Riemann zeta-function values for the four-point string theory double copy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shih-Kuan Chen
- Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, Randall Laboratory of Physics University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Henriette Elvang
- Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, Randall Laboratory of Physics University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Aidan Herderschee
- Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, Randall Laboratory of Physics University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Giardino S, Giusti A, Faraoni V. Thermal stability of stealth and de Sitter spacetimes in scalar-tensor gravity. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2023; 83:621. [PMID: 37461747 PMCID: PMC10349768 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Stealth solutions of scalar-tensor gravity and less-known de Sitter spaces that generalize them are analyzed regarding their possible role as thermal equilibria at non-zero temperature in the new first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity. No stable equilibria are found, further validating the special role of general relativity as an equilibrium state in the landscape of gravity theories, seen through the lens of first-order thermodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giardino
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerio Faraoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Singh VV, Müller J, Biskupek L, Hackmann E, Lämmerzahl C. Equivalence of Active and Passive Gravitational Mass Tested with Lunar Laser Ranging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:021401. [PMID: 37505941 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.021401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) measures the distance between observatories on Earth and retro-reflectors on the Moon since 1969. In this Letter, we study the possible violation of the equivalence of passive and active gravitational mass (m_{a}/m_{p}), for aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), using LLR data. Our new limit of 3.9×10^{-14} is about 100 times better than that of Bartlett and Van Buren [Equivalence of Active and Passive Gravitational Mass Using the Moon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 21 (1986)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.57.21] reflecting the benefit of the many years of LLR data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Vijay Singh
- Institute of Geodesy (IfE), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Müller
- Institute of Geodesy (IfE), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Liliane Biskupek
- Institute of Geodesy (IfE), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Hackmann
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claus Lämmerzahl
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Heissenberg C. Angular Momentum Loss due to Tidal Effects in the Post-Minkowskian Expansion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:011603. [PMID: 37478435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.011603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the tidal corrections to the loss of angular momentum in a two-body collision at leading post-Minkowskian order from an amplitude-based approach. The eikonal operator allows us to efficiently combine elastic and inelastic amplitudes, and captures both the contributions due to genuine gravitational-wave emissions and those due to the static gravitational field. We calculate the former by harnessing powerful collider-physics techniques such as reverse unitarity, thereby reducing them to cut two-loop integrals, and cross check the result by performing an independent calculation in the post-Newtonian limit. For the latter, we can employ the results of P. Di Vecchia et al. [Angular momentum of zero-frequency gravitons, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 172.JHEPFG1029-847910.1007/JHEP08(2022)172], where static-field effects were calculated for generic gravitational scattering events using the leading soft graviton theorem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Heissenberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75237 Uppsala, Sweden and NORDITA, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-11419, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Adamo T, Cristofoli A, Ilderton A, Klisch S. All Order Gravitational Waveforms from Scattering Amplitudes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:011601. [PMID: 37478447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Waveforms are classical observables associated with any radiative physical process. Using scattering amplitudes, these are usually computed in a weak-field regime to some finite order in the post-Newtonian or post-Minkowskian approximation. Here, we use strong-field amplitudes to compute the waveform produced in scattering of massive particles on gravitational plane waves, treated as exact nonlinear solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations. Notably, the waveform contains an infinite number of post-Minkowskian contributions, as well as tail effects. We also provide, and contrast with, analogous results in electromagnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Adamo
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cristofoli
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Ilderton
- Higgs Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Klisch
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Kiuchi K, Fujibayashi S, Hayashi K, Kyutoku K, Sekiguchi Y, Shibata M. Self-Consistent Picture of the Mass Ejection from a One Second Long Binary Neutron Star Merger Leaving a Short-Lived Remnant in a General-Relativistic Neutrino-Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:011401. [PMID: 37478426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.011401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We perform a general-relativistic neutrino-radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a one second-long binary neutron star merger on the Japanese supercomputer Fugaku using about 85 million CPU hours with 20 736 CPUs. We consider an asymmetric binary neutron star merger with masses of 1.2M_{⊙} and 1.5M_{⊙} and a "soft" equation of state SFHo. It results in a short-lived remnant with the lifetime of ≈0.017 s, and subsequent massive torus formation with the mass of ≈0.05M_{⊙} after the remnant collapses to a black hole. For the first time, we find that after the dynamical mass ejection, which drives the fast tail and mildly relativistic components, the postmerger mass ejection from the massive torus takes place due to the magnetorotational instability-driven turbulent viscosity in a single simulation and the two ejecta components are seen in the distributions of the electron fraction and velocity with distinct features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kiuchi
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Fujibayashi
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Kota Hayashi
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koutarou Kyutoku
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Science Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sekiguchi
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Physics, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Shibata
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Notari A, Rompineve F, Villadoro G. Improved Hot Dark Matter Bound on the QCD Axion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:011004. [PMID: 37478425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We obtain a reliable cosmological bound on the axion mass m_{a} by (1) deriving the production rate directly from pion-pion scattering data, which overcomes the breakdown of chiral perturbation theory and results in ∼30% differences from previous estimates; (2) including momentum dependence in the Boltzmann equations for axion-pion scatterings, which enhances the relic abundance by ∼40%. Using present cosmological datasets we obtain m_{a}≤0.24 eV, at 95% C.L. We also constrain the sum of neutrino masses, ∑m_{ν}≤0.14 eV at 95% C.L., in the presence of relic axions and neutrinos. Finally, we show that reliable nonperturbative calculations above the QCD crossover are needed to exploit the reach of upcoming cosmological surveys for axion detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Notari
- Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofisíca & Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Villadoro
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Inoue Y, Hsieh BH, Chen KH, Chu YK, Ito K, Kozakai C, Shishido T, Tomigami Y, Akutsu T, Haino S, Izumi K, Kajita T, Kanda N, Lin CS, Lin FK, Moriwaki Y, Ogaki W, Pang HF, Sawada T, Tomaru T, Suzuki T, Tsuchida S, Ushiba T, Washimi T, Yamamoto T, Yokozawa T. Development of advanced photon calibrator for Kamioka gravitational wave detector (KAGRA). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:074502. [PMID: 37498166 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Kamioka Gravitational wave detector (KAGRA) cryogenic gravitational-wave observatory has commenced joint observations with the worldwide gravitational wave detector network. Precise calibration of the detector response is essential for accurately estimating parameters of gravitational wave sources. A photon calibrator is a crucial calibration tool used in laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory, Virgo, and KAGRA, and it was utilized in joint observation 3 with GEO600 in Germany in April 2020. In this paper, KAGRA implemented three key enhancements: a high-power laser, a power stabilization system, and remote beam position control. KAGRA employs a 20 W laser divided into two beams that are injected onto the mirror surface. By utilizing a high-power laser, the response of the detector at kHz frequencies can be calibrated. To independently control the power of each laser beam, an optical follower servo was installed for power stabilization. The optical path of the photon calibrator's beam positions was controlled using pico-motors, allowing for the characterization of the detector's rotation response. Additionally, a telephoto camera and quadrant photodetectors were installed to monitor beam positions, and beam position control was implemented to optimize the mirror response. In this paper, we discuss the statistical errors associated with the measurement of relative power noise. We also address systematic errors related to the power calibration model of the photon calibrator and the simulation of elastic deformation effects using finite element analysis. Ultimately, we have successfully reduced the total systematic error from the photon calibrator to 2.0%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Physics Department, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Center for High Energy and High Field Physics (CHiP), National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - B H Hsieh
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - K H Chen
- Physics Department, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Center for High Energy and High Field Physics (CHiP), National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Molecular Sciences and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Y K Chu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - K Ito
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - C Kozakai
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - T Shishido
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
| | - Y Tomigami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - T Akutsu
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), 181-8588 Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Haino
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - K Izumi
- JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-0222, Japan
| | - T Kajita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - N Kanda
- Physics Department, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - C S Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - F K Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Y Moriwaki
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - W Ogaki
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - H F Pang
- Physics Department, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- Center for High Energy and High Field Physics (CHiP), National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - T Sawada
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - T Tomaru
- Physics Department, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - S Tsuchida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - T Ushiba
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - T Washimi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - T Yokozawa
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Faraoni V, Houle J. More on the first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor and Horndeski gravity. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2023; 83:521. [PMID: 37351520 PMCID: PMC10281912 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Two issues in the first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor (including "viable" Horndeski) gravity are elucidated. The application of this new formalism to FLRW cosmology is shown to be fully legitimate and then extended to all Bianchi universes. It is shown that the formalism holds thanks to the almost miraculous fact that the constitutive relations of Eckart's thermodynamics are satisfied, while writing the field equations as effective Einstein equations with an effective dissipative fluid does not contain new physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Faraoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
| | - Julien Houle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Han R, Cai M, Yang T, Xu L, Xia Q, Jia X, Gao D, Han J. Effect of solar proton events on test mass for gravitational wave detection in the 24th solar cycle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9932. [PMID: 37337051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-falling cubic Test Masses (TMs) are a key component of the interferometer used for low-frequency gravitational wave (GW) detection in space. However, exposure to energetic particles in the environment can lead to electrostatic charging of the TM, resulting in additional electrostatic and Lorentz forces that can impact GW detection sensitivity. To evaluate this effect, the high-energy proton data set of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) program was used to analyze TM charging due to Solar Proton Events (SPEs) in the 24th solar cycle. Using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, the TM charging process is simulated in a space environment for SPEs falling into three ranges of proton flux: (1) greater than 10 pfu and less than 100 pfu, (2) greater than 100 pfu and less than 1000 pfu, and (3) greater than 1000 pfu. It is found that SPEs charging can reach the threshold within 535 s to 18.6 h, considering a reasonable discharge threshold of LISA and Taiji. We demonstrate that while there is a somewhat linear correlation between the net charging rate of the TM and the integrated flux of [Formula: see text] 10 MeV SPEs, there are many cases in which the integrated flux is significantly different from the charging rate. Therefore, we investigate the difference between the integral flux and the charging rate of SPEs using the charging efficiency assessment method. Our results indicate that the energy spectrum structure of SPEs is the most important factor influencing the charging rate. Lastly, we evaluate the charging probability of SPEs in the 24th solar cycle and find that the frequency and charging risk of SPEs are highest in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th years, which can serve as a reference for future GW detection spacecraft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- College of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Most ER, Philippov AA. Reconnection-Powered Fast Radio Transients from Coalescing Neutron Star Binaries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:245201. [PMID: 37390415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.245201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
It is an open question whether and how gravitational wave events involving neutron stars can be preceded by electromagnetic counterparts. This Letter shows that the collision of two neutron stars with magnetic fields well below magnetar-level strengths can produce millisecond fast-radio-burst-like transients. Using global force-free electrodynamics simulations, we identify the coherent emission mechanism that might operate in the common magnetosphere of a binary neutron star system prior to merger. We predict that the emission show have frequencies in the range of 10-20 GHz for magnetic fields of B^{*}=10^{11} G at the surfaces of the stars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias R Most
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Gravity Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Wardell B, Pound A, Warburton N, Miller J, Durkan L, Le Tiec A. Gravitational Waveforms for Compact Binaries from Second-Order Self-Force Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:241402. [PMID: 37390425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.241402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
We produce gravitational waveforms for nonspinning compact binaries undergoing a quasicircular inspiral. Our approach is based on a two-timescale expansion of the Einstein equations in second-order self-force theory, which allows first-principles waveform production in tens of milliseconds. Although the approach is designed for extreme mass ratios, our waveforms agree remarkably well with those from full numerical relativity, even for comparable-mass systems. Our results will be invaluable in accurately modeling extreme-mass-ratio inspirals for the LISA mission and intermediate-mass-ratio systems currently being observed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Wardell
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Adam Pound
- School of Mathematical Sciences and STAG Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Warburton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Miller
- Shamoon College of Engineering, Jabotinsky 84, Ashdod, 77245, Israel
| | - Leanne Durkan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Le Tiec
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université PSL, Université de Paris, F-92190 Meudon, France
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Butera S, Carusotto I. Numerical Studies of Back Reaction Effects in an Analog Model of Cosmological Preheating. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:241501. [PMID: 37390448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.241501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate as an analog model of backreaction effects during the preheating stage of the early Universe. In particular, we address the out-of-equilibrium dynamics where the initially excited inflaton field decays by parametrically exciting the matter fields. We consider a two-dimensional, ring-shaped BEC under a tight transverse confinement whose transverse breathing mode and the Goldstone and dipole excitation branches simulate the inflaton and quantum matter fields, respectively. A strong excitation of the breathing mode leads to an exponentially growing emission of dipole and Goldstone excitations via parametric pair creation: Our numerical simulations of the BEC dynamics show how the associated backreaction effect results not only in an effective friction of the breathing mode, but also in a quick loss of longitudinal spatial coherence of the initially in-phase excitations. Implications of this result on the validity of the usual semiclassical description of backreaction are finally discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Butera
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Iacopo Carusotto
- Pitaevskii BEC Center, INO-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Destounis K, Huez G, Kokkotas KD. Geodesics and gravitational waves in chaotic extreme-mass-ratio inspirals: the curious case of Zipoy-Voorhees black-hole mimickers. GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 2023; 55:71. [PMID: 37283659 PMCID: PMC10239393 DOI: 10.1007/s10714-023-03119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing capacity of gravitational-wave astronomy and black-hole imaging, we will soon be able to emphatically decide if astrophysical dark objects lurking in galactic centers are black holes. Sgr A*, one of the most prolific astronomical radio sources in our galaxy, is the focal point for tests of general relativity. Current mass and spin constraints predict that the central object of the Milky Way is supermassive and slowly rotating, thus can be conservatively modeled as a Schwarzschild black hole. Nevertheless, the well-established presence of accretion disks and astrophysical environments around supermassive compact objects can significantly deform their geometry and complicate their observational scientific yield. Here, we study extreme-mass-ratio binaries comprised of a minuscule secondary object inspiraling onto a supermassive Zipoy-Voorhees compact object; the simplest exact solution of general relativity that describes a static, spheroidal deformation of Schwarzschild spacetime. We examine geodesics of prolate and oblate deformations for generic orbits and reevaluate the non-integrability of Zipoy-Voorhees spacetime through the existence of resonant islands in the orbital phase space. By including radiation loss with post-Newtonian techniques, we evolve stellar-mass secondary objects around a supermassive Zipoy-Voorhees primary and find clear imprints of non-integrability in these systems. The peculiar structure of the primary, allows for, not only typical single crossings of transient resonant islands, that are well-known for non-Kerr objects, but also inspirals that transverse through several islands, in a brief period of time, that lead to multiple glitches in the gravitational-wave frequency evolution of the binary. The detectability of glitches with future spaceborne detectors can, therefore, narrow down the parameter space of exotic solutions that, otherwise, can cast identical shadows with black holes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Destounis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Theoretical Astrophysics, IAAT, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Huez
- Theoretical Astrophysics, IAAT, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Kostas D. Kokkotas
- Theoretical Astrophysics, IAAT, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy, and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografos GR15783, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Lu P, Takhistov V, Fuller GM. Signatures of a High Temperature QCD Transition in the Early Universe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:221002. [PMID: 37327409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.221002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Beyond-Standard-Model extensions of QCD could result in quark and gluon confinement occurring well above at temperature around the GeV scale. These models can also alter the order of the QCD phase transition. Therefore, the enhanced production of primordial black holes (PBHs) that can accompany the change in relativistic degrees of freedom at the QCD transition could favor the production of PBHs with mass scales smaller than the Standard Model QCD horizon scale. Consequently, and unlike PBHs associated with a standard GeV-scale QCD transition, such PBHs can account for all the dark matter abundance in the unconstrained asteroid-mass window. This links beyond-Standard-Model modifications of QCD physics over a broad range of unexplored temperature regimes (around 10-10^{3} TeV) with microlensing surveys searching for PBHs. Additionally, we discuss implications of these models for gravitational wave experiments. We show that a first-order QCD phase transition at around 7 TeV is consistent with the Subaru Hyper-Suprime Cam candidate event, while a transition of around 70 GeV is consistent with OGLE candidate events and could also account for the claimed NANOGrav gravitational wave signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lu
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Volodymyr Takhistov
- International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP, WPI), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - George M Fuller
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Zhang J, Ma X, Zhao M, Peng X, Gao C, Yang Z. Advanced inter-spacecraft offset frequency setting strategy for the Taiji program based on a two-stage optimization algorithm. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:4370-4380. [PMID: 37706930 DOI: 10.1364/ao.487809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
For space-based gravitational wave (GW) detection, the continuity of detection data acquisition is crucial to the inversion of wave sources and the realization of scientific goals. To control the inter-spacecraft beat-note frequency in an appropriate range for continuous gravitational wave detection and to reduce the upper bound of the beat-note frequency for improving the detection capability, a two-stage optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the offset frequency setting strategy in the Taiji program. The optimization objectives are the maximum offset frequency duration and minimum upper bound of the beat-note frequency. Considering all feasible phase-locked schemes, Doppler frequency shift, and the bandwidth of the phasemeter, a series of offset frequency setting strategies satisfying the conditions was obtained. The solution results show that the upper bound can be reduced to 16 MHz and, in this case, the offset frequency changes nine times with a minimum and maximum offset frequency duration of 90 days and 713 days, respectively. If the Doppler frequency shift is constrained, the minimum upper bound can be reduced to 14 MHz. When the minimum duration is increased, the minimum upper bound is increased. These results show that, by varying the offset frequency a limited number of times, the data continuity requirements of the Taiji program can be satisfied, and the phasemeter development difficulty and detection capability can be balanced, and may provide a reference for the phasemeter design, the setting of phase-locking schemes, and inter-spacecraft offset frequency in the Taiji program.
Collapse
|
121
|
Chowdhury A, Xavier S, Shankaranarayanan S. The dominating mode of two competing massive modes of quadratic gravity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8547. [PMID: 37237100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, motivations for modified gravity have emerged from both theoretical and observational levels. f(R) and Chern-Simons gravity have received more attention as they are the simplest generalization. However, f(R) and Chern-Simons gravity contain only an additional scalar (spin-0) degree of freedom and, as a result, do not include other modes of modified theories of gravity. In contrast, quadratic gravity (also referred to as Stelle gravity) is the most general second-order modification to 4-D general relativity and contains a massive spin-2 mode that is not present in f(R) and Chern-Simons gravity. Using two different physical settings-the gravitational wave energy-flux measured by the detectors and the backreaction of the emitted gravitational radiation on the spacetime of the remnant black hole-we demonstrate that massive spin-2 mode carries more energy than the spin-0 mode. Our analysis shows that the effects are pronounced for intermediate-mass black holes, which are prime targets for LISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Chowdhury
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Semin Xavier
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - S Shankaranarayanan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Tajik M, Gluza M, Sebe N, Schüttelkopf P, Cataldini F, Sabino J, Møller F, Ji SC, Erne S, Guarnieri G, Sotiriadis S, Eisert J, Schmiedmayer J. Experimental observation of curved light-cones in a quantum field simulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301287120. [PMID: 37186865 PMCID: PMC10214178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301287120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate signal propagation in a quantum field simulator of the Klein-Gordon model realized by two strongly coupled parallel one-dimensional quasi-condensates. By measuring local phononic fields after a quench, we observe the propagation of correlations along sharp light-cone fronts. If the local atomic density is inhomogeneous, these propagation fronts are curved. For sharp edges, the propagation fronts are reflected at the system's boundaries. By extracting the space-dependent variation of the front velocity from the data, we find agreement with theoretical predictions based on curved geodesics of an inhomogeneous metric. This work extends the range of quantum simulations of nonequilibrium field dynamics in general space-time metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Tajik
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Marek Gluza
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nicolas Sebe
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Département de Physique, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau91120, France
| | - Philipp Schüttelkopf
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Federica Cataldini
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - João Sabino
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon1049-001, Portugal
| | - Frederik Møller
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Si-Cong Ji
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Erne
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Giacomo Guarnieri
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Spyros Sotiriadis
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jens Eisert
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin14109, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmiedmayer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Bern Z, Kosmopoulos D, Luna A, Roiban R, Teng F. Binary Dynamics through the Fifth Power of Spin at O(G^{2}). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:201402. [PMID: 37267575 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.201402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We use a previously developed scattering-amplitudes-based framework for determining two-body Hamiltonians for generic binary systems with arbitrary spin S. By construction this formalism bypasses difficulties with unphysical singularities or higher-time derivatives. This framework has been previously used to obtain the exact velocity dependence of the O(G^{2}) quadratic-in-spin two-body Hamiltonian. We first evaluate the S^{3} scattering angle and two-body Hamiltonian at this order in G, including not only all operators corresponding to the usual worldline operators, but also an additional set due to an interesting subtlety. We then evaluate S^{4} and S^{5} contributions at O(G^{2}) which we confirm by comparing against aligned-spin results. We conjecture that a certain shift symmetry together with a constraint on the high-energy growth of the scattering amplitude specify the Wilson coefficients for the Kerr black hole to all orders in the spin and confirm that they reproduce the previously obtained results through S^{4}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Bern
- Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kosmopoulos
- Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Andrés Luna
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Radu Roiban
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Fei Teng
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Zhang Y, Shi L, Chan CT, Fung KH, Chang K. Geometrical Theory of Electromagnetic Nonreciprocity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:203801. [PMID: 37267537 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electromagnetic nonreciprocity raise the question of how to engineer the nonreciprocal electromagnetic response with geometrical approaches. In this Letter, we examine this problem by introducing generalized electromagnetic continua consisting structured points, which carry extra degrees of freedom over coordinate transformation. We show that general nonreciprocal media have a unique time-varying Riemannian metric structure with local spinning components. It is demonstrated that the nonreciprocity can be alternatively identified as the torsion tensor of a Riemann-Cartan space, which could provide analytic expressions for the magneto-optical effect and the axionic magnetoelectric coupling. Our theory not only gives a deeper insight into the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic nonreciprocity but also provides a practical principle to geometrically design nonreciprocal devices through frame transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- SKLSM, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lina Shi
- State Key Lab of Fabrication Technologies for Integrated Circuits, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Che Ting Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Hung Fung
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Chang
- SKLSM, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Raithel CA, Most ER. Degeneracy in the Inference of Phase Transitions in the Neutron Star Equation of State from Gravitational Wave Data. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:201403. [PMID: 37267559 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.201403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gravitational wave (GW) detections of binary neutron star inspirals will be crucial for constraining the dense matter equation of state (EOS). We demonstrate a new degeneracy in the mapping from tidal deformability data to the EOS, which occurs for models with strong phase transitions. We find that there exists a new family of EOS with phase transitions that set in at different densities and that predict neutron star radii that differ by up to ∼500 m but that produce nearly identical tidal deformabilities for all neutron star masses. Next-generation GW detectors and advances in nuclear theory may be needed to resolve this degeneracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Raithel
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA; Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA and Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Elias R Most
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA; Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA and Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Xu M, Lu J, Yang S, Jiang H. Properties of Spherically Symmetric Black Holes in the Generalized Brans-Dicke Modified Gravitational Theory. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25050814. [PMID: 37238569 DOI: 10.3390/e25050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The many problems faced by the theory of general relativity (GR) have always motivated us to explore the modified theory of GR. Considering the importance of studying the black hole (BH) entropy and its correction in gravity physics, we study the correction of thermodynamic entropy for a kind of spherically symmetric black hole under the generalized Brans-Dicke (GBD) theory of modified gravity. We derive and calculate the entropy and heat capacity. It is found that when the value of event horizon radius r+ is small, the effect of the entropy-correction term on the entropy is very obvious, while for larger values r+, the contribution of the correction term on entropy can be almost ignored. In addition, we can observe that as the radius of the event horizon increases, the heat capacity of BH in GBD theory will change from a negative value to a positive value, indicating that there is a phase transition in black holes. Given that studying the structure of geodesic lines is important for exploring the physical characteristics of a strong gravitational field, we also investigate the stability of particles' circular orbits in static spherically symmetric BHs within the framework of GBD theory. Concretely, we analyze the dependence of the innermost stable circular orbit on model parameters. In addition, the geodesic deviation equation is also applied to investigate the stable circular orbit of particles in GBD theory. The conditions for the stability of the BH solution and the limited range of radial coordinates required to achieve stable circular orbit motion are given. Finally, we show the locations of stable circular orbits, and obtain the angular velocity, specific energy, and angular momentum of the particles which move in circular orbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mou Xu
- Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Jianbo Lu
- Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Shining Yang
- Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Hongnan Jiang
- Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Martin-Sanchez D, Li J, Zhang EZ, Beard PC, Guggenheim JA. ABCD transfer matrix model of Gaussian beam propagation in plano-concave optical microresonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16523-16534. [PMID: 37157729 PMCID: PMC11146662 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plano-concave optical microresonators (PCMRs) are optical microcavities formed of one planar and one concave mirror separated by a spacer. PCMRs illuminated by Gaussian laser beams are used as sensors and filters in fields including quantum electrodynamics, temperature sensing, and photoacoustic imaging. To predict characteristics such as the sensitivity of PCMRs, a model of Gaussian beam propagation through PCMRs based on the ABCD matrix method was developed. To validate the model, interferometer transfer functions (ITFs) calculated for a range of PCMRs and beams were compared to experimental measurements. A good agreement was observed, suggesting the model is valid. It could therefore constitute a useful tool for designing and evaluating PCMR systems in various fields. The computer code implementing the model has been made available online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Martin-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Edward Z. Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Paul C. Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - James A. Guggenheim
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Kraemer S, Moens J, Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis M, Bara S, Beeks K, Chhetri P, Chrysalidis K, Claessens A, Cocolios TE, Correia JGM, Witte HD, Ferrer R, Geldhof S, Heinke R, Hosseini N, Huyse M, Köster U, Kudryavtsev Y, Laatiaoui M, Lica R, Magchiels G, Manea V, Merckling C, Pereira LMC, Raeder S, Schumm T, Sels S, Thirolf PG, Tunhuma SM, Van Den Bergh P, Van Duppen P, Vantomme A, Verlinde M, Villarreal R, Wahl U. Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer. Nature 2023; 617:706-710. [PMID: 37225880 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The radionuclide thorium-229 features an isomer with an exceptionally low excitation energy that enables direct laser manipulation of nuclear states. It constitutes one of the leading candidates for use in next-generation optical clocks1-3. This nuclear clock will be a unique tool for precise tests of fundamental physics4-9. Whereas indirect experimental evidence for the existence of such an extraordinary nuclear state is substantially older10, the proof of existence has been delivered only recently by observing the isomer's electron conversion decay11. The isomer's excitation energy, nuclear spin and electromagnetic moments, the electron conversion lifetime and a refined energy of the isomer have been measured12-16. In spite of recent progress, the isomer's radiative decay, a key ingredient for the development of a nuclear clock, remained unobserved. Here, we report the detection of the radiative decay of this low-energy isomer in thorium-229 (229mTh). By performing vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy of 229mTh incorporated into large-bandgap CaF2 and MgF2 crystals at the ISOLDE facility at CERN, photons of 8.338(24) eV are measured, in agreement with recent measurements14-16 and the uncertainty is decreased by a factor of seven. The half-life of 229mTh embedded in MgF2 is determined to be 670(102) s. The observation of the radiative decay in a large-bandgap crystal has important consequences for the design of a future nuclear clock and the improved uncertainty of the energy eases the search for direct laser excitation of the atomic nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Kraemer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium.
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Janni Moens
- KU Leuven, Quantum Solid State Physics, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Silvia Bara
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kjeld Beeks
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Arno Claessens
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - João G M Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Hilde De Witte
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Ferrer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarina Geldhof
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Niyusha Hosseini
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yuri Kudryavtsev
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- Department Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Scherionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Razvan Lica
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vladimir Manea
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sebastian Raeder
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Scherionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schumm
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Sels
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Piet Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Wahl
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Han MZ, Huang YJ, Tang SP, Fan YZ. Plausible presence of new state in neutron stars with masses above 0.98M TOV. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:913-919. [PMID: 37080849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the neutron star (NS) equation of state (EOS) by incorporating multi-messenger data of GW170817, PSR J0030 + 0451, PSR J0740 + 6620, and state-of-the-art theoretical progresses, including the information from chiral effective field theory (χEFT) and perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) calculation. Taking advantage of the various structures sampling by a single-layer feed-forward neural network model embedded in the Bayesian nonparametric inference, the structure of NS matter's sound speed cs is explored in a model-agnostic way. It is found that a peak structure is common in the cs2 posterior, locating at 2.4-4.8ρsat (nuclear saturation density) and cs2 exceeds c2/3 at 90% credibility. The non-monotonic behavior suggests evidence of the state deviating from the hadronic matter inside the very massive NSs. Assuming the new/exotic state is featured as it is softer than typical hadronic models or even with hyperons, we find that a sizable (⩾10-3M⊙) exotic core, likely made of quark matter, is plausible for the NS with a gravitational mass above about 0.98MTOV, where MTOV represents the maximum gravitational mass of a non-rotating cold NS. The inferred MTOV=2.18-0.13+0.27M⊙ (90% credibility) is well consistent with the value of 2.17-0.12+0.15M⊙ estimated independently with GW170817/GRB 170817A/AT2017gfo assuming a temporary supramassive NS remnant formed after the merger. PSR J0740 + 6620, the most massive NS detected so far, may host a sizable exotic core with a probability of ≈0.36.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Han
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Jia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shao-Peng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Ma S, Sun L, Chen Y. Black Hole Spectroscopy by Mode Cleaning. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:141401. [PMID: 37084422 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.141401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We formulate a Bayesian framework to analyze ringdown gravitational waves from colliding binary black holes and test the no-hair theorem. The idea hinges on mode cleaning-revealing subdominant oscillation modes by removing dominant ones using newly proposed "rational filters." By incorporating the filter into Bayesian inference, we construct a likelihood function that depends only on the mass and spin of the remnant black hole (no dependence on mode amplitudes and phases) and implement an efficient pipeline to constrain the remnant mass and spin without Markov chain Monte Carlo. We test ringdown models by cleaning combinations of different modes and evaluating the consistency between the residual data and pure noise. The model evidence and Bayes factor are used to demonstrate the presence of a particular mode and to infer the mode starting time. In addition, we design a hybrid approach to estimate the remnant black hole properties exclusively from a single mode using Markov chain Monte Carlo after mode cleaning. We apply the framework to GW150914 and demonstrate more definitive evidence of the first overtone by cleaning the fundamental mode. This new framework provides a powerful tool for black hole spectroscopy in future gravitational-wave events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sizheng Ma
- TAPIR 350-17, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ling Sun
- OzGrav-ANU, Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics, College of Science, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yanbei Chen
- TAPIR 350-17, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Chen YC, Liu X, Foord A, Shen Y, Oguri M, Chen N, Di Matteo T, Holgado M, Hwang HC, Zakamska N. A close quasar pair in a disk-disk galaxy merger at z = 2.17. Nature 2023; 616:45-49. [PMID: 37020007 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Galaxy mergers produce pairs of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), which may be witnessed as dual quasars if both SMBHs are rapidly accreting. The kiloparsec (kpc)-scale separation represents a physical regime sufficiently close for merger-induced effects to be important1 yet wide enough to be directly resolvable with the facilities currently available. Whereas many kpc-scale, dual active galactic nuclei-the low-luminosity counterparts of quasars-have been observed in low-redshift mergers2, no unambiguous dual quasar is known at cosmic noon (z ≈ 2), the peak of global star formation and quasar activity3,4. Here we report multiwavelength observations of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) J0749 + 2255 as a kpc-scale, dual-quasar system hosted by a galaxy merger at cosmic noon (z = 2.17). We discover extended host galaxies associated with the much brighter compact quasar nuclei (separated by 0.46″ or 3.8 kpc) and low-surface-brightness tidal features as evidence for galactic interactions. Unlike its low-redshift and low-luminosity counterparts, SDSS J0749 + 2255 is hosted by massive compact disk-dominated galaxies. The apparent lack of stellar bulges and the fact that SDSS J0749 + 2255 already follows the local SMBH mass-host stellar mass relation, suggest that at least some SMBHs may have formed before their host stellar bulges. While still at kpc-scale separations where the host-galaxy gravitational potential dominates, the two SMBHs may evolve into a gravitationally bound binary system in around 0.22 Gyr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Chen
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Adi Foord
- Kavli Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Masamune Oguri
- Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nianyi Chen
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tiziana Di Matteo
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- NSF AI Planning Institute for Physics of the Future, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- OzGrav-Melbourne, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miguel Holgado
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chih Hwang
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nadia Zakamska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Jawad A, Sultan AM, Rani S. Viability of Baryon to Entropy Ratio in Modified Hořava–Lifshitz Gravity. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the matter–antimatter imbalance in the universe through baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis), which is a physical process that took off just a little while after the big bang explosion, producing a supremacy of matter over antimatter. In this work, we commit the reproduction of the baryon to entropy ratio (ηBS=ηβ−ηβ¯S), where ηβ(ηβ¯) is a baryon(anti-baryon) number and S is the entropy of the universe in the presence of modified Hořava-Lifshitz F(R) gravity, which is also called F(R˜)-gravity. We inspect different baryogenesis interactions proportional to R˜ (where R˜ is the argument of general function F used for the development of modified Hořava-Lifshitz gravity). For this study, we examine two models by choosing different values of F(R˜). In the first model, the functional value of F(R˜)=R˜+αR˜2 (where α is a real constant). The second model is more generalized and extended as compare to first one. Mathematically, this model is given by F(R˜)=R˜+αR˜2+βR˜m, where α, β are real constants and m>2 is a real model parameter. Our results for both models and different values of m point out that matter-antimatter asymmetry does not vanish under the effect of the modified Hořava-Lifshitz theory of gravity, which shows a consistent and compatible fact of gravitational baryogenesis with recent observational data.
Collapse
|
133
|
Ezquiaga JM, García-Bellido J, Vennin V. Massive Galaxy Clusters Like El Gordo Hint at Primordial Quantum Diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:121003. [PMID: 37027847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed within the standard cosmological model that initial density perturbations are Gaussian at all scales. However, primordial quantum diffusion unavoidably generates non-Gaussian, exponential tails in the distribution of inflationary perturbations. These exponential tails have direct consequences for the formation of collapsed structures in the Universe, as has been studied in the context of primordial black holes. We show that these tails also affect the very-large-scale structures, making heavy clusters like "El Gordo," or large voids like the one associated with the cosmic microwave background cold spot, more probable. We compute the halo mass function and cluster abundance as a function of redshift in the presence of exponential tails. We find that quantum diffusion generically enlarges the number of heavy clusters and depletes subhalos, an effect that cannot be captured by the famed f_{NL} corrections. These late-Universe signatures could, thus, be fingerprints of quantum dynamics during inflation that should be incorporated in N-body simulations and checked against astrophysical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Ezquiaga
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Juan García-Bellido
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Vincent Vennin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Liu T, Lou X, Ren J. Pulsar Polarization Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:121401. [PMID: 37027874 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) consisting of widely distributed and well-timed millisecond pulsars can serve as a galactic interferometer to measure gravitational waves. With the same data acquired for PTAs, we propose to develop pulsar polarization arrays (PPAs), to explore astrophysics and fundamental physics. As in the case of PTAs, PPAs are best suited to reveal temporal and spatial correlations at large scales that are hard to mimic by local noise. To demonstrate the physical potential of PPAs, we consider detection of ultralight axionlike dark matter (ALDM), through cosmic birefringence induced by its Chern-Simons coupling. Because of its tiny mass, the ultralight ALDM can be generated as a Bose-Einstein condensate, characterized by a strong wave nature. Incorporating both temporal and spatial correlations of the signal, we show that PPAs have a potential to probe the Chern-Simons coupling up to ∼10^{-14}-10^{-17} GeV^{-1}, with a mass range ∼10^{-27}-10^{-21} eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong S.A.R., People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzixiang Lou
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong S.A.R., People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Tripathy SK, Pradhan SK, Barik B, Naik Z, Mishra B. Evolution of Generalized Brans–Dicke Parameter within a Superbounce Scenario. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied a superbounce scenario in a set up of the Brans–Dicke (BD) theory. The BD parameter was considered to be time-dependent and was assumed to evolve with the Brans–Dicke scalar field. In the superbounce scenario, the model bounced at an epoch corresponding to a Big Crunch provided the ekpyrotic phase continued until that time. Within the given superbounce scenario, we investigated the evolution of the BD parameter for different equations of state. We chose an axially symmetric metric that has an axial symmetry along the x-axis. The metric was assumed to incorporate an anisotropic expansion effect. The effect of asymmetric expansion and the anisotropic parameter on the evolving and non-evolving parts of the BD parameter was investigated.
Collapse
|
136
|
Jacquet MJ, Giacomelli L, Valnais Q, Joly M, Claude F, Giacobino E, Glorieux Q, Carusotto I, Bramati A. Quantum Vacuum Excitation of a Quasinormal Mode in an Analog Model of Black Hole Spacetime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:111501. [PMID: 37001081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum quantum fluctuations near horizons are known to yield correlated emission by the Hawking effect. We use a driven-dissipative quantum fluid of microcavity polaritons as an analog model of a quantum field theory on a black-hole spacetime and numerically calculate correlated emission. We show that, in addition to the Hawking effect at the sonic horizon, quantum fluctuations may result in a sizable stationary excitation of a quasinormal mode of the field theory. Observable signatures of the excitation of the quasinormal mode are found in the spatial density fluctuations as well as in the spectrum of Hawking emission. This suggests an intrinsic fluctuation-driven mechanism leading to the quantum excitation of quasinormal modes on black hole spacetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Jacquet
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - L Giacomelli
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Q Valnais
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - M Joly
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - F Claude
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - E Giacobino
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - Q Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - I Carusotto
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - A Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wang Z, Yu T, Sui Y, Wang Z. Beat-Notes Acquisition of Laser Heterodyne Interference Signal for Space Gravitational Wave Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3124. [PMID: 36991835 PMCID: PMC10059800 DOI: 10.3390/s23063124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In space gravitational wave detection missions, the laser heterodyne interference signal (LHI signal) has a high-dynamic characteristic due to the Doppler shift. Therefore, the three beat-notes frequencies of the LHI signal are changeable and unknown. This may further lead to the unlocking of the digital phase-locked loop (DPLL). Traditionally, fast Fourier transform (FFT) has been used as a method for frequency estimation. However, the estimation accuracy cannot meet the requirement of space missions because of the limited spectrum resolution. In order to improve the multi-frequency estimation accuracy, a method based on center of gravity (COG) is proposed. The method improves the estimation accuracy by using the amplitude of the peak points and the neighboring points of the discrete spectrum. For different windows that may be used for signal sampling, a general expression for multi-frequency correction of the windowed signal is derived. Meanwhile, a method based on error integration to reduce the acquisition error is proposed, which solves the problem of acquisition accuracy degradation caused by communication codes. The experimental results show that the multi-frequency acquisition method is able to accurately acquire the three beat-notes of the LHI signal and meet the requirement of space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanlin Sui
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Dynamical Analysis of the Covarying Coupling Constants in Scalar–Tensor Gravity. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A scalar–tensor theory of gravity was considered, wherein the gravitational coupling G and the speed of light c were admitted as space–time functions and combined to form the definition of the scalar field ϕ. The varying c participates in the definition of the variation of the matter part of the action; it is related to the effective stress–energy tensor, which is a result of the requirement of symmetry under general coordinate transformations in our gravity model. The effect of the cosmological coupling Λ is accommodated within a possible behavior of ϕ. We analyzed the dynamics of ϕ in the phase space, thereby showing the existence of an attractor point for reasonable hypotheses on the potential V(ϕ) and no particular assumption on the Hubble function. The phase space analysis was performed both with the linear stability theory and via the more general Lyapunov method. Either method led to the conclusion that the condition G˙/G=σc˙/c, where σ=3 must hold for the rest of cosmic evolution after the system arrives at the globally asymptotically stable fixed point and the dynamics of ϕ ceases. This result realized our main motivation: to provide a physical foundation for the phenomenological model admitting G/G0=c/c03, used recently to interpret cosmological and astrophysical data. The thus covarying couplings G and c impact the cosmic evolution after the dynamical system settles to equilibrium. The secondary goal of our work was to investigate how this impact occurs. This was performed by constructing the generalized continuity equation in our scalar–tensor model and considering two possible regimes for the varying speed of light—decreasing c and increasing c—while solving our modified Friedmann equations. The solutions to the latter equations make room for radiation- and matter-dominated eras that progress to a dark-energy-type of accelerated expansion.
Collapse
|
139
|
Christodoulou M, Di Biagio A, Aspelmeyer M, Brukner Č, Rovelli C, Howl R. Locally Mediated Entanglement in Linearized Quantum Gravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:100202. [PMID: 36962037 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current interest in laboratory detection of entanglement mediated by gravity was sparked by an information-theoretic argument: entanglement mediated by a local field certifies that the field is not classical. Previous derivations of the effect modeled gravity as instantaneous; here we derive it from linearized quantum general relativity while keeping Lorentz invariance explicit, using the path-integral formalism. In this framework, entanglement is clearly mediated by a quantum feature of the field. We also point out the possibility of observing "retarded" entanglement, which cannot be explained by an instantaneous interaction. This is a difficult experiment for gravity, but is plausible for the analogous electromagnetic case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Christodoulou
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Di Biagio
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform TURIS, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Časlav Brukner
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform TURIS, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Rovelli
- Aix-Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CPT-CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
- Department of Philosophy and the Rotman Institute of Philosophy, Western University, London, Ontario ON M5S 3E6, Canada
- Perimeter Institute, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Richard Howl
- Quantum Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
- QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative, Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Ligez R, MacKenzie RB, Massart V, Paranjape MB, Yajnik UA. What Is the Gravitational Field of a Mass in a Spatially Nonlocal Quantum Superposition? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:101502. [PMID: 36962039 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of the gravitational field produced by a spatially nonlocal, superposed quantum state of a massive particle is an interesting and active area of research. One outstanding issue is whether the gravitational field behaves like the classical superposition of the gravitational field of two particles separated by a spatial distance with half the mass at each position. Alternatively, does the gravitational field behave as a quantum superposition with a far more interesting and subtle behavior than a simple classical superposition? Quantum field theory is ideally suited to probe exactly this kind of question. We study the scattering of a massless scalar on a spatially nonlocal quantum superposition of a massive particle. We compute the differential scattering cross section corresponding to one-graviton exchange. We find that the scattering cross section disagrees with the Newton-Schrödinger picture of potential scattering from two localized sources with half the mass at each source. This suggests that experimental observation of gravitational scattering could inform the viability of the semiclassical treatment of the gravitational field, as in the Newton-Schrödinger description, vs the fully quantum mechanical treatment adopted here. We comment on the experimental feasibility of observing such effects in systems with many particles such as Bose-Einstein condensates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Ligez
- Groupe de physique des particules, Département de physique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale center-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - R B MacKenzie
- Groupe de physique des particules, Département de physique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale center-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Victor Massart
- Groupe de physique des particules, Département de physique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale center-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M B Paranjape
- Groupe de physique des particules, Département de physique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale center-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de recherche mathématiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale center-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - U A Yajnik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Dlapa C, Kälin G, Liu Z, Neef J, Porto RA. Radiation Reaction and Gravitational Waves at Fourth Post-Minkowskian Order. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:101401. [PMID: 36962024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We obtain the total impulse in the scattering of nonspinning binaries in general relativity at fourth post-Minkowskian order, i.e., O(G^{4}), including linear, nonlinear, and hereditary radiation-reaction effects. We derive the total radiated spacetime momentum as well as the associated energy flux. The latter can be used to compute gravitational-wave observables for generic (un)bound orbits. We employ the ("in-in") Schwinger-Keldysh worldline effective field theory framework in combination with modern "multiloop" integration techniques from collider physics. The complete results are in agreement with various partial calculations in the post-Minkowskian and post-Newtonian expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dlapa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Kälin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Neef
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael A Porto
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Giusti A, Giardino S, Faraoni V. Past-directed scalar field gradients and scalar-tensor thermodynamics. GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 2023; 55:47. [PMID: 36911575 PMCID: PMC9995396 DOI: 10.1007/s10714-023-03095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We refine and slightly enlarge the recently proposed first-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity to include gravitational scalar fields with timelike and past-directed gradients. The implications and subtleties arising in this situation are discussed and an exact cosmological solution of scalar-tensor theory in first-order thermodynamics is revisited in light of these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giusti
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Giardino
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valerio Faraoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Ivanov MM, Zhou Z. Vanishing of Black Hole Tidal Love Numbers from Scattering Amplitudes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:091403. [PMID: 36930902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We extract the black hole (BH) static tidal deformability coefficients (Love numbers) and their spin-0 and spin-1 analogs by comparing on-shell amplitudes for fields to scatter off a spinning BH in the worldline effective field theory and in general relativity. We point out that the general relativity amplitudes due to tidal effects originate entirely from the BH potential region. Thus, they can be separated from gravitational nonlinearities in the wave region, whose proper treatment requires higher order effective field theory loop calculations. In particular, the elastic scattering in the near field approximation is produced exclusively by tidal effects. We find this contribution to vanish identically, which implies that the static Love numbers of Kerr BHs are zero for all types of perturbations. We also reproduce the known behavior of scalar Love numbers for higher-dimensional BHs. Our results are manifestly gauge invariant and coordinate independent, thereby providing a valuable consistency check for the commonly used off-shell methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail M Ivanov
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Bose S, Mazumdar A, Schut M, Toroš M. Entanglement Witness for the Weak Equivalence Principle. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:448. [PMID: 36981336 PMCID: PMC10047996 DOI: 10.3390/e25030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, which has led to the universality of a free-fall concept. The principle has been extremely well tested so far and has been tested with a great precision. However, all these tests and the corresponding arguments are based on a classical setup where the notion of position and velocity of the mass is associated with a classical value as opposed to the quantum entities.Here, we provide a simple quantum protocol based on creating large spatial superposition states in a laboratory to test the quantum regime of the equivalence principle where both matter and gravity are treated at par as a quantum entity. The two gravitational masses of the two spatial superpositions source the gravitational potential for each other. We argue that such a quantum protocol is unique with regard to testing especially the generalisation of the weak equivalence principle by constraining the equality of gravitational and inertial mass via witnessing quantum entanglement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Schut
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Toroš
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Fujimoto Y, Fukushima K, Hotokezaka K, Kyutoku K. Gravitational Wave Signal for Quark Matter with Realistic Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:091404. [PMID: 36930907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The cores of neutron stars (NSs) near the maximum mass can realize a transitional change to quark matter (QM). Gravitational waves from binary NS mergers are expected to convey information about the equation of state (EOS) sensitive to the QM transition. Here, we present the first results of gravitational wave simulation with the realistic EOS that is consistent with ab initio approaches of χEFT and pQCD and is assumed to go through smooth crossover. We compare them to results obtained with another EOS with a first-order hadron-quark phase transition. Our results suggest that early collapse to a black hole in the post-merger stage after NS merger robustly signifies softening of the EOS associated with the QM onset in the crossover scenario. The nature of the hadron-quark phase transition can be further constrained by the condition that electromagnetic counterparts should be energized by the material left outside the remnant black hole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenta Hotokezaka
- Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koutarou Kyutoku
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Biernacki P. Software Correction of Speed Measurement Determined by Phone GNSS Modules in Applications for Runners. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2678. [PMID: 36904882 PMCID: PMC10007219 DOI: 10.3390/s23052678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on software correction of speed measurements taken by GNSS receivers installed in cell phones and sports watches. Digital low-pass filters were used to compensate for fluctuations in measured speed and distance. Real data obtained from popular running applications for cell phones and smartwatches were used for simulations. Various measurement situations were analyzed, such as running at a constant speed or interval running. Taking a very high accuracy GNSS receiver as the reference equipment, the solution proposed in the article reduces the measurement error of the traveled distance by 70%. In the case of measuring speed in interval running, the error could be reduced by up to 80%. The low-cost implementation allows simple GNSS receivers to approach the quality of distance and speed estimation of very precise and expensive solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Biernacki
- Department of Acoustics, Multimedia and Signal Processing Faculty of Electronics, Fotonics and Microsystems Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-350 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Mitman K, Lagos M, Stein LC, Ma S, Hui L, Chen Y, Deppe N, Hébert F, Kidder LE, Moxon J, Scheel MA, Teukolsky SA, Throwe W, Vu NL. Nonlinearities in Black Hole Ringdowns. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:081402. [PMID: 36898092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The gravitational wave strain emitted by a perturbed black hole (BH) ringing down is typically modeled analytically using first-order BH perturbation theory. In this Letter, we show that second-order effects are necessary for modeling ringdowns from BH merger simulations. Focusing on the strain's (ℓ,m)=(4,4) angular harmonic, we show the presence of a quadratic effect across a range of binary BH mass ratios that agrees with theoretical expectations. We find that the quadratic (4,4) mode's amplitude exhibits quadratic scaling with the fundamental (2,2) mode-its parent mode. The nonlinear mode's amplitude is comparable to or even larger than that of the linear (4,4) mode. Therefore, correctly modeling the ringdown of higher harmonics-improving mode mismatches by up to 2 orders of magnitude-requires the inclusion of nonlinear effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keefe Mitman
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Macarena Lagos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Leo C Stein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Sizheng Ma
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lam Hui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yanbei Chen
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nils Deppe
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - François Hébert
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lawrence E Kidder
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jordan Moxon
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mark A Scheel
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Saul A Teukolsky
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - William Throwe
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nils L Vu
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Cheung MHY, Baibhav V, Berti E, Cardoso V, Carullo G, Cotesta R, Del Pozzo W, Duque F, Helfer T, Shukla E, Wong KWK. Nonlinear Effects in Black Hole Ringdown. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:081401. [PMID: 36898104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.081401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report evidence for nonlinear modes in the ringdown stage of the gravitational waveform produced by the merger of two comparable-mass black holes. We consider both the coalescence of black hole binaries in quasicircular orbits and high-energy, head-on black hole collisions. The presence of nonlinear modes in the numerical simulations confirms that general-relativistic nonlinearities are important and must be considered in gravitational-wave data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Vishal Baibhav
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman Ave, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Emanuele Berti
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Vitor Cardoso
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gregorio Carullo
- Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto Cotesta
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Walter Del Pozzo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi," Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Francisco Duque
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Helfer
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Estuti Shukla
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kaze W K Wong
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Huang W, Liang X, Zhu B, Yan Y, Yuan CH, Zhang W, Chen LQ. Protection of Noise Squeezing in a Quantum Interferometer with Optimal Resource Allocation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:073601. [PMID: 36867793 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interferometers are crucial for precision measurements, including gravitational waves, laser ranging, radar, and imaging. The phase sensitivity, the core parameter, can be quantum-enhanced to break the standard quantum limit (SQL) using quantum states. However, quantum states are highly fragile and quickly degrade with losses. We design and demonstrate a quantum interferometer utilizing a beam splitter with a variable splitting ratio to protect the quantum resource against environmental impacts. The optimal phase sensitivity can reach the quantum Cramér-Rao bound of the system. This quantum interferometer can greatly reduce the quantum source requirements in quantum measurements. In theory, with a 66.6% loss rate, the sensitivity can break the SQL using only a 6.0 dB squeezed quantum resource with the current interferometer rather than a 24 dB squeezed quantum resource with a conventional squeezing-vacuum-injected Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In experiments, when using a 2.0 dB squeezed vacuum state, the sensitivity enhancement remains at ∼1.6 dB via optimizing the first splitting ratio when the loss rate changes from 0% to 90%, indicating that the quantum resource is excellently protected with the existence of losses in practical applications. This strategy could open a way to retain quantum advantages for quantum information processing and quantum precision measurement in lossy environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xinyun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Baiqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chun-Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - L Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Li D, Yuan CH, Ma X, Wang Q, Lee H, Yao Y, Zhang W. Enhanced phase sensitivity in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer via photon recycling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6499-6513. [PMID: 36823904 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose an alternative scheme for phase estimation in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with photon recycling. It is demonstrated that with the same coherent-state input and homodyne detection, our proposal possesses a phase sensitivity beyond the traditional MZI. For instance, it can achieve an enhancement factor of ∼9.32 in the phase sensitivity compared with the conventional scheme even with a photon loss of 10% on the photon-recycled arm. From another point of view, the quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB) is also investigated. It is found that our scheme is able to achieve a lower QCRB than the traditional one. Intriguingly, the QCRB of our scheme is dependent of the phase shift ϕ while the traditional scheme has a constant QCRB regardless of the phase shift. Finally, we present the underlying mechanisms behind the enhanced phase sensitivity. We believe that our results provide another angle from which to enhance the phase sensitivity in a MZI via photon recycling.
Collapse
|