Periodate oxidation-mediated nanocelluloses: Preparation, functionalization, structural design, and applications

In recent years, the remarkable progress in nanotechnology has ignited considerable interest in investigating nanocelluloses, an environmentally friendly and sustainable nanomaterial derived from cellulosic feedstocks. Current research primarily focuses on the preparation and applications of nanocelluloses. However, to enhance the efficiency of nanofibrillation, reduce energy consumption, and expand nanocellulose applications, chemical pre-treatments of cellulose fibers have attracted substantial interest and extensive exploration. Various chemical pre-treatment methods yield nanocelluloses with diverse functional groups. Among these methods, periodate oxidation has garnered significant attention recently, due to the formation of dialdehyde cellulose derived nanocellulose, which exhibits great promise for further modification with various functional groups. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive and in-depth examination of periodate oxidation-mediated nanocelluloses (PONCs), including their preparation, functionalization, hierarchical structural design, and applications. We believe that PONCs stand as highly promising candidates for the development of novel nano-cellulosic materials.

Self-sensing magnetic actuator based on sustainable collagen hybrid nanocomposites

Taking into account that natural polymers are renewable and biodegradable, hybrid materials based on natural polymers are required for advanced technological applications with reduced environmental footprint. In this work, sustainable composites have been developed based on collagen as a polymeric matrix and different magnetic fillers, in order to tailor magnetic response. The composites were prepared by solution casting with 30 wt% of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), magnetite nanorods (Fe3O4 NRs) or cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 NPs). It is shown that the magnetic filler type has no bearing on the morphology, physical-chemical, or thermal characteristics of the composites, whereas the mechanical properties are determined by the magnetic filler, leading to a reduction in tensile strength, with values of 4.95 MPa for Fe3O4 NPs, 9.20 MPa for Fe3O4 NRs and 5.21 MPa for CoFe2O4 NPs containing samples. However, the highest magnetization saturation is obtained for Fe3O4 NPs (44 emu.g-1) and the higher coercive field for CoFe2O4 NPs (2062 Oe). In order to prove functionality of the developed composites, a self-sensing magnetic actuator device has been developed with the composite film with CoFe2O4 NPs, showing high stability over cycling.

Nanocellulose-alginate composite beads for improving Ciprofloxacin bioavailability

Nanocellulose is a potential material utilized in numerous biomedical applications. However, its hydrophilic characteristic and uncontrolled encapsulated drug release hinders nanocellulose uses in oral drug administration. Thus, this work developed novel nanocellulose/alginate composite (CNC/Alg) beads for oral delivery and bioavailability enhancement of a model drug, Ciprofloxacin (CIP). CNC was green synthesized employing electrolysis process from sugarcane bagasse. CNC/Alg beads were formulated by dropwise adding CNC-Alg mixture in CaCl2 solution at room temperature. CIP was incorporated into CNC/Alg beads by adsorption technique. X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectra images showed that the beads were effectively produced with high crystallinity of 75.5 %, and the typical bond of cellulose and alginate. Within 4 h of adsorption, CIP loading efficiency reached 45.27 %, with 87.2 % molecules in the zwitterionic state. The adsorption followed Elovich and pseudo-second-order models, indicating a multi-mechanism including both physical and chemical adsorptions. Importantly, in gastrointestinal tract, the beads could protect CIP from acidic stomach environment while releasing it sustainably in simulated intestinal condition (75.05 %). The beads also showed strong antibacterial activity against both Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria, as evidenced by low IC50 and minimum inhibitory concentration values. Finally, CNC/Alg beads could improve CIP bioavailability for effective oral drug delivery route.

Synthesis and broad-spectrum biocidal effect of novel gemini quaternary ammonium compounds

Since the discovery of antimicrobial agents, the misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to both antibiotics and common disinfectants like quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). A new class, 'gemini' QACs, which contain two polar heads, has shown promise. Octenidine (OCT), a representative of this group, is effective against resistant microorganisms but has limitations such as low solubility and high cytotoxicity. In this study, we developed 16 novel OCT derivatives. These compounds were subjected to in silico screening to predict their membrane permeation. Testing against nosocomial bacterial strains (G+ and G-) and their biofilms revealed that most compounds were highly effective against G+ bacteria, while compounds 7, 8, and 10-12 were effective against G- bacteria. Notably, compounds 6-8 were significantly more effective than OCT and BAC standards across the bacterial panel. Compound 12 stood out due to its low cytotoxicity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, comparable to OCT. It also demonstrated impressive antifungal activity. Compound 1 was highly selective to fungi and four times more effective than OCT without its cytotoxicity. Several compounds, including 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12, showed strong virucidal activity against murine cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1. In conclusion, these gemini QACs, especially compound 12, offer a promising alternative to current disinfectants, addressing emerging resistances with their enhanced antimicrobial, antifungal, and virucidal properties.

Chitosan-based hydrogels: Influence of crosslinking strategy on rheological properties

The effect of two crosslink strategies on the preparation of chitosan-based covalent hydrogels was investigated employing the widely used thiol-ene reaction. This versatile "click" chemistry can be activated either photochemically or thermochemically. Initially, well-purified chitosan (CS, DA ∼4 %, Mw ∼580 kg mol-1) was separately functionalized with vinyl (CS-ene) or thiol (CS-SH) groups in aqueous media. Subsequently, two strategies were compared where thiol-ene reaction occurs respectively between: (S1) modified chitosans CS-ene and CS-SH, in a polymer - polymer strategy, and (S2) CS-ene and di(ethylene glycol) dithiol (dEG-(SH)2), in a polymer - molecule strategy. Both crosslinking strategies were evaluated through rheological measurements, starting with entangled chitosan solutions. The difference in diffusion of functional groups, whether attached to polymer chains or to free molecules, leads to faster gelation kinetics with S2. Consequently, stronger gels were obtained with S2, where the modulus was connected with the degree of functionalization, while S1 produced weaker gels closer to the percolation point, where crosslinked density was associated with the entanglement number derived from the initial concentration. Nevertheless, networks formed by both strategies were homogenous with minimal dissipative contributions to their rheological properties, indicating that structural defects are negligible.

Heterogeneous interfaces in 3D interconnected networks of flower-like 1T/2H Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets and carbon-fibers boosts superior EM wave absorption

With the wide application of electromagnetic waves in national defense, communication, navigation and home appliances, the electromagnetic pollution problem is becoming more and more prominent. Therefore, high-performance, and low-density composite wave-absorbing materials have attracted much attention. In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) network structures of flower-like 1T/2H Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets anchored to carbon fibers (1T/2H MoS2/CNFs) were prepared by electrostatic spinning technique and calcination process. The morphology and electromagnetic wave absorption properties were tuned by changing the content of flower-like MoS2. The optimized 1T/2H MoS2/CNFs composite exhibits superior electromagnetic wave absorption with minimum reflection (RLmin) of -42.26 dB and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.48 GHz at 2.5 mm. Multi-facts contribute to the super performance. First, the uniquely designed nanosheet and 3D interconnected networks leads to multiple reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves, which promotes the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. Second, the propriate content of CNFs and MoS2 with different phase regulates its impedance matching characteristic. Third, Numerous heterogeneous interfaces existed between CNFs and MoS2, 1T and 2H MoS2 phase results in interface polarization. Besides, the 1T/2H MoS2 rich in defects induces defect polarization, improving the dielectric loss. Furthermore, the electromagnetic wave absorption performance was proved via radar reflectance cross section simulation. This work illustrates 1T/2H MoS2/CNFs is a promising material for electromagnetic absorption with wide bandwidth, strong absorption, low density, and high thermal stability.

Porous gradient hydrogel promotes skin regeneration by angiogenesis

The skin has a multilayered structure, and deep-seated injuries are exposed to external microbial invasion and in vivo microenvironmental destabilization. Here, a bilayer bionic skin scaffold (Bilayer SF) was developed based on methacrylated sericin protein to mimic the skin's multilayered structure and corresponding functions. The outer layer (SF@TA), which mimics the epidermal layer, was endowed with the function of resisting external bacterial and microbial invasion using a small pore structure and bio-crosslinking with tannic acid (TA). The inner layer (SF@DA@Gel), which mimics the dermal layer, was used to promote cellular growth using a large pore structure and introducing dopamine (DA) to regulate the wound microenvironment. This Bilayer SF showed good mechanical properties and structural stability, satisfactory antioxidant and promote cell proliferation and migration abilities. In vitro studies confirmed the antimicrobial properties of the outer layer and the pro-angiogenic ability of the inner layer. In vivo animal studies demonstrated that the bilayer scaffolds promoted collagen deposition, neovascularization, and marginal hair follicle formation, which might be a promising new bionic skin scaffold.

Lignin-derivable block copolymer micelle for effectively reinforcing and toughening polylactic acid

The development of high-performance biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) materials integrating high strength, malleability and toughness is desired but an ongoing challenge. In this work, a novel full-biobased block copolymer was designed and synthesized by grafting L (+)-lactide (L-LA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) onto lignin via ring-opening polymerization. The obtained lignin-PLA-PCL block copolymer was composed of rigid lignin and poly (LA-CL) rubber segment, could self-assemble into uniform nano-micelles with average diameters of 80-100 nm regulated by simply altering copolymer content. The incorporation of lignin-PLA-PCL copolymers into PLA matrix induced the formation of many cavities, promoted free volume between PLA matrix and copolymer to accelerate chain mobility, achieving excellent ductility and stretchability with maximum stretching deformation of 64.8 %. The resultant PLA composites with the copolymer content as low as 5 wt% displayed simultaneously improved strength (41.84 MPa) and toughness (8.1 MJ/m3), 6.7 % and 1520 % increment than those of neat PLA, respectively. The reinforcing and toughening mechanisms were explored and verified that the combination of cavity growth and fibrillation, followed by extensive shear yielding of matrix, causing substantial plastic deformation. This study extended the design strategy and the foundation for simultaneous reinforcing and toughening PLA plastics using lignin-derived rubbery micelles.

Renewable hemicellulose-based materials for value-added applications

The importance of renewable resources and environmentally friendly materials has grown globally in recent time. Hemicellulose is renewable lignocellulosic materials that have been the subject of substantial valorisation research. Due to its distinctive benefits, including its wide availability, low cost, renewability, biodegradability, simplicity of chemical modification, etc., it has attracted increasing interest in a number of value-added fields. In this review, a systematic summarizes of the structure, extraction method, and characterization technique for hemicellulose-based materials was carried out. Also, their most current developments in a variety of value-added adsorbents, biomedical, energy-related, 3D-printed materials, sensors, food packaging applications were discussed. Additionally, the most recent challenges and prospects of hemicellulose-based materials are emphasized and examined in-depth. It is anticipated that in the near future, persistent scientific efforts will enable the renewable hemicellulose-based products to achieve practical applications.

Multiplexed neurochemical sensing with sub-nM sensitivity across 2.25 mm2 area

Multichannel arrays capable of real-time sensing of neuromodulators in the brain are crucial for gaining insights into new aspects of neural communication. However, measuring neurochemicals, such as dopamine, at low concentrations over large areas has proven challenging. In this research, we demonstrate a novel approach that leverages the scalability and processing power offered by microelectrode array devices integrated with a functionalized, high-density microwire bundle, enabling electrochemical sensing at an unprecedented scale and spatial resolution. The sensors demonstrate outstanding selective molecular recognition by incorporating a selective polymeric membrane. By combining cutting-edge commercial multiplexing, digitization, and data acquisition hardware with a bio-compatible and highly sensitive neurochemical interface array, we establish a powerful platform for neurochemical analysis. This multichannel array has been successfully utilized in vitro and ex vivo systems. Notably, our results show a sensing area of 2.25 mm2 with an impressive detection limit of 820 pM for dopamine. This new approach paves the way for investigating complex neurochemical processes and holds promise for advancing our understanding of brain function and neurological disorders.

Electroconductive cardiac patch based on bioactive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels

Engineering cardiac implants for treating myocardial infarction (MI) has advanced, but challenges persist in mimicking the structural properties and variability of cardiac tissues using traditional bioconstructs and conventional engineering methods. This study introduces a synthetic patch with a bioactive surface designed to swiftly restore functionality to the damaged myocardium. The patch combines a composite, soft, and conductive hydrogel-based on (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene-sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This cardiac patch exhibits a reasonably high electrical conductivity (40 S/cm) and a stretchability up to 50% of its original length. Our findings reveal its resilience to 10% cyclic stretching at 1 Hz with no loss of conductivity over time. To mediate a strong cell-scaffold adhesion, we biofunctionalize the hydrogel with a N-cadherin mimic peptide, providing the cardiac patch with a bioactive surface. This modification promote increased adherence and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) while effectively mitigating the formation of bacterial biofilm, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen responsible for surgical site infections (SSIs). Our study demonstrates the successful development of a structurally validated cardiac patch possessing the desired mechanical, electrical, and biofunctional attributes for effective cardiac recovery. Consequently, this research holds significant promise in alleviating the burden imposed by myocardial infarctions.

Electrospun high hydrophilicity antimicrobial poly (lactic acid)/silk fibroin nanofiber membrane for wound dressings

Antimicrobial wound dressings can aid wound healing by preventing bacterial infection. This is particularly true of electrospun ones, which have a porous structure and can be easily loaded with antimicrobial drugs. Here, Poly lactic acid (PLA), Silk Fibroin (SF) and antimicrobial agents of Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and Silver oxide (Ag2O) to prepare the PLA/SF composites antimicrobial nanofiber membrane by electrospinning. The PLA with 30 % SF nanofiber membrane show the water vapor permeability (WVP) and the liquid absorption of 36 g·mm/(m2·d·kPa) and 1721 %. With the increasing of SF contents, the degradation rate and surface hydrophilicity of the nanofiber membrane increase significantly. The nanofiber membrane exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with the inhibition circle reach at 18.2 mm. The resultant nanofiber membrane showed high cytosolic activity, good cytocompatibility and strong antimicrobial ability, which laid a theoretical foundation for the construction of a new PLA/SF composites antimicrobial fiber membrane.

Comprehensive rheological analysis of structurally related acetan-like heteroexopolysaccharides from two Kozakia baliensis strains in surfactants and galactomannan blends

Natural biopolymers become increasingly attractive as bio-based alternatives to petrol-based rheological modifiers, especially in personal care applications. However, many polysaccharides exhibit undesired properties in cosmetic applications such as limited viscosifying characteristics, unpleasant sensory properties, or incompatibility with certain formulation compounds. Here, a comprehensive rheological analysis of non-decorated acetan-like heteroexopolysaccharides derived from two Kozakia baliensis strains was performed in selected surfactant formulations. The results were compared to native xanthan gum and a genetically engineered xanthan variant, Xan∆gumFGL, which lacks any acetyl- and pyruvyl moieties and whose rheological properties are unaffected by saline environments. All four polysaccharides displayed a highly similar rheological performance in the non-ionic surfactant lauryl glucoside, while the rheological properties differed in amphoteric and anionic surfactants cocamidopropyl betaine and sodium laureth sulfate due to minor changes in side chain composition. Polysaccharide precipitation was observed in the presence of the cationic surfactant. Nevertheless, the native heteroexopolysaccharide derived from K. baliensis LMG 27018 shows significant potential as a salt-independent rheological modifier compared to the genetically engineered Xan∆gumFGL variant. In addition, blends of heteroexopolysaccharides from K. baliensis and several galactomannans displayed synergistic effects which were comparable to native xanthan gum-galactomannan blends. This study shows that heteroexopolysaccharides of K. baliensis are capable of further extending the portfolio of bio-based rheological modifiers.

Biodegradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) containing phenolic compounds in seawater in laboratory testing conditions

Biodegradation in marine medium of PHBV films with or without 5 % wt. of phenolic compounds (catechin, ferulic acid, and vanillin) was assessed at laboratory scale. Respirometric analyses and film disintegration kinetics were used to monitor the process over a period of 162 days. Structural changes in the films were analyzed throughout the exposure period using FESEM, DSC, Thermogravimetric analyses, XRD, and FTIR spectra. Respirometric tests showed complete biodegradation of all materials during the exposure period (the biodegradation half-time ranged between 63 and 79 days) but at different rates, depending on the phenolic compound incorporated. Ferulic acid and vanillin accelerate the PHBV biodegradation, whereas catechin delayed the process. Disintegration kinetics confirmed these results and showed that degradation occurred from the surface to the interior of the films. This was controlled by the degradation rate of the polymer amorphous phase and the formation of a biomass coating on the film surface. This is the result of the compounds generated by polymer degradation in combination with excretions from microorganisms. This coating has the potential to affect the enzyme diffusion to the polymer substrate. Moreover, the cohesion forces of the amorphous phase (reflected in its glass transition temperature) affected its degradation rate, while the slower degrading crystalline fragments were released, thus contributing to the disintegration process on the film's surface. Ferulic acid, with its hydrolytic effect, enhanced degradation, as did vanillin for its plasticizing and weakening effect in the amorphous phase of polymer matrix. In contrast, catechin with cross-linking effect hindered the progress of the material degradation, considerably slowing down the process rate.

Structure changes of lignin and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol production: a focus on lignin modification

Enzymatic hydrolysis contributes to obtaining fermentable sugars using pretreated lignocellulose materials for bioethanol generation. Unfortunately, the pretreatment of lignocellulose causes low substrate enzymatic hydrolysis, which is due to the structure changes of lignin to produce main phenolic by-products and non-productive cellulase adsorption. It is reported that modified lignin enhances the speed of enzymatic hydrolysis through single means to decrease the negative effects of fermentation inhibitors or non-productive cellulase adsorption. However, a suitable modified lignin should be selected to simultaneously reduce the fermentation inhibitors concentration and non-productive cellulase adsorption for saving resources and maximizing the enzymatic hydrolysis productivity. Meanwhile, the adsorption micro-mechanisms of modified lignin with fermentation inhibitors and cellulase remain elusive. In this review, different pretreatment effects toward lignin structure, and their impacts on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis are analyzed. The main modification methods for lignin are presented. Density functional theory is used to screen suitable modification methods for the simultaneous reduction of fermentation inhibitors and non-productive cellulase adsorption. Lignin-fermentation inhibitors and lignin-cellulase interaction mechanisms are discussed using different advanced analysis techniques. This article addresses the gap in previous reviews concerning the application of modified lignin in the enhancement of bioethanol production. For the first time, based on existing studies, this work posits the hypothesis of applying theoretical simulations to screen efficient modified lignin-based adsorbents, in order to achieve a dual optimization of the detoxification and saccharification processes. We aim to improve the integrated lignocellulose transformation procedure for the effective generation of cleaner bioethanol.

Nano-enabled gas separation membranes: Advancing sustainability in the energy-environment Nexus

Gas separation membranes serve as crucial to numerous industrial processes, including gas purification, energy production, and environmental protection. Recent advancements in nanomaterials have drastically revolutionized the process of developing tailored gas separation membranes, providing unreachable levels of control over the performance and characteristics of the membrane. The incorporation of cutting-edge nanomaterials into the composition of traditional polymer-based membranes has provided novel opportunities. This review critically analyses recent advancements, exploring the diverse types of nanomaterials employed, their synthesis techniques, and their integration into membrane matrices. The impact of nanomaterial incorporation on separation efficiency, selectivity, and structural integrity is evaluated across various gas separation scenarios. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms behind nanomaterial-enhanced gas transport are examined, shedding light on the intricate interactions between nanoscale components and gas molecules. The review also discusses potential drawbacks and considerations associated with nanomaterial utilization in membrane development, including scalability and long-term stability. This review article highlights nanomaterials' significant impact in revolutionizing the field of selective gas separation membranes, offering the potential for innovation and future directions in this ever-evolving sector.

Porous cationic cellulose beads prepared by homogeneous in-situ quaternization and acid induced regeneration for water/moisture absorption

Chemical modification is a reliable and efficient strategy for designing cellulose-based functional materials. Herein, porous quaternized cellulose beads (QCBs) as cationic superabsorbent were fabricated by homogeneous in-situ chemical grafting cellulose molecular chains with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) in tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH)/urea aqueous solution followed by acetic acid induced regeneration. The influence of GTAC dosage on the physicochemical-structural properties of cationic QCBs was deeply investigated. Results revealed that cotton liner could well-dissolved in TEAOH/urea aqueous solution, leading to a homogeneous and efficient quaternization medium for cellulose, thereby giving the high DS and positive charge density for quaternized cellulose. NMR results demonstrated the main substitution of GTAC groups at 2-OH and 6-OH positions of the cellulose chains during quaternization reaction. With increasing GTAC dosage, the network skeleton of QCBs gradually transformed from thick fibrils to thin aggregates, as well as enhanced pore volumes and hydrophilicity. Accordingly, QCBs-1.5 with high pore volume (99.70 cm3/g) exhibited excellent absorption capacity and efficiency, absorbing 122.32 g of water and 0.45 g of moisture per gram of the beads in 20 min. This work not only offers a simple strategy for the homogeneous quaternization modification of cellulose, but also provides a porous cellulose-based cationic superabsorbent material.

Decoupling ion concentrations from effluent conductivity profiles in capacitive and battery electrode deionizations using an artificial intelligence model

Owing to its simplicity of measurement, effluent conductivity is one of the most studied factors in evaluations of desalination performance based on the ion concentrations in various ion adsorption processes such as capacitive deionization (CDI) or battery electrode deionization (BDI). However, this simple conversion from effluent conductivity to ion concentration is often incorrect, thereby necessitating a more congruent method for performing real-time measurements of effluent ion concentrations. In this study, a random forest (RF)-based artificial intelligence (AI) model was developed to address this shortcoming. The proposed RF model showed an excellent prediction accuracy when it was first validated in predicting the effluent conductivity for both CDI (R2 = 0.86) and BDI (R2 = 0.95) data. Moreover, the RF model successfully predicted the concentration of each ion (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca2⁺, and Cl⁻) from the conductivity values. The accuracy of the ion concentration prediction was even higher than that of the effluent conductivity prediction, likely owing to the linear correlation between the input and output variables of the dataset. The effect of the sampling interval was also evaluated for conductivity and ion concentrations, and there was no significant difference up to sampling intervals of <80 s based on the error value of the model. These findings suggest that an RF model can be used to predict ion concentrations in CDI/BDI, which may be used as core indicators in evaluating desalination performance.

Surface-grafted macromolecular nanowires with pedant fluorescein chromophores by dense non-aggregated nanoarchitectonics as versatile photoactive platforms

In this paper, we present a facile method of synthesis and modification of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes with 6-aminofluorescein (6AF) molecules. Polymer brushes were obtained using surface-grafted atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and functionalized in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) acting both as a reaction catalyst and an agent preventing aggregation of chromophores. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the structure and formation of obtained photoactive platforms. UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy and confocal microscopy were conducted to investigate photoactivity of chromophores within the macromolecular matrix. Owing to the simplicity of fabrication and good ordering of the chromophore in a thin nanometric layer, the proposed method may open new opportunities for obtaining light sensors, photovoltaic devices, or other light-harvesting systems.

A short linear glucan nanocomposite hydrogel formed by in situ self-assembly with highly elastic, fatigue-resistant and self-recovery

Polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels are widely used in wide-ranging applications in biology, medicine, pharmaceuticals and environmental sectors. However, achieving the requisite mechanical properties, fatigue resistance, self-recovery, biocompatibility, and biodegradability remains a challenge. Herein, we present a facile method to construct a nanocomposite hydrogel by integrating short linear glucan (SLG), obtained by debranching waxy corn starch, into a PAM network through self-assembly. The resulting composite hydrogel with 10 % SLG content exhibited satisfactory stretchability (withstanding over 1200 % strain), along with maximum compressive and shear strengths of about 490 kPa and 39 kPa at 90 % deformation, respectively. The hydrogel demonstrated remarkable resilience and could endure repeated compression and stretching. Notably, the nanocomposite hydrogel with 10 % SLG content exhibited full stress recovery at 90 % compression deformation after 20 s, without requiring specific environmental conditions, achieving an energy dissipation recovery rate of 98 %. Meanwhile, these hydrogels exhibited strong adhesion to various soft and hard substrates, including skin, glasses and metals. Furthermore, they maintain solid integrity at both 37 °C and 50 °C after swelling equilibrium, unlike traditional PAM hydrogels, which exhibited softening under similar conditions. We hope that this PAM-SLG hydrogel will open up new avenues for the development of multifunctional electronic devices, offering enhanced performance and versatility.

A state-of-the-art review on the application of lignosulfonate as a green alternative in soil stabilization

The utilization of lignosulfonate (LS) as a naturally derived biopolymer sourced from lignin in soil stabilization has gained significant attention in recent years. Its intermolecular interaction, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, adhesive and binding properties, erosion control abilities, compatibility with various soil types, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to traditional soil stabilizers as well as highlighting its importance. By integrating LS into soil stabilization practices, soil properties can be enhanced, and an eco-friendlier approach can be adopted in the construction sector. This comprehensive review paper extensively examines the applications and structure of LS, as well as their efficacy and mechanisms on a micro-level scale. Afterward, it discusses the geotechnical characteristics of LS-treated soils, including consistency characteristics, dispersivity properties and erosion behavior, electrical conductivity, compaction parameters, permeability and hydraulic conductivity, compressibility characteristics, swelling potential, strength and stiffness properties, durability, and cyclic loading response. In general, LS incorporation into the soils could enhance the geotechnical properties. For instance, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fine-grained soils was observed to improve up to 105 %, while in the case of granular soils, the improvement can be as high as 450 %. This review also examines the economic and environmental efficiency, as well as challenges and ways forward related to LS stabilization. This can lead to economic and environmental benefits given the abundance of LS as a plant polymer for cleaner production and owing to its carbon neutrality and renewability.

Engineered inulin-based hybrid biomaterials for augmented immunomodulatory responses

Modified biopolymers that are based on prebiotics have been found to significantly contribute to immunomodulatory events. In recent years, there has been a growing use of modified biomaterials and polymer-functionalized nanomaterials in the treatment of various tumors by activating immune cells. However, the effectiveness of immune cells against tumors is hindered by several biological barriers, which highlights the importance of harnessing prebiotic-based biopolymers to enhance host defenses against cancer, thus advancing cancer prevention strategies. Inulin, in particular, plays a crucial role in activating immune cells and promoting the secretion of cytokines. Therefore, this mini-review aims to emphasize the importance of inulin in immunomodulatory responses, the development of inulin-based hybrid biopolymers, and the role of inulin in enhancing immunity and modifying cell surfaces. Furthermore, we discuss the various approaches of chemical modification for inulin and their potential use in cancer treatment, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Microplastic atmospheric pollution in an urban Southern Brazil region: What can spider webs tell us?

The World Health Organization categorizes air pollution as the presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere such as smoke, dust, and particulate matter like microplastics, which are considered a priority pollutant. However, only a few studies have been developed on atmospheric pollution, and knowledge about MPs in the atmosphere is still limited. Spider webs have been tested and used as a passive sampling approach to study anthropogenic pollution. Despite this, studies on microplastic contamination using spiderwebs as samplers are scarce. Thus, this study uses spider webs as passive indicators to investigate air quality regarding microplastic contamination in an urbanized area. Therefore, 30 sampling points were selected, and webs of Nephilingis cruentata were collected. The spider webs were dipped in KOH 10 %. After digestion, the solution was washed and sieved through a 90 µm geological sieve. The remaining material was transferred to a Petri dish with filter paper, quantified, and identified by type and color. The chemical composition of the polymers was determined using Raman spectroscopy. 3138 microplastics were identified (2973 filaments and 165 fragments). The most frequent colors were blue and black. Raman spectroscopy revealed five types of polymers: Isotactic Polypropylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polyurethane, Polyamide, and Direct Polyethylene.

Physio-chemical degradation of single-use plastics in natural weather and marine environments

Plastic pollution has reached concerning levels globally, with single-use plastic products (SUPs) comprising at least 50% of plastic waste. This study investigates the physical and chemical degradation of frequently used SUPs, including petroleum-based and bio-based plastics, in natural Northern European coastal weather and marine environments over a three-year period from 2019 to 2022. Addressing a critical knowledge gap, this research was based on a hypothesis that real-world ageing studies on SUPs would produce more accurate time- and process-lines for their transformation from macro-to microplastics than are available today based on the modeling studies more frequently used. The study employs optical examination, mechanical testing, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine and relate physical and chemical changes with time. The results indicate that SUPs undergo significantly faster degradation in natural weather than predicted to date. Photooxidation emerges as the primary degradation pathway for all SUPs, emphasizing the role of light in plastic breakdown. Importantly, physical degradation to microplastics in natural environments is not always associated with significant chemical changes such as breaking chemical bonds. Black SUPs exhibit greater resistance to visible light and ultraviolet radiation than equivalent white and transparent examples. In marine environments, SUPs degrade measurably slower than in air, their degradation slowing with increasing distance from the water surface. Our findings indicate the urgent need for strategies that mitigate the impacts of photo-oxidation of SUPs. Such strategies may include a focus on the removal of post-use SUPs from pavements, roads, beaches, and water surfaces where photo-oxidation is faster than underwater and underground. Preferential use of black SUPs over white or transparent should also be considered.

Esterified styrene-maleic acid copolymer modified silica as mixed-mode polymer-brush stationary phases for chromatographic separation

Styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymer has received much attention for its excellent solubilization characteristics. In this work, SMA copolymer brush-based chromatographic stationary phases were exploited and developed for the first time. First, SMA copolymer brush was in situ grown on the surface of spherical silica via living/controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method. Subsequently, as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the copolymer was esterified by diethylene glycol mono-2-ethylhexyl ether (DGME) and 2-(2-ethylhexyloxy) ethanol (EHOE), respectively. The obtained Sil-SMA-DGME and Sil-SMA-EHOE copolymer-brush chromatographic stationary phases were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The chromatographic retention mechanism indicated that both the two packed columns exhibited hydrophilic/reverse mixed-mode retention modes. The maximum column efficiency was up to 71,000 N/m. The chromatographic separation performance evaluation indicated that the novel kind of stationary phases had excellent separation capabilities for hydrophilic, hydrophobic compounds and phospholipid standards. In addition, by combination with mass spectrometry identification, the Sil-SMA-DGME column was further exploited for separation and identification of phospholipids in human lung cancer cells. Totally, 9 classes including 186 phospholipid species were successfully identified. The results demonstrated the promising application prospects of the novel kind of SMA copolymer-brush chromatographic stationary phases.

Mimicking Mytilus edulis foot protein: A versatile strategy for robust biomedical coatings

Universal coatings with versatile surface adhesion, good mechanochemical robustness, and the capacity for secondary modification are of great scientific interest. However, incorporating these advantages into a system is still a great challenge. Here, we report a series of catechol-decorated polyallylamines (CPAs), denoted as pseudo-Mytilus edulis foot protein 5 (pseudo-Mefp-5), that mimic not only the catechol and amine groups but also the backbone of Mefp-5. CPAs can fabricate highly adhesive, robust, multifunctional polyCPA (PCPA) coatings based on synergetic catechol-polyamine chemistry as universal building blocks. Due to the interpenetrating entangled network architectures, these coatings exhibit high chemical robustness against harsh conditions (HCl, pH 1; NaOH, pH 14; H2O2, 30%), good mechanical robustness, and wear resistance. In addition, PCPA coatings provide abundant grafting sites, enabling the fabrication of various functional surfaces through secondary modification. Furthermore, the versatility, multifaceted robustness, and scalability of PCPA coatings indicate their great potential for surface engineering, especially for withstanding harsh conditions in multipurpose biomedical applications.

Cellulose nanocrystal-infused polymer hydrogel imbued with ferric-manganese oxide nanoparticles for efficient antinomy removal

Antimony is a highly poisonous pollutant that needs to be removed from water to ensured safety. In this work, we have fabricated a novel adsorbent, the ferric-manganese oxide (FeMnOx) nanoparticles embedded cellulose nanocrystal-based polymer hydrogel (FeMnOx @CNC-g-PAA/qP4VP, denoted as FMO@CPqP), specifically engineered for the remediation of antimony-laden water. Comprehensive evaluations have been conducted to investigate the efficacy of the FMO@CPqP hydrogel in removal of antimony from water. The hydrogel exhibits superior affinity for antimony, with maximum adsorption capacities of 276.1 mg/g for Sb(III) and 286.8 mg/g for Sb(V). The adsorptive dynamics, governed by the kinetics and isotherm analyses, elucidate that the immobilization of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) is facilitated through a homogeneous and monolayer chemisorption mechanism. The hydrogel has a three-dimensional interconnected porous structure and exhibits good swelling behavior, which facilitates the rapid absorption of antimony ions by this high surface area hydrogel into the channels. Furthermore, various effects, including the oxidation and inner-sphere coordination mediated by FeMnOx NPs and the electrostatic attractions of the quaternized P4VP chains, promote the immobilization of antimony species. Owing to its high removal efficiency, stability and reusability, the FMO@CPqP hydrogel emerges as an exemplary candidate for the removal of antimony contaminants in water treatment processes.

Computational method on highly efficient D-π-A-π-D-based different molecular acceptors for organic solar cells applications and non-linear optical behaviour

Eight molecular structures (BT-A1 to BT-A8) with high-performance non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) were selected for organic solar cells (OSCs) and non-linear optical (NLO) applications. Their electronic, photovoltaic (PV) and optoelectronic properties were tuned by adding powerful electron-withdrawing groups to the acceptor (A) of the D-π-A-π-D structure. Using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) techniques, based on the laws of quantum chemical calculations, the absorption spectra, stability of the highest and lowest-energy molecular orbitals (HOMO/LUMOs), electron density, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), transition density matrix (TDM), were examined. The binding energy (Eb) and density of states (DOS) were probed to realize the optoelectronic analysis of the structures BT-A1 to BT-A8. Noncovalent interactions (NCIs) based on a reduced density gradient (RDG) were used to describe the nature and strength of D-A interactions in the molecules BT-A1 to BT-A8. The new refined molecules BT-A1 to BT-A8 exhibited strong absorbance bands between 408-721 nm and high electron transfer contribution (ETC) ranges between 87-96 %, along with the smallest excitation energies (Ex) between 1.71-3.55 eV in the solvent dichloromethane. Dipolar moment strengths ranging from 0.38 to 4.72 Debye in both the excited and ground states have determined with good solubility properties of BT-A1 to BT-A8 in polar solvent. Highly effective charge mobilities and prevention of charge recombination have been demonstrated by the electron (0.18-0.41 eV) and hole RE values (0.13-0.89 eV) for the new compounds. Power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of BT-A1 to BT-A8 were nearly the same because of better outcomes compared to the molecules in the BT. Compared to poly[4.8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b: 4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6- diyl-alt-(4-2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th), the open circuit voltages (Voc) of compounds BT-A1 to BT-A8 were ranged from 1.52 to 2.13 eV. The polarizability (α) and hyperpolarizability (β) of the molecules BT-A1 to BT-A8 were used to determine the non-linear optical (NLO) properties. The results showed that BT-A2, BT-A6 and BT-A7 have good NLO activity. This computational analysis demonstrates the superiority of the molecules with NFA. Hence the compounds are advised for the use in production of high-performance OSCs and NLO activity.

Fabric structure and polymer composition as key contributors to micro(nano)plastic contamination in face masks

The surge in face mask use due to COVID-19 has raised concerns about micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) from masks. Herein, focusing on fabric structure and polymer composition, we investigated MNP generation characteristics, mechanisms, and potential risks of surgical polypropylene (PP) and fashionable polyurethane (PU) masks during their wearing and photoaging based on stereomicroscope, μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Compared with new PP and PU masks (66 ± 16 MPs/PP-mask, 163 ± 83 MPs/PU-mask), single- and multiple-used masks exhibited remarkably increased MP type and abundance (600-1867 MPs/PP-mask, 607-2167 MPs/PU-mask). Disinfection exacerbated endogenous MP generation in masks, with washing (416 MPs/PP-mask, 30,708 MPs/PU-mask) being the most prominent compared to autoclaving (219 MPs/PP-mask, 553 MPs/PU-mask) and alcohol spray (162 MPs/PP-mask, 18,333 MPs/PU-mask). Photoaging led to massive generation of MPs (8.8 × 104-3.7 × 105 MPs/PP-layer, 1.0 × 105 MPs/PU-layer) and NPs (5.2 × 109-3.6 × 1013 NPs/PP-layer, 3.5 × 1012 NPs/PU-layer) from masks, presenting highly fabric structure-dependent aging modes as "fragmentation" for fine fiber-structure PP mask and "erosion" for 3D mesh-structure PU mask. The MNPs derived from PP/PU mask caused significant deformities of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. These findings underscore the potential adverse effects of masks on humans and aquatic organisms, advocating to enhance proper use and rational disposal for masks.

Advancements in silk fibroin and silk sericin-based biomaterial applications for cancer therapy and wound dressing formulation: A comprehensive review

Silks are a class of proteins generated naturally by different arthropods, including silkworms, spiders, scorpions, mites, wasps, and bees. This review discusses the silk fibroin and silk sericin fabricated by Bombyx mori silkworm as versatile fibers. This silk fiber is predominantly composed of hydrophobic silk fibroin and hydrophilic silk sericin. Fibroin is defined as a structural protein that bestows silk with strength, while sericin is characterized as a gum-like protein, tying the two fibrous proteins together and endowing silk proteins with elasticity. Due to their versatile structures, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, they could be tailored into intricate structures to warrant particular demands. The intrinsic functional groups of both proteins enable their functionalization and cross-linking with various biomaterials to endow the matrix with favorable antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Depending on the target applications, they can be integrated with other materials to formulate nanofibrous, hydrogels, films, and micro-nanoparticles. Given the outstanding biological and controllable physicochemical features of fibroin and sericin, they could be exploited in pharmaceutical applications involving tissue engineering, wound repair, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. This review comprehensively discusses the advancements in the implementation of different formulations of silk fibroin and sericin in wound healing and drug delivery systems, particularly for cancer treatment.

Comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in corneal 3D bioprinting, including regulatory aspects

The global shortage of corneal transplants has spurred an urgency in the quest for efficient treatments. This systematic review not only provides a concise overview of the current landscape of corneal morphology, physiology, diseases, and conventional treatments but crucially delves into the forefront of tissue engineering for corneal regeneration. Emphasizing cellular and acellular components, bioprinting techniques, and pertinent biological assays, it explores optimization strategies for manufacturing and cost-effectiveness. To bridge the gap between research and industrial production, the review outlines the essential regulatory strategy required in Europe, encompassing relevant directives, frameworks, and governing bodies. This comprehensive regulatory framework spans the entire process, from procuring initial components to marketing and subsequent product surveillance. In a pivotal shift towards the future, the review culminates by highlighting the latest advancements in this sector, particularly the integration of tissue therapy with artificial intelligence. This synergy promises substantial optimization of the overall process, paving the way for unprecedented breakthroughs in corneal regeneration. In essence, this review not only elucidates the current state of corneal treatments and tissue engineering but also outlines regulatory pathways and anticipates the transformative impact of artificial intelligence, providing a comprehensive guide for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field.

Cyclodextrin in drug delivery: Exploring scaffolds, properties, and cutting-edge applications

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are unique cyclic compounds that can form inclusion complexes via host-guest complexation with a wide range of molecules, thereby altering their physicochemical properties. These molecules offer the formation of inclusion complexes without the formation of covalent bonds, making them suitable for a variety of applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Due to their supramolecular host-guest properties, CDs are being utilized in the fabrication of biomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, and nano-drug carriers. Additionally, CDs in combination with biomolecules are biocompatible and can deliver nano to macromolecules at the site of drug actions. However, the availability of free hydroxyl groups and a simple crosslinking process for supramolecular fabrication show immense opportunities for researchers in the field of tissue engineering and biomedical applications. In this review article, we have covered the historical development, various types of chemical frameworks, unique chemical and physical properties, and important applications of CDs in drug delivery and biomedical sciences.

Three-birds-with-one-stone: An eco-friendly and renewable humic acid-derived material application strategy for macrolide antibiotic detection and multifunctional composite film preparation

This research proposes a simple and novel strategy for the green detection of antibiotics along with the reduction of microplastic and humic acid (HA) hazards. The entire process is based on a single-step solvent-sieving method to separate HA into insoluble (IHA) and soluble (SHA) components, subsequently recombining and designing the application according to the original characteristics of selected fractions in accordance with the zero-waste principle. IHA was applied as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) sorbent without chemical modification for the enrichment of trace MACs in complex biological matrices. The recovery of MACs was 74.06-100.84 % in the range of 2.5-1000 μg∙kg-1. Furthermore, SHA could be combined with biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare multifunctional composite films. SHA endows the PVA film with favorable mechanical properties, excellent UV shielding as well as oxidation resistance performance. Compared with pure PVA, the tensile strength, toughness, antioxidant and UV-protection properties were increased to 157.3 Mpa, 258.6 MJ·m-3, 78.6 % and 60 % respectively. This study achieved a green and economically valuable utilization of all components of waste HA, introduced a novel approach for monitoring and controlling harmful substances and reducing white pollution. This has significant implications for promoting sustainable development and recovering valuable resources.

Simple strategy of the use of pharmaceutically functionalized ionic liquids in a new generation of polymer nanocarriers for the combined delivery of ionic p-aminosalicylate and ampicillin

Single and dual bioactive linear poly(ionic liquid)s (PIL) were synthesized for use as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems (DDS). These PILs were obtained through the (co)polymerization of the choline-based monomeric ionic liquids (MIL) with pharmaceutical anions possessing antibacterial properties, specifically [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl-ammonium with ampicillin and p-aminosalicylate (TMAMA/AMP and TMAMA/PAS). The copolymers exhibited varying chain lengths defined by a degree of polymerization (DPn = 122-370), and differing contents of ionic fraction and drugs (TMAMA 61-92 %, AMP 61-93 % and PAS 16-21 %). These parameters were adjustable by the monomer conversion (33-92 %) and the initial ratio of comonomers. In aqueous solution, the polymer particles reached nanosizes, i.e. 190-328 nm for AMP systems and 200-235 nm for AMP/PAS systems. In the release process, the pharmaceutical anions were released through exchange by phosphate anions in PBS at pH 7.4 at 37 °C. Depending on the copolymer composition the release of AMP was attained in 72-100 % (11.1-19.5 µg/mL) within 26 h by the single drug systems, while the dual drug systems released 61-100 % of AMP (14.8-24.7 µg/mL) and 82-100 % of PAS (3.1-4.8 µg/mL) within 72 h. The effectiveness in the drug delivery of the designed TMAMA polymers seems to be promising for future applications in antibiotic therapy and the combined therapy.

Development of smart adhesive using lanthanide-doped phosphor and carboxymethyl cellulose-reinforced gum Arabic

Smart polymer glue with photoluminescence and water-repellent properties was developed. The luminescent adhesive continues emitting light for up to 120 min after turning the excitation source off. Nanoparticles of lanthanide strontium aluminum oxide (LSAO) (8-13 nm) were consistently immobilized into carboxymethyl cellulose-reinforced gum Arabic (CMC/GA) adhesive. Using various concentrations of LSAO, the generated adhesives showed emission intensity at 519 nm and an excitation band at 365 nm. Depending on LSAO content, both of afterglow and fluorescence emission were monitored. Photochromism was detected as the transparent adhesive film changes color to green under ultraviolet irradiation. A greenish-yellow lightening in a darkened place was also observed. The nanocomposite resistance to scratches and hydrophobicity were found to enhance as the LSAO content was increased in the carboxymethyl cellulose-reinforced gum Arabic matrix. The LSAO@CMC/GA nanocomposite showed high durability and photostability. The present strategy proved the viability of a potential mass production toward photoluminescent adhesives for various smart applications, such as smart packaging, anti-counterfeiting printing, smart windows, and safety signs.

Inverse Vulcanization of Activated Norbornenyl Esters-A Versatile Platform for Functional Sulfur Polymers

Elemental sulfur has shown to be a promising alternative feedstock for development of novel polymeric materials with high sulfur content. However, the utilization of inverse vulcanized polymers is restricted by the limitation of functional comonomers suitable for an inverse vulcanization. Control over properties and structure of inverse vulcanized polymers still poses a challenge to current research due to the dynamic nature of sulfur-sulfur bonds and high temperature of inverse vulcanization reactions. In here, we report for the first time the inverse vulcanization of norbornenyl pentafluorophenyl ester (NB-PFPE), allowing for post-modification of inverse vulcanized polymers via amidation of reactive PFP esters to yield high sulfur content polymers under mild conditions. Amidation of the precursor material with three functional primary amines (α-amino-ω-methoxy polyethylene glycol, aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, allylamine) was investigated. The resulting materials were applicable as sulfur containing poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles in aqueous environment. Cross-linked mercury adsorbents, sulfur surface coatings, and high-sulfur content networks with predictable thermal properties were achievable using aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and allylamine for post-polymerization modification, respectively. With the broad range of different amines available and applicable for post-polymerization modification, the versatility of poly(sulfur-random-NB-PFPE) as a platform precursor polymer for novel specialized sulfur containing materials was showcased.

Efficient Dienyl End-Capping of Ruthenium Catalyzed Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Allyl Compounds through Base-Promoted Metallacyclobutane Decomposition

Herein we demonstrate an effective and facile end-capping technique for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using readily available allyl compounds as a new type of terminating agents. This new type of end-capping reactions, which are based on the base-promoted decomposition of ruthenocyclobutane intermediates, introduce diene moiety onto the chain end of ROMP polymers while simultaneously deactivating the ruthenium complex. These termination reactions are highly efficient, typically completing within 1 minute at 0 °C with >95 % end-capping fidelity.

Antifouling Asymmetric Block Copolymer Nanofilms via Freestanding Interfacial Polymerization for Efficient and Sustainable Water Purification

Membrane materials that resist nonspecific or specific adsorption are urgently required in widespread practical applications, such as water purification, food processing, and life sciences. In water purification, inevitable membrane fouling not only limits membrane separation performance, leading to a decline in both permeance and selectivity, but also remarkably increases operation requirements, and augments extra maintenance costs and higher energy consumption. In this work, we report a freestanding interfacial polymerization (IP) fabrication strategy for in situ creation of asymmetric block copolymer (BCP) nanofilms with antifouling properties, greatly outperforming the conventional surface post-modification approaches. The resultant free-standing asymmetric BCP nanofilms with highly-dense, highly-hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes on one side, can be readily formed via a typical IP process of a well-defined double-hydrophilic BCP composed of a highly-efficient antifouling PEG block and a membrane-forming multiamine block. The asymmetric BCP nanofilms have been applied for efficient and sustainable natural water purification, demonstrating extraordinary antifouling capabilities accompanied with superior separation performance far beyond commercial polyamide nanofiltration membranes. The antifouling behaviors of asymmetric BCP nanofilms derived from the combined effect of the hydration layer, electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance were further elucidated by water flux and fouling resistance in combination with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This work opens up a new avenue for the large-scale and low-cost creation of broad-spectrum, asymmetric membrane materials with diverse functional "defect-free" surfaces in real-world applications.

Anomalous Structural Transformation of Cu(I) Clusters into Multifunctional CuAg Nanoclusters

We report an anomalous structural transformation of a Cu(I) cluster into two different types of copper-silver (CuAg) alloy nanoclusters. Different from previous reports, we demonstrate that under specifically designed reaction conditions, the Ag-doping could induce a substantial growth of the starting Cu15 and a Ag13Cu20 nanocluster was obtained via the unexpected insertion of an Ag13 kernel inside the Cu(I)-S shell. Ag13Cu20 demonstrates high activity to initiate the photopolymerization of previously hard-to-print inorganic polymers in 3D laser microprinting. Interestingly, a slight modification of the reaction condition leads to the formation of another Ag18-xCuxS (8≤x) nanocluster templated by a central S2- anion, which possesses a unique electronic structure compared to conventional template-free CuAg nanoclusters. Overall, this work unveils the intriguing doping chemistry of Cu clusters, as well as their capability to create different types of alloy nanoclusters with previously unobtainable structures and multifunctionality.

Deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds in fuel, food and environmental samples

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) encompass a wide variety of organic analytes that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials for human health and are recalcitrant in the environment. Evaluating PACs levels in fuel (e.g., gasoline and diesel), food (e.g., grilled meat, fish, powdered milk, fruits, honey, and coffee) and environmental (e.g., industrial effluents, water, wastewater and marine organisms) samples are critical to determine the risk that these chemicals pose. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have garnered significant attention in recent years as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents employed in sample preparation. DES are biodegradable, have low toxicities, ease of synthesis, low cost, and a remarkable ability to extract PACs. However, no comprehensive assessment of the use of DESs for extracting PACs from fuel, food and environmental samples has been performed. This review focused on research involving the utilization of DESs to extract PACs in matrices such as PAHs in environmental samples, NSO-HET in fuels, and bisphenols in foods. Chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were also revised, considering the sensibility to quantify these compound types. In addition, the characteristics of DES and advantages and limitations for PACs in the context of green analytical chemistry principles (GAC) and green profile based on metrics provide perspective and directions for future development.

Identification and evaluation of Escherichia coli strain ATCC 8739 as a surrogate for thermal inactivation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in fruit nectars: Impact of applied techniques on the decimal reduction time

The objective of this study was to identify a suitable surrogate for E. coli O157:H7 strain 19685/91 and O113:H21 strain TS18/08, by assessing their thermal resistance at temperatures of 60 °C, 65 °C, and 72 °C in strawberry nectar. The influence of the matrix and the research methodology on the decimal reduction time (D-value) was investigated. Thermal kinetics and safety assessment demonstrated that E. coli ATCC 8739 is a suitable surrogate. The study demonstrated that the presence of fruit particles in the nectar increased thermal resistance of the tested strains. Variations in D-values were observed depending on the research method employed, with D-values in glass capillaries were up to 6.6 times lower compared to larger sample volumes. Encapsulation of E. coli ATCC 8739 exhibited high efficiency of 90.25 ± 0.26% and maintained stable viable counts after 26 days of storage in strawberry nectar at 4 °C. There were no significant differences in thermal resistance between surrogates directly inoculated into strawberry nectar and those encapsulated in alginate beads. Additionally, the encapsulated strains did not migrate outside the beads. Therefore, encapsulated E. coli ATCC 8739 in alginate beads can be effectively utilized in industrial settings to validate thermal treatments as a reliable and safe method.

Efficient removal of chromate from wastewater using a one-pot synthesis of chitosan cross-linked ceria incorporated hydrous copper oxide bio-polymeric composite

Remediating hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from contaminated water systems is a significant concern due to its harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and plants. To tackle this issue, scientists have created a chitosan cross-linked hydrous ceria incorporated cupric oxide bio-polymeric composite (CHCCO) by combining chitosan biopolymer with corresponding metal ions using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. The composite was characterized using advanced analytical instruments such as FTIR, p-XRD, SEM, XPS, etc. The synthesized composite (CHCCO) was then tested for its efficiency in removing Cr(VI) from synthetic Cr(VI) aqueous samples. The parameters examined included pH, material dose, contact time, concentration, temperature, and co-existing ions. The experimental data showed that the kinetics and equilibrium data fit well with the pseudo-second-order and the Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the investigated surface adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Except for the SO42- ion, no other species imparts adverse influence significantly on the reaction. The CHCCO bio-composite surfaces were refreshed using a dilute NaOH (1.0 M) solution and effectively recycled five times for Cr(VI) adsorption, indicating no significant surface activity deterioration. This study highlights the high effectiveness of CHCCO bio-polymeric composites in Cr(VI) remediation and the potential for this technology as an easy-to-use technique for environmental restoration.

Photo-crosslinked chitosan-gelatin xerogel-like coating onto "cold" plasma functionalized poly(lactic acid) film as cell culture support

This paper reports on biofunctionalisation of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film by surface activation through cold plasma treatment followed by coating with a chitosan-gelatin xerogel. The UV cross-linking of the xerogel precursor was simultaneously performed with the fixation onto the PLA support. This has a strong effect on surface properties, in terms of wettability, surface free energy, morphology and micromechanical features. The hydrophilic - hydrophobic character of the surface, determined by contact angle measurements, was tuned along the process, passing from moderate hydrophobic PLA to enhanced hydrophilic plasma activated surface, which favors coating adhesion, then to moderate hydrophobic chitosan-gelatin coating. The coating has a Lewis amphoteric surface, with a porous xerogel-like morphology, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy images. By riboflavin mediated UV cross-linking the chitosan-gelatin coating becomes high adhesive and with a more pronounced plasticity, as shown by AFM force-distance spectroscopy. Thus prepared surface-coated PLA supports were successfully tested for growth of dermal fibroblasts, which are known for their induction potential of chondrogenic cells, which is very important in cartilage tissue engineering.

The future of chemical pleurodesis: A review of novel and investigational sclerosant agents

Chemical pleurodesis is a technique in which an injurious and inflammatory substance is instilled into the pleural cavity to cause adhesion and fibrosis. It is commonly used in the management of recurrent malignant pleural effusions. Historically, many different types of sclerosants have been described, though only a few, including talc, the tetracycline derivatives, and anti-septic compounds such as silver nitrate and iodopovidone, have found their way into mainstream use. However, over the past several years, there has been increasing interest in alternative pleurodesis agents. In this review, we will explore future directions in the field, with an eye toward novel and investigational agents.

Applications, challenges and prospects of superabsorbent polymers based on cellulose derived from lignocellulosic biomass

The synthetic superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) market is experiencing significant growth, with applications spanning agriculture, healthcare, and civil engineering, projected to increase from $9.0 billion USD in 2019 to $12.9 billion USD by 2024. Despite this positive trend, challenges such as fluctuating raw material costs and lower biodegradability of fossil fuel-based SAPs could impede further expansion. In contrast, cellulose and its derivatives present a sustainable alternative due to their renewable, biodegradable, and abundant characteristics. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), rich in cellulose and lignin, shows promise as a source for eco-friendly superabsorbent polymer (SAP) production. This review discusses the applications, challenges, and future prospects of SAPs derived from lignocellulosic resources, focusing on the cellulose extraction process through fractionation and various modification and crosslinking techniques. The review underscores the potential of cellulose-based SAPs to meet environmental and market needs, offering a viable path forward in the quest for more sustainable materials.

Unlocking nature's arsenal: Nanotechnology for targeted delivery of venom toxins in cancer therapy

AIM

The aim of the present review is to shed light on the nanotechnological approaches adopted to overcome the shortcomings associated with the delivery of venom peptides which possess inherent anti-cancer properties.

BACKGROUND

Venom peptides although have been reported to demonstrate anti-cancer effects, they suffer from several disadvantages such as in vivo instability, off-target adverse effects, limited drug loading and low bioavailability. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of different classes of nanocarriers while underscoring their advantages, disadvantages and potential to carry such peptide molecules for in vivo delivery. It also discusses various nanotechnological aspects such as methods of fabrication, analytical tools to assess these nanoparticulate formulations, modulation of nanocarrier polymer properties to enhance loading capacity, stability and improve their suitability to carry toxic peptide drugs.

CONCLUSION

Nanotechnological approaches bear great potential in delivering venom peptide-based molecules as anticancer agents by enhancing their bioavailability, stability, efficacy as well as offering a spatiotemporal delivery approach. However, the challenges associated with toxicity and biocompatibility of nanocarriers must be duly addressed.

PERSPECTIVES

The everlasting quest for new breakthroughs for safer delivery of venom peptides in human subjects is fuelled by unmet clinical needs in the current landscape of chemotherapy. In addition, exhaustive efforts are required in obtaining and purifying the venom peptides followed by designing and optimizing scale up technologies.

Inside of the burst-phase intermediate of a protein folding. Hydration of hydrophobic groups

The thermal effect of the formation of the "burst-phase" folding intermediate has been studied using a titration calorimeter. It is shown that, unlike the total thermal effect of native structure formation, it can be both positive and negative depending on the temperature. The reasons for this paradoxical behavior are analyzed. A conclusion is drawn about the leading role of dehydration of non-polar groups in the first stage of folding.

Biopolymer-based solutions for enhanced safety and quality assurance: A review

The improper disposal of petroleum-based plastics has been associated with detrimental environmental consequences, such as the proliferation of microplastic pollution and increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Consequently, biopolymers have emerged as a highly regarded alternative due to their environmental-friendly attributes and versatile range of applications. In response to consumer demands for safer food options, sustainable packaging, and escalating environmental concerns, the food sector is increasingly adopting biopolymers. Further, in the recent decade, the usage of active or functional biopolymers has evolved into smart biopolymers that can transmit real-time data to consumers. This review covers key topics such as antimicrobial and biodegradable packaging, edible coatings and films, incorporation of scavengers and bioactive substances that prolong the shelf life and guard against moisture and microbial contamination. The paper also discusses the development of edible cutlery as a sustainable substitute for plastic, the encapsulation of bioactive substances within biopolymers, 3-D food printing for regulated nutrition delivery and thickening and gelling agents that improve food texture and stability. It also discusses the integration of smart polymer functions, demonstrating their importance in guaranteeing food safety and quality, such as biosensing, pH and gas detection, antibacterial characteristics, and time-temperature monitoring. By shedding light on market trends, future scope, and potentialities, this review aims to elucidate the prospects of utilizing biopolymers to address sustainability and quality concerns within the food industry effectively.

mSLAb - An open-source masked stereolithography (mSLA) bioprinter

3D bioprinting is a tissue engineering approach using additive manufacturing to fabricate tissue equivalents for regenerative medicine or medical drug testing. For this purpose, biomaterials that provide the essential microenvironment to support the viability of cells integrated directly or seeded after printing are processed into three-dimensional (3D) structures. Compared to extrusion-based 3D printing, which is most commonly used in bioprinting, stereolithography (SLA) offers a higher printing resolution and faster processing speeds with a wide range of cell-friendly materials such as gelatin- or collagen-based hydrogels and SLA is, therefore, well suited to generate 3D tissue constructs. While there have been numerous publications of conversions and upgrades for extrusion-based printers, this is not the case for state-of-the-art SLA technology in bioprinting. The high cost of proprietary printers severely limits teaching and research in SLA bioprinting. With mSLAb, we present a low-cost and open-source high-resolution 3D bioprinter based on masked SLA (mSLA). mSLAb is based on an entry-level (€350) desktop mSLA printer (Phrozen Sonic Mini 4 K), equipped with temperature control and humidification of the printing chamber to enable the processing of cell-friendly hydrogels. Additionally, the build platform was redesigned for easy sample handling and microscopic analysis of the printed constructs. All modifications were done with off-the-shelf hardware and in-house designed 3D printed components, printed with the same printer that was being modified. We validated the system by printing macroscopic porous scaffolds as well as hollow channels from gelatin-based hydrogels as representative structures needed in tissue engineering.

Droplet-based microfluidics: an efficient high-throughput portable system for cell encapsulation

One of the goals of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is restoring primary living tissue function by manufacturing a 3D microenvironment. One of the main challenges is protecting implanted non-autologous cells or tissues from the host immune system. Cell encapsulation has emerged as a promising technique for this purpose. It involves entrapping cells in biocompatible and semi-permeable microcarriers made from natural or synthetic polymers that regulate the release of cellular secretions. In recent years, droplet-based microfluidic systems have emerged as powerful tools for cell encapsulation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These systems offer precise control over droplet size, composition, and functionality, allowing for creating of microenvironments that closely mimic native tissue. Droplet-based microfluidic systems have extensive applications in biotechnology, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery. This review summarises the recent developments in droplet-based microfluidic systems and cell encapsulation techniques, as well as their applications, advantages, and challenges in biology and medicine. The integration of these technologies has the potential to revolutionise tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by providing a precise and controlled microenvironment for cell growth and differentiation. By overcoming the immune system's challenges and enabling the release of cellular secretions, these technologies hold great promise for the future of regenerative medicine.