1851
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Fluid Flow Shear Stress Stimulation on a Multiplex Microfluidic Device for Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Enhancement. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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1852
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Dodd D, Tropini C, Sonnenburg JL. Your gut microbiome, deconstructed. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1238-1240. [PMID: 26650010 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dodd
- Department of Pathology and the Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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1853
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Jin H, Yu Y. A Review of the Application of Body-on-a-Chip for Drug Test and Its Latest Trend of Incorporating Barrier Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:615-24. [PMID: 26721822 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215619126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-quality preclinical bioassay models are essential for drug research and development. We reviewed the emerging body-on-a-chip technology, which serves as a promising model to overcome the limitations of traditional bioassay models, and introduced existing models of body-on-a-chip, their constitutional details, application for drug testing, and individual features of these models. We put special emphasis on the latest trend in this field of incorporating barrier tissue into body-on-a-chip and discussed several remaining challenges of current body-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Undergraduate, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Undergraduate, Shenyang, China
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1854
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Jang LW, Lee J, Razu ME, Jensen EC, Kim J. Fabrication of PDMS Nanocomposite Materials and Nanostructures for Biomedical Nanosystems. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:841-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2509602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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1855
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Atanasovska B, Kumar V, Fu J, Wijmenga C, Hofker MH. GWAS as a Driver of Gene Discovery in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:722-732. [PMID: 26596674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases represent a common complex disorder with a strong genetic component. Currently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded some 755 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encompassing 366 independent loci that may help to decipher the molecular basis of cardiometabolic diseases. Going from a disease SNP to the underlying disease mechanisms is a huge challenge because the associated SNPs rarely disrupt protein function. Many disease SNPs are located in noncoding regions, and therefore attention is now focused on linking genetic SNP variation to effects on gene expression levels. By integrating genetic information with large-scale gene expression data, and with data from epigenetic roadmaps revealing gene regulatory regions, we expect to be able to identify candidate disease genes and the regulatory potential of disease SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Atanasovska
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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1856
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March S, Ramanan V, Trehan K, Ng S, Galstian A, Gural N, Scull MA, Shlomai A, Mota MM, Fleming HE, Khetani SR, Rice CM, Bhatia SN. Micropatterned coculture of primary human hepatocytes and supportive cells for the study of hepatotropic pathogens. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:2027-53. [PMID: 26584444 PMCID: PMC5867906 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapies and vaccines for human hepatropic pathogens requires robust model systems that enable the study of host-pathogen interactions. However, in vitro liver models of infection typically use either hepatoma cell lines that exhibit aberrant physiology or primary human hepatocytes in culture conditions in which they rapidly lose their hepatic phenotype. To achieve stable and robust in vitro primary human hepatocyte models, we developed micropatterned cocultures (MPCCs), which consist of primary human hepatocytes organized into 2D islands that are surrounded by supportive fibroblast cells. By using this system, which can be established over a period of days, and maintained over multiple weeks, we demonstrate how to recapitulate in vitro hepatic life cycles for the hepatitis B and C viruses and the Plasmodium pathogens P. falciparum and P. vivax. The MPCC platform can be used to uncover aspects of host-pathogen interactions, and it has the potential to be used for drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra March
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kartik Trehan
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shengyong Ng
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ani Galstian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nil Gural
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amir Shlomai
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Unidade de Malaria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Heather E Fleming
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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1857
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An F, Qu Y, Liu X, Zhong R, Luo Y. Organ-on-a-Chip: New Platform for Biological Analysis. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 10:39-45. [PMID: 26640364 PMCID: PMC4664205 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s28905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection and analysis of biomolecules and cells in physiological microenvironment is urgently needed for fast evaluation of biology and pharmacy. The past several years have witnessed remarkable development opportunities in vitro organs and tissues models with multiple functions based on microfluidic devices, termed as “organ-on-a-chip”. Briefly speaking, it is a promising technology in rebuilding physiological functions of tissues and organs, featuring mammalian cell co-culture and artificial microenvironment created by microchannel networks. In this review, we summarized the advances in studies of heart-, vessel-, liver-, neuron-, kidney- and Multi-organs-on-a-chip, and discussed some noteworthy potential on-chip detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yueyang Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Runtao Zhong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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1858
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Abstract
Organ and tissue loss through disease and injury motivate the development of therapies that can regenerate tissues and decrease reliance on transplantations. Regenerative medicine, an interdisciplinary field that applies engineering and life science principles to promote regeneration, can potentially restore diseased and injured tissues and whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, a number of regenerative medicine therapies, including those designed for wound healing and orthopedics applications, have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and are now commercially available. These therapies and other regenerative medicine approaches currently being studied in preclinical and clinical settings will be covered in this review. Specifically, developments in fabricating sophisticated grafts and tissue mimics and technologies for integrating grafts with host vasculature will be discussed. Enhancing the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the host by altering its environment, whether with cell injections or immune modulation, will be addressed, as well as methods for exploiting recently developed cell sources. Finally, we propose directions for current and future regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo S Mao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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1859
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Rivera-Burgos D, Sarkar U, Lever AR, Avram MJ, Coppeta JR, Wishnok JS, Borenstein JT, Tannenbaum SR. Glucocorticoid Clearance and Metabolite Profiling in an In Vitro Human Airway Epithelium Lung Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:220-6. [PMID: 26586376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of microphysiologic epithelial lung models using human cells in a physiologically relevant microenvironment has the potential to be a powerful tool for preclinical drug development and to improve predictive power regarding in vivo drug clearance. In this study, an in vitro model of the airway comprising human primary lung epithelial cells cultured in a microfluidic platform was used to establish a physiologic state and to observe metabolic changes as a function of glucocorticoid exposure. Evaluation of mucus production rate and barrier function, along with lung-specific markers, demonstrated that the lungs maintained a differentiated phenotype. Initial concentrations of 100 nM hydrocortisone (HC) and 30 nM cortisone (C) were used to evaluate drug clearance and metabolite production. Measurements made using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-mass-accuracy mass spectrometry indicated that HC metabolism resulted in the production of C and dihydrocortisone (diHC). When the airway model was exposed to C, diHC was identified; however, no conversion to HC was observed. Multicompartmental modeling was used to characterize the lung bioreactor data, and pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination clearance and elimination half-life, were estimated. Polymerse chain reaction data confirmed overexpression of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11βHSD2) over 11βHSD1, which is biologically relevant to human lung. Faster metabolism was observed relative to a static model on elevated rates of C and diHC formation. Overall, our results demonstrate that this lung airway model has been successfully developed and could interact with other human tissues in vitro to better predict in vivo drug behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Amanda R Lever
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Michael J Avram
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Jonathan R Coppeta
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Jeffrey T Borenstein
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (D.R.B., U.S., J.S.W., S.R.T.), and Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (A.R.L., J.R.C., J.T.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (M.J.A.)
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1860
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Caicedo HH, Brady ST. Microfluidics: The Challenge Is to Bridge the Gap Instead of Looking for a 'Killer App'. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 34:1-3. [PMID: 26603287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Hugo Caicedo
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Rm 578 (M/C 512), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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1861
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Abstract
The underlying physical properties of microfluidic tools have led to new biological insights through the development of microsystems that can manipulate, mimic and measure biology at a resolution that has not been possible with macroscale tools. Microsystems readily handle sub-microlitre volumes, precisely route predictable laminar fluid flows and match both perturbations and measurements to the length scales and timescales of biological systems. The advent of fabrication techniques that do not require highly specialized engineering facilities is fuelling the broad dissemination of microfluidic systems and their adaptation to specific biological questions. We describe how our understanding of molecular and cell biology is being and will continue to be advanced by precision microfluidic approaches and posit that microfluidic tools - in conjunction with advanced imaging, bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches - will transform biology into a precision science.
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1862
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Rismani Yazdi S, Shadmani A, Bürgel SC, Misun PM, Hierlemann A, Frey O. Adding the 'heart' to hanging drop networks for microphysiological multi-tissue experiments. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4138-47. [PMID: 26401602 PMCID: PMC5424877 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic hanging-drop networks enable culturing and analysis of 3D microtissue spheroids derived from different cell types under controlled perfusion and investigating inter-tissue communication in multi-tissue formats. In this paper we introduce a compact on-chip pumping approach for flow control in hanging-drop networks. The pump includes one pneumatic chamber located directly above one of the hanging drops and uses the surface tension at the liquid-air-interface for flow actuation. Control of the pneumatic protocol provides a wide range of unidirectional pulsatile and continuous flow profiles. With the proposed concept several independent hanging-drop networks can be operated in parallel with only one single pneumatic actuation line at high fidelity. Closed-loop medium circulation between different organ models for multi-tissue formats and multiple simultaneous assays in parallel are possible. Finally, we implemented a real-time feedback control-loop of the pump actuation based on the beating of a human iPS-derived cardiac microtissue cultured in the same system. This configuration allows for simulating physiological effects on the heart and their impact on flow circulation between the organ models on chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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1863
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Noor F. A shift in paradigm towards human biology-based systems for cholestatic-liver diseases. J Physiol 2015; 593:5043-55. [PMID: 26417843 DOI: 10.1113/jp271124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic-liver diseases (CLDs) arise from diverse causes ranging from genetic factors to drug-induced cholestasis. The so-called diseases of civilization (obesity, diabetes, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) are intricately implicated in liver and gall bladder diseases. Although CLDs have been extensively studied, there seem to be important gaps in the understanding of human disease. Despite the fact that many animal models exist and substantial clinical data are available, translation of this knowledge towards therapy has been disappointingly limited. Recent advances in liver cell culture such as in vivo-like 3D cultivation of human primary hepatic cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes; and cutting-edge analytical techniques such as 'omics' technologies and high-content screenings could play a decisive role in deeper mechanistic understanding of CLDs. This Topical Review proposes a roadmap to human biology-based research using omics technologies providing quantitative information on mechanisms in an adverse outcome/disease pathway framework. With modern sensitive tools, a shift in paradigm in human disease research seems timely and even inevitable to overcome species barriers in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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1864
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Iyengar R, Altman RB, Troyanskya O, FitzGerald GA. MEDICINE. Personalization in practice. Science 2015; 350:282-3. [PMID: 26472898 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Systems Biology Center New York, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskya
- Department of Computer Science and Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, and Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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1865
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Arick DQ, Choi YH, Kim HC, Won YY. Effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical functioning of the lung. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:218-28. [PMID: 26494653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field that has very promising applications that will improve industry, medicine, and consumer products. However, despite the growing widespread use of engineered nanoparticles in these areas, very little has been done to assess the potential health risks they may pose to high-risk areas of the body, particularly the lungs. In this review we first briefly discuss the structure of the lungs and establish that the pulmonary surfactant (PS), given its vulnerability and huge contribution to healthy lung function, is a mechanism of great concern when evaluating potential nanoparticle interactions within the lung. To warrant that these interactions can occur, studies on the transport of nanoaerols are reviewed to highlight that a plethora of factors contribute to a nanoparticle's ability to travel to the deep regions of the lung where PS resides. The focus of this review is to determine the extent that physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, hydrophobicity, and surface charge effect PS function. Numerous nanoparticle types are taken into consideration in order to effectively evaluate observed consistencies across numerous nanoparticle types and develop general trends that exist among the physicochemical characteristics of interest. Biological responses from other mechanisms/components of the lung are briefly discussed to provide further insights on how the toxicology of different nanoparticles is determined. We conclude by discussing general trends that summarize consistencies observed among the studies in regard to physicochemical properties and their effects on monolayer function, addressing current gaps in our understanding, and discussing the future outlook of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Q Arick
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yun Hwa Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyun Chang Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - You-Yeon Won
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea.
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1866
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Barenghi L, Barenghi A, DiBlasio A, Gandolfini M. Re: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance bone formation in orthodontically expanded maxillae in rats. Abdullah Ekizer, Mehmet Emir Yalvac, Tancan Uysal, Mehmet Fatih Sonmez, Fikrettin Sahin. The Angle Orthodontist. Online Early. Angle Orthod 2015; 85:1084-5. [PMID: 26516717 DOI: 10.2319/angl-85-06-1084-1085.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto DiBlasio
- Department of Orthodontics, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Parma University, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Gandolfini
- Department of Orthodontics, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Parma University, Parma, Italy
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1867
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Abstract
Complement is a key component of immunity with crucial inflammatory and opsonic properties; inappropriate activation of complement triggers or exacerbates inflammatory disease. Complement dysregulation is a core feature of some diseases and contributes to pathology in many others. Approved agents have been developed for and are highly effective in some orphan applications, but their progress to use in more common diseases has been slow. Numerous challenges, such as target concentration or high turnover, limit the efficacy of these agents in humans. Numerous novel agents targeting different parts of the complement system in different ways are now emerging from pre-clinical studies and are entering Phase I/II trials; these agents bring the potential for more-effective and more-specific anti-complement therapies in disease. Other agents, both biologic and small molecule, are in Phase II or III trials for both rare and common diseases — administration routes include localized (for example, intravitreal) and systemic routes. There is an urgent need to develop biomarkers and imaging methods that enable monitoring of the effects and efficacy of anti-complement agents.
The complement cascade, a key regulator of innate immunity, is a rich source of potential therapeutic targets for diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Morgan and Harris discuss the progress made in modulating the complement system and the existing challenges, including dosing, localization of the drug to the target and how to interfere with protein–protein interactions. The complement system is a key innate immune defence against infection and an important driver of inflammation; however, these very properties can also cause harm. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of complement can cause local and/or systemic inflammation, tissue damage and disease. Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. Drug design is facilitated by the increasingly detailed structural understanding of the molecules involved in the complement system. Only two anti-complement drugs are currently on the market, but many more are being developed for diseases that include infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic disorders. In this Review, we describe the history, current landscape and future directions for anti-complement therapies.
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1868
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Asthana A, Kisaalita WS. Is time an extra dimension in 3D cell culture? Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:395-9. [PMID: 26482739 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Time or the temporal microenvironment is a parameter that is often overlooked in 3D cell culture. However, given that the 3D system is a dynamic entity, there exists bidirectional signaling between the cells and their microenvironment and, in time, cells can develop the capacity to modulate their environment. We make this case here by illustrating the relation between the temporal dimension and other microenvironmental parameters and demonstrate how the exogenously incorporated microenvironmental factors (MEFs) can be rendered less significant with time. Such knowledge can guide construct design to make 3D platforms architecturally simpler by eliminating redundancy. We further show that there is a need to establish the point at which the construct is complex enough such that its use yields responses that more closely emulate in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amish Asthana
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S Kisaalita
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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1869
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Tourlomousis F, Chang RC. Numerical investigation of dynamic microorgan devices as drug screening platforms. Part I: Macroscale modeling approach & validation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:612-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Tourlomousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoboken New Jersey
| | - Robert C. Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoboken New Jersey
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1870
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Kurup A, Ravindranath S, Tran T, Keating M, Gascard P, Valdevit L, Tlsty TD, Botvinick EL. Novel insights from 3D models: the pivotal role of physical symmetry in epithelial organization. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15153. [PMID: 26472542 PMCID: PMC4608012 DOI: 10.1038/srep15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D tissue culture models are utilized to study breast cancer and other pathologies because they better capture the complexity of in vivo tissue architecture compared to 2D models. However, to mimic the in vivo environment, the mechanics and geometry of the ECM must also be considered. Here, we studied the mechanical environment created in two 3D models, the overlay protocol (OP) and embedded protocol (EP). Mammary epithelial acini features were compared using OP or EP under conditions known to alter acinus organization, i.e. collagen crosslinking and/or ErbB2 receptor activation. Finite element analysis and active microrheology demonstrated that OP creates a physically asymmetric environment with non-uniform mechanical stresses in radial and circumferential directions. Further contrasting with EP, acini in OP displayed cooperation between ErbB2 signalling and matrix crosslinking. These differences in acini phenotype observed between OP and EP highlight the functional impact of physical symmetry in 3D tissue culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kurup
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Shreyas Ravindranath
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Tim Tran
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Mark Keating
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Philippe Gascard
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- University of California Irvine, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA.,University of California Irvine, Department of Surgery, Irvine, USA
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1871
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Modeling Huntington׳s disease with patient-derived neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1656:76-87. [PMID: 26459990 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington׳s Disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. While the gene was identified over two decades ago, it remains poorly understood why mutant HTT (mtHTT) is initially toxic to striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Models of HD using non-neuronal human patient cells and rodents exhibit some characteristic HD phenotypes. While these current models have contributed to the field, they are limited in disease manifestation and may vary in their response to treatments. As such, human HD patient MSNs for disease modeling could greatly expand the current understanding of HD and facilitate the search for a successful treatment. It is now possible to use pluripotent stem cells, which can generate any tissue type in the body, to study and potentially treat HD. This review covers disease modeling in vitro and, via chimeric animal generation, in vivo using human HD patient MSNs differentiated from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. This includes an overview of the differentiation of pluripotent cells into MSNs, the established phenotypes found in cell-based models and transplantation studies using these cells. This review not only outlines the advancements in the rapidly progressing field of HD modeling using neurons derived from human pluripotent cells, but also it highlights several remaining controversial issues such as the 'ideal' series of pluripotent lines, the optimal cell types to use and the study of a primarily adult-onset disease in a developmental model. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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1872
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Cox MC, Reese LM, Bickford LR, Verbridge SS. Toward the Broad Adoption of 3D Tumor Models in the Cancer Drug Pipeline. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:877-894. [PMID: 33429520 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite a cost of approximately $1 billion to develop a new cancer drug, about 90% of drugs that enter clinical trials fail. A tremendous opportunity exists to streamline the drug selection and testing process, and innovative approaches promise to reduce the burdensome cost of health care for those suffering from cancer. There is great potential for 3D models of human tumors to complement more traditional testing methods; however, the shift from 2D to 3D assays at early stages of the drug discovery and development process is far from widely accepted. 3D platforms range from simple tumor spheroids to more complex microfluidic hydrogels that better mimic the tumor microenvironment. While several companies have developed and patented advanced high-throughput 3D platforms for drug screening, their cost and complexity have limited their adoption as an industry standard. In this review, we will highlight the various tumor platforms that have been developed, emphasizing the approaches that have successfully led to commercial products. We will then consider potential directions toward more relevant tumor models, advantages of the adoption of such platforms within the drug development and screening process, and new opportunities in personalized medicine that such platforms will uniquely enable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Cox
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Laura M Reese
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lissett R Bickford
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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1873
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Park D, Lim J, Park JY, Lee SH. Concise Review: Stem Cell Microenvironment on a Chip: Current Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1352-68. [PMID: 26450425 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cells have huge potential in many therapeutic areas. With conventional cell culture methods, however, it is difficult to achieve in vivo-like microenvironments in which a number of well-controlled stimuli are provided for growing highly sensitive stem cells. In contrast, microtechnology-based platforms offer advantages of high precision, controllability, scalability, and reproducibility, enabling imitation of the complex physiological context of in vivo. This capability may fill the gap between the present knowledge about stem cells and that required for clinical stem cell-based therapies. We reviewed the various types of microplatforms on which stem cell microenvironments are mimicked. We have assigned the various microplatforms to four categories based on their practical uses to assist stem cell biologists in using them for research. In particular, many examples are given of microplatforms used for the production of embryoid bodies and aggregates of stem cells in vitro. We also categorized microplatforms based on the types of factors controlling the behaviors of stem cells. Finally, we outline possible future directions for microplatform-based stem cell research, such as research leading to the production of well-defined environments for stem cells to be used in scaled-up systems or organs-on-a-chip, the regulation of induced pluripotent stem cells, and the study of the genetic states of stem cells on microplatforms. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells are highly sensitive to a variety of physicochemical cues, and their fate can be easily altered by a slight change of environment; therefore, systematic analysis and discrimination of the extracellular signals and intracellular pathways controlling the fate of cells and experimental realization of sensitive and controllable niche environments are critical. This review introduces diverse microplatforms to provide in vitro stem cell niches. Microplatforms could control microenvironments around cells and have recently attracted much attention in biology including stem cell research. These microplatforms and the future directions of stem cell microenvironment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- DoYeun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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1874
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Loskill P, Marcus SG, Mathur A, Reese WM, Healy KE. μOrgano: A Lego®-Like Plug & Play System for Modular Multi-Organ-Chips. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139587. [PMID: 26440672 PMCID: PMC4595286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human organ-on-a-chip systems for drug screening have evolved as feasible alternatives to animal models, which are unreliable, expensive, and at times erroneous. While chips featuring single organs can be of great use for both pharmaceutical testing and basic organ-level studies, the huge potential of the organ-on-a-chip technology is revealed by connecting multiple organs on one chip to create a single integrated system for sophisticated fundamental biological studies and devising therapies for disease. Furthermore, since most organ-on-a-chip systems require special protocols with organ-specific media for the differentiation and maturation of the tissues, multi-organ systems will need to be temporally customizable and flexible in terms of the time point of connection of the individual organ units. We present a customizable Lego®-like plug & play system, μOrgano, which enables initial individual culture of single organ-on-a-chip systems and subsequent connection to create integrated multi-organ microphysiological systems. As a proof of concept, the μOrgano system was used to connect multiple heart chips in series with excellent cell viability and spontaneously physiological beat rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Loskill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sivan G. Marcus
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anurag Mathur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Willie Mae Reese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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1875
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Blume C, Reale R, Held M, Millar TM, Collins JE, Davies DE, Morgan H, Swindle EJ. Temporal Monitoring of Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells Using Microfluidics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139872. [PMID: 26436734 PMCID: PMC4593539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is exposed to a variety of harmful agents during breathing and appropriate cellular responses are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis. Recent evidence has highlighted the contribution of epithelial barrier dysfunction in the development of many chronic respiratory diseases. Despite intense research efforts, the responses of the airway barrier to environmental agents are not fully understood, mainly due to lack of suitable in vitro models that recapitulate the complex in vivo situation accurately. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we describe a novel dynamic 3D in vitro model of the airway epithelium, incorporating fully differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface and a basolateral microfluidic supply of nutrients simulating the interstitial flow observed in vivo. Through combination of the microfluidic culture system with an automated fraction collector the kinetics of cellular responses by the airway epithelium to environmental agents can be analysed at the early phases for the first time and with much higher sensitivity compared to common static in vitro models. Following exposure of primary differentiated epithelial cells to pollen we show that CXCL8/IL–8 release is detectable within the first 2h and peaks at 4–6h under microfluidic conditions, a response which was not observed in conventional static culture conditions. Such a microfluidic culture model is likely to have utility for high resolution temporal profiling of toxicological and pharmacological responses of the airway epithelial barrier, as well as for studies of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Blume
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Riccardo Reale
- Electronics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Held
- Electronics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Millar
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Collins
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Electronics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Swindle
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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1876
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Lal MA, Young KW, Andag U. Targeting the podocyte to treat glomerular kidney disease. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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1877
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Godwin LA, Brooks JC, Hoepfner LD, Wanders D, Judd RL, Easley CJ. A microfluidic interface for the culture and sampling of adiponectin from primary adipocytes. Analyst 2015; 140:1019-25. [PMID: 25423362 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secreted from adipose tissue, adiponectin is a vital endocrine hormone that acts in glucose metabolism, thereby establishing its crucial role in diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic disease states. Insulin exposure to primary adipocytes cultured in static conditions has been shown to stimulate adiponectin secretion. However, conventional, static methodology for culturing and stimulating adipocytes falls short of truly mimicking physiological environments. Along with decreases in experimental costs and sample volume, and increased temporal resolution, microfluidic platforms permit small-volume flowing cell culture systems, which more accurately represent the constant flow conditions through vasculature in vivo. Here, we have integrated a customized primary tissue culture reservoir into a passively operated microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Fabrication of the reservoir was accomplished through unique PDMS "landscaping" above sampling channels, with a design strategy targeted to primary adipocytes to overcome issues of positive cell buoyancy. This reservoir allowed three-dimensional culture of primary murine adipocytes, accurate control over stimulants via constant perfusion, and sampling of adipokine secretion during various treatments. As the first report of primary adipocyte culture and sampling within microfluidic systems, this work sets the stage for future studies in adipokine secretion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Godwin
- Auburn University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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1878
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Balduini A, Di Buduo CA, Kaplan DL. Translational approaches to functional platelet production ex vivo. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:250-6. [PMID: 26353819 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, which are released by megakaryocytes, play key roles in haemostasis, angiogenesis, immunity, tissue regeneration and wound healing. The scarcity of clinical cures for life threatening platelet diseases is in a large part due to limited insight into the mechanisms that control the developmental process of megakaryocytes and the mechanisms that govern the production of platelets within the bone marrow. To overcome these limitations, functional human tissue models have been developed and studied to extrapolate ex vivo outcomes for new insight on bone marrow functions in vivo. There are many challenges that these models must overcome, from faithfully mimicking the physiological composition and functions of bone marrow, to the collection of the platelets generated and validation of their viability and function for human use. The overall goal is to identify innovative instruments to study mechanisms of platelet release, diseases related to platelet production and new therapeutic targets starting from human progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Balduini
- Alessandra Balduini, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA, Tel.: +1 617 627 2580, Fax: +1 617 627 3231, E-mail:
| | | | - David L Kaplan
- David L. Kaplan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA, Tel.: +1 617 627 2580, Fax: +1 617 627 3231, E-mail:
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1879
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Xu JJ. Cellular imaging: a key phenotypic screening strategy for predictive toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:191. [PMID: 26441648 PMCID: PMC4561816 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating phenotypic screening as a key strategy enhances predictivity and translatability of drug discovery efforts. Cellular imaging serves as a "phenotypic anchor" to identify important toxicologic pathology that encompasses an array of underlying mechanisms, thus provides an effective means to reduce drug development failures due to insufficient safety. This mini-review highlights the latest advances in hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and genetic toxicity tests that utilized cellular imaging as a screening strategy, and recommends path forward for further improvement.
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1880
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Collins DJ, Neild A, deMello A, Liu AQ, Ai Y. The Poisson distribution and beyond: methods for microfluidic droplet production and single cell encapsulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3439-59. [PMID: 26226550 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a recognized and growing need for rapid and efficient cell assays, where the size of microfluidic devices lend themselves to the manipulation of cellular populations down to the single cell level. An exceptional way to analyze cells independently is to encapsulate them within aqueous droplets surrounded by an immiscible fluid, so that reagents and reaction products are contained within a controlled microenvironment. Most cell encapsulation work has focused on the development and use of passive methods, where droplets are produced continuously at high rates by pumping fluids from external pressure-driven reservoirs through defined microfluidic geometries. With limited exceptions, the number of cells encapsulated per droplet in these systems is dictated by Poisson statistics, reducing the proportion of droplets that contain the desired number of cells and thus the effective rate at which single cells can be encapsulated. Nevertheless, a number of recently developed actively-controlled droplet production methods present an alternative route to the production of droplets at similar rates and with the potential to improve the efficiency of single-cell encapsulation. In this critical review, we examine both passive and active methods for droplet production and explore how these can be used to deterministically and non-deterministically encapsulate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Collins
- Engineering Product Design pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore.
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1881
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Tourlomousis F, Chang RC. Numerical investigation of dynamic microorgan devices as drug screening platforms. Part II: Microscale modeling approach and validation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:623-34. [PMID: 26333066 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors have previously reported a rigorous macroscale modeling approach for an in vitro 3D dynamic microorgan device (DMD). This paper represents the second of a two-part model-based investigation where the effect of microscale (single liver cell-level) shear-mediated mechanotransduction on drug biotransformation is deconstructed. Herein, each cell is explicitly incorporated into the geometric model as single compartmentalized metabolic structures. Each cell's metabolic activity is coupled with the microscale hydrodynamic Wall Shear Stress (WSS) simulated around the cell boundary through a semi-empirical polynomial function as an additional reaction term in the mass transfer equations. Guided by the macroscale model-based hydrodynamics, only 9 cells in 3 representative DMD domains are explicitly modeled. Dynamic and reaction similarity rules based on non-dimensionalization are invoked to correlate the numerical and empirical models, accounting for the substrate time scales. The proposed modeling approach addresses the key challenge of computational cost towards modeling complex large-scale DMD-type system with prohibitively high cell densities. Transient simulations are implemented to extract the drug metabolite profile with the microscale modeling approach validated with an experimental drug flow study. The results from the author's study demonstrate the preferred implementation of the microscale modeling approach over that of its macroscale counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Tourlomousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey.
| | - Robert C Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
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1882
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Oh JK, Lu X, Min Y, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Akbulut M. Bacterially Antiadhesive, Optically Transparent Surfaces Inspired from Rice Leaves. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19274-19281. [PMID: 26237234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance strains, there is an increasing need to develop material surfaces that prevent bacterial attachment and contamination in the absence of antibiotic agents. Herein, we present bacterial antiadhesive materials inspired from rice leaves. "Rice leaf-like surfaces" (RLLS) were fabricated by a templateless, self-masking reactive-ion etching approach. Bacterial attachment on RLLS was characterized under both static and dynamic conditions using Gram-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. RLLS surfaces showed exceptional bacterial antiadhesion properties with a >99.9% adhesion inhibition efficiency. Furthermore, the optical properties of RLLS were investigated using UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometry. In contrast to most other bacterial antiadhesive surfaces, RLLS demonstrated optical-grade transparency (i.e., ≥92% transmission). We anticipate that the combination of bacterial antiadhesion efficiency, optical grade transparency, and the convenient single-step method of preparation makes RLLS a very attractive candidate for the surfaces of biosensors; endoscopes; and microfluidic, bio-optical, lab-on-a-chip, and touchscreen devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kyun Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xiaoxu Lu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Younjin Min
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mustafa Akbulut
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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1883
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Saggiomo V, Velders AH. Simple 3D Printed Scaffold-Removal Method for the Fabrication of Intricate Microfluidic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500125. [PMID: 27709002 PMCID: PMC5034835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
An easy and cheap fabrication method for intricate polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices is presented. The acrylonitrile butadiene styrene scaffold-removal method uses cheap, off-the-shelf materials and equipment for the fabrication of intricate microfluidic devices. The versatility of the method is proven by the fabrication of 3D multilayer, ship-in-a-bottle, selective heating, sensing, and NMR microfluidic devices. The methodology is coined ESCARGOT: Embedded SCAffold RemovinG Open Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saggiomo
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology Wageningen University PO Box 8038 6700 EK Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology Wageningen University PO Box 8038 6700 EK Wageningen The Netherlands; Instituto Regional de Investigacion Cientifica Aplicada (IRICA) Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
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1884
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Raoof AA, Aerssens J. Patient-centered drug discovery as the means to improved R&D productivity. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1044-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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1885
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Braakhuis HM, Kloet SK, Kezic S, Kuper F, Park MVDZ, Bellmann S, van der Zande M, Le Gac S, Krystek P, Peters RJB, Rietjens IMCM, Bouwmeester H. Progress and future of in vitro models to study translocation of nanoparticles. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1469-95. [PMID: 25975987 PMCID: PMC4551544 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanoparticles in products likely results in increased exposure of both workers and consumers. Because of their small size, there are concerns that nanoparticles unintentionally cross the barriers of the human body. Several in vivo rodent studies show that, dependent on the exposure route, time, and concentration, and their characteristics, nanoparticles can cross the lung, gut, skin, and placental barrier. This review aims to evaluate the performance of in vitro models that mimic the barriers of the human body, with a focus on the lung, gut, skin, and placental barrier. For these barriers, in vitro models of varying complexity are available, ranging from single-cell-type monolayer to multi-cell (3D) models. Only a few studies are available that allow comparison of the in vitro translocation to in vivo data. This situation could change since the availability of analytical detection techniques is no longer a limiting factor for this comparison. We conclude that to further develop in vitro models to be used in risk assessment, the current strategy to improve the models to more closely mimic the human situation by using co-cultures of different cell types and microfluidic approaches to better control the tissue microenvironments are essential. At the current state of the art, the in vitro models do not yet allow prediction of absolute transfer rates but they do support the definition of relative transfer rates and can thus help to reduce animal testing by setting priorities for subsequent in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M. Braakhuis
- />Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha K. Kloet
- />Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- />AMC, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frieke Kuper
- />TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet V. D. Z. Park
- />Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Séverine Le Gac
- />UT BIOS, Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- />Philips Innovation Services, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud J. B. Peters
- />RIKILT- Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- />Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- />RIKILT- Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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1886
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Todhunter ME, Jee NY, Hughes AJ, Coyle MC, Cerchiari A, Farlow J, Garbe JC, LaBarge MA, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ. Programmed synthesis of three-dimensional tissues. Nat Methods 2015; 12:975-81. [PMID: 26322836 PMCID: PMC4589502 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituting tissues from their cellular building blocks facilitates the modeling of morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease in vitro. Here we describe DNA-programmed assembly of cells (DPAC), a method to reconstitute the multicellular organization of organoid-like tissues having programmed size, shape, composition and spatial heterogeneity. DPAC uses dissociated cells that are chemically functionalized with degradable oligonucleotide 'Velcro', allowing rapid, specific and reversible cell adhesion to other surfaces coated with complementary DNA sequences. DNA-patterned substrates function as removable and adhesive templates, and layer-by-layer DNA-programmed assembly builds arrays of tissues into the third dimension above the template. DNase releases completed arrays of organoid-like microtissues from the template concomitant with full embedding in a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) gels. DPAC positions subpopulations of cells with single-cell spatial resolution and generates cultures several centimeters long. We used DPAC to explore the impact of ECM composition, heterotypic cell-cell interactions and patterns of signaling heterogeneity on collective cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Todhunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Noel Y Jee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maxwell C Coyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alec Cerchiari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James C Garbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chemistry &Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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1887
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Hussain SM, Warheit DB, Ng SP, Comfort KK, Grabinski CM, Braydich-Stolle LK. At the Crossroads of Nanotoxicologyin vitro: Past Achievements and Current Challenges. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:5-16. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1888
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Qian T, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Advances in microfluidic platforms for analyzing and regulating human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:54-60. [PMID: 26313850 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices employ submillimeter length scale control of flow to achieve high-resolution spatial and temporal control over the microenvironment, providing powerful tools to elucidate mechanisms of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) regulation and to elicit desired hPSC fates. In addition, microfluidics allow control of paracrine and juxtracrine signaling, thereby enabling fabrication of microphysiological systems comprised of multiple cell types organized into organs-on-a-chip. Microfluidic cell culture systems can also be integrated with actuators and sensors, permitting construction of high-density arrays of cell-based biosensors for screening applications. This review describes recent advances in using microfluidics to understand mechanisms by which the microenvironment regulates hPSC fates and applications of microfluidics to realize the potential of hPSCs for in vitro modeling and screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcheng Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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1889
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Organ-on-a-chip and the kidney. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2015; 34:165-9. [PMID: 26484042 PMCID: PMC4608869 DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional approaches to pathophysiology are advancing but still have many limitations that arise from real biologic systems and their associated physiological phenomena being too complicated. Microfluidics is a novel technology in the field of engineering, which provides new options that may overcome these hurdles. Microfluidics handles small volumes of fluids and may apply to various applications such as DNA analysis chips, other lab-on-a-chip analyses, micropropulsion, and microthermal technologies. Among them, organ-on-a-chip applications allow the fabrication of minimal functional units of a single organ or multiple organs. Relevant to the field of nephrology, renal tubular cells have been integrated with microfluidic devices for making kidneys-on-a-chip. Although still early in development, kidneys-on-a-chip are showing potential to provide a better understanding of the kidney to replace some traditional animal and human studies, particularly as more cell types are incorporated toward the development of a complete glomeruli-on-a-chip.
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1890
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Srinivasan A, Lopez-Ribot JL, Ramasubramanian AK. Microscale microbial culture. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:143-6. [PMID: 25689525 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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1891
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Jastrzebska E, Tomecka E, Jesion I. Heart-on-a-chip based on stem cell biology. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 75:67-81. [PMID: 26298640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases are one of the main causes of death around the world. The great challenge for scientists is to develop new therapeutic methods for these types of ailments. Stem cells (SCs) therapy could be one of a promising technique used for renewal of cardiac cells and treatment of heart diseases. Conventional in vitro techniques utilized for investigation of heart regeneration do not mimic natural cardiac physiology. Lab-on-a-chip systems may be the solution which could allow the creation of a heart muscle model, enabling the growth of cardiac cells in conditions similar to in vivo conditions. Microsystems can be also used for differentiation of stem cells into heart cells, successfully. It will help better understand of proliferation and regeneration ability of these cells. In this review, we present Heart-on-a-chip systems based on cardiac cell culture and stem cell biology. This review begins with the description of the physiological environment and the functions of the heart. Next, we shortly described conventional techniques of stem cells differentiation into the cardiac cells. This review is mostly focused on describing Lab-on-a-chip systems for cardiac tissue engineering. Therefore, in the next part of this article, the microsystems for both cardiac cell culture and SCs differentiation into cardiac cells are described. The section about SCs differentiation into the heart cells is divided in sections describing biochemical, physical and mechanical stimulations. Finally, we outline present challenges and future research concerning Heart-on-a-chip based on stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Jastrzebska
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Microbioanalytics, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Tomecka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Microbioanalytics, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Jesion
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Science, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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1892
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De Vlieghere E, Verset L, Demetter P, Bracke M, De Wever O. Cancer-associated fibroblasts as target and tool in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:367-82. [PMID: 26259962 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are drivers of tumour progression and are considered as a target and a tool in cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications. An increased abundance of CAFs or CAF signatures are recognized as a bad prognostic marker in several cancer types. Tumour-environment biomimetics strongly improve our understanding of the communication between CAFs, cancer cells and other host cells. Several experimental drugs targeting CAFs are in clinical trials for multiple tumour entities; alternatively, CAFs can be exploited as a tool to characterize the functionality of circulating tumour cells or to capture them as a tool to prevent metastasis. The continuous interaction between tissue engineers, biomaterial experts and cancer researchers creates the possibility to biomimic the tumour-environment and provides new opportunities in cancer diagnostics and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly De Vlieghere
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurine Verset
- Departments of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Demetter
- Departments of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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1893
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Adler M, Ramm S, Hafner M, Muhlich JL, Gottwald EM, Weber E, Jaklic A, Ajay AK, Svoboda D, Auerbach S, Kelly EJ, Himmelfarb J, Vaidya VS. A Quantitative Approach to Screen for Nephrotoxic Compounds In Vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1015-28. [PMID: 26260164 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity due to drugs and environmental chemicals accounts for significant patient mortality and morbidity, but there is no high throughput in vitro method for predictive nephrotoxicity assessment. We show that primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPTECs) possess characteristics of differentiated epithelial cells rendering them desirable to use in such in vitro systems. To identify a reliable biomarker of nephrotoxicity, we conducted multiplexed gene expression profiling of HPTECs after exposure to six different concentrations of nine human nephrotoxicants. Only overexpression of the gene encoding heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) significantly correlated with increasing dose for six of the compounds, and significant HO-1 protein deregulation was confirmed with each of the nine nephrotoxicants. Translatability of HO-1 increase across species and platforms was demonstrated by computationally mining two large rat toxicogenomic databases for kidney tubular toxicity and by observing a significant increase in HO-1 after toxicity using an ex vivo three-dimensional microphysiologic system (kidney-on-a-chip). The predictive potential of HO-1 was tested using an additional panel of 39 mechanistically distinct nephrotoxic compounds. Although HO-1 performed better (area under the curve receiver-operator characteristic curve [AUC-ROC]=0.89) than traditional endpoints of cell viability (AUC-ROC for ATP=0.78; AUC-ROC for cell count=0.88), the combination of HO-1 and cell count further improved the predictive ability (AUC-ROC=0.92). We also developed and optimized a homogenous time-resolved fluorescence assay to allow high throughput quantitative screening of nephrotoxic compounds using HO-1 as a sensitive biomarker. This cell-based approach may facilitate rapid assessment of potential nephrotoxic therapeutics and environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Adler
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Hafner
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy L Muhlich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Esther Maria Gottwald
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elijah Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alenka Jaklic
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amrendra Kumar Ajay
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Scott Auerbach
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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1894
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Li Y, Feng X, Wang Y, Du W, Chen P, Liu C, Liu BF. Assembly of multiple cell gradients directed by three-dimensional microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3203-3210. [PMID: 26126652 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Active control over the cell gradient is essential for understanding biological systems and the reconstitution of the functionality of many types of tissues, particularly for organ-on-a-chip. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic strategy for generating controllable cell gradients. In this approach, a homogeneous cell suspension is loaded into a 3D stair-shaped PDMS microchannel to generate a cell gradient within 10 min by sedimentation. We demonstrate that cell gradients of various profiles (exponential and piecewise linear) can be achieved by precisely controlling the height of each layer during the fabrication. With sequential seeding, we further demonstrate the generation of two overlapping cell gradients on the same glass substrate with pre-defined designs. The cell gradient-based QD cytotoxicity assay also demonstrated that cell behaviors and resistances were regulated by the changes in cell density. These results reveal that the proposed 3D microfluidic strategy provides a simple and versatile means for establishing controllable gradients in cell density, opening up a new avenue for reconstructing functional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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1895
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Kim J, Tanner K. Recapitulating the Tumor Ecosystem Along the Metastatic Cascade Using 3D Culture Models. Front Oncol 2015; 5:170. [PMID: 26284194 PMCID: PMC4518327 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer research have shown that a tumor can be likened to a foreign species that disrupts delicately balanced ecological interactions, compromising the survival of normal tissue ecosystems. In efforts to mitigate tumor expansion and metastasis, experimental approaches from ecology are becoming more frequently and successfully applied by researchers from diverse disciplines to reverse engineer and re-engineer biological systems in order to normalize the tumor ecosystem. We present a review on the use of 3D biomimetic platforms to recapitulate biotic and abiotic components of the tumor ecosystem, in efforts to delineate the underlying mechanisms that drive evolution of tumor heterogeneity, tumor dissemination, and acquisition of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Nano System Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kandice Tanner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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1896
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Vernetti LA, Senutovitch N, Boltz R, DeBiasio R, Shun TY, Gough A, Taylor DL. A human liver microphysiology platform for investigating physiology, drug safety, and disease models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015. [PMID: 26202373 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215592121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the development and characterization of a microphysiology platform for drug safety and efficacy in liver models of disease that includes a human, 3D, microfluidic, four-cell, sequentially layered, self-assembly liver model (SQL-SAL); fluorescent protein biosensors for mechanistic readouts; as well as a microphysiology system database (MPS-Db) to manage, analyze, and model data. The goal of our approach is to create the simplest design in terms of cells, matrix materials, and microfluidic device parameters that will support a physiologically relevant liver model that is robust and reproducible for at least 28 days for stand-alone liver studies and microfluidic integration with other organs-on-chips. The current SQL-SAL uses primary human hepatocytes along with human endothelial (EA.hy926), immune (U937) and stellate (LX-2) cells in physiological ratios and is viable for at least 28 days under continuous flow. Approximately, 20% of primary hepatocytes and/or stellate cells contain fluorescent protein biosensors (called sentinel cells) to measure apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or cell location by high content analysis (HCA). In addition, drugs, drug metabolites, albumin, urea and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are monitored in the efflux media. Exposure to 180 μM troglitazone or 210 μM nimesulide produced acute toxicity within 2-4 days, whereas 28 μM troglitazone produced a gradual and much delayed toxic response over 21 days, concordant with known mechanisms of toxicity, while 600 µM caffeine had no effect. Immune-mediated toxicity was demonstrated with trovafloxacin with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not levofloxacin with LPS. The SQL-SAL exhibited early fibrotic activation in response to 30 nM methotrexate, indicated by increased stellate cell migration, expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen, type 1, alpha 2. Data collected from the in vitro model can be integrated into a database with access to related chemical, bioactivity, preclinical and clinical information uploaded from external databases for constructing predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nina Senutovitch
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert Boltz
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Richard DeBiasio
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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1897
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1898
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Bhattacharjee S, Brayden DJ. Development of nanotoxicology: implications for drug delivery and medical devices. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2289-305. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current nanotoxicology research suffers from suboptimal in vitro models, lack of in vitro–in vivo correlations, variability within in vitro protocols, deficits in both material purity and physicochemical characterization. Reliable nanomaterial toxicity and mechanistic insights are required for health and toxicity risk assessments. Much in vitro toxicological data is inconclusive in designating whether nanomaterials for drug delivery and medical device implants are truly safe. A critique is presented to analyze the interface between toxicology and nanopharmaceuticals. Deficiencies of existing practices in toxicology are reviewed and useful emerging techniques (e.g., lab-on-a-chip, tissue engineering, atomic force microscopy, high-content analysis) are highlighted. Cross-fertilization between disciplines will aid development of biocompatible delivery and implant platforms while improvements are being suggested for better translation of nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Brayden
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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1899
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Li X, Yu ZTF, Geraldo D, Weng S, Alve N, Dun W, Kini A, Patel K, Shu R, Zhang F, Li G, Jin Q, Fu J. Desktop aligner for fabrication of multilayer microfluidic devices. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:075008. [PMID: 26233409 PMCID: PMC4522017 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer assembly is a commonly used technique to construct multilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices with complex 3D architecture and connectivity for large-scale microfluidic integration. Accurate alignment of structure features on different PDMS layers before their permanent bonding is critical in determining the yield and quality of assembled multilayer microfluidic devices. Herein, we report a custom-built desktop aligner capable of both local and global alignments of PDMS layers covering a broad size range. Two digital microscopes were incorporated into the aligner design to allow accurate global alignment of PDMS structures up to 4 in. in diameter. Both local and global alignment accuracies of the desktop aligner were determined to be about 20 μm cm(-1). To demonstrate its utility for fabrication of integrated multilayer PDMS microfluidic devices, we applied the desktop aligner to achieve accurate alignment of different functional PDMS layers in multilayer microfluidics including an organs-on-chips device as well as a microfluidic device integrated with vertical passages connecting channels located in different PDMS layers. Owing to its convenient operation, high accuracy, low cost, light weight, and portability, the desktop aligner is useful for microfluidic researchers to achieve rapid and accurate alignment for generating multilayer PDMS microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zeta Tak For Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Dalton Geraldo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shinuo Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nitesh Alve
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wu Dun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Akshay Kini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Karan Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Roberto Shu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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1900
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Zheng WC, Xie R, He LQ, Xi YH, Liu YM, Meng ZJ, Wang W, Ju XJ, Chen G, Chu LY. Enhanced H-filter based on Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect for efficient and robust dialysis without membrane. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:044112. [PMID: 26339313 PMCID: PMC4522011 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel microfluidic device for highly efficient and robust dialysis without membrane is highly desired for the development of portable or wearable microdialyzer. Here we report an enhanced H-filter with pillar array based on Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect (F-L effect) for highly efficient and robust membraneless dialysis of simplified blood for the first time. The H-filter employs two fluids laminarly flowing in the microchannel for continuously membraneless dialysis. With pillar array in the microchannel, the two laminar flows, with one containing blood cells and small molecules and another containing dialyzate solution, can form a cell-free layer at the interface as selective zones for separation. This provides enhanced mixing yet extremely low shear for extraction of small molecules from the blood-cell-containing flow into the dialyzate flow, resulting in robust separation with reduced cell loss and improved efficiency. We demonstrate this by first using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as model cells to quantitatively study the separation performances, and then using simplified human blood for dialysis. The advanced H-filter, with highly efficient and robust performance for membraneless dialysis, shows great potential as promising candidate for rapid blood analysis/separation, and as fundamental structure for portable dialyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun He
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , 230027 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Heng Xi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Mei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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