151
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Morrison I. Keep Calm and Cuddle on: Social Touch as a Stress Buffer. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-016-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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152
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Kuhn T, Gullett JM, Nguyen P, Boutzoukas AE, Ford A, Colon-Perez LM, Triplett W, Carney PR, Mareci TH, Price CC, Bauer RM. Test-retest reliability of high angular resolution diffusion imaging acquisition within medial temporal lobe connections assessed via tract based spatial statistics, probabilistic tractography and a novel graph theory metric. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 10:533-47. [PMID: 26189060 PMCID: PMC4718901 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the reliability of high angular resolution diffusion tensor imaging (HARDI) data collected on a single individual across several sessions using the same scanner. HARDI data was acquired for one healthy adult male at the same time of day on ten separate days across a one-month period. Environmental factors (e.g. temperature) were controlled across scanning sessions. Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to assess session-to-session variability in measures of diffusion, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). To address reliability within specific structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL; the focus of an ongoing investigation), probabilistic tractography segmented the Entorhinal cortex (ERc) based on connections with Hippocampus (HC), Perirhinal (PRc) and Parahippocampal (PHc) cortices. Streamline tractography generated edge weight (EW) metrics for the aforementioned ERc connections and, as comparison regions, connections between left and right rostral and caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Coefficients of variation (CoV) were derived for the surface area and volumes of these ERc connectivity-defined regions (CDR) and for EW across all ten scans, expecting that scan-to-scan reliability would yield low CoVs. TBSS revealed no significant variation in FA or MD across scanning sessions. Probabilistic tractography successfully reproduced histologically-verified adjacent medial temporal lobe circuits. Tractography-derived metrics displayed larger ranges of scanner-to-scanner variability. Connections involving HC displayed greater variability than metrics of connection between other investigated regions. By confirming the test retest reliability of HARDI data acquisition, support for the validity of significant results derived from diffusion data can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuhn
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - J M Gullett
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of VA Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcolm Randall VA Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Nguyen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - A E Boutzoukas
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - A Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of VA Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcolm Randall VA Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L M Colon-Perez
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - W Triplett
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P R Carney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T H Mareci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C C Price
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - R M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of VA Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcolm Randall VA Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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153
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Michels L, Christidi F, Steiger VR, Sándor PS, Gantenbein AR, Landmann G, Schreglmann SR, Kollias S, Riederer F. Pain modulation is affected differently in medication-overuse headache and chronic myofascial pain - A multimodal MRI study. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:764-779. [PMID: 27250235 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416652625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Neuroimaging studies revealed structural and functional changes in medication-overuse headache (MOH), but it remains unclear whether similar changes could be observed in other chronic pain disorders. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we investigated functional connectivity (FC) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in patients with MOH ( N = 12) relative to two control groups: patients with chronic myofascial pain (MYO; N = 11) and healthy controls (CN; N = 16). Results In a data-driven approach we found hypoconnectivity in the fronto-parietal attention network in both pain groups relative to CN (i.e. MOH < CN and MYO < CN). In contrast, hyperconnectivity in the saliency network (SN) was detected only in MOH, which correlated with FA in the insula. In a seed-based analysis we investigated FC between the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and all other brain regions. In addition to overlapping hyperconnectivity seen in patient groups (relative to CN), MOH had a distinct connectivity pattern with lower FC to parieto-occipital regions and higher FC to orbitofrontal regions compared to controls. FA and MD abnormalities were mostly observed in MOH, involving the insula. Conclusions Hyperconnectivity within the SN along with associated white matter changes therein suggest a particular role of this network in MOH. In addition, abnormal connectivity between the PAG and other pain modulatory (frontal) regions in MOH are consistent with dysfunctional central pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Michels
- 1 Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Foteini Christidi
- 1 Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vivian R Steiger
- 2 Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter S Sándor
- 3 RehaClinic, Bad Zurzach and Baden, Switzerland.,4 University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R Gantenbein
- 3 RehaClinic, Bad Zurzach and Baden, Switzerland.,4 University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Landmann
- 5 Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic-Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Spyros Kollias
- 1 Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz Riederer
- 4 University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,7 Neurological Center Rosenhuegel and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Epilepsy Research and Cognitive Neurology, Vienna, Austria
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154
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Zerouali Y, Pouliot P, Robert M, Mohamed I, Bouthillier A, Lesage F, Nguyen DK. Magnetoencephalographic signatures of insular epileptic spikes based on functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3250-61. [PMID: 27220112 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to recognize insular cortex seizures has recently been identified as a cause of epilepsy surgeries targeting the temporal, parietal, or frontal lobe. Such failures are partly due to the fact that current noninvasive localization techniques fare poorly in recognizing insular epileptic foci. Our group recently demonstrated that magnetoencephalography (MEG) is sensitive to epileptiform spikes generated by the insula. In this study, we assessed the potential of distributed source imaging and functional connectivity analyses to distinguish insular networks underlying the generation of spikes. Nineteen patients with operculo-insular epilepsy were investigated. Each patient underwent MEG as well as T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of their standard presurgical evaluation. Cortical sources of MEG spikes were reconstructed with the maximum entropy on the mean algorithm, and their time courses served to analyze source functional connectivity. The results indicate that the anterior and posterior subregions of the insula have specific patterns of functional connectivity mainly involving frontal and parietal regions, respectively. In addition, while their connectivity patterns are qualitatively similar during rest and during spikes, couplings within these networks are much stronger during spikes. These results show that MEG can establish functional connectivity-based signatures that could help in the diagnosis of different subtypes of insular cortex epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3250-3261, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zerouali
- Département De Génie Électrique, École Polytechnique De Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier De L'Université De Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Département De Génie Électrique, École Polytechnique De Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut De Cardiologie De Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Robert
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier De L'Université De Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ismail Mohamed
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alain Bouthillier
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier De L'Université De Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Département De Génie Électrique, École Polytechnique De Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut De Cardiologie De Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dang K Nguyen
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier De L'Université De Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, CHUM - Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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155
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Hampstead BM, Briceño EM, Mascaro N, Mourdoukoutas A, Bikson M. Current Status of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Posttraumatic Stress and Other Anxiety Disorders. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016; 3:95-101. [PMID: 29479515 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several empirically supported treatments have been identified for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet a sizable number of patients are either unable to tolerate these approaches or remain symptomatic following treatment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a well-tolerated method of modulating neuronal excitability that may hold promise as a novel intervention in PTSD and related disorders. The current review summarizes literature on the disrupted neural circuitry in PTSD and discusses the rationale for the commonly targeted prefrontal cortex (PFC) as it relates to PTSD. We then review the few prior (case) studies that have evaluated tDCS in patients with PTSD (1 study) and other anxiety disorders (4 studies). There was considerable variability in both the methods/justification for selecting the targeted brain region(s) and the tDCS montage used, which obscured any clear trends in the data. Finally, we describe the rationale for our ongoing study that specifically targets the lateral temporal cortex as a method of treating the symptoms of hyperarousal and re-experiencing in PTSD. Overall, it is clear that additional work is needed to establish dosing (e.g., intensity and duration of sessions, number of sessions) and optimal treatment targets as well as to identify synergistic effects with existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hampstead
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Emily M Briceño
- Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Nathan Mascaro
- Trauma Recovery Program, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andoni Mourdoukoutas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
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156
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Oppenheimer S, Cechetto D. The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1081-133. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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157
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Gschwind M, Picard F. Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 26924970 PMCID: PMC4756129 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecstatic epileptic seizures are a rare but compelling epileptic entity. During the first seconds of these seizures, ecstatic auras provoke feelings of well-being, intense serenity, bliss, and "enhanced self-awareness." They are associated with the impression of time dilation, and can be described as a mystic experience by some patients. The functional neuroanatomy of ecstatic seizures is still debated. During recent years several patients presenting with ecstatic auras have been reported by others and us (in total n = 52); a few of them in the setting of presurgical evaluation including electrical brain stimulation. According to the recently recognized functions of the insula, and the results of nuclear brain imaging and electrical stimulation, the ecstatic symptoms in these patients seem to localize to a functional network centered around the anterior insular cortex, where we thus propose to locate this rare ictal phenomenon. Here we summarize the role of the multiple sensory, autonomic, affective, and cognitive functions of the insular cortex, which are integrated into the creation of self-awareness, and we suggest how this system may become dysfunctional on several levels during ecstatic aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gschwind
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biotech Campus, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
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158
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Nomi JS, Farrant K, Damaraju E, Rachakonda S, Calhoun VD, Uddin LQ. Dynamic functional network connectivity reveals unique and overlapping profiles of insula subdivisions. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1770-87. [PMID: 26880689 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human insular cortex consists of functionally diverse subdivisions that engage during tasks ranging from interoception to cognitive control. The multiplicity of functions subserved by insular subdivisions calls for a nuanced investigation of their functional connectivity profiles. Four insula subdivisions (dorsal anterior, dAI; ventral, VI; posterior, PI; middle, MI) derived using a data-driven approach were subjected to static- and dynamic functional network connectivity (s-FNC and d-FNC) analyses. Static-FNC analyses replicated previous work demonstrating a cognition-emotion-interoception division of the insula, where the dAI is functionally connected to frontal areas, the VI to limbic areas, and the PI and MI to sensorimotor areas. Dynamic-FNC analyses consisted of k-means clustering of sliding windows to identify variable insula connectivity states. The d-FNC analysis revealed that the most frequently occurring dynamic state mirrored the cognition-emotion-interoception division observed from the s-FNC analysis, with less frequently occurring states showing overlapping and unique subdivision connectivity profiles. In two of the states, all subdivisions exhibited largely overlapping profiles, consisting of subcortical, sensory, motor, and frontal connections. Two other states showed the dAI exhibited a unique connectivity profile compared with other insula subdivisions. Additionally, the dAI exhibited the most variable functional connections across the s-FNC and d-FNC analyses, and was the only subdivision to exhibit dynamic functional connections with regions of the default mode network. These results highlight how a d-FNC approach can capture functional dynamics masked by s-FNC approaches, and reveal dynamic functional connections enabling the functional flexibility of the insula across time. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1770-1787, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Nomi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Kristafor Farrant
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | | | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of ECE, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Neuroscience Program, Miami, Florida
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159
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Allen M, Fardo F, Dietz MJ, Hillebrandt H, Friston KJ, Rees G, Roepstorff A. Anterior insula coordinates hierarchical processing of tactile mismatch responses. Neuroimage 2016; 127:34-43. [PMID: 26584870 PMCID: PMC4758822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The body underlies our sense of self, emotion, and agency. Signals arising from the skin convey warmth, social touch, and the physical characteristics of external stimuli. Surprising or unexpected tactile sensations can herald events of motivational salience, including imminent threats (e.g., an insect bite) and hedonic rewards (e.g., a caressing touch). Awareness of such events is thought to depend upon the hierarchical integration of body-related mismatch responses by the anterior insula. To investigate this possibility, we measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, while healthy participants performed a roving tactile oddball task. Mass-univariate analysis demonstrated robust activations in limbic, somatosensory, and prefrontal cortical areas previously implicated in tactile deviancy, body awareness, and cognitive control. Dynamic Causal Modelling revealed that unexpected stimuli increased the strength of forward connections along a caudal to rostral hierarchy-projecting from thalamic and somatosensory regions towards insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices. Within this ascending flow of sensory information, the AIC was the only region to show increased backwards connectivity to the somatosensory cortex, augmenting a reciprocal exchange of neuronal signals. Further, participants who rated stimulus changes as easier to detect showed stronger modulation of descending PFC to AIC connections by deviance. These results suggest that the AIC coordinates hierarchical processing of tactile prediction error. They are interpreted in support of an embodied predictive coding model where AIC mediated body awareness is involved in anchoring a global neuronal workspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Allen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca Fardo
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Martin J Dietz
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Hauke Hillebrandt
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Roepstorff
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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160
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Morrison I. ALE meta-analysis reveals dissociable networks for affective and discriminative aspects of touch. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1308-20. [PMID: 26873519 PMCID: PMC5066805 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotionally-laden tactile stimulation-such as a caress on the skin or the feel of velvet-may represent a functionally distinct domain of touch, underpinned by specific cortical pathways. In order to determine whether, and to what extent, cortical functional neuroanatomy supports a distinction between affective and discriminative touch, an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis was performed. This meta-analysis statistically mapped reported functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations from 17 published affective touch studies in which tactile stimulation was associated with positive subjective evaluation (n = 291, 34 experimental contrasts). A separate ALE meta-analysis mapped regions most likely to be activated by tactile stimulation during detection and discrimination tasks (n = 1,075, 91 experimental contrasts). These meta-analyses revealed dissociable regions for affective and discriminative touch, with posterior insula (PI) more likely to be activated for affective touch, and primary somatosensory cortices (SI) more likely to be activated for discriminative touch. Secondary somatosensory cortex had a high likelihood of engagement by both affective and discriminative touch. Further, meta-analytic connectivity (MCAM) analyses investigated network-level co-activation likelihoods independent of task or stimulus, across a range of domains and paradigms. Affective-related PI and discriminative-related SI regions co-activated with different networks, implicated in dissociable functions, but sharing somatosensory co-activations. Taken together, these meta-analytic findings suggest that affective and discriminative touch are dissociable both on the regional and network levels. However, their degree of shared activation likelihood in somatosensory cortices indicates that this dissociation reflects functional biases within tactile processing networks, rather than functionally and anatomically distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Morrison
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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161
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Kuttikat A, Noreika V, Shenker N, Chennu S, Bekinschtein T, Brown CA. Neurocognitive and Neuroplastic Mechanisms of Novel Clinical Signs in CRPS. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 26858626 PMCID: PMC4728301 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic, debilitating pain condition that usually arises after trauma to a limb, but its precise etiology remains elusive. Novel clinical signs based on body perceptual disturbances have been reported, but their pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Investigators have used functional neuroimaging techniques (including MEG, EEG, fMRI, and PET) to study changes mainly within the somatosensory and motor cortices. Here, we provide a focused review of the neuroimaging research findings that have generated insights into the potential neurocognitive and neuroplastic mechanisms underlying perceptual disturbances in CRPS. Neuroimaging findings, particularly with regard to somatosensory processing, have been promising but limited by a number of technique-specific factors (such as the complexity of neuroimaging investigations, poor spatial resolution of EEG/MEG, and use of modeling procedures that do not draw causal inferences) and more general factors including small samples sizes and poorly characterized patients. These factors have led to an underappreciation of the potential heterogeneity of pathophysiology that may underlie variable clinical presentation in CRPS. Also, until now, neurological deficits have been predominantly investigated separately from perceptual and cognitive disturbances. Here, we highlight the need to identify neurocognitive phenotypes of patients with CRPS that are underpinned by causal explanations for perceptual disturbances. We suggest that a combination of larger cohorts, patient phenotyping, the use of both high temporal, and spatial resolution neuroimaging methods, and the identification of simplified biomarkers is likely to be the most fruitful approach to identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in CRPS. Based on our review, we explain how such phenotypes could be characterized in terms of hierarchical models of perception and corresponding disturbances in recurrent processing involving the somatosensory, salience and executive brain networks. We also draw attention to complementary neurological factors that may explain some CRPS symptoms, including the possibility of central neuroinflammation and neuronal atrophy, and how these phenomena may overlap but be partially separable from neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kuttikat
- Department of Rheumatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge , UK
| | - Valdas Noreika
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nicholas Shenker
- Department of Rheumatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge , UK
| | - Srivas Chennu
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan Bekinschtein
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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162
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Kodumuri N, Sebastian R, Davis C, Posner J, Kim EH, Tippett DC, Wright A, Hillis AE. The association of insular stroke with lesion volume. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:41-45. [PMID: 26909326 PMCID: PMC4732185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The insula has been implicated in many sequelae of stroke. It is the area most commonly infarcted in people with post-stroke arrhythmias, loss of thermal sensation, hospital acquired pneumonia, and apraxia of speech. We hypothesized that some of these results reflect the fact that: (1) ischemic strokes that involve the insula are larger than strokes that exclude the insula (and therefore are associated with more common and persistent deficits); and (2) insular involvement is a marker of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. We analyzed MRI scans of 861 patients with acute ischemic hemispheric strokes unselected for functional deficits, and compared infarcts involving the insula to infarcts not involving the insula using t-tests for continuous variables and chi square tests for dichotomous variables. Mean infarct volume was larger for infarcts including the insula (n = 232) versus excluding the insula (n = 629): 65.8 ± 78.8 versus 10.2 ± 15.9 cm3 (p < 0.00001). Even when we removed lacunar infarcts, mean volume of non-lacunar infarcts that included insula (n = 775) were larger than non-lacunar infarcts (n = 227) that excluded insula: 67.0 cm3 ± 79.2 versus 11.5 cm3 ± 16.7 (p < 0.00001). Of infarcts in the 90th percentile for volume, 87% included the insula (χ2 = 181.8; p < 0.00001). Furthermore, 79.0% infarcts due to MCA occlusion included the insula; 78.5% of infarcts without MCA occlusion excluded the insula (χ2 = 93.1; p < 0.0001). The association between insular damage and acute or chronic sequelae likely often reflects the fact that insular infarct is a marker of large infarcts caused by occlusion of the MCA more than a specific role of the insula in a range of functions. Particularly in acute stroke, some deficits may also be due to ischemia of the MCA or ICA territory caused by large vessel occlusion. The insula is the most commonly infarcted area in patients with a wide range of deficits. In 861 acute ischemic hemispheric strokes, mean infarct volume was much larger when infarct included the insula (p < 0.00001). Of infarcts in the 90th percentile for volume, 87% included the insula (χ2 = 181.8; p < 0.00001). Nearly 80% of infarcts due to MCA occlusion included the insula Identified associations between insular infarct and deficits should control for lesion volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Kodumuri
- NTR University of Health Sciences, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana 500095, India; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rajani Sebastian
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cameron Davis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joseph Posner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Donna C Tippett
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amy Wright
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Argye E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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163
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Nociceptive Local Field Potentials Recorded from the Human Insula Are Not Specific for Nociception. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002345. [PMID: 26734726 PMCID: PMC4703221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The insula, particularly its posterior portion, is often regarded as a primary cortex for pain. However, this interpretation is largely based on reverse inference, and a specific involvement of the insula in pain has never been demonstrated. Taking advantage of the high spatiotemporal resolution of direct intracerebral recordings, we investigated whether the human insula exhibits local field potentials (LFPs) specific for pain. Forty-seven insular sites were investigated. Participants received brief stimuli belonging to four different modalities (nociceptive, vibrotactile, auditory, and visual). Both nociceptive stimuli and non-nociceptive vibrotactile, auditory, and visual stimuli elicited consistent LFPs in the posterior and anterior insula, with matching spatial distributions. Furthermore, a blind source separation procedure showed that nociceptive LFPs are largely explained by multimodal neural activity also contributing to non-nociceptive LFPs. By revealing that LFPs elicited by nociceptive stimuli reflect activity unrelated to nociception and pain, our results confute the widespread assumption that these brain responses are a signature for pain perception and its modulation. Local field potentials elicited in the human insular cortex by painful stimuli reflect cortical activity that is unrelated to pain perception and so cannot be used as an objective measure of pain. A widely accepted notion is that the insula, especially its posterior portion, plays a specific role in the perception of pain. This has led a number of researchers to consider activity recorded from this so-called “ouch zone” as an objective correlate of pain perception. We provide compelling evidence to the contrary. Using direct intracerebral recordings, we demonstrate that painful and nonpainful stimuli elicit very similar responses throughout the human insula. This observation argues against the notion that these responses reflect the brain activity through which pain emerges from nociception in the human brain. These findings have implications for basic theories, as well as for the development of diagnostic tests and the identification of therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain. They question the use of these insular responses to assess the effects of pharmacological treatment or to assess pain in patients unable to communicate. Furthermore, they have legal implications, as they contradict the proposal that these responses could be used to determine unequivocally whether plaintiffs are truly experiencing the pain for which they are seeking redress. Finally, they undermine the rationale for neurosurgical procedures aiming at alleviating pain by targeting the posterior insula.
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164
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Valk SL, Bernhardt BC, Böckler A, Trautwein FM, Kanske P, Singer T. Socio-Cognitive Phenotypes Differentially Modulate Large-Scale Structural Covariance Networks. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:1358-1368. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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165
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Node Detection Using High-Dimensional Fuzzy Parcellation Applied to the Insular Cortex. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:1938292. [PMID: 26881093 PMCID: PMC4736219 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1938292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several functional connectivity approaches require the definition of a set of regions of interest (ROIs) that act as network nodes. Different methods have been developed to define these nodes and to derive their functional and effective connections, most of which are rather complex. Here we aim to propose a relatively simple “one-step” border detection and ROI estimation procedure employing the fuzzy c-mean clustering algorithm. To test this procedure and to explore insular connectivity beyond the two/three-region model currently proposed in the literature, we parcellated the insular cortex of 20 healthy right-handed volunteers scanned in a resting state. By employing a high-dimensional functional connectivity-based clustering process, we confirmed the two patterns of connectivity previously described. This method revealed a complex pattern of functional connectivity where the two previously detected insular clusters are subdivided into several other networks, some of which are not commonly associated with the insular cortex, such as the default mode network and parts of the dorsal attentional network. Furthermore, the detection of nodes was reliable, as demonstrated by the confirmative analysis performed on a replication group of subjects.
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166
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Canales-Johnson A, Silva C, Huepe D, Rivera-Rei Á, Noreika V, Garcia MDC, Silva W, Ciraolo C, Vaucheret E, Sedeño L, Couto B, Kargieman L, Baglivo F, Sigman M, Chennu S, Ibáñez A, Rodríguez E, Bekinschtein TA. Auditory Feedback Differentially Modulates Behavioral and Neural Markers of Objective and Subjective Performance When Tapping to Your Heartbeat. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4490-503. [PMID: 25899708 PMCID: PMC4816795 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the perception of our body internal signals, plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and guiding our behavior. Sometimes, we become aware of our body signals and use them in planning and strategic thinking. Here, we show behavioral and neural dissociations between learning to follow one's own heartbeat and metacognitive awareness of one's performance, in a heartbeat-tapping task performed before and after auditory feedback. The electroencephalography amplitude of the heartbeat-evoked potential in interoceptive learners, that is, participants whose accuracy of tapping to their heartbeat improved after auditory feedback, was higher compared with non-learners. However, an increase in gamma phase synchrony (30-45 Hz) after the heartbeat auditory feedback was present only in those participants showing agreement between objective interoceptive performance and metacognitive awareness. Source localization in a group of participants and direct cortical recordings in a single patient identified a network hub for interoceptive learning in the insular cortex. In summary, interoceptive learning may be mediated by the right insular response to the heartbeat, whereas metacognitive awareness of learning may be mediated by widespread cortical synchronization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile
| | - Carolina Silva
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile
| | - Álvaro Rivera-Rei
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile
| | - Valdas Noreika
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - María del Carmen Garcia
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Silva
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Ciraolo
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vaucheret
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina
| | - Blas Couto
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina
| | - Lucila Kargieman
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Baglivo
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina
| | | | - Srivas Chennu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile,Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina,National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenio Rodríguez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Psicología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tristan A. Bekinschtein
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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167
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Yao Y, Palaniyappan L, Liddle P, Zhang J, Francis S, Feng J. Variability of structurally constrained and unconstrained functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4529-38. [PMID: 26274628 PMCID: PMC4843947 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial variation in connectivity is an integral aspect of the brain's architecture. In the absence of this variability, the brain may act as a single homogenous entity without regional specialization. In this study, we investigate the variability in functional links categorized on the basis of the presence of direct structural paths (primary) or indirect paths mediated by one (secondary) or more (tertiary) brain regions ascertained by diffusion tensor imaging. We quantified the variability in functional connectivity using an unbiased estimate of unpredictability (functional connectivity entropy) in a neuropsychiatric disorder where structure-function relationship is considered to be abnormal; 34 patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy controls underwent DTI and resting state functional MRI scans. Less than one-third (27.4% in patients, 27.85% in controls) of functional links between brain regions were regarded as direct primary links on the basis of DTI tractography, while the rest were secondary or tertiary. The most significant changes in the distribution of functional connectivity in schizophrenia occur in indirect tertiary paths with no direct axonal linkage in both early (P=0.0002, d=1.46) and late (P=1×10(-17), d=4.66) stages of schizophrenia, and are not altered by the severity of symptoms, suggesting that this is an invariant feature of this illness. Unlike those with early stage illness, patients with chronic illness show some additional reduction in the distribution of connectivity among functional links that have direct structural paths (P=0.08, d=0.44). Our findings address a critical gap in the literature linking structure and function in schizophrenia, and demonstrate for the first time that the abnormal state of functional connectivity preferentially affects structurally unconstrained links in schizophrenia. It also raises the question of a continuum of dysconnectivity ranging from less direct (structurally unconstrained) to more direct (structurally constrained) brain pathways underlying the progressive clinical staging and persistence of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yao
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Mathematical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied PsychologyInstitute of Mental HealthNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Early Intervention in Psychosis, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Liddle
- Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied PsychologyInstitute of Mental HealthNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhang
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Medical ImagingJinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Centre for Computational Systems BiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Mathematical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
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168
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Dalenberg JR, Hoogeveen HR, Renken RJ, Langers DR, ter Horst GJ. Functional specialization of the male insula during taste perception. Neuroimage 2015; 119:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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169
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Hall MG, Alhassoon OM, Stern MJ, Wollman SC, Kimmel CL, Perez-Figueroa A, Radua J. Gray matter abnormalities in cocaine versus methamphetamine-dependent patients: a neuroimaging meta-analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 41:290-9. [PMID: 26125488 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1044607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voxel-based morphometry has been used to explore gray matter alterations in cocaine and methamphetamine dependence. However, the results of this research are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The current study meta-analytically examined neuroimaging findings of all studies published before 2014 using the Anisotropic Effect-Size Signed Differential Mapping (ES-SDM). METHODS Independent investigators searched four major databases for relevant neuroimaging studies involving cocaine and methamphetamine dependence. Nine cocaine and four methamphetamine studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Results indicated that cocaine- and methamphetamine-dependent patients share overlapping regional gray matter abnormalities compared to healthy controls. However, subgroup analysis showed some regional differences; with methamphetamine showing more prominent reductions in the left superior temporal gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobe. Reductions in the right insula and the left superior frontal gyrus were more prominent in cocaine dependence. Moderator analyses indicated that with longer use, cocaine is associated with reductions in the right hippocampus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus, while methamphetamine is associated with reductions in the left precentral gyrus and the right supramarginal gyrus. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that cocaine and methamphetamine dependence are significantly and differentially associated with gray matter abnormalities. Results also point to possible gray matter recovery after abstinence from methamphetamine. Although the sample size was adequate, these findings should be considered preliminary and analyses should be revisited with additional primary research focusing on long or short-term duration of use, as well as the length of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Hall
- California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA
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170
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Müller-Pinzler L, Gazzola V, Keysers C, Sommer J, Jansen A, Frässle S, Einhäuser W, Paulus FM, Krach S. Neural pathways of embarrassment and their modulation by social anxiety. Neuroimage 2015; 119:252-261. [PMID: 26093329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While being in the center of attention and exposed to other's evaluations humans are prone to experience embarrassment. To characterize the neural underpinnings of such aversive moments, we induced genuine experiences of embarrassment during person-group interactions in a functional neuroimaging study. Using a mock-up scenario with three confederates, we examined how the presence of an audience affected physiological and neural responses and the reported emotional experiences of failures and achievements. The results indicated that publicity induced activations in mentalizing areas and failures led to activations in arousal processing systems. Mentalizing activity as well as attention towards the audience were increased in socially anxious participants. The converging integration of information from mentalizing areas and arousal processing systems within the ventral anterior insula and amygdala forms the neural pathways of embarrassment. Targeting these neural markers of embarrassment in the (para-)limbic system provides new perspectives for developing treatment strategies for social anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Müller-Pinzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Neuroscience Lab | SNL, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - V Gazzola
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Social Brain Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for the Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Keysers
- Social Brain Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for the Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Sommer
- Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Schützenstr. 49, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - A Jansen
- Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Schützenstr. 49, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - S Frässle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Schützenstr. 49, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - W Einhäuser
- Institut für Physik, Physics of Cognitive Processes, TU Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - F M Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Neuroscience Lab | SNL, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Krach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Neuroscience Lab | SNL, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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171
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Navarro Schröder T, Haak KV, Zaragoza Jimenez NI, Beckmann CF, Doeller CF. Functional topography of the human entorhinal cortex. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26052748 PMCID: PMC4458840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the role of the rodent medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (MEC/LEC) in spatial navigation, memory and related disease, their human homologues remain elusive. Here, we combine high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T with novel data-driven and model-based analyses to identify corresponding subregions in humans based on the well-known global connectivity fingerprints in rodents and sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information. We provide evidence for a functional division primarily along the anteroposterior axis. Localising the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC has important implications for translating studies on the hippocampo-entorhinal memory system from rodents to humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06738.001 In the early 1950s, an American named Henry Molaison underwent an experimental type of brain surgery to treat his severe epilepsy. The surgeon removed a region of the brain known as the temporal lobe from both sides of his brain. After the surgery, Molaison's epilepsy was greatly improved, but he was also left with a profound amnesia, unable to form new memories of recent events. Subsequent experiments, including many with Molaison himself as a subject, have attempted to identify the roles of the various structures within the temporal lobes. The hippocampus—which is involved in memory and spatial navigation—has received the most attention, but in recent years a region called the entorhinal cortex has also come to the fore. Known as the gateway to the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex relays sensory information from the outer cortex of the brain to the hippocampus. In rats and mice the entorhinal cortex can be divided into two subregions that have distinct connections to other parts of the temporal lobe and to the rest of the brain. These are the medial entorhinal cortex, which is the subregion nearest the centre of the brain, and the lateral entorhinal cortex, which is to the left or right of the centre. For many years researchers had assumed that human entorhinal subregions were located simply to the center or to the sides of the brain. However, it was difficult to check this as the entorhinal cortex measures less than 1 cm across, which placed it beyond the reach of most brain-imaging techniques. Now, two independent groups of researchers have used a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging to show a different picture. The fMRI data—which were collected in a magnetic field of 7 Tesla, rather than the 1.5 Tesla used in previous experiments—reveal that the entorhinal cortex is predominantly divided from front-to-back in humans. One of the groups—Navarro Schröder, Haak et al.—used three different sets of functional MRI data to show that the human entorhinal cortex has anterior-lateral and posterior-medial subregions. In one of these experiments, functional MRI was used to measure activity across the whole brain as subjects performed a virtual reality task: this task included some components that involved spatial navigation and other components that did not. The other group—Maass, Berron et al.—used the imaging data to show that the pattern of connections between the anterior-lateral subregion and the hippocampus was different to that between the posterior-medial subregion and the hippocampus. The discovery of these networks in the temporal lobe in humans will help to bridge the gap between studies of memory in rodents and in humans. Given that the lateral entorhinal cortex is one of the first regions to be affected in Alzheimer's disease, identifying the specific properties and roles of these networks could also provide insights into disease mechanisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06738.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Navarro Schröder
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Koen V Haak
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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172
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Gong D, He H, Liu D, Ma W, Dong L, Luo C, Yao D. Enhanced functional connectivity and increased gray matter volume of insula related to action video game playing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9763. [PMID: 25880157 PMCID: PMC5381748 DOI: 10.1038/srep09763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that distinct insular subregions are associated with particular neural networks (e.g., attentional and sensorimotor networks). Based on the evidence that playing action video games (AVGs) facilitates attentional and sensorimotor functions, this study examined the relation between AVG experience and the plasticity of insular subregions and the functional networks therein that are related to attentional and sensorimotor functions. By comparing AVG experts and amateurs, we found that AVG experts had enhanced functional connectivity and grey matter volume in insular subregions. Furthermore, AVG experts exhibited increased functional connectivity between the attentional and sensorimotor networks, and the experience-related enhancement was predominantly evident in the left insula, an understudied brain area. Thus, AVG playing may enhance functional integration of insular subregions and the pertinent networks therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diankun Gong
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hui He
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Weiyi Ma
- 1] Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China [2] ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia [3] School of Linguistics and Literature, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Li Dong
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory For NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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173
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Wiebking C, de Greck M, Duncan NW, Tempelmann C, Bajbouj M, Northoff G. Interoception in insula subregions as a possible state marker for depression-an exploratory fMRI study investigating healthy, depressed and remitted participants. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:82. [PMID: 25914633 PMCID: PMC4392695 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored. Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups. Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences. Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wiebking
- Cluster of Excellence in Cognitive Sciences, Department of Sociology of Physical Activity and Health, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany ; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Moritz de Greck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Niall W Duncan
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China ; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan ; Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Claus Tempelmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion" and Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China ; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan ; Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City, Taiwan ; Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University Taipei, Taiwan
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174
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Georgiadis JR. Functional neuroanatomy of human cortex cerebri in relation to wanting sex and having it. Clin Anat 2015; 28:314-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janniko R. Georgiadis
- Department of Neuroscience/Section Anatomy; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen; The Netherlands
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175
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Rojkova K, Volle E, Urbanski M, Humbert F, Dell'Acqua F, Thiebaut de Schotten M. Atlasing the frontal lobe connections and their variability due to age and education: a spherical deconvolution tractography study. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1751-66. [PMID: 25682261 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In neuroscience, there is a growing consensus that higher cognitive functions may be supported by distributed networks involving different cerebral regions, rather than by single brain areas. Communication within these networks is mediated by white matter tracts and is particularly prominent in the frontal lobes for the control and integration of information. However, the detailed mapping of frontal connections remains incomplete, albeit crucial to an increased understanding of these cognitive functions. Based on 47 high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging datasets (age range 22-71 years), we built a statistical normative atlas of the frontal lobe connections in stereotaxic space, using state-of-the-art spherical deconvolution tractography. We dissected 55 tracts including U-shaped fibers. We further characterized these tracts by measuring their correlation with age and education level. We reported age-related differences in the microstructural organization of several, specific frontal fiber tracts, but found no correlation with education level. Future voxel-based analyses, such as voxel-based morphometry or tract-based spatial statistics studies, may benefit from our atlas by identifying the tracts and networks involved in frontal functions. Our atlas will also build the capacity of clinicians to further understand the mechanisms involved in brain recovery and plasticity, as well as assist clinicians in the diagnosis of disconnection or abnormality within specific tracts of individual patients with various brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rojkova
- CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm, UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.,Natbrainlab, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
| | - E Volle
- CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm, UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - M Urbanski
- CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm, UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.,Service de Médecine et de Réadaptation Gériatrique et Neurologique, Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - F Humbert
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche CENIR, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Natbrainlab, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Thiebaut de Schotten
- CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm, UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France. .,Natbrainlab, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France. .,Natbrainlab, Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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176
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Perini I, Olausson H, Morrison I. Seeking pleasant touch: neural correlates of behavioral preferences for skin stroking. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:8. [PMID: 25698948 PMCID: PMC4318429 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective touch is a dynamic process. In this fMRI study we investigated affective touch by exploring its effects on overt behavior. Arm and palm skin were stroked with a soft brush at five different velocities (0.3, 1, 10, 3, and 30 cm s(-1)), using a novel feedback-based paradigm. Following stimulation in each trial, participants actively chose whether the caress they would receive in the next trial would be the same speed ("repeat") or different ("change"). Since preferred stroking speeds should be sought with greater frequency than non-preferred speeds, this paradigm provided a measure of such preferences in the form of active choices. The stimulation velocities were implemented with respect to the differential subjective pleasantness ratings they elicit in healthy subjects, with intermediate velocities (1, 10, and 3 cm s(-1)) considered more pleasant than very slow or very fast ones. Such pleasantness ratings linearly correlate with changes in mean firing rates of unmyelinated low-threshold C-tactile (CT) afferent nerves in the skin. Here, gentle, dynamic stimulation optimal for activating CT-afferents not only affected behavioral choices, but engaged brain regions involved in reward-related behavior and decision-making. This was the case for both hairy skin of the arm, where CTs are abundant, and glabrous skin of the palm, where CTs are absent. These findings provide insights on central and behavioral mechanisms underlying the perception of affective touch, and indicate that seeking affective touch involves value-based neural processing that is ultimately reflected in behavioral preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Perini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olausson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Linköping University HospitalLinköping, Sweden
| | - India Morrison
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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177
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Yoon H, Kim SA, Ahn HM, Kim SH. Altered Neural Activity in the Anterior and Posterior Insula in Individuals with Problematic Internet Use. Eur Addict Res 2015; 21:307-14. [PMID: 26022857 DOI: 10.1159/000377627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with problematic Internet use (PIU) are known to experience increased craving for immediate monetary reward despite long-term negative consequences. What remains unclear is whether their sensitivity to monetary loss is altered. We investigated neural alterations in brain regions involved in the anticipation of a monetary reward and loss avoidance in order to advance our understanding of the characteristics of PIU. METHODS A total of 11 adults with PIU and 22 age-matched controls participated in this functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Inside the scanner, participants performed a monetary incentive learning task during which they chose one of two fractal stimuli associated with monetary gain (reward trials) or avoidance of monetary loss (avoidance trials). RESULTS We found that, relative to controls, activity in the posterior insula during reward anticipation was greater in participants with PIU, whereas its activity during avoidance anticipation was reduced. No group differences in activation were found during reception phases. CONCLUSIONS Given the roles of the posterior insula in the cortical representation of somatosensory arousal, our results suggest that individuals with PIU may experience more elaborate somatosensory arousal during the anticipation of monetary reward and yet experience less elaborate somatosensory arousal during the anticipation of loss avoidance compared with typical controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeungSik Yoon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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178
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Heilman KM. Possible mechanisms of anosognosia of hemiplegia. Cortex 2014; 61:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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179
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Li R, Liu K, Ma X, Li Z, Duan X, An D, Gong Q, Zhou D, Chen H. Altered Functional Connectivity Patterns of the Insular Subregions in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures. Brain Topogr 2014; 28:636-45. [PMID: 25352166 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-014-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are characterized by unstable cognitive-emotional and motor system, which is engaged in hyperactivity of limbic regions and sensorimotor area. The insula, which is a part of the limbic system, includes various subregions with some distinct connectivity patterns separately. However, whether these insular subregions show different connectivity patterns respectively in PNES remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the functional connectivity (FC) of insular subregions in PNES and extend the understanding of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease. A resting-state FC based on the insular subregions were conducted in 18 patients and 20 healthy controls. We examined the differences in FC values between PNES patients and controls using two sample t test. Our results showed patients had significantly stronger FC between insular subregions and sensorimotor network, lingual gyrus, superior parietal gyrus and putamen, which suggested a hyperlink pattern of insular subregions involved in abnormal emotion regulation, cognitive processes and motor function in PNES. Pearson correlation analysis between the mean FC values within abnormal regions and the frequency of PNES further indicated PNES exhibited abnormal functional organization whose stressful emotion of patients have great direct influence on their motor functions. The differentially impaired functional connectivity patterns of insular subregions might provide new insights into the complex neurological mechanism of PNES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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180
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Grossi D, Di Vita A, Palermo L, Sabatini U, Trojano L, Guariglia C. The brain network for self-feeling: A symptom-lesion mapping study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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181
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Stern ER. Neural Circuitry of Interoception: New Insights into Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2014; 1:235-247. [PMID: 33344105 PMCID: PMC7747958 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-014-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, much research has investigated how the brain processes signals from the body (interoception) and how this processing may be disturbed in patients with psychiatric disorders. In this paper, I discuss the literature examining the relationship between interoceptive awareness and emotional and cognitive processes, and review the evidence suggesting that anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are characterized by abnormal interoception. A network of cortical and subcortical brain regions centered on the insula has repeatedly been implicated in interoception and is abnormal in anxiety and OCD. The investigation of interoception provides a framework for understanding behavioral and neural mechanisms of anxiety and OCD, although additional research is needed to directly link insula functioning to aberrant interoception in these disorders. Future work targeting interoception may be useful for the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Stern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place( Box 1230, New York, NY 11105, USA
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182
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Differential structural and resting state connectivity between insular subdivisions and other pain-related brain regions. Pain 2014; 155:2047-55. [PMID: 25047781 PMCID: PMC4220010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the anterior, mid, and posterior division of the insula subserve different functions in the perception of pain. The anterior insula (AI) has predominantly been associated with cognitive-affective aspects of pain, while the mid and posterior divisions have been implicated in sensory-discriminative processing. We examined whether this functional segregation is paralleled by differences in (1) structural and (2) resting state connectivity and (3) in correlations with pain-relevant psychological traits. Analyses were restricted to the 3 insular subdivisions and other pain-related brain regions. Both type of analyses revealed largely overlapping results. The AI division was predominantly connected to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (structural and resting state connectivity) and orbitofrontal cortex (structural connectivity). In contrast, the posterior insula showed strong connections to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI; structural connectivity) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII; structural and resting state connectivity). The mid insula displayed a hybrid connectivity pattern with strong connections with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, SII (structural and resting state connectivity) and SI (structural connectivity). Moreover, resting state connectivity revealed strong connectivity of all 3 subdivisions with the thalamus. On the behavioural level, AI structural connectivity was related to the individual degree of pain vigilance and awareness that showed a positive correlation with AI-amygdala connectivity and a negative correlation with AI-rostral anterior cingulate cortex connectivity. In sum, our findings show a differential structural and resting state connectivity for the anterior, mid, and posterior insula with other pain-relevant brain regions, which might at least partly explain their different functional profiles in pain processing.
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183
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Frot M, Faillenot I, Mauguière F. Processing of nociceptive input from posterior to anterior insula in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5486-99. [PMID: 24916602 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous brain imaging studies have shown robust activations in the insula during nociceptive stimulation. Most activations involve the posterior insular cortex but they can cover all insular gyri in some fMRI studies. However, little is known about the timing of activations across the different insular sub-regions. We report on the distribution of intracerebrally recorded nociceptive laser evoked potentials (LEPs) acquired from the full extent of the insula in 44 epileptic patients. Our study shows that both posterior and anterior subdivisions of the insular cortex respond to a nociceptive heat stimulus within a 200-400 ms latency range. This nociceptive cortical potential occurs firstly, and is larger, in the posterior granular insular cortex. The presence of phase reversals in LEP components in both posterior and anterior insular regions suggests activation of distinct, presumably functionally separate, sources in the posterior and anterior parts of the insula. Our results suggest that nociceptive input is first processed in the posterior insula, where it is known to be coded in terms of intensity and anatomical location, and then conveyed to the anterior insula, where the emotional reaction to pain is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Frot
- INSERM, U1028, Central Integration of Pain Unit, Neuroscience Research Center, Bron, F-69677, France; Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69000, France
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184
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Tops M, Boksem MAS, Quirin M, IJzerman H, Koole SL. Internally directed cognition and mindfulness: an integrative perspective derived from predictive and reactive control systems theory. Front Psychol 2014; 5:429. [PMID: 24904455 PMCID: PMC4033157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we will apply the predictive and reactive control systems (PARCS) theory as a framework that integrates competing theories of neural substrates of awareness by describing the "default mode network" (DMN) and anterior insula (AI) as parts of two different behavioral and homeostatic control systems. The DMN, a network that becomes active at rest when there is no external stimulation or task to perform, has been implicated in self-reflective awareness and prospection. By contrast, the AI is associated with awareness and task-related attention. This has led to competing theories stressing the role of the DMN in self-awareness vs. the role of interoceptive and emotional information integration in the AI in awareness of the emotional moment. In PARCS, the respective functions of the DMN and AI in a specific control system explains their association with different qualities of awareness, and how mental states can shift from one state (e.g., prospective self-reflection) to the other (e.g., awareness of the emotional moment) depending on the relative dominance of control systems. These shifts between reactive and predictive control are part of processes that enable the intake of novel information, integration of this novel information within existing knowledge structures, and the creation of a continuous personal context in which novel information can be integrated and understood. As such, PARCS can explain key characteristics of mental states, such as their temporal and spatial focus (e.g., a focus on the here and now vs. the future; a first person vs. a third person perspective). PARCS further relates mental states to brain states and functions, such as activation of the DMN or hemispheric asymmetry in frontal cortical functions. Together, PARCS deepens the understanding of a broad range of mental states, including mindfulness, mind wandering, rumination, autobiographical memory, imagery, and the experience of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie Tops
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten A S Boksem
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Markus Quirin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans IJzerman
- Tilburg School of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Sander L Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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185
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Almashaikhi T, Rheims S, Jung J, Ostrowsky-Coste K, Montavont A, De Bellescize J, Arzimanoglou A, Keo Kosal P, Guénot M, Bertrand O, Ryvlin P. Functional connectivity of insular efferences. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5279-94. [PMID: 24839121 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to explore the functional connectivity between the insula and other cortical regions, in human, using cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed intra-cerebral electrical stimulation in eleven patients with refractory epilepsy investigated with depth electrodes, including 39 targeting the insula. Electrical stimulation consisted of two series of 20 pulses of 1-ms duration, 0.2-Hz frequency, and 1-mA intensity delivered at each of the 39 insular bipoles. Rates of connectivity were reported whenever a noninsular cortical region was tested by at least ten stimulating/recording electrode pairs in three or more patients RESULTS Significant CCEPs were elicited in 193 of the 578 (33%) tested connections, with an average latency of 33 ± 5 ms. The highest connectivity rates were observed with the nearby perisylvian structures (59%), followed by the pericentral cortex (38%), the temporal neocortex (28%), the lateral parietal cortex (26%), the orbitofrontal cortex (25%), the mesial temporal structures (24%), the dorsolateral frontal cortex (15%), the temporal pole (14%), and the mesial parietal cortex (11%). No connectivity was detected in the mesial frontal cortex or cingulate gyrus. The pattern of connectivity also differed between the five insular gyri, with greater connectivity rate for the posterior short gyrus (49%), than for the middle short (29%), and two long gyri (28 and 33%) CONCLUSION The human insula is characterized by a rich and complex connectivity that varies as a function of the insular gyrus and appears to partly differ from the efferences described in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Almashaikhi
- TIGER, Lyon's Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM U1028, CNRS 5292, UCB Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Department of Sleep, Epilepsy and Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Clinical Physiology, Neurophysiology Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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186
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Clos M, Rottschy C, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB. Comparison of structural covariance with functional connectivity approaches exemplified by an investigation of the left anterior insula. Neuroimage 2014; 99:269-80. [PMID: 24844743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior insula is a multifunctional region involved in various cognitive, perceptual and socio-emotional processes. In particular, a portion of the left anterior insula is closely associated with working memory processes in healthy participants and shows gray matter reduction in schizophrenia. To unravel the functional networks related to this left anterior insula region, we here combined resting state connectivity, meta-analytic-connectivity modeling (MACM) and structural covariance (SC) in addition to functional characterization based on BrainMap meta-data. Apart from allowing new insight into the seed region, this approach moreover provided an opportunity to systematically compare these different connectivity approaches. The results showed that the left anterior insula has a broad response profile and is part of multiple functional networks including language, memory and socio-emotional networks. As all these domains are linked with several symptoms of schizophrenia, dysfunction of the left anterior insula might be a crucial component contributing to this disorder. Moreover, although converging connectivity across all three connectivity approaches for the left anterior insula were found, also striking differences were observed. RS and MACM as functional connectivity approaches specifically revealed functional networks linked with internal cognition and active perceptual/language processes, respectively. SC, in turn, showed a clear preference for highlighting regions involved in social cognition. These differential connectivity results thus indicate that the use of multiple forms of connectivity is advantageous when investigating functional networks as conceptual differences between these approaches might lead to systematic variation in the revealed functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Clos
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Rottschy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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187
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Moreno-Dominguez D, Anwander A, Knösche TR. A hierarchical method for whole-brain connectivity-based parcellation. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5000-25. [PMID: 24740833 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern neuroscience there is general agreement that brain function relies on networks and that connectivity is therefore of paramount importance for brain function. Accordingly, the delineation of functional brain areas on the basis of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and tractography may lead to highly relevant brain maps. Existing methods typically aim to find a predefined number of areas and/or are limited to small regions of grey matter. However, it is in general not likely that a single parcellation dividing the brain into a finite number of areas is an adequate representation of the function-anatomical organization of the brain. In this work, we propose hierarchical clustering as a solution to overcome these limitations and achieve whole-brain parcellation. We demonstrate that this method encodes the information of the underlying structure at all granularity levels in a hierarchical tree or dendrogram. We develop an optimal tree building and processing pipeline that reduces the complexity of the tree with minimal information loss. We show how these trees can be used to compare the similarity structure of different subjects or recordings and how to extract parcellations from them. Our novel approach yields a more exhaustive representation of the real underlying structure and successfully tackles the challenge of whole-brain parcellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-Dominguez
- Research Group "Cortical Networks and Cognitive Functions," Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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188
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Dennis EL, Jahanshad N, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI, Martin NG, Hickie IB, Toga AW, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. Development of insula connectivity between ages 12 and 30 revealed by high angular resolution diffusion imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:1790-800. [PMID: 23836455 PMCID: PMC4017914 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The insula, hidden deep within the Sylvian fissures, has proven difficult to study from a connectivity perspective. Most of our current information on the anatomical connectivity of the insula comes from studies of nonhuman primates and post mortem human dissections. To date, only two neuroimaging studies have successfully examined the connectivity of the insula. Here we examine how the connectivity of the insula develops between ages 12 and 30, in 307 young adolescent and adult subjects scanned with 4-Tesla high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI). The density of fiber connections between the insula and the frontal and parietal cortex decreased with age, but the connection density between the insula and the temporal cortex generally increased with age. This trajectory is in line with well-known patterns of cortical development in these regions. In addition, males and females showed different developmental trajectories for the connection between the left insula and the left precentral gyrus. The insula plays many different roles, some of them affected in neuropsychiatric disorders; this information on the insula's connectivity may help efforts to elucidate mechanisms of brain disorders in which it is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Dennis
- Imaging Genetics CenterLaboratory of Neuro ImagingUCLA School of MedicineLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics CenterLaboratory of Neuro ImagingUCLA School of MedicineLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Center for Advanced ImagingUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | | | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyAustralia
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Imaging Genetics CenterLaboratory of Neuro ImagingUCLA School of MedicineLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- School of PsychologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Institute of Medical ResearchBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics CenterLaboratory of Neuro ImagingUCLA School of MedicineLos AngelesCalifornia
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189
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Humbert IA, McLaren DG. Differential psychophysiological interactions of insular subdivisions during varied oropharyngeal swallowing tasks. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00239. [PMID: 24760502 PMCID: PMC4002228 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The insula is a highly integrated cortical region both anatomically and functionally. It has been shown to have cognitive, social-emotional, gustatory, and sensorimotor functions. Insular involvement in both normal and abnormal swallowing behavior is well established, yet its functional connectivity is unclear. Studies of context-dependent connectivity, or the connectivity during different task conditions, have the potential to reveal information about synaptic function of the insula. The goal of this study was to examine the functional connectivity of specific insular regions (ventral anterior, dorsal anterior, and posterior) with distant cortical regions during four swallowing conditions (water, sour, e-stim, and visual biofeedback) using generalized psychophysiological interactions (gPPI). In 19 healthy adults, we found that the visual biofeedback condition was associated with the most and strongest increases in functional connectivity. The posterior insula/rolandic operculum regions had the largest clusters of increases in functional connectivity, but the ventral anterior insula was functionally connected to a more diverse array of cortical regions. Also, laterality assessments showed left lateralized increases in swallowing functional connectivity. Our results are aligned with reports about the insula's interconnectivity and extensive involvement in multisensory and cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianessa A Humbert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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190
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Voxel-based morphometry study of the insular cortex in female patients with current and remitted depression. Neuroscience 2014; 262:190-9. [PMID: 24406440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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191
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Paulus FM, Müller-Pinzler L, Jansen A, Gazzola V, Krach S. Mentalizing and the Role of the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus in Sharing Others' Embarrassment. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2065-75. [PMID: 24518753 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience of embarrassment provides a highly salient cue for the human moral apparatus. Interestingly, people also experience embarrassment on behalf of others' inappropriate conditions. The perceiver's embarrassment often lacks an equivalent expression of embarrassment in the social counterpart. The present study examines this phenomenon and distinguishes neural circuits involved in embarrassment with and embarrassment for another person's mishaps. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that the embarrassment on behalf of others engages the temporal pole and the medial prefrontal cortex, central structures of the mentalizing network, together with the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, sharing others' embarrassment additionally stimulated the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), which exhibited increased functional integration with inferior parietal and insular cortex areas. These findings characterize common neural circuits involved in the embodied representation of embarrassment and further unravel the unique role of the posterior STS in sharing others' affective state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Michel Paulus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Neuroscience Lab, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Müller-Pinzler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Neuroscience Lab, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands Social Brain Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy for the Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sören Krach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Neuroscience Lab, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35039 Marburg, Germany
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192
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Abstract
Decoding neural algorithms is one of the major goals of neuroscience. It is generally accepted that brain computations rely on the orchestration of neural activity at local scales, as well as across the brain through long-range connections. Understanding the relationship between brain activity and connectivity is therefore a prerequisite to cracking the neural code. In the past few decades, tremendous technological advances have been achieved in connectivity measurement techniques. We now possess a battery of tools to measure brain activity and connections at all available scales. A great source of excitement are the new in vivo tools that allow us to measure structural and functional connections noninvasively. Here, we discuss how these new technologies may contribute to deciphering the neural code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Jbabdi
- FMRIB Centre, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Behrens
- FMRIB Centre, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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193
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Morrison I, Perini I, Dunham J. Facets and mechanisms of adaptive pain behavior: predictive regulation and action. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:755. [PMID: 24348358 PMCID: PMC3842910 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural mechanisms underlying nociception and pain perception are considered to serve the ultimate goal of limiting tissue damage. However, since pain usually occurs in complex environments and situations that call for elaborate control over behavior, simple avoidance is insufficient to explain a range of mammalian pain responses, especially in the presence of competing goals. In this integrative review we propose a Predictive Regulation and Action (PRA) model of acute pain processing. It emphasizes evidence that the nervous system is organized to anticipate potential pain and to adjust behavior before the risk of tissue damage becomes critical. Regulatory processes occur on many levels, and can be dynamically influenced by local interactions or by modulation from other brain areas in the network. The PRA model centers on neural substrates supporting the predictive nature of pain processing, as well as on finely-calibrated yet versatile regulatory processes that ultimately affect behavior. We outline several operational categories of pain behavior, from spinally-mediated reflexes to adaptive voluntary action, situated at various neural levels. An implication is that neural processes that track potential tissue damage in terms of behavioral consequences are an integral part of pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Morrison
- 1Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden ; 2Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden ; 3Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde Skövde, Sweden
| | - Irene Perini
- 1Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden ; 2Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James Dunham
- 1Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
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194
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Abstract
Pain's complex influence on behavior implies that it involves an action component, although little is known about how the human brain adaptively translates painful sensations into actions. The consistent activation of premotor and motor-related regions during pain, including the midcingulate cortex (MCC), raises the question of whether these areas contribute to an action component. In this fMRI experiment, we controlled for voluntary action-related processing during pain by introducing a motor task during painful or nonpainful stimulation. The MCC (particularly the caudal cingulate motor zone [CCZ]), motor cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum responded during action regardless of pain. Crucially, however, these regions did not respond to pain unless an action was performed. Reaction times were fastest during painful stimulation and correlated with CCZ activation. These findings are consistent with the results of an activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis in which activation across experiments involving pain, action execution, or action preparation (with a total of 4929 subjects) converged in a similar network. These findings suggest that specific motor-related areas, including the CCZ, play a vital role in the control and execution of context-sensitive behavioral responses to pain. In contrast, bilateral insular cortex responded to pain stimulation regardless of action.
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195
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Alcauter S, Lin W, Keith Smith J, Gilmore JH, Gao W. Consistent anterior-posterior segregation of the insula during the first 2 years of life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:1176-87. [PMID: 24248433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human insula is a complex region characterized by heterogeneous cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and function. Subregional parcellation of the insula in adults has revealed an interesting anterior-posterior subdivision pattern that is highly consistent with its functional differentiation. However, the development of the insula's subregional segregation during the first 2 years of life remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that similar segregation of the insula exists during this critical time period based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a large cohort of infants (n = 143) with longitudinal scans. Our results confirmed a consistent anterior-posterior subdivision of the insula during the first 2 years of life with dissociable connectivity patterns associated with each cluster. Specifically, the anterior insula coupled more with frontal association areas, whereas the posterior insula integrated more with sensorimotor-related regions. More importantly, dramatic development of each subregion's functional network was observed, providing important neuronal correlates for the rapid advancement of its related functions during this time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarael Alcauter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
| | | | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center
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196
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LaBerge D, Kasevich R. The cognitive significance of resonating neurons in the cerebral cortex. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1523-50. [PMID: 24211318 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most neural fibers of the cerebral cortex engage in electric signaling, but one particular fiber, the apical dendrite of the pyramidal neuron, specializes in electric resonating. This dendrite extends upward from somas of pyramidal neurons, the most numerous neurons of the cortex. The apical dendrite is embedded in a recurrent corticothalamic circuit that induces surges of electric current to move repeatedly down the dendrite. Narrow bandwidths of surge frequency (resonating) enable cortical circuits to use specific carrier frequencies, which isolate the processing of those circuits from other circuits. Resonating greatly enhances the intensity and duration of electrical activity of a neuron over a narrow frequency range, which underlies attention in its various modes. Within the minicolumn, separation of the central resonating circuit from the surrounding signal processing network separates "having" subjective impressions from "thinking about" them. Resonating neurons in the insular cortex apparently underlie cognitive impressions of feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David LaBerge
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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197
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Jankowiak-Siuda K, Zajkowski W. A neural model of mechanisms of empathy deficits in narcissism. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:934-41. [PMID: 24189465 PMCID: PMC3829700 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From a multidimensional perspective, empathy is a process that includes affective sharing and imagining and understanding the emotions of others. The primary brain structures involved in mediating the components of empathy are the anterior insula (AI), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and specific regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). The AI and ACC are the main nodes in the salience network (SN), which selects and coordinates the information flow from the intero- and exteroreceptors. AI might play a role as a crucial hub – a dynamic switch between 2 separate networks of cognitive processing: the central executive network (CEN), which is concerned with effective task execution, and the default mode network (DMN), which is involved with self-reflective processes. Given various classifications, a deficit in empathy may be considered a central dysfunctional trait in narcissism. A recent fMRI study suggests that deficit in empathy is due to a dysfunction in the right AI. Based on the acquired data, we propose a theoretical model of imbalanced SN functioning in narcissism in which the dysfunctional AI hub is responsible for constant DMN activation, which, in turn, centers one’s attention on the self. This might hinder the ability to affectively share and understand the emotions of others. This review paper on neural mechanisms of empathy deficits in narcissism aims to inspire and direct future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
- Department of Experimental Neuropsychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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198
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Cortico-amygdala-striatal circuits are organized as hierarchical subsystems through the primate amygdala. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14017-30. [PMID: 23986238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0170-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal and insula cortex, amygdala, and striatum are key regions for emotional processing, yet the amygdala's role as an interface between the cortex and striatum is not well understood. In the nonhuman primate (Macaque fascicularis), we analyzed a collection of bidirectional tracer injections in the amygdala to understand how cortical inputs and striatal outputs are organized to form integrated cortico-amygdala-striatal circuits. Overall, diverse prefrontal and insular cortical regions projected to the basal and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala. In turn, these amygdala regions projected to widespread striatal domains extending well beyond the classic ventral striatum. Analysis of the cases in aggregate revealed a topographic colocalization of cortical inputs and striatal outputs in the amygdala that was additionally distinguished by cortical cytoarchitecture. Specifically, the degree of cortical laminar differentiation of the cortical inputs predicted amygdalostriatal targets, and distinguished three main cortico-amygdala-striatal circuits. These three circuits were categorized as "primitive," "intermediate," and "developed," respectively, to emphasize the relative phylogenetic and ontogenetic features of the cortical inputs. Within the amygdala, these circuits appeared arranged in a pyramidal-like fashion, with the primitive circuit found in all examined subregions, and subsequent circuits hierarchically layered in discrete amygdala subregions. This arrangement suggests a stepwise integration of the functions of these circuits across amygdala subregions, providing a potential mechanism through which internal emotional states are managed with external social and sensory information toward emotionally informed complex behaviors.
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199
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Galovic M, Leisi N, Müller M, Weber J, Abela E, Kägi G, Weder B. Lesion Location Predicts Transient and Extended Risk of Aspiration After Supratentorial Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:2760-7. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
To assess the association of lesion location and risk of aspiration and to establish predictors of transient versus extended risk of aspiration after supratentorial ischemic stroke.
Methods—
Atlas-based localization analysis was performed in consecutive patients with MRI-proven first-time acute supratentorial ischemic stroke. Standardized swallowing assessment was carried out within 8±18 hours and 7.8±1.2 days after admission.
Results—
In a prospective, longitudinal analysis, 34 of 94 patients (36%) were classified as having acute risk of aspiration, which was extended (≥7 days) or transient (<7 days) in 17 cases. There were no between-group differences in age, sex, cause of stroke, risk factors, prestroke disability, lesion side, or the degree of age-related white-matter changes. Correcting for stroke volume and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale with a multiple logistic regression model, significant adjusted odds ratios in favor of acute risk of aspiration were demonstrated for the internal capsule (adjusted odds ratio, 6.2;
P
<0.002) and the insular cortex (adjusted odds ratio, 4.8;
P
<0.003). In a multivariate model of extended versus transient risk of aspiration, combined lesions of the frontal operculum and insular cortex was the only significant independent predictor of poor recovery (adjusted odds ratio, 33.8;
P
<0.008).
Conclusions—
Lesions of the insular cortex and the internal capsule are significantly associated with acute risk of aspiration after stroke. Combined ischemic infarctions of the frontal operculum and the insular cortex are likely to cause extended risk of aspiration in stroke patients, whereas risk of aspiration tends to be transient in subcortical stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Galovic
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natascha Leisi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marlise Müller
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Weber
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Abela
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kägi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weder
- From the Department of Neurology (M.G., G.K., B.W.), Speech Pathology Service, Department of Otolaryngology (N.L., M.M.), Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (E.A., B.W.), Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.A.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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200
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Almashaikhi T, Rheims S, Ostrowsky-Coste K, Montavont A, Jung J, De Bellescize J, Arzimanoglou A, Keo Kosal P, Guénot M, Bertrand O, Ryvlin P. Intrainsular functional connectivity in human. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2779-88. [PMID: 24027207 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The anatomical organization of the insular cortex is characterized by its rich and heterogeneous cytoarchitecture and its wide network of connections. However, only limited knowledge is available regarding the intrainsular connections subserving the complex integrative role of the insular cortex. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional connectivity within- and across-insular subregions, at both gyral and functional levels. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed intracerebral electrical stimulation in 10 patients with refractory epilepsy investigated with depth electrodes, 38 of which were inserted in the insula. Bipolar electrical stimulation, consisting of two series of 20 pulses of 1-ms duration, 0.2-Hz frequency, and 1-mA intensity, was delivered at each insular contact. For each stimulated insular anatomical region, we calculated a rate of connectivity, reflecting the proportion of other insular contacts, showing significant evoked potentials. RESULTS Statistically significant evoked potentials were recorded in 74% of tested connections, with an average latency of 26 ± 3 ms. All insular gyri were interconnected, except the anterior and posterior short gyri. Most connections were reciprocal, showing no clear anterior to posterior directionality. No connection was observed between the right and the left insula. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to specific features of human insula connectivity as compared to non-Human primates, and remain consistent with the complex integration role devoted to the human insula in many cognitive domains. Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Almashaikhi
- Translational and Integrative Group in Epilepsy Research (TIGER), Lyon's Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM U1028, CNRS 5292, UCB Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Pediatric Epilepsy Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Clinical Physiology, Neurophysiology division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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