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Afghahi A, Forgó E, Mitani AA, Desai M, Varma S, Seto T, Rigdon J, Jensen KC, Troxell ML, Gomez SL, Das AK, Beck AH, Kurian AW, West RB. Chromosomal copy number alterations for associations of ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:108. [PMID: 26265211 PMCID: PMC4534146 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Screening mammography has contributed to a significant increase in the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), raising concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Building on prior observations from lineage evolution analysis, we examined whether measuring genomic features of DCIS would predict association with invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). The long-term goal is to enhance standard clinicopathologic measures of low- versus high-risk DCIS and to enable risk-appropriate treatment. METHODS We studied three common chromosomal copy number alterations (CNA) in IBC and designed fluorescence in situ hybridization-based assay to measure copy number at these loci in DCIS samples. Clinicopathologic data were extracted from the electronic medical records of Stanford Cancer Institute and linked to demographic data from the population-based California Cancer Registry; results were integrated with data from tissue microarrays of specimens containing DCIS that did not develop IBC versus DCIS with concurrent IBC. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to describe associations of CNAs with these two groups of DCIS. RESULTS We examined 271 patients with DCIS (120 that did not develop IBC and 151 with concurrent IBC) for the presence of 1q, 8q24 and 11q13 copy number gains. Compared to DCIS-only patients, patients with concurrent IBC had higher frequencies of CNAs in their DCIS samples. On multivariable analysis with conventional clinicopathologic features, the copy number gains were significantly associated with concurrent IBC. The state of two of the three copy number gains in DCIS was associated with a risk of IBC that was 9.07 times that of no copy number gains, and the presence of gains at all three genomic loci in DCIS was associated with a more than 17-fold risk (P = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS CNAs have the potential to improve the identification of high-risk DCIS, defined by presence of concurrent IBC. Expanding and validating this approach in both additional cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts may enable improved risk stratification and risk-appropriate treatment in DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anosheh Afghahi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Erna Forgó
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Aya A Mitani
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Manisha Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Tina Seto
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Joseph Rigdon
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kristin C Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Megan L Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California (CPIC), 2201 Walnut Avenue, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.
| | - Amar K Das
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Lebanon, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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152
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Li F, Tian P, Zhang J, Kou C. The clinical and prognostic significance of midkine in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9789-94. [PMID: 26159850 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine overexpression has been shown to be a tumor biomarker in several types of human cancer, but little is known about the clinical significance of midkine in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of midkine in breast cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, including breast cancer patient's survival. The expression status of midkine in breast cancer from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO accession number: GDS3853) was observed initially. Furthermore, the expression of midkine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein was examined in breast cancer and normal mammary tissues through real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the relationship of midkine protein expression with clinical characteristics of 170 breast cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In our results, midkine was up-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal mammary tissues in microarray data (GDS3853). Midkine mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues than in normal mammary tissues. By immunohistochemistry, high levels of midkine protein were positively associated with the status of clinical stage, T classification, N classification, and M classification in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, midkine overexpression was an independent poor prognostic indicator for the survival of patients with breast cancer. In conclusion, overexpression of midkine protein serves as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Peijun Tian
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Changyuan Kou
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China.
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153
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FAN CONG, WANG YUNSHAN, LIU ZIMING, SUN YING, WANG XIUWEN, WEI GUANGWEI, WEI JUNMIN. Metformin exerts anticancer effects through the inhibition of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in breast cancer. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:204-14. [PMID: 25999130 PMCID: PMC4494591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, has previously been shown to lower the risk of certain types of cancer, including that of breast cancer, and to improve prognosis. Its anticancer effects, which are mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), have become notable. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is involved in changes in mammary ducts and malignant transformation. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the Shh pathway in mediating the anticancer effects of metformin and the correlation between AMPK and the Shh pathway. We investigated the effectiveness of metformin in inhibiting the proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro using RNA extraction and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis, cell proliferation assay, scratch-wound assay (cell migration assay), cell invasion assay, mammosphere culture and flow cytometry. In in vivo experiments, a tumor xenograft model was used to detect the effects of metformin on cancer cell proliferation. The results revealed that the treatment of breast cancer cells with metformin led to the inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway. Importantly, metformin inhibited recombinant human Shh (rhShh)‑induced cell migration, invasion, and stemness, and impaired cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the small interfering RNA (siRNA)‑mediated downregulation of AMPK reversed the inhibitory effects of metformin on rhShh‑induced Gli-1 expression and stemness. Our findings identified a role of the Shh signaling pathway in the anticancer effects of metformin in breast cancer. Furthermore, we revealed that the metformin-mediated inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway may be dependent on AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- CONG FAN
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - YUNSHAN WANG
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China,International Biotechnology R&D Center, Shandong University School of Ocean, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P.R. China
| | - ZIMING LIU
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - YING SUN
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - XIUWEN WANG
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - GUANGWEI WEI
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - JUNMIN WEI
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Junmin Wei, Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China, E-mail:
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154
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Liu N, Yu C, Shi Y, Jiang J, Liu Y. SMAD4 expression in breast ductal carcinoma correlates with prognosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1709-1715. [PMID: 26622737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined SMAD4 expression in fine-needle aspiration cell blocks from patients with breast ductal carcinoma, in order to assess its viability as a prognostic marker. Using immunohistochemistry, the SMAD4 protein status of 86 breast ductal carcinoma fine-needle biopsies, from patients who underwent tumor resection at Beihua University Affiliated Hospital (Jilin, China) between 2002 and 2008, was characterized. The association between SMAD4 expression and clinicopathological parameters, as well as prognosis was assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel method and Cox proportional hazards regression. SMAD4 staining was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was found to be decreased in ductal breast carcinoma as compared with adjacent normal breast epithelia. Patients with reduced SMAD4 expression levels tended to exhibit more poorly differentiated tumors, a higher risk of recurrence and shorter overall survival. These results demonstrated that the evaluation of SMAD4 protein status in fine-needle biopsy specimens of breast ductal carcinoma may provide additional prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Yanfen Shi
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Affiliated Hospital, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Yuhe Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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155
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CALAF GLORIAM, ZEPEDA ANDREAB, CASTILLO RODRIGOL, FIGUEROA CAROLINAA, ARIAS CONSUELO, FIGUEROA ELÍAS, FARÍAS JORGEG. Molecular aspects of breast cancer resistance to drugs (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:437-45. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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156
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Said SM, Visscher DW, Nassar A, Frank RD, Vierkant RA, Frost MH, Ghosh K, Radisky DC, Hartmann LC, Degnim AC. Flat epithelial atypia and risk of breast cancer: A Mayo cohort study. Cancer 2015; 121:1548-55. [PMID: 25639678 PMCID: PMC4424157 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on its cytologic features, and its co-occurrence with atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer, flat epithelial atypia (FEA) has been proposed as a precursor lesion on the pathway to the development of breast cancer. It is often referred to as an "atypical" or high-risk lesion. However, to the authors' knowledge, the long-term risk of breast cancer in women with FEA is undefined. METHODS Specimens with FEA were identified among excisional breast biopsies in the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease Cohort, which includes 11,591 women who had benign biopsy findings at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota between 1967 and 2001. Breast cancer risk among subsets of patients with FEA and nonproliferative, proliferative, and atypical hyperplasia (AH) was assessed using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with the Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. RESULTS FEA was identified in 282 women (2.4%); 130 had associated AH (46%) and 152 (54%) were classified as having proliferative disease without atypia (PDWA). With median follow-up of 16.8 years, the SIR for breast cancer in patients with AH plus FEA was 4.74 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.17-6.81) versus 4.23 (95% CI, 3.44-5.13) for those with AH without FEA (P = .59). The SIR for patients with PDWA plus FEA was 2.04 (95% CI, 1.23-3.19) versus 1.90 (95% CI, 1.72-2.09) for patients with PDWA without FEA (P = .76). CONCLUSIONS FEA is an uncommon finding in women with benign breast disease. FEA does not appear to convey an independent risk of breast cancer beyond that of the associated PDWA or AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M. Said
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel W. Visscher
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aziza Nassar
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | - Ryan D. Frank
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marlene H. Frost
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Karthik Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Lynn C. Hartmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amy C. Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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157
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Sherman ME, Mies C, Gierach GL. Opportunities for molecular epidemiological research on ductal carcinoma in-situ and breast carcinogenesis: interdisciplinary approaches. Breast Dis 2015; 34:105-16. [PMID: 24225267 DOI: 10.3233/bd-130359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most invasive breast cancers arise from ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS), a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer. Given that the natural history of individual DCIS lesions is unpredictable, many women with DCIS receive extensive treatments, which may include surgery, radiation and endocrine therapy, even though many of these lesions may have limited potential to progress to invasion and metastasize. In contrast to valid concerns about overtreatment, the fact that invasive breast cancers outnumber DCIS lesions by more than three-to-one, suggests that many cancer precursors (particularly DCIS, but LCIS also) progress to invasion prior to detection. Thus, DCIS poses a dual problem of overdiagnosis among some women and failure of early detection among others. These concerns are heightened by the multifold increase in rates of DCIS in conjunction with widespread use of mammographic screening and access to outpatient radiologically-guided biopsies. Accordingly, methods are needed to both specifically detect and identify DCIS lesions with potential to progress to invasive cancer and to discover techniques to triage and conservatively manage indolent cases of DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Sherman
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn Mies
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
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158
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van Schooneveld E, Wildiers H, Vergote I, Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY, Van Laere SJ. Dysregulation of microRNAs in breast cancer and their potential role as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patient management. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:21. [PMID: 25849621 PMCID: PMC4332424 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of gene expression modulators with relevant roles in several biological processes, including cell differentiation, development, apoptosis, and regulation of the cell cycle. Deregulation of those tiny RNA molecules has been described frequently as a major determinant for the initiation and progression of diseases, including cancer. Not only miRNAs but also the enzymes responsible for miRNA processing could be deregulated in cancer. In this review, we address the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, since there are oncogenic, tumor-suppressive, and metastatic-influencing miRNAs. Additionally, the different detection platforms and normalization strategies for miRNAs will be discussed. The major part of this review, however, will focus on the capability of miRNAs to act as diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers. We will give an overview of their potential to correlate with response to or benefit from a given treatment and we will consider their ability to give information on prognosis in breast cancer. We will focus on miRNAs validated by more than one study or verified in independent cohorts or where results rely on preclinical as well as clinical evidence. As such, we will discuss their potential use in the personalized management of breast cancer.
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159
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Khoury T, Chen X, Wang D, Kumar P, Qin M, Liu S, Turner B. Nomogram to predict the likelihood of upgrade of atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosed on a core needle biopsy in mammographically detected lesions. Histopathology 2015; 67:106-20. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaer Khoury
- Department of Pathology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Radiology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Maochun Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Bradley Turner
- Department of Pathology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester NY USA
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160
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Booth ME, Treanor D, Roberts N, Magee DR, Speirs V, Hanby AM. Three-dimensional reconstruction of ductal carcinoma in situ with virtual slides. Histopathology 2015; 66:966-73. [PMID: 25257850 DOI: 10.1111/his.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using virtual slides to create 3D histopathological reconstructions to aid in the study of the biology of DCIS. METHODS Four μm thick serial sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from three cases were cut and mounted onto glass slides, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, then scanned. The three image stacks comprised 30, 115 and 100 scanned sections creating a similar number of virtual slides. The virtual slides were registered using custom 3D software to create 3D tissue volumes. The volumes were annotated to highlight distinct features and 3D visualisations (segmentations) were created to study these features in 3D. RESULTS The most time-intensive step was the manual annotation of virtual slides 3D histopathological reconstructions were created of (i) DCIS surrounded by adjacent invasion; (ii) pure DCIS and (iii) a 'normal' lobule. CONCLUSION 3D in silico reconstructions of DCIS were created and more extensive studies can now be done within a realistic timescale. We have identified structural similarities between a benign lobule and DCIS which support the view that much DCIS, apparently in a 'duct' is contained within and expanded lobule. This method has the potential to provide insights into the biology of DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Booth
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Treanor
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Roberts
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Valerie Speirs
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew M Hanby
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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161
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Song GD, Sun Y, Shen H, Li W. SOX4 overexpression is a novel biomarker of malignant status and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4167-73. [PMID: 25592378 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group box 4 (SOX4) has been proven to serve as a critical role in cancer development and progression. However, little is known about the pathological role of SOX4 in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to measure the expression of SOX4 in breast cancer patients and to explore the clinical significance of SOX4. Using RT-PCR and Western blot, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of SOX4 were measured in breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal mammary tissues. The relationship of SOX4 expression with clinical characteristics of 148 breast cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In the present study, our results indicated that SOX4 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal mammary tissues and positively correlated with clinical stage (I-II vs. III-IV; P = 0.008), T classification (T1-T2 vs. T3-T4; P = 0.013), N classification (N0-N1 vs. N2-N3; P < 0.001), M classification (M0 vs. M1; P = 0.001), estrogen receptor (negative vs. positive; P = 0.029), progesterone receptor (negative vs. positive; P = 0.004), and histological grade (G1 vs. G2-G3; P = 0.033) in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, we also found that SOX4 protein overexpression was an unfavorable prognostic factor in breast cancer patients (P < 0.001), regardless of clinical stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Finally, high SOX4 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for pancreatic patients through multivariate analysis (P = 0.033). In conclusion, SOX4 overexpression serves as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Song
- Department of Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No.23 Pingjiang Avenue, Xihe District, Tianjin, 300211, China,
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162
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Li Y, Cai G, Yuan S, Jun Y, Li N, Wang L, Chen F, Ling R, Yun J. The overexpression membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase is associated with the progression and prognosis in breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:120-7. [PMID: 25755834 PMCID: PMC4346529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been demonstrated to play an important role in tumor progression. The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of MT1-MMP in breast cancer and its correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics, including the survival of breast cancer patients. In our results, MT-MMP1 was up-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with ductal hyperplasia tissues in microarray data (GSE2429). MT1-MMP mRNA and protein expression was markedly higher in breast cancer tissues than in normal breast tissues (P=0.005 and P=0.037, respectively). Using immunohistochemistry, high levels of MT1-MMP protein were positively correlated with the status of clinical stage (I-II vs. III-IV; P=0.043), lymph node metastasis (absence vs. presence; P=0.024), and distant metastasis (No vs. Yes; P=0.017) of breast cancer patients. Patients with higher MT1-MMP expression had a significantly shorter overall survival time than did patients with low MT1-MMP expression. Multivariate analysis indicated that the level of MT1-MMP expression was an independent prognostic indicator (P<0.001) for the survival of patients with breast cancer. In conclusions, MT1-MMP plays an important role on breast cancer aggressiveness and prognosis and may act as a promising target for prognostic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Li
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Shifang Yuan
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Yi Jun
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Nanlin Li
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s HospitalShanghai 200233, China
| | - Rui Ling
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
| | - Jun Yun
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, China
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163
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Hartmann LC, Degnim AC, Santen RJ, Dupont WD, Ghosh K. Atypical hyperplasia of the breast--risk assessment and management options. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:78-89. [PMID: 25551530 PMCID: PMC4347900 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsr1407164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn C Hartmann
- From the Departments of Oncology (L.C.H.), Surgery (A.C.D.), and Internal Medicine (K.G.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.J.S.); and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (W.D.D.)
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165
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Recht A. Are the Randomized Trials of Radiation Therapy for Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Still Relevant? J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3588-90. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abram Recht
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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166
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Francis A, Fallowfield L, Rea D. The LORIS Trial: Addressing overtreatment of ductal carcinoma in situ. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 27:6-8. [PMID: 25445552 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Francis
- Breast Surgery Department, Nuffield House Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - L Fallowfield
- Sussex Health Outcomes Research & Education in Cancer (SHORE-C), Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - D Rea
- Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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167
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Zou A, Lambert D, Yeh H, Yasukawa K, Behbod F, Fan F, Cheng N. Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma predicts poor prognosis and is inversely associated with expression of TGF-β signaling proteins. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:781. [PMID: 25344051 PMCID: PMC4221705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXCL1 is a chemotactic cytokine shown to regulate breast cancer progression and chemo-resistance. However, the prognostic significance of CXCL1 expression in breast cancer has not been fully characterized. Fibroblasts are important cellular components of the breast tumor microenvironment, and recent studies indicate that this cell type is a potential source of CXCL1 expression in breast tumors. The goal of this study was to further characterize the expression patterns of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma, determine the prognostic significance of stromal CXCL1 expression, and identify factors affecting stromal CXCL1 expression. Methods Stromal CXCL1 protein expression was analyzed in 54 normal and 83 breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry staining. RNA expression of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma was analyzed through data mining in http://www.Oncomine.org. The relationships between CXCL1 expression and prognostic factors were analyzed by univariate analysis. Co-immunofluorescence staining for CXCL1, α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and Fibroblast Specific Protein 1 (FSP1) expression was performed to analyze expression of CXCL1 in fibroblasts. By candidate profiling, the TGF-β signaling pathway was identified as a regulator of CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts. Expression of TGF-β and SMAD gene products were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and data mining analysis. The relationships between stromal CXCL1 and TGF-β signaling components were analyzed by univariate analysis. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts isolated from MMTV-PyVmT mammary tumors were treated with recombinant TGF-β and analyzed for CXCL1 promoter activity by luciferase assay, and protein secretion by ELISA. Results Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlated with tumor grade, disease recurrence and decreased patient survival. By co-immunofluorescence staining, CXCL1 expression overlapped with expression of α-SMA and FSP1 proteins. Expression of stromal CXCL1 protein expression inversely correlated with expression of TGF-β signaling components. Treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-β suppressed CXCL1 secretion and promoter activity. Conclusions Increased CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlates with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, CXCL1 expression is localized to α-SMA and FSP1 positive fibroblasts, and is negatively regulated by TGF-β signaling. These studies indicate that decreased TGF-β signaling in carcinoma associated fibroblasts enhances CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts, which could contribute to breast cancer progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-781) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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168
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Arpel A, Sawma P, Spenlé C, Fritz J, Meyer L, Garnier N, Velázquez-Quesada I, Hussenet T, Aci-Sèche S, Baumlin N, Genest M, Brasse D, Hubert P, Crémel G, Orend G, Laquerrière P, Bagnard D. Transmembrane domain targeting peptide antagonizing ErbB2/Neu inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1714-1721. [PMID: 25220456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is still a deadly disease despite major achievements in targeted therapies designed to block ligands or ligand-binding subunits of major tyrosine kinase receptors. Relapse is significant and metastases deleterious, which demands novel strategies for fighting this disease. Here, we report a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating that small peptides interfering with the transmembrane domain of the tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB2 exhibit anticancer properties when used at micromolar dosages in a genetically engineered mouse model of breast cancer. Different assays demonstrate the specificity of the ErbB2-targeting peptide, which induces long-term reduction of ErbB2 phosphorylation and Akt signaling consistent with reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased survival. Microcomputed tomography analysis established the antimetastatic activity of the peptide and its impact on primary tumor growth. This reveals the interior of the cell membrane as an unexplored dimension for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Arpel
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France; CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67037, France
| | - Paul Sawma
- CNRS LISM UMR 7255, Aix Marseille University, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Caroline Spenlé
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Justine Fritz
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Lionel Meyer
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Norbert Garnier
- CNRS UPR 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), Orleans University, Orleans F-45071, France
| | - Inés Velázquez-Quesada
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Thomas Hussenet
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Samia Aci-Sèche
- CNRS UPR 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), Orleans University, Orleans F-45071, France; ICOA UMR 7311, Orleans University, Orleans 45100, France
| | - Nadège Baumlin
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Monique Genest
- CNRS UPR 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), Orleans University, Orleans F-45071, France
| | - David Brasse
- CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67037, France
| | - Pierre Hubert
- CNRS LISM UMR 7255, Aix Marseille University, Marseille 13402, France
| | - Gérard Crémel
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Gertraud Orend
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France
| | - Patrice Laquerrière
- CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67037, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U 1109, Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67200, France.
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169
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Zhao B, Xu B, Hu W, Song C, Wang F, Liu Z, Ye M, Zou H, Miao QR. Comprehensive proteome quantification reveals NgBR as a new regulator for epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast tumor cells. J Proteomics 2014; 112:38-52. [PMID: 25173099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) is a type I receptor and specifically binds to ligand Nogo-B. Our previous work has shown that NgBR is highly expressed in human breast invasive ductal carcinoma. Here, comprehensive proteome quantification was performed to examine the alteration of protein expression profile in MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells after knocking down NgBR using lentivirus-mediated shRNA approach. Among a total of 1771 proteins feasibly quantified, 994 proteins were quantified in two biological replicates with RSD <50%. There are 122 proteins significantly down-regulated in NgBR knockdown MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells, such as vimentin and S100A4, well-known markers for mesenchymal cells, and CD44, a stemness indicator. The decrease of vimentin, S100A4 and CD44 protein expression levels was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. MDA-MB-231 cells are typical breast invasive ductal carcinoma cells showing mesenchymal phenotype. Cell morphology analysis demonstrates NgBR knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells results in reversibility of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is one of the major mechanisms involved in breast cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NgBR knockdown in MCF-7 cells significantly prevented the TGF-β-induced EMT process as determined by the morphology change, and staining of E-cadherin intercellular junction as well as the decreased expression of vimentin. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Our previous publication showed that NgBR is highly expressed in human breast invasive ductal carcinoma. However, the roles of NgBR and NgBR-mediated signaling pathway in breast tumor cells are still unclear. Here, we not only demonstrated that the quantitative proteomics analysis is a powerful tool to investigate the global biological function of NgBR, but also revealed that NgBR is involved in the transition of breast epithelial cells to mesenchymal stem cells, which is one of the major mechanisms involved in breast cancer metastasis. These findings provide new insights for understanding the roles of NgBR in regulating breast epithelial cell transform during the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wenquan Hu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chunxia Song
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Qing R Miao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Boyle ST, Kochetkova M. Breast cancer stem cells and the immune system: promotion, evasion and therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:203-11. [PMID: 24997735 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are believed to be a subset of heterogeneous tumour cells responsible for tumour initiation, growth, local invasion, and metastasis. In breast cancer, numerous factors have been implicated in regulation of cancer stem cells, but there is still a paucity of information regarding precise molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding their pathobiology. Components of both the adaptive and the innate immune system have been shown to play a crucial role in supporting breast cancer growth and spread, and recently some immune mediators, both molecules and cells, have been reported to influence breast cancer stem cell biology. This review summarises a small, pioneering body of evidence for the potentially important function of the "immuniche" in maintaining and supporting breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Boyle
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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171
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The use of Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for human breast cancer detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5425-32. [PMID: 24958347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the powerful fingerprint features of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish different types of breast tissues including normal breast tissues (NB), fibroadenoma (FD), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Thin frozen tissue sections of fresh breast tissues were measured by Raman spectroscopy. Due to the inherent low sensitivity of Raman spectra, Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique was utilized to provide supplementary and more informative spectral features. A total of 619 Raman spectra were acquired and compared to 654 SHINERS spectra. The maximum enhancement effect of distinct and specific bands was characterized for different tissue types. When applying the new criteria, excellent separation of FD, DCIS, and IDC was obtained for all tissue types. Most importantly, we were able to distinguish ADH from DCIS. Although only a preliminary distinction was characterized between ADH and NB, the results provided a good foundation of criteria to further discriminate ADH from NB and shed more light toward a better understanding of the mechanism of ADH formation. This is the first report to detect the premalignant (ADH and DCIS) breast tissue frozen sections and also the first report exploiting SHINERS to detect and distinguish breast tissues. The results presented in this study show that SHINERS can be applied to accurately and efficiently identify breast lesions. Further, the spectra can be acquired in a minimally invasive procedure and analyzed rapidly facilitating early and accurate diagnosis in vivo/in situ.
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172
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Lei F, Zhang L, Li X, Lin X, Wu S, Li F, Liu J. Overexpression of prostate tumor overexpressed 1 correlates with tumor progression and predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:457. [PMID: 24947166 PMCID: PMC4070404 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate tumor overexpressed 1 (PTOV1) was demonstrated to play an important role in cancer progression and was correlated with unfavorable clinical outcome. However, the clinical role of PTOV1 in cancer remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression and clinicopathological significance of PTOV1 in breast cancer. METHODS The mRNA and protein expression levels of PTOV1 were analyzed in 12 breast cancer cell lines and eight paired breast cancer tumors by semi-quantitative real time-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess PTOV1 protein expression in 169 paraffin-embedded, archived breast cancer samples. Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to investigate the clinicopathological significance of PTOV1 expression. RESULTS Our data revealed that PTOV1 was frequently overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines compared to normal human breast epithelial cells and in primary breast cancer samples compared to adjacent noncancerous breast tissues, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, high expression of PTOV1 in breast cancer is strongly associated with clinicopathological characteristics and estrogen receptor expression status (P = 0.003). Breast cancer patients with higher PTOV1 expression had substantially shorter survival times than patients with lower PTOV1 expression (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that PTOV1 might be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that PTOV1 is upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and clinical samples, and its expression was positively associated with progression and aggressiveness of breast cancer, suggesting that PTOV1 could serve as an independent prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Longjuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Ultrasonic department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fengyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Junling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Colditz GA, Bohlke K, Berkey CS. Breast cancer risk accumulation starts early: prevention must also. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:567-79. [PMID: 24820413 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one in four breast cancers is diagnosed before the age of 50, and many early-stage premalignant lesions are present but not yet diagnosed. Therefore, we review evidence to support the strategy that breast cancer prevention efforts must begin early in life. This study follows the literature review methods and format. Exposures during childhood and adolescence affect a woman's long-term risk of breast cancer, but have received far less research attention than exposures that occur later in life. Breast tissue undergoes rapid cellular proliferation between menarche and first full-term pregnancy, and risk accumulates rapidly until the terminal differentiation that accompanies first pregnancy. Evidence on childhood diet and growth in height, and adolescent alcohol intake, among other adolescent factors is related to breast cancer risk and risk of premalignant proliferative benign lesions. Breast cancer prevention efforts will have the greatest effect when initiated at an early age and continued over a lifetime. Gaps in knowledge are identified and deserve increase attention to inform prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Colditz
- The Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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174
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Tsang JYS, Tse GMK. Narrowing down the focus: what are the main predictive markers for ductal carcinoma in situ? BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Ductal carcinoma in situ accounts for approximately a quarter of newly diagnosed breast cancer nowadays. It is not life threatening per se, but confers an increased risk for subsequent invasive cancers. Optimal management should be based on the tumor characteristics and tailored to the risk of subsequent recurrence and invasive events. Prediction for recurrence risk has been determined mainly with clinical and histopathologic factors. However, they are imperfect, probably owing to the lack of standardized methods for assessment. Ongoing efforts have been shifted to the use of molecular factors, as well as prediction of noninvasive and invasive recurrences separately. These molecular factors seem to be more powerful in predicting invasive and noninvasive recurrence. However, their emerging roles still need to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia YS Tsang
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gary MK Tse
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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175
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Neal L, Sandhu NP, Hieken TJ, Glazebrook KN, Mac Bride MB, Dilaveri CA, Wahner-Roedler DL, Ghosh K, Visscher DW. Diagnosis and management of benign, atypical, and indeterminate breast lesions detected on core needle biopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:536-47. [PMID: 24684875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imaging abnormalities detected by mammographic screening often lead to diagnostic evaluations, with suspicious abnormalities subjected to image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) to exclude malignancy. Most CNBs reveal benign pathological alterations, termed benign breast disease (BBD). Adoption of CNB presents challenges with pathologic classification of breast abnormalities and management of patients with benign or atypical histological findings. Patient management and counseling after CNB diagnosis of BBD depends on postbiopsy determination of radiologic-pathologic concordancy. Communication between radiologists and pathologists is crucial in patient management. Management is dependent on the histological type of BBD. Patients with concordant pathologic imaging results can be reassured of benign biopsy findings and advised about the future risk of developing breast cancer. Surgical consultation is advised for patients with discordant findings, symptomatic patients, and high-risk lesions. This review highlights benign breast lesions that are encountered on CNB and summarizes management strategies. For this review, we conducted a search of PubMed, with no date limitations, and used the following search terms (or a combination of terms): atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, benign breast disease, cellular fibroepithelial lesions, columnar cell lesions, complex sclerosing lesion, core needle biopsy, fibroadenomas, flat epithelial atypia, lobular carcinoma in situ, lobular neoplasia, mucocele-like lesions, phyllodes tumor, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, radial scar, and vascular lesions. The selection of references included in this review was based on study relevance and quality. We used additional articles culled from the bibliographies of retrieved articles to examine the published evidence for risk factors of BBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonzetta Neal
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Nicole P Sandhu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karthik Ghosh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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176
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Wahler J, So JY, Kim YC, Liu F, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Inhibition of the transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma by a Gemini vitamin D analog. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:617-26. [PMID: 24691501 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a nonmalignant lesion of the breast with the potential to progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The disappearance and breakdown of the myoepithelial cell layer and basement membrane in DCIS have been identified as major events in the development of breast cancer. The MCF10DCIS.com cell line is a well-established model, which recapitulates the progression of breast cancer from DCIS to IDC. We have previously reported that a novel Gemini vitamin D analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124) is a potent inhibitor of the growth of MCF10DCIS.com xenografted tumors without hypercalcemic toxicity. In this study, we utilized the MCF10DCIS.com in vivo model to assess the effects of BXL0124 on breast cancer progression from weeks 1 to 4. Upon DCIS progression to IDC from weeks 3 to 4, tumors lost the myoepithelial cell layer and basement membrane as shown by immunofluorescence staining with smooth muscle actin and laminin 5, respectively. Administration of BXL0124 maintained the critical myoepithelial cell layer as well as basement membrane, and animals treated with BXL0124 showed a 43% reduction in tumor volume by week 4. BXL0124 treatment decreased cell proliferation and maintained vitamin D receptor levels in tumors. In addition, the BXL0124 treatment reduced the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinases starting at week 3, contributing to the inhibition of invasive transition. Our results suggest that the maintenance of DCIS plays a significant role in the cancer preventive action of the Gemini vitamin D BXL0124 during the progression of breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wahler
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jae Young So
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yeoun Chan Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Fang Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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177
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Hanna S, Khalil B, Nasrallah A, Saykali BA, Sobh R, Nasser S, El-Sibai M. StarD13 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer that regulates cell motility and invasion. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1499-511. [PMID: 24627003 PMCID: PMC4027929 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women around the world. In general, the more aggressive the tumor, the more rapidly it grows and the more likely it metastasizes. Members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (GTPases) play a central role in breast cancer cell motility and metastasis. The switch between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound state is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). We studied the role of StarD13, a recently identified Rho-GAP that specifically inhibits the function of RhoA and Cdc42. We aimed to investigate its role in breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. The levels of expression of this Rho-GAP in tumor tissues of different grades were assayed using immunohistochemistry. We observed that, while the level of StarD13 expression decreases in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues, it increases as the grade of the tumor increased. This was consistent with the fact that although StarD13 was indeed a tumor suppressor in our breast cancer cells, as seen by its effect on cell proliferation, it was needed for cancer cell motility. In fact, StarD13 knockdown resulted in an inhibition of cell motility and cells were not able to detach their tail and move forward. Our study describes, for the first time, a tumor suppressor that plays a positive role in cancer motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hanna
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Bassem Khalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Anita Nasrallah
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Bechara A Saykali
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rania Sobh
- School of Medicine, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Selim Nasser
- School of Medicine, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
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178
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Rea D, Francis A. Breast screening saves lives: now is the time to address overtreatment. J Comp Eff Res 2014; 3:111-3. [PMID: 24645681 DOI: 10.2217/cer.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rea
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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179
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Dieterich M, Hartwig F, Stubert J, Klöcking S, Kundt G, Stengel B, Reimer T, Gerber B. Accompanying DCIS in breast cancer patients with invasive ductal carcinoma is predictive of improved local recurrence-free survival. Breast 2014; 23:346-51. [PMID: 24559611 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) often accompanies invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The presence of co-existing DCIS is postulated to present as a less aggressive phenotype than IDC alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer receiving mastectomy were evaluated. Only patients without adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy were included to decrease treatment bias on local recurrence (LR). RESULTS Of 2239 breast cancer patients, 198 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall LR rate was 11.6%. Tumor stage (p = 0.002), nodal status (pN2 vs. pN0, p = 0.023) and pure IDC compared with IDC-DCIS (p = 0.029) were multivariate independent factors for increased LR risk. Patients with IDC-DCIS were significantly younger (p < 0.001), had smaller tumors (p = 0.001), less lymph node involvement (p = 0.012). The LR rate was significantly increased in patients with pure IDC (p = 0.012). The time to distant metastases was decreased in patients with pure IDC compared with that observed in patients with IDC-DCIS (log rank = 0.030). CONCLUSION Invasive ductal carcinoma accompanied by DCIS is associated with lower LR. The prognostic value of co-existing DCIS in the adjuvant decision-making process may be considered a new independent prognostic marker. This finding needs further studies to evaluate its usefulness in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dieterich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - F Hartwig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Klöcking
- Cancer Registry Rostock, Department of Radiotherapy, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - G Kundt
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Stengel
- Institute for Pathology, Hospital Suedstadt, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Reimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Gerber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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180
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Hartmann LC, Radisky DC, Frost MH, Santen RJ, Vierkant RA, Benetti LL, Tarabishy Y, Ghosh K, Visscher DW, Degnim AC. Understanding the premalignant potential of atypical hyperplasia through its natural history: a longitudinal cohort study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:211-7. [PMID: 24480577 PMCID: PMC4167687 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atypical hyperplasia is a high-risk premalignant lesion of the breast, but its biology is poorly understood. Many believe that atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a direct precursor for low-grade ductal breast cancer, whereas atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) serves as a risk indicator. These assumptions underlie current clinical recommendations. We tested these assumptions by studying the characteristics of the breast cancers that develop in women with ADH or ALH. Using the Mayo Benign Breast Disease Cohort, we identified all women with ADH or ALH from 1967 to 2001 and followed them for later breast cancers, characterizing side of breast cancer versus side of atypia; time to breast cancer; type, histology, and grade of breast cancer, looking for patterns consistent with precursors versus risk indicators. A total of 698 women with atypical hyperplasia were followed a mean of 12.5 years; 143 developed breast cancer. For both ADH and ALH, there is a 2:1 ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral breast cancer. The ipsilateral predominance is marked in the first 5 years, consistent with a precursor phenotype for both ADH and ALH. For both, there is a predominance of invasive ductal cancers with 69% of moderate or high grade. Twenty-five percent are node positive. Both ADH and ALH portend risk for ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancers, predominantly ductal, with two thirds moderate or high grade. The ipsilateral breast is at especially high risk for breast cancer in the first 5 years after atypia, with risk remaining elevated in both breasts long term. ADH and ALH behave similarly in terms of later breast cancer endpoints.
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181
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Verschuur-Maes AHJ, Kornegoor R, de Bruin PC, Oudejans JJ, van Diest PJ. Do columnar cell lesions exist in the male breast? Histopathology 2014; 64:818-25. [PMID: 24267518 DOI: 10.1111/his.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In females, columnar cell lesions (CCLs) have been recognized as putative precursor lesions of low-grade breast cancer, but their role in male breast carcinogenesis is as yet unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed surgical resections from males with breast cancer (n = 89), gynaecomastia (n = 20) and normal breast specimens from autopsies (n = 5) for the presence of CCL. In addition, we performed immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), CK14 and oestrogen receptor alpha (ER). In 19 of 89 resections (two DCIS cases and 17 invasive carcinoma), some individual ducts were found to contain cells with snouts on the luminal border but lacking further typical columnar cell lesion features. We mainly found three-layered ductal epithelium, characteristic for gynaecomastia and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we found a few ducts in male breast cancer sections that were clonally negative for basal cytokeratins. CONCLUSION We found no lesions with convincing CCL morphology at the periphery of invasive male breast cancers, in gynaecomastia or in normal male breast specimens. Although we cannot completely exclude the existence of CCLs in the male breast, these lesions seem to be very uncommon and are therefore unlikely to play a major role in male breast carcinogenesis.
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182
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Chatterjee SJ, McCaffrey L. Emerging role of cell polarity proteins in breast cancer progression and metastasis. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 6:15-27. [PMID: 24648766 PMCID: PMC3929326 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s43764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases that frequently exhibits loss of growth control, and disrupted tissue organization and differentiation. Several recent studies indicate that apical–basal polarity provides a tumor-suppressive function, and that disrupting polarity proteins affects many stages of breast cancer progression from initiation through metastasis. In this review we highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which loss of apical–basal polarity deregulates apoptosis, proliferation, and promotes invasion and metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa June Chatterjee
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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183
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Franca EL, Franca-Botelho ADC, Franca JL, Ferrari CKB, Honorio-Franca AC. Repercussions of breastfeeding by diabetic women for breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:6233-9. [PMID: 24377510 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents a serious health problem. In the diabetic state, alterations in metabolism, increased susceptibility to infections and immunological changes occur. The suppression of the immune response has been identified as a relevant factor that contributes to the increase in the rate of infections in these patients. At the same time, breast cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor in women. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cancer development have revealed that immune cells functionally regulate epithelial cancer development and progression. Breastfeeding has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer. However, early systematic reviews have not yielded consistent findings for this association. The demand for human milk is increasing due to the promotion and consumer acceptance of the health benefits of consuming a natural product rich in bioactive components. However, due to changes in glucose metabolism, the components of the milk from diabetic women are modified depending on the time of evaluation. In this literature review, we summarize important new findings revealing the paradoxical role of breastfeeding in preventing the onset of breast cancer in diabetic mothers. We hypothesized that the milk component production in diabetic mothers is affected by changes in glucose metabolism. Therefore, adequate maternal glycemic control and an adequate duration of breastfeeding for diabetic mothers are crucial to ensure that the immunity components are able to confer protection against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luzia Franca
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil E-mail :
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184
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Caballero OL, Shousha S, Zhao Q, Simpson AJG, Coombes RC, Neville AM. Expression of Cancer/Testis genes in ductal carcinoma in situ and benign lesions of the breast. Oncoscience 2013; 1:14-20. [PMID: 25593980 PMCID: PMC4295763 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer/testis (CT) genes represent a unique class of genes, which are expressed by germ cells, normally silenced in somatic cells, but activated in various cancers. CT proteins can elicit spontaneous immune responses in cancer patients and this feature makes them attractive targets for immunotherapy-based approaches. We have previously reported that CTs are relatively commonly expressed in estrogen receptor (ER) negative, high risk carcinomas. In this study, we examined the expression of selected CT genes in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and benign proliferative lesions of the breast. ER negative DCIS were found to be associated with significant CT gene expression together with HER2 positivity and a marked stromal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavia L Caballero
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sami Shousha
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust & Imperial College, London, Charing Cross Hospital
| | - Qi Zhao
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrew J G Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY., USA.,Current affiliation: Orygen Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust & Imperial College, London, Charing Cross Hospital
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185
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Bartlett JMS, Nofech-Moses S, Rakovitch E. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: can biomarkers improve current management? Clin Chem 2013; 60:60-7. [PMID: 24262106 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.207183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for invasive cancer has led to a marked increase in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). DCIS is, if appropriately managed, a low-risk disease which has a small chance of impacting on patient life expectancy. However, despite significant advances in prognostic marker development in invasive breast cancer, there are no validated diagnostic assays to inform treatment choice for women with DCIS. Therefore we are unable to target effective treatment strategies to women at high risk and avoid over-treatment of women at low risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. Paradoxically, one effect of this uncertainty is undertreatment of some women. CONTENT We review current practice and research in the field to identify key challenges in the management of DCIS. The impact of clinical research, particularly on the over and undertreatment of women with DCIS is assessed. We note slow progress toward development of diagnostic biomarkers and highlight key opportunities to accelerate advances in this area. SUMMARY DCIS is a low-risk disease, its incidence is increasing, and current treatment is effective. However, many women are either over- or undertreated. Despite repeated calls for development of diagnostic biomarkers, progress in this area has been slow, reflecting a relative lack of investment of research effort and funding. Given the low event rate in treated patients and the lateness of recurrences, many previous studies have only limited power to identify independent prognostic and predictive biomarkers. However, the potential for such biomarkers to personalize treatment for DCIS is extremely high.
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186
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Wang B, Zhao B, North P, Kong A, Huang J, Miao QR. Expression of NgBR is highly associated with estrogen receptor alpha and survivin in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78083. [PMID: 24223763 PMCID: PMC3817177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NgBR is a type I receptor with a single transmembrane domain and was identified as a specific receptor for Nogo-B. Our recent findings demonstrated that NgBR binds farnesylated Ras and recruits Ras to the plasma membrane, which is a critical step required for the activation of Ras signaling in human breast cancer cells and tumorigenesis. Here, we first use immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR approaches to examine the expression patterns of Nogo-B and NgBR in both normal and breast tumor tissues. Then, we examine the relationship between NgBR expression and molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and the roles of NgBR in estrogen-dependent survivin signaling pathway. Results showed that NgBR and Nogo-B protein were detected in both normal and breast tumor tissues. However, the expression of Nogo-B and NgBR in breast tumor tissue was much stronger than in normal breast tissue. The statistical analysis demonstrated that NgBR is highly associated with ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. We also found that the expression of NgBR has a strong correlation with the expression of survivin, which is a well-known apoptosis inhibitor. The correlation between NgBR and survivin gene expression was further confirmed by real-time PCR. In vitro results also demonstrated that estradiol induces the expression of survivin in ER-positive T47D breast tumor cells but not in ER-negative MDA-MB-468 breast tumor cells. NgBR knockdown with siRNA abolishes estradiol-induced survivin expression in ER-positive T47D cells but not in ER-negative MDA-MB-468 cells. In addition, estradiol increases the expression of survivin and cell growth in ER-positive MCF-7 and T47D cells whereas knockdown of NgBR with siRNA reduces estradiol-induced survivin expression and cell growth. In summary, these results indicate that NgBR is a new molecular marker for breast cancer. The data suggest that the expression of NgBR may be essential in promoting ER-positive tumor cell proliferation via survivin induction in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paula North
- Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amanda Kong
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (QM)
| | - Qing Robert Miao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (QM)
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187
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Liu NN, Xi Y, Callaghan MU, Fribley A, Moore-Smith L, Zimmerman JW, Pasche B, Zeng Q, Li YL. SMAD4 is a potential prognostic marker in human breast carcinomas. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:641-50. [PMID: 23975369 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD4 is a downstream mediator of transforming growth factor beta. While its tumor suppressor function has been investigated as a prognostic biomarker in several human malignancies, its role as a prognostic marker in breast carcinoma is still undefined. We investigated SMAD4 expression in breast carcinoma samples of different histologic grades to evaluate the association between SMAD4 and outcome in breast cancer. We also investigated the role of SMAD4 expression status in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells in responding to TGF-β stimulation. SMAD4 expression was assessed in 53 breast ductal carcinoma samples and in the surrounding normal tissue from 50 of the samples using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR. TGF-β-SMAD and non-SMAD signaling was assessed by Western blot in MDA-MB-468 cells with and without SMAD4 restoration. SMAD4 expression was reduced in ductal breast carcinoma as compared to surrounding uninvolved ductal breast epithelia (p < 0.05). SMAD4 expression levels decreased from Grade 1 to Grade 3 ductal breast carcinoma as assessed by immunohistochemistry (p < 0.05). Results were recapitulated by tissue array. In addition, immunohistochemistry results were further confirmed at the protein and mRNA level. We then found that non-SMAD MEK/MAPK signaling was significantly different between SMAD4 expressing MDA-MB-468 cells and SMAD4-null MDA-MB-468 cells. This is the first study indicating that SMAD4 plays a key role in shifting MAPK signaling. Further, we have demonstrated that SMAD4 has a potential role in the development of breast carcinoma and SMAD4 was a potential prognostic marker of breast carcinoma. Our findings further support the role of SMAD4 in breast carcinoma development. In addition, we observed an inverse relationship between SMAD4 levels and breast carcinoma histological grade. Our finding indicated that SMAD4 expression level in breast cancer cells played a role in responding non-SMAD signaling but not the canonic SMAD signaling. Further mechanistic studies are necessary to establish the role of SMAD4 in breast carcinoma prognosis and potential specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-nan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China,
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188
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Ke S, Wang W, Qiu X, Zhang F, Yustein JT, Cameron AG, Zhang S, Yu D, Zou C, Gao X, Lin J, Yallampalli S, Li M. Multiple target-specific molecular agents for detection and image analysis of breast cancer characteristics in mice. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:446-58. [PMID: 23331017 PMCID: PMC3636521 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011313030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogenetic tumor at the cellular level with multiple factors and components. The inconsistent expression of molecular markers during disease progression reduces the accuracy of diagnosis and efficacy of target-specific therapy. Single target-specific imaging agents can only provide limited tumor information at one time point. In contrast, multiple target-specific imaging agents can increase the accuracy of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability of multi-agent imaging to discriminate such differences in single tumor. Mice bearing human cancer cell xenografts were tested to determine individual differences under optimal experimental conditions. Neovasculature agent (RGD peptide), tumor stromal agent (matrix metalloproteinase), and tumor cell markers (epidermal growth factor, Her-2, interleukin 11) imaging agents were labeled with reporters. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose was used to evaluate the tumor glucose status. Optical, X-ray, positron emission tomography, and computer tomography imaging modalities were used to determine tumor characteristics. Tumor size and imaging data demonstrated that individual differences exist under optimal experimental conditions. The target-specific agents used in the study bind to human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and xenografts in vivo. The pattern of binding corresponds to that of tumor markers. Multi-agent imaging had complementary effects in tumor detection. Multiple noninvasive imaging agents and modalities are complementary in the interrogation of unique biological information from each individual tumor. Such multi-agent approaches provide methods to study several disease components simultaneously. In addition, the imaging results provide information on disease status at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ke
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM360, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Clinical Significance of HER-2 Splice Variants in Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:973584. [PMID: 23935627 PMCID: PMC3713377 DOI: 10.1155/2013/973584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2) occurs in 20-30% of breast cancers and confers survival and proliferative advantages on the tumour cells making HER-2 an ideal therapeutic target for drugs like Herceptin. Continued delineation of tumour biology has identified splice variants of HER-2, with contrasting roles in tumour cell biology. For example, the splice variant Δ16HER-2 (results from exon 16 skipping) increases transformation of cancer cells and is associated with treatment resistance; conversely, Herstatin (results from intron 8 retention) and p100 (results from intron 15 retention) inhibit tumour cell proliferation. This review focuses on the potential clinical implications of the expression and coexistence of HER-2 splice variants in cancer cells in relation to breast cancer progression and drug resistance. "Individualised" strategies currently guide breast cancer management; in accordance, HER-2 splice variants may prove valuable as future prognostic and predictive factors, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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190
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Feng C, Chen L, Li W, Wang H, Zhang L, Jia X, Miao Z, Qu X, Li W, He W. Identifying grade/stage-related active modules in human co-regulatory networks: a case study for breast cancer. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 16:681-9. [PMID: 23215806 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The histological grade/stage of tumor is widely acknowledged as an important clinical prognostic factor for cancer progression. Recent experimental studies have explored the following two topics at the molecular level: (1) whether or not gene expression levels vary by different degrees among different tumor grades/stages, and (2) whether some well-defined modules could distinguish one grade/stage from another. In this article, using breast cancer as an example, we investigated this topic and identified grade/stage-related active modules under the framework of a weighted network integrated from a human protein interaction network and a transcriptional regulatory network. Our results enabled us to draw the conclusion that the gene expression profile could provide more clues about tumor grade, but reveals less evidence about tumor stage. In addition, we found that our modular biomarker method had additional advantages in identifying some tumor grade/stage-related genes with slightly altered expression. According to our case study, the framework we introduced could be used for other cancers to identify their modules during grading or staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Feng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, China
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191
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Dekker TJA, van de Velde CJH, van Pelt GW, Kroep JR, Julien JP, Smit VTHBM, Tollenaar RAEM, Mesker WE. Prognostic significance of the tumor-stroma ratio: validation study in node-negative premenopausal breast cancer patients from the EORTC perioperative chemotherapy (POP) trial (10854). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139:371-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Age-specific gene expression signatures for breast tumors and cross-species conserved potential cancer progression markers in young women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63204. [PMID: 23704896 PMCID: PMC3660335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer in young women is more aggressive with a poorer prognosis and overall survival compared to older women diagnosed with the disease. Despite recent research, the underlying biology and molecular alterations that drive the aggressive nature of breast tumors associated with breast cancer in young women have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profile and network analyses of breast tumors arising in Middle Eastern women to identify age-specific gene signatures. Moreover, we studied molecular alterations associated with cancer progression in young women using cross-species comparative genomics approach coupled with copy number alterations (CNA) associated with breast cancers from independent studies. We identified 63 genes specific to tumors in young women that showed alterations distinct from two age cohorts of older women. The network analyses revealed potential critical regulatory roles for Myc, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and IL-1 in disease characteristics of breast tumors arising in young women. Cross-species comparative genomics analysis of progression from pre-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) revealed 16 genes with concomitant genomic alterations, CCNB2, UBE2C, TOP2A, CEP55, TPX2, BIRC5, KIAA0101, SHCBP1, UBE2T, PTTG1, NUSAP1, DEPDC1, HELLS, CCNB1, KIF4A, and RRM2, that may be involved in tumorigenesis and in the processes of invasion and progression of disease. Array findings were validated using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and extensive in silico analyses of independently performed microarray datasets. To our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive genomic analysis of breast cancer in Middle Eastern women in age-specific cohorts and potential markers for cancer progression in young women. Our data demonstrate that cancer appearing in young women contain distinct biological characteristics and deregulated signaling pathways. Moreover, our integrative genomic and cross-species analysis may provide robust biomarkers for the detection of disease progression in young women, and lead to more effective treatment strategies.
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193
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Winzer KJ, Bellach J, Hufnagl P. Long-term analysis to objectify the tumour grading by means of automated microscopic image analysis of the nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in the case of breast carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:56. [PMID: 23566354 PMCID: PMC3640910 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apart from a number of cases of inaccurate prognosis in regard to individual patients, the inter- and intra-observer variability of the classical, histological prognosis parameters have been under repeated discussion. For this reason, a long-term analysis was carried out in regard to overall survival by means of automated microscopic image analysis of the nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) to objectify tumour grading in the case of breast carcinoma. This consists of a selective representation of argyrophilic proteins that are associated with the nucleolus organising regions. Methods The evaluation included 244 female patients with an average age of 59.3 years. The characterisation of the histological sections was carried out on the basis of the AMBA/R system. With this software the histometric characterisation level was evaluated in terms of the nucleolus organizer regions. The post-observation data were obtained from the clinical register and were complemented by mortality data from the cancer registers and by data supplied by the residents’ registration office of Berlin. Results The average post-observation period was 106.6 months. With the Cox-Regression the influence of the co-variables (conventional prognosis parameters and AgNOR parameters) were examined. In the model, only the parameters pN, G and various AgNOR parameters remain present. Conclusion There is a strong correlation between survival and selected AgNOR parameters. These could replace the conventional grading as the standard measure for the mitosis rate together with the pleomorphism level. Instead of the-time consuming AMBA/R system originally used, a new implementation of AgNOR quantification with modern VM systems could be applied. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1449591192859058.
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Newburger DE, Kashef-Haghighi D, Weng Z, Salari R, Sweeney RT, Brunner AL, Zhu SX, Guo X, Varma S, Troxell ML, West RB, Batzoglou S, Sidow A. Genome evolution during progression to breast cancer. Genome Res 2013; 23:1097-108. [PMID: 23568837 PMCID: PMC3698503 DOI: 10.1101/gr.151670.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer evolution involves cycles of genomic damage, epigenetic deregulation, and increased cellular proliferation that eventually culminate in the carcinoma phenotype. Early neoplasias, which are often found concurrently with carcinomas and are histologically distinguishable from normal breast tissue, are less advanced in phenotype than carcinomas and are thought to represent precursor stages. To elucidate their role in cancer evolution we performed comparative whole-genome sequencing of early neoplasias, matched normal tissue, and carcinomas from six patients, for a total of 31 samples. By using somatic mutations as lineage markers we built trees that relate the tissue samples within each patient. On the basis of these lineage trees we inferred the order, timing, and rates of genomic events. In four out of six cases, an early neoplasia and the carcinoma share a mutated common ancestor with recurring aneuploidies, and in all six cases evolution accelerated in the carcinoma lineage. Transition spectra of somatic mutations are stable and consistent across cases, suggesting that accumulation of somatic mutations is a result of increased ancestral cell division rather than specific mutational mechanisms. In contrast to highly advanced tumors that are the focus of much of the current cancer genome sequencing, neither the early neoplasia genomes nor the carcinomas are enriched with potentially functional somatic point mutations. Aneuploidies that occur in common ancestors of neoplastic and tumor cells are the earliest events that affect a large number of genes and may predispose breast tissue to eventual development of invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Newburger
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Currie MJ, Beardsley BE, Harris GC, Gunningham SP, Dachs GU, Dijkstra B, Morrin HR, Wells JE, Robinson BA. Immunohistochemical analysis of cancer stem cell markers in invasive breast carcinoma and associated ductal carcinoma in situ: relationships with markers of tumor hypoxia and microvascularity. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:402-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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196
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Putative circulating markers of the early and advanced stages of breast cancer identified by high-resolution label-free proteomics. Cancer Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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197
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Otto B, Streichert T, Wegwitz F, Gevensleben H, Klätschke K, Wagener C, Deppert W, Tolstonog GV. Transcription factors link mouse WAP-T mammary tumors with human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1311-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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198
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Zhang JX, Huang XX, Cai MB, Tong ZT, Chen JW, Qian D, Liao YJ, Deng HX, Liao DZ, Huang MY, Zeng YX, Xie D, Mai SJ. Overexpression of the secretory small GTPase Rab27B in human breast cancer correlates closely with lymph node metastasis and predicts poor prognosis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:242. [PMID: 23217148 PMCID: PMC3539959 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secretory small GTPase Rab27b was recently identified as an oncogene in breast cancer (BC) in vivo and in vitro studies. This research was designed to further explore the clinical and prognostic significance of Rab27B in BC patients. METHODS The mRNA/protein expression level of Rab27B was examined by performing Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays in 12 paired BC tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues (NAT). Then we carried out IHC assay in a large cohort of 221 invasive BC tissues, 22 normal breast tissues, 40 fibroadenoma (FA), 30 ductual carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 40 metastatic lymph nodes (LNs). The receiver operating characteristic curve method was applied to obtain the optimal cutoff value for high Rab27B expression. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression levels were detected in relation to Rab27B expression. RESULTS We observed that the increased expression of Rab27B was dependent upon the magnitude of cancer progression (P < 0.001). The elevated expression of Rab27B was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis, advanced clinical stage, ascending pathology classification, and positive ER status. Furthermore, patients with high expression of Rab27B had inferior survival outcomes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis proved that Rab27B was a significantly independent risk factor for patients' survival (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was observed between Rab27B expression and elevated mesenchymal EMT markers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that overexpression of Rab27B in BC coincides with lymph node metastasis and acquisition of a poor prognostic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Allison KH. Molecular pathology of breast cancer: what a pathologist needs to know. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138:770-80. [PMID: 23161709 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpiv9iq1mrqmoo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologists are now more than ever "diagnostic oncologists" and serve a critical role as clinical consultants on the biology of disease. In the last decade and a half, molecular information has transformed our thinking about the biologic diversity of breast cancers and redirected the way clinical treatment decisions are made. A basic understanding of the current molecular classification of breast cancers and the biologic pathways from precursors to invasive disease is key to both informing diagnostic practice and serving as clinical consultants. In addition, both single-marker and panel-based molecular tests are currently being utilized in breast cancer tissue to predict the benefit of specific therapies such as HER2-targeted biologic therapy and chemotherapy. Familiarity with the current issues involving these molecular tests as well as the pathologist's role in ensuring appropriate tissue handling, tissue selection, and results interpretation and correlation are paramount to providing optimal patient care.
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200
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Brachtel E. Molecular Pathology of the Breast. Surg Pathol Clin 2012; 5:793-819. [PMID: 26838504 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Information focuses on molecular pathology of breast cancer. Presented are clinical features of breast cancer, detailed discussion of histology and molecular pathology for invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, other subtypes of invasive breast cancer, and breast cancer progression and precursors. Phenotypes and genotypes of breast cancer are presented, along with the role of biomarkers, gene profiling, and hormone receptors. Targeted therapies and prognostic indicators are presented with practical applications of molecular pathology for the surgical pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brachtel
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, WRN2, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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