151
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Lucock M, Thota R, Garg M, Martin C, Jones P, Furst J, Yates Z, Jablonski NG, Chaplin G, Veysey M, Sutherland JM, Beckett E. Vitamin D and folate: A reciprocal environmental association based on seasonality and genetic disposition. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23166. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah New South Wales Australia
| | - Rohith Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Group University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Manohar Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Group University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Charlotte Martin
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah New South Wales Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah New South Wales Australia
| | - John Furst
- Maths & Physical Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah New South Wales Australia
| | - Zoe Yates
- Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Nina G. Jablonski
- Anthropology Department The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | - George Chaplin
- Anthropology Department The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jessie M. Sutherland
- Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Emma Beckett
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah New South Wales Australia
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152
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Swope VB, Abdel-Malek ZA. MC1R: Front and Center in the Bright Side of Dark Eumelanin and DNA Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2667. [PMID: 30205559 PMCID: PMC6163888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin, the pigment produced by specialized cells, melanocytes, is responsible for skin and hair color. Skin pigmentation is an important protective mechanism against the DNA damaging and mutagenic effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). It is acknowledged that exposure to UV is the main etiological environmental factor for all forms of skin cancer, including melanoma. DNA repair capacity is another major factor that determines the risk for skin cancer. Human melanocytes synthesize eumelanin, the dark brown form of melanin, as well as pheomelanin, which is reddish-yellow in color. The relative rates of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis by melanocytes determine skin color and the sensitivity of skin to the drastic effects of solar UV. Understanding the complex regulation of melanocyte function and how it responds to solar UV has a huge impact on developing novel photoprotective strategies to prevent skin cancer, particularly melanoma, the most fatal form, which originates from melanocytes. This review provides an overview of the known differences in the photoprotective effects of eumelanin versus pheomelanin, how these two forms of melanin are regulated genetically and biochemically, and their impact on the DNA damaging effects of UV exposure. Additionally, this review briefly discusses the role of paracrine factors, focusing on α-melanocortin (α-melanocyte stimulating hormone; α-MSH), in regulating melanogenesis and the response of melanocytes to UV, and describes a chemoprevention strategy based on targeting the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) by analogs of its physiological agonist α-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki B Swope
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Zalfa A Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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153
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Del Bino S, Duval C, Bernerd F. Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092668. [PMID: 30205563 PMCID: PMC6163216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Del Bino
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Christine Duval
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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154
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Laidley T, Conley D. The Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Weather. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2018; 97:129-156. [PMID: 33487761 PMCID: PMC7818803 DOI: 10.1093/sf/soy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leisure time activity is often positioned as a key factor in child development, yet we know relatively little about the causal significance of various specific activities or the magnitude of their effects. Here, we couple individual fixed effects and instrumental variable approaches in trying to determine whether specific forms of leisure contribute to gains in test performance over time. We merge a restricted access version of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Child Development Supplement (CDS), longitudinally collected from 1997 to 2007, with a database of over three million county-day observations of sunlight. We use this proxy for weather to instrument for the variation in physical, outdoor, sedentary, and screen time behaviors based on CDS time diaries. We find evidence that physical and outdoor activity positively influence math performance, while sedentary behavior and screen time exhibit the opposite effect. Moreover, the effect sizes range from a quarter to three quarters of a standard deviation per additional daily hour of activity, rendering them meaningful in a real world sense. Our stratified results indicate that children from less educated mothers and girls seem to be most sensitive to the effects of active and passive forms of leisure. We conclude with a descriptive examination of the trend lines between our data and the new 2014 CDS cohort, providing relevant contemporary context for our findings.
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155
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Wolf ST, Stanhewicz AE, Jablonski NG, Kenney WL. Acute ultraviolet radiation exposure attenuates nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in the cutaneous microvasculature of healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1232-1237. [PMID: 30138076 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00501.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is important for nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cutaneous microvascular vasodilation. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation may deplete 5-MTHF, either directly or via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreasing NO-mediated vasodilation. We hypothesized that 1) acute UVB exposure would attenuate NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation, 2) local perfusion of 5-MTHF or ascorbate (ASC; anti-oxidant) would augment NO-dependent vasodilation after UVB, and 3) darker skin pigmentation would be UVB-protective. Three intradermal microdialysis fibers placed in each forearm of 21 healthy young adults (23±1 yr; 8M/13F) locally delivered lactated Ringer's (control), 5mM 5-MTHF, or 10mM ASC. One arm was UVB-exposed (300mJ/cm2), the other served as non-exposed control (CON). Following UVB exposure, a standardized local heating (42˚C) protocol induced cutaneous vasodilation. After attaining a plateau blood flow, 15mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; nitric oxide synthase inhibiter) was infused at all sites to quantify the NO contribution. Red cell flux was measured at each site by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC=LDF/MAP) was expressed as a percentage of maximum (%CVCmax; 28mM sodium nitroprusside+43°C). UVB attenuated NO-mediated vasodilation compared to CON (23.1±3.6 vs 33.9±3.4 %; p=0.001). Delivery of 5-MTHF or ASC improved NO-mediated vasodilation versus lactated Ringer's in the UVB-exposed arm (MTHF: 30.1±4.8 vs 23.1±3.8 %; p=0.03; ASC: 30.9±4.3 vs 23.1±3.8 %; p=0.02). Neither treatment affected the response in the non-exposed arm (p≥0.09). Skin pigmentation (M-index) was not predictive of the UVB response (p≥0.34). These data suggest that acute UVB exposure attenuates NO-mediated vasodilation via direct and/or ROS-induced reductions in 5-MTHF, independent of skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tony Wolf
- Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Anna E Stanhewicz
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | | | - W Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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156
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King G, Moolchan ET, Bendel RB, Yerger VB. Tanning Capacity and Nicotine Dependence Among African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:358-366. [PMID: 30126561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings suggest a link between facultative melanin and nicotine dependence among African Americans. We hypothesized that tanning capacity is associated with the time to first cigarette (TTFC) of the day. METHODS Using a criterion based sample of 150 adult African American current smokers, reflectometer measures of constitutive and facultative melanin, tanning capacity, smoking status and history, saliva cotinine, sociodemographic characteristics, and stress and discrimination scales were recorded. TTFC was categorized as: 1) within the first 5 min versus more than 5 min; and 2) within the first 30 min versus more than 30 min. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS Analysis revealed significantly higher tanning capacity among individuals who smoked their first cigarette of the day within the first 5 min of awakening (13.5) than among those who smoked after 5 min (10.3, p = 0.01) and among those who smoked within the first 30 min (12.8 vs. 9.6, p = 0.03) compared to those who initiated after this time point. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that tanning capacity was significantly and positively related (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.22) to TTFC within the first 5 min and was also significantly related to TTFC within the first 30 min (OR = 1.13, CI = 1.03-1.23). CONCLUSION Tanning capacity was positively associated with a behavioral measure of nicotine dependence among African American smokers. This association was consistent whether comparing smokers at higher or lower levels of dependence. Future research should examine tanning capacity and other indicators of melanin content with smoking cessation rates and tobacco-attributable health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary King
- Department of Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | | | - Robert B Bendel
- School of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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157
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Mays S, Prowse T, George M, Brickley M. Latitude, urbanization, age, and sex as risk factors for vitamin D deficiency disease in the Roman Empire. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:484-496. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mays
- Research Department; Historic England; Portsmouth United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - T. Prowse
- Department of Anthropology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - M. George
- Department of Classics; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - M. Brickley
- Department of Anthropology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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158
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Iliescu FM, Chaplin G, Rai N, Jacobs GS, Basu Mallick C, Mishra A, Thangaraj K, Jablonski NG. The influences of genes, the environment, and social factors on the evolution of skin color diversity in India. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23170. [PMID: 30099804 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin color is a highly visible and variable trait across human populations. It is not yet clear how evolutionary forces interact to generate phenotypic diversity. Here, we sought to unravel through an integrative framework the role played by three factors-demography and migration, sexual selection, and natural selection-in driving skin color diversity in India. METHODS Skin reflectance data were collected from 10 diverse socio-cultural populations along the latitudinal expanse of India, including both sexes. We first looked at how skin color varies within and between these populations. Second, we compared patterns of sexual dimorphism in skin color. Third, we studied the influence of ultraviolet radiation on skin color throughout India. Finally, we attempted to disentangle the interactions between these factors in the context of available genetic data. RESULTS We found that the relative importance of these forces varied between populations. Social factors and population structure have played a stronger role than natural selection in shaping skin color diversity across India. Phenotypic overprinting resulted from additional genetic mutations overriding the skin lightening effect of variants such as the SLC24A5 rs1426654-A allele in some populations, in the context of the variable influence of sexual selection. Furthermore, specific genotypes are not associated reliably with specific skin color phenotypes. This result has relevance for DNA forensics and ancient DNA research. CONCLUSIONS India is a crucible of macro- and micro-evolutionary forces, and the complex interactions of physical and social forces are visible in the patterns of skin color seen today in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Mircea Iliescu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas - CIIR, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Guy S Jacobs
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia.,The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
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159
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Abstract
The skin is the first line of defense against the environment, with the epidermis as the outermost tissue providing much of the barrier function. Given its direct exposure to and encounters with the environment, the epidermis must evolve to provide an optimal barrier for the survival of an organism. Recent advances in genomics have identified a number of genes for the human skin barrier that have undergone evolutionary changes since humans diverged from chimpanzees. Here, we highlight a selection of key and innovative genetic findings for skin barrier evolution in our divergence from our primate ancestors and among modern human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Brettmann
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cristina de Guzman Strong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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160
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Thompson MJW, Jones G, Aitken DA. Constitutive melanin density is associated with higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D and potentially total body BMD in older Caucasian adults via increased sun tolerance and exposure. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:1887-1895. [PMID: 29858632 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Greater skin pigmentation reduces dose equivalent cutaneous vitamin D3 production, potentially impacting lifetime vitamin D status and fracture risk. We show that melanin density was positively associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D and total body bone mineral density. These relationships were partially explained by greater sun exposure due to more permissive skin phenotype. INTRODUCTION Higher cutaneous melanin reduces vitamin D3 production. This may impact lifetime vitamin D status and increase fracture risk. This study aimed to describe the relationship between spectrophotometrically determined constitutive melanin density, osteoporotic risk factors and potential intermediaries in a cohort of exclusively older Caucasian adults. METHODS One thousand seventy-two community-dwelling adults aged 50-80 years had constitutive melanin density quantified using spectrophotometry. Sun exposure, skin phenotype, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) prevalence and smoking status were assessed by questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD), falls risk, physical activity and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured using DXA, the short form Physiological Profile Assessment, pedometer and radioimmunoassay, respectively. RESULTS Higher melanin density was independently associated with greater ability to tan (RR = 1.27, p < 0.001), less propensity to sunburn (RR = 0.92, p < 0.001), fewer lifetime sunburns (RR = 0.94, p = 0.01), current smoking (RR = 1.41, p < 0.001), female sex (RR = 1.24, p < 0.001) and less photodamage (RR = 0.98, p = 0.01). The associations between melanin density and sun exposure (RR = 1.05-1.11, p < 0.001-0.01), sun protection behaviours (RR = 0.89, p < 0.001) and NMSC prevalence (RR = 0.75, p = 0.001) were no longer significant after taking into account skin phenotype and sun exposure, respectively. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was strongly associated with higher melanin density (β = 1.71-2.05, p = 0.001). The association between melanin density and total body BMD (β = 0.007, p = 0.04) became non-significant after adjustment for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. There was no association between melanin density and physical activity, falls risk or BMD at other sites. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a model of higher constitutive melanin density underpinning a less photosensitive skin phenotype, permitting greater sun exposure with fewer sequelae and yielding higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D and, potentially, total body BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J W Thompson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
| | - G Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - D A Aitken
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
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161
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Fabricant SA, Burdfield-Steel ER, Umbers K, Lowe EC, Herberstein ME. Warning signal plasticity in hibiscus harlequin bugs. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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162
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Guo J, Tao H, Li P, Li L, Zhong T, Wang L, Ma J, Chen X, Song T, Zhang H. Whole-genome sequencing reveals selection signatures associated with important traits in six goat breeds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10405. [PMID: 29991772 PMCID: PMC6039503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative population genomics analysis is an effective approach to identify selection signatures in farm animals. In this study, we systematically investigated the selection signatures in six phenotypically diverse goat breeds using SNPs obtained from pooled whole-genome resequencing data. More than 95.5% of 446–642 million clean reads were mapped to the latest reference goat genome, which generated a sequencing depth ranging from 22.30 to 31.75-fold for each breed. A total of 5,802,307, 6,794,020, 7,562,312, 5,325,119, 8,764,136, and 9,488,057 putative SNPs were detected in Boer, Meigu, Jintang Black, Nanjiang Yellow, Tibetan, and Tibetan cashmere goats, respectively. Based on the genome-wide FST and expected heterozygosity scores along 100-kb sliding windows, 68, 89, 44, 44, 19, and 35 outlier windows were deemed as the selection signatures in the six goat breeds. After genome annotation, several genes within the selection signals were found to be possibly associated with important traits in goats, such as coat color (IRF4, EXOC2, RALY, EIF2S2, and KITLG), high-altitude adaptation (EPAS1), growth (LDB2), and reproduction traits (KHDRBS2). In summary, we provide an improved understanding of the genetic diversity and the genomic footprints under positive selection or the adaptations to the local environments in the domestic goat genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Haixi Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China
| | - Jinying Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Tianzeng Song
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850009, China.
| | - Hongping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Postcode 611130, China.
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163
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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164
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Chang DHF, Cheang YY, So M. Contextual Effects in Face Lightness Perception Are Not Expertise-Dependent. Vision (Basel) 2018; 2:vision2020023. [PMID: 31735887 PMCID: PMC6835342 DOI: 10.3390/vision2020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightness judgments of face stimuli are context-dependent (i.e., judgments of face lightness are influenced by race classification). Here, we tested whether contextual effects in face lightness perception are modulated by expertise, exploiting well-known other race effects in face perception. We used a lightness-matching paradigm where Chinese and White observers were asked to adjust the lightness of a variable face to match that of a standard face. The context (i.e., race category) of the two faces could be the same or different. Our data indicated that both groups had the smallest matching errors in same-context trials, for which errors did not vary across different racial categories. For cross-context trials, observers made the largest (negative) errors when the reference face was Black, as compared to Chinese and White references, for which matching errors were no different from zero or trended positively. Critically, this pattern was similar for both groups. We suggest that contextual influences in lightness perception are unlikely to be guided by classical mechanisms that drive face perception. We instead speculate that such influences manifest in terms of an interaction between race assumptions (e.g., expected surface reflectance patterns) and traditional mechanisms for reflectance computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorita H. F. Chang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yin Yan Cheang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May So
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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165
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Abstract
Genetic differences between species and within populations are two sides of the same coin under the neutral theory of molecular evolution. This theory posits that a vast majority of evolutionary substitutions, which appear as differences between species, are (nearly) neutral, that is, these substitutions are permitted without a significantly adverse impact on a species' survival. We refer to them as evolutionarily permissible (ePerm) variation. Evolutionary permissibility of any possible variant can be inferred from multispecies sequence alignments by applying sophisticated statistical methods to the evolutionary tree of species. Here, we explore the evolutionary permissibility of amino acid variants associated with genetic diseases and those observed in personal exomes. Consistent with the predictions of the neutral theory, disease associated amino acid variants are rarely ePerm, much more biochemically radical, and found predominantly at more conserved positions than their non-disease counterparts. Only 10% of amino acid mutations are ePerm, but these variants rise to become two-thirds of all substitutions in the human lineage (a 6-fold enrichment). In contrast, only a minority of the variants in a personal exome are ePerm, a seemingly counterintuitive pattern that results from a combination of mutational and evolutionary processes that are, in fact, broadly consistent with the neutral theory. Evolutionarily forbidden variants outnumber detrimental variants in individual exomes and may play an underappreciated role in protecting against disease. We discuss these observations and conclude that the long-term evolutionary history of species can illuminate functional biomedical properties of variation present in personal exomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Excellence in Genome Medicine and Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Patel
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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166
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Gokcumen O. The Year In Genetic Anthropology: New Lands, New Technologies, New Questions. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Buffalo NY 14260 USA
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167
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Visconti A, Duffy DL, Liu F, Zhu G, Wu W, Chen Y, Hysi PG, Zeng C, Sanna M, Iles MM, Kanetsky PA, Demenais F, Hamer MA, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Nijsten T, Martin NG, Kayser M, Spector TD, Han J, Bataille V, Falchi M. Genome-wide association study in 176,678 Europeans reveals genetic loci for tanning response to sun exposure. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1684. [PMID: 29739929 PMCID: PMC5940788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin’s tendency to sunburn rather than tan is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Here we report a large genome-wide association study of ease of skin tanning in 176,678 subjects of European ancestry. We identify significant association with tanning ability at 20 loci. We confirm previously identified associations at six of these loci, and report 14 novel loci, of which ten have never been associated with pigmentation-related phenotypes. Our results also suggest that variants at the AHR/AGR3 locus, previously associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma the underlying mechanism of which is poorly understood, might act on disease risk through modulation of tanning ability. The skin’s tanning response to sun exposure shows great interindividual variability. Here, Visconti et al. perform a genome-wide association study for ease of skin tanning and identify 20 genetic loci, ten of which had not previously been associated with pigmentation-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Marianna Sanna
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, UMR 946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, 75010, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75010, France
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, HP2 4AD, UK
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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168
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Hysi PG, Valdes AM, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Bataille V, Visconti A, Hemani G, McMahon G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Lin BD, Willemsen G, Jan Hottenga J, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Gandin I, Sala C, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Chen Y, Zeng C, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Mackey DA, Falchi M, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Hinds DA, Kayser M, Spector TD. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Nat Genet 2018; 50:652-656. [PMID: 29662168 PMCID: PMC5935237 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair color is one of the most recognizable visual traits in European populations and is under strong genetic control. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of almost 300,000 participants of European descent. We identified 123 autosomal and one X-chromosome loci significantly associated with hair color; all but 13 are novel. Collectively, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with hair color within these loci explain 34.6% of red hair, 24.8% of blond hair, and 26.1% of black hair heritability in the study populations. These results confirm the polygenic nature of complex phenotypes and improve our understanding of melanin pigment metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Alessia Visconti
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Faffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mario Falchi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Timothy D Spector
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.
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169
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The Vitamin D⁻Folate Hypothesis as an Evolutionary Model for Skin Pigmentation: An Update and Integration of Current Ideas. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050554. [PMID: 29710859 PMCID: PMC5986434 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is unique in being generated in our skin following ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Ongoing research into vitamin D must therefore always consider the influence of UVR on vitamin D processes. The close relationship between vitamin D and UVR forms the basis of the “vitamin D–folate hypothesis”, a popular theory for why human skin colour has evolved as an apparent adaption to UVR environments. Vitamin D and folate have disparate sensitivities to UVR; whilst vitamin D may be synthesised following UVR exposure, folate may be degraded. The vitamin D–folate hypothesis proposes that skin pigmentation has evolved as a balancing mechanism, maintaining levels of these vitamins. There are several alternative theories that counter the vitamin D–folate hypothesis. However, there is significant overlap between these theories and the now known actions of vitamin D and folate in the skin. The focus of this review is to present an update on the vitamin D–folate hypothesis by integrating these current theories and discussing new evidence that supports associations between vitamin D and folate genetics, UVR, and skin pigmentation. In light of recent human migrations and seasonality in disease, the need for ongoing research into potential UVR-responsive processes within the body is also discussed.
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170
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Lucock M, Jones P, Martin C, Yates Z, Veysey M, Furst J, Beckett E. Photobiology of vitamins. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:512-525. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlotte Martin
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe Yates
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Veysey
- Hull-York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - John Furst
- School of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Beckett
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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171
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Zhang XT, Wei KJ, Chen YY, Shi ZC, Liu LK, Li J, Zhang GR, Ji W. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tyr and tyrp1 genes in normal and albino yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:979-998. [PMID: 29460483 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The full-length complementary DNA of two genes related to vertebrate albinism, the tyrosinase gene tyr and tyrosinase-related protein 1 gene tyrp1, were cloned and analysed from normal and albino yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. The open reading frames (ORF) of tyr and tyrp1 encode putative peptides of 533 and 526 amino acids (amino-acid), both of which possess two conserved copper binding sites. The homologous identities of deduced amino-acid sequences showed that both Tyr and Tyrp1 of T. fulvidraco share considerable similarity with that of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Both tyr and tyrp1 were expressed in a wide range of adult tissues. Tyr gene had the highest expression level in the brain of both normal and albino T. fulvidraco. Tyrp1 had the highest expression level in the skin of normal groups, and the fin of albino groups. The messenger (m)RNA expressions of tyr and tyrp1 were detectable at different early developmental stages and varied with embryonic and larval growth. Tyr and tyrp1 mRNA have obvious tissue specificity both in normal and albino T. fulvidraco and higher expression levels were detected in the normal group revealing that tyr and tyrp1 may have an important role in pigmentation. These results will provide useful data for understanding the molecular mechanism of melanin formation and the occurrence of albinism in T. fulvidraco.
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Affiliation(s)
- X T Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - K J Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Y Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Z C Shi
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, China
| | - L K Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - G R Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - W Ji
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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172
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Abstract
The haplotypes of a beneficial allele carry information about its history that can shed light on its age and the putative cause for its increase in frequency. Specifically, the signature of an allele's age is contained in the pattern of variation that mutation and recombination impose on its haplotypic background. We provide a method to exploit this pattern and infer the time to the common ancestor of a positively selected allele following a rapid increase in frequency. We do so using a hidden Markov model which leverages the length distribution of the shared ancestral haplotype, the accumulation of derived mutations on the ancestral background, and the surrounding background haplotype diversity. Using simulations, we demonstrate how the inclusion of information from both mutation and recombination events increases accuracy relative to approaches that only consider a single type of event. We also show the behavior of the estimator in cases where data do not conform to model assumptions, and provide some diagnostics for assessing and improving inference. Using the method, we analyze population-specific patterns in the 1000 Genomes Project data to estimate the timing of adaptation for several variants which show evidence of recent selection and functional relevance to diet, skin pigmentation, and morphology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Graham Coop
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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173
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Rowland HM, Burriss RP. Human colour in mate choice and competition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0350. [PMID: 28533465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert P Burriss
- Faculty of Psychology, Basel University, Basel 4055, Switzerland
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174
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Best A, Kamilar JM. The evolution of eccrine sweat glands in human and nonhuman primates. J Hum Evol 2018; 117:33-43. [PMID: 29544622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sweating is an unusual thermoregulatory strategy for most mammals, yet is critical for humans. This trait is commonly hypothesized to result from human ancestors moving from a forest to a warmer and drier open environment. As soft tissue traits do not typically fossilize, this idea has been difficult to test. Therefore, we used a comparative approach to examine 15 eccrine gland traits from 35 primate species. For each trait we measured phylogenetic signal, tested three evolutionary models to explain trait variation, and used phylogenetic models to examine how traits varied in response to climate variables. Phylogenetic signal in traits varied substantially, with the two traits exhibiting the highest values being gland distribution on the body and percent eccrine vs. apocrine glands on the body. Variation in most traits was best explained by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model suggesting the importance of natural selection. Two traits were strongly predicted by climate. First, species with high eccrine gland glycogen content were associated with habitats exhibiting warm temperatures and low rainfall. Second, species with increased capillarization were associated with high temperature. Glycogen is a primary energy substrate powering sweat production and sodium reabsorption in the eccrine gland, and increased capillarization permits greater oxygen, glucose and electrolyte delivery. Thus, our results are evidence of natural selection for increased sweating capacity in primate species with body surface eccrine glands living in hot and dry climates. We suggest that selection for increased glycogen content and capillarization may have been part of initial increases in hominin thermoregulatory sweating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Best
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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175
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Abstract
GWAS analyses for skin colour performed on a series of diverse African groups reveal new loci involved in this phenotype and, surprisingly, the presence within several African populations of the "light" allele of the SLC24A5 gene at significant frequency. This underlines the complexity of skin colour genetics and the interest of studying a wide range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Jordan
- UMR 7268 ADÉS, Aix-Marseille, Université/EFS/CNRS; CoReBio PACA, case 901, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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176
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Dalrymple RL, Flores‐Moreno H, Kemp DJ, White TE, Laffan SW, Hemmings FA, Hitchcock TD, Moles AT. Abiotic and biotic predictors of macroecological patterns in bird and butterfly coloration. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L. Dalrymple
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Habacuc Flores‐Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108USA
| | - Darrell J. Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Macquarie University North Ryde, Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Thomas E. White
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Macquarie University North Ryde, Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Shawn W. Laffan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Frank A. Hemmings
- John T. Waterhouse Herbarium School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Timothy D. Hitchcock
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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177
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Safadi RA, Shaweesh AI, Hamasha AA, Azzam R, Alazzam MF, Devang Divakar D. The significance of age group, gender and skin complexion in relation to the clinical distribution of developmental oral mucosal alterations in 5-13 year-old children. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2017; 119:122-128. [PMID: 29246755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the relationship and impact of age group, gender and skin complexion on the prevalence and clinical distribution of oral mucosal alterations of developmental origin (OMA-DO) among school children aged 5-13 years. METHODS A randomized representative national survey of Jordanian school children including all Country geographic areas was performed. Cut-off age that significantly correlated with presence and distribution of OMA-DO was identified (ROC curve). Skin complexion was classified into light/fair, intermediate/tan, dark/brown based on skin complexion index. Chi square test with P value≤0.05 was used for significance of correlations. RESULTS Two thousand two hundred and fifty one children were clinically examined. The average age that significantly correlated with prevalence and distribution of OMA-DO was 9.9 years. Female gender was significantly correlated with four OMA-DO: leukoedema (L), linea Alba (LA), Fordyce's granules (FG), commissural lip pits (CLP) and wider distribution of racial pigmentations (RP) (P<0.05, χ2 test). Older age group (9.9-13 years) was significantly correlated with 7 OMA-DO: L, LA, FG, frenal tag, CLP, mandibular and maxillary tori (MT) as well as wider clinical distribution of RP, FG, L (P<0.05 χ2 test). Dark skin complexion significantly correlated with 5 OMA-DO: L, LA, FG, RP, MT and wider clinical distribution of RP (P<0.02, χ2 test). CONCLUSIONS Increased prevalence and wider clinical distribution of OMA-DO are significantly associated with older age group of 9.9-13 years, female gender, and dark skin complexion. Oral health care provides are encouraged to be familiar with these correlations. This knowledge is expected to improve OMA-DO diagnosis and clinical management. Continuous education programs in this field are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Safadi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - A I Shaweesh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
| | - A A Hamasha
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
| | - R Azzam
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
| | - M F Alazzam
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
| | - D Devang Divakar
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wusigale, Fang Z, Hu L, Gao Y, Li J, Liang L. Protection of resveratrol against the photodecomposition of folic acid and photodecomposition-induced structural change of beta-lactoglobulin. Food Res Int 2017; 102:435-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Jones P, Lucock M, Veysey M, Jablonski N, Chaplin G, Beckett E. Frequency of folate-related polymorphisms varies by skin pigmentation. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Jones
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Martin Veysey
- Hull-York Medical School; University of York; Heslington York UK
| | - Nina Jablonski
- Anthropology Department; The Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania
| | - George Chaplin
- Anthropology Department; The Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Beckett
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
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180
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Crawford NG, Kelly DE, Hansen MEB, Beltrame MH, Fan S, Bowman SL, Jewett E, Ranciaro A, Thompson S, Lo Y, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Campbell MC, Beggs W, Hormozdiari F, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Nyambo T, Meskel DW, Belay G, Haut J, Rothschild H, Zon L, Zhou Y, Kovacs MA, Xu M, Zhang T, Bishop K, Sinclair J, Rivas C, Elliot E, Choi J, Li SA, Hicks B, Burgess S, Abnet C, Watkins-Chow DE, Oceana E, Song YS, Eskin E, Brown KM, Marks MS, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ, Yeager M, Chanock S, Tishkoff SA. Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations. Science 2017; 358:eaan8433. [PMID: 29025994 PMCID: PMC5759959 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide range of skin pigmentation in humans, little is known about its genetic basis in global populations. Examining ethnically diverse African genomes, we identify variants in or near SLC24A5, MFSD12, DDB1, TMEM138, OCA2, and HERC2 that are significantly associated with skin pigmentation. Genetic evidence indicates that the light pigmentation variant at SLC24A5 was introduced into East Africa by gene flow from non-Africans. At all other loci, variants associated with dark pigmentation in Africans are identical by descent in South Asian and Australo-Melanesian populations. Functional analyses indicate that MFSD12 encodes a lysosomal protein that affects melanogenesis in zebrafish and mice, and that mutations in melanocyte-specific regulatory regions near DDB1/TMEM138 correlate with expression of ultraviolet response genes under selection in Eurasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Crawford
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek E Kelly
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcia H Beltrame
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ethan Jewett
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yancy Lo
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susanne P Pfeifer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael C Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Farhad Hormozdiari
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Gaonyadiwe George Mokone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jake Haut
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harriet Rothschild
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Hematology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonard Zon
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Hematology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Hematology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael A Kovacs
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Sinclair
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cecilia Rivas
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eugene Elliot
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shengchao A Li
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Shawn Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena Oceana
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yun S Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cui Y, Leclercq S. Environment-Related Variation in the Human Mid-Face. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:238-250. [PMID: 28000399 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies that have examined mid-facial morphology in geographically dispersed and genetically diverse groups of humans have shown a strong adaptation of the nasal part to extreme cold environments, which was not observed in non-Arctic regions. However, it remains unclear whether different parts of the mid-face area show independent adaptation to nonpolar climates, and if so, how this adaptation impacted the morphology. To address this question, we investigated potential associations between climatic variables and the mid-facial shape in 14 populations, focusing on four aspects of the morphology: total shape, zygomatic, nasal and alveolar. The results show that when the genetic distance between populations is not considered, all aspects of the morphology are strongly correlated with all climatic variables. When the genetic distance is considered, significant correlations remain only for the zygomatic, and nasal parts with temperature, and for the nasal part and alveolar with sunshine exposure. A strong but probably artificial correlation of the alveolar with atmospheric pressure is also observed. Additionally, partial least square analyses indicate that tropical and subtropical environments are associated with smaller zygomatic and more triangular nose aperture compared to more temperate environments. These findings suggest that temperate and tropical climates have induced adaptation of zygomatic and nasal parts of the mid-face in humans, and that this adaptation was probably driven by temperature and sunlight exposure conditions. Anat Rec, 300:238-250, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Sébastien Leclercq
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
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182
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Kleisner K, Kočnar T, Tureček P, Stella D, Akoko RM, Třebický V, Havlíček J. African and European perception of African female attractiveness. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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183
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Kyei S, Nketsiah AA, Asiedu K, Awuah A, Owusu-Ansah A. Onset and duration of cycloplegic action of 1% cyclopentolate - 1% tropicamide combination. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:923-932. [PMID: 29085421 PMCID: PMC5656211 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the time course (onset, time and duration of maximal cycloplegia, and the full duration) of cycloplegic action of 1% Cyclopentolate - 1% Tropicamide. METHODS Seventy-seven students, aged 15-24 years were purposively sampled from the University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Technical Institute. Subjective near addition (ADD) determination and pupil diameter measurement before and after a drop of the test agent (1% Cyclopentolate - 1% Tropicamide combination in the right eye) and the control (1% Cyclopentolate in the left eye) were performed. Measurements of subjective near ADD and pupil diameter were made after the initial reading at 5 minutes interval for the first hour and every 30 minutes for the next 7 hours for each participant. Time of onset, time of peak cycloplegia, duration of peak cycloplegia and duration of total cycloplegic effect was indirectly determined. RESULTS 1% Cyclopentolate - 1% Tropicamide combination had rapid onset of cycloplegia (5-10 minutes), shorter time of maximal cycloplegia (55 versus 90 minutes), and recovery (7 versus ≥ 8hours) in the majority (79.2%) of subjects. CONCLUSION Cyclopentolate -Tropicamide combination was comparable to Cyclopentolate in depth of cycloplegia produced, and clinically superior to 1% Cyclopentolate in rapidity of cycloplegic onset, time of maximal cycloplegia and recovery from cycloplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kyei
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health And Allied Science, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, PMB, Ghana
| | - Alfred Asiem Nketsiah
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health And Allied Science, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, PMB, Ghana
| | - Kofi Asiedu
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health And Allied Science, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, PMB, Ghana
- Refraction and Low Vision Clinic , Eye Center, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P. O Box 1934, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Agnes Awuah
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health And Allied Science, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, PMB, Ghana
| | - Andrew Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health And Allied Science, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, PMB, Ghana
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhang X, Li W, Liu C, Peng X, Lin J, He S, Li X, Han B, Zhang N, Wu Y, Chen L, Wang L, MaYila, Huang J, Liu M. Alteration of sheep coat color pattern by disruption of ASIP gene via CRISPR Cas9. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8149. [PMID: 28811591 PMCID: PMC5557758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat color is an important characteristic and economic trait in domestic sheep. Aiming at alteration of Chinese merino sheep coat color by genome manipulation, we disrupted sheep agouti signaling protein gene by CRISPR/Cas9. A total of seven indels were identified in 5 of 6 born lambs. Each targeted lamb happened at least two kinds of modifications, and targeted lambs with multiple modifications displayed variety of coat color patterns. Three lambs with 4 bp deletion showed badgerface with black body coat color in two lambs, and brown coat color with light ventral pigmentation in another one. The black-white spotted color was observed in two lambs with 2 bp deletion. Further analysis unraveled that modifications happened in one or more than two copies of ASIP gene, and moreover, the additional spontaneous mutations of D9 and/or D5 preceding the targeting modification could also involve the formation of coat color patterns. Taken together, the entanglement of ASIP modifications by CRISPR/Cas9, spontaneous D9/D5 mutations, and ASIP gene duplications contributed to the variety of coat color patterns in targeted lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Wenrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Xinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Jiapeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Sangang He
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Yangsheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - MaYila
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Juncheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China.
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China.
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Porcheron A, Mauger E, Soppelsa F, Liu Y, Ge L, Pascalis O, Russell R, Morizot F. Facial Contrast Is a Cross-Cultural Cue for Perceiving Age. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1208. [PMID: 28790941 PMCID: PMC5524771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a fundamental social dimension and a youthful appearance is of importance for many individuals, perhaps because it is a relevant predictor of aspects of health, facial attractiveness and general well-being. We recently showed that facial contrast-the color and luminance difference between facial features and the surrounding skin-is age-related and a cue to age perception of Caucasian women. Specifically, aspects of facial contrast decrease with age in Caucasian women, and Caucasian female faces with higher contrast look younger (Porcheron et al., 2013). Here we investigated faces of other ethnic groups and raters of other cultures to see whether facial contrast is a cross-cultural youth-related attribute. Using large sets of full face color photographs of Chinese, Latin American and black South African women aged 20-80, we measured the luminance and color contrast between the facial features (the eyes, the lips, and the brows) and the surrounding skin. Most aspects of facial contrast that were previously found to decrease with age in Caucasian women were also found to decrease with age in the other ethnic groups. Though the overall pattern of changes with age was common to all women, there were also some differences between the groups. In a separate study, individual faces of the 4 ethnic groups were perceived younger by French and Chinese participants when the aspects of facial contrast that vary with age in the majority of faces were artificially increased, but older when they were artificially decreased. Altogether these findings indicate that facial contrast is a cross-cultural cue to youthfulness. Because cosmetics were shown to enhance facial contrast, this work provides some support for the notion that a universal function of cosmetics is to make female faces look younger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Porcheron
- Chanel PBPantin, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble-AlpesGrenoble, France
| | | | | | - Yuli Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Liezhong Ge
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble-AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Richard Russell
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg CollegeGettysburg, PA, United States
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186
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O’Hanlon A, Feeney K, Dockery P, Gormally MJ. Quantifying phenotype-environment matching in the protected Kerry spotted slug (Mollusca: Gastropoda) using digital photography: exposure to UV radiation determines cryptic colour morphs. Front Zool 2017; 14:35. [PMID: 28702067 PMCID: PMC5504635 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal colours and patterns commonly play a role in reducing detection by predators, social signalling or increasing survival in response to some other environmental pressure. Different colour morphs can evolve within populations exposed to different levels of predation or environmental stress and in some cases can arise within the lifetime of an individual as the result of phenotypic plasticity. Skin pigmentation is variable for many terrestrial slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda), both between and within species. The Kerry spotted slug Geomalacus maculosus Allman, an EU protected species, exhibits two distinct phenotypes: brown individuals occur in forested habitats whereas black animals live in open habitats such as blanket bog. Both colour forms are spotted and each type strongly resembles the substrate of their habitat, suggesting that G. maculosus possesses camouflage. RESULTS Analysis of digital images of wild slugs demonstrated that each colour morph is strongly and positively correlated with the colour properties of the background in each habitat but not with the substrate of the alternative habitats, suggesting habitat-specific crypsis. Experiments were undertaken on laboratory-reared juvenile slugs to investigate whether ultraviolet (UV) radiation or diet could induce colour change. Exposure to UV radiation induced the black (bog) phenotype whereas slugs reared in darkness did not change colour. Diet had no effect on juvenile colouration. Examination of skin tissue from specimens exposed to either UV or dark treatments demonstrated that UV-exposed slugs had significantly higher concentrations of black pigment in their epithelium. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that colour dimorphism in G. maculosus is an example of phenotypic plasticity which is explained by differential exposure to UV radiation. Each resulting colour morph provides incidental camouflage against the different coloured substrate of each habitat. This, to our knowledge, is the first documented example of colour change in response to UV radiation in a terrestrial mollusc. Pigmentation appears to be correlated with a number of behavioural traits in G. maculosus, and we suggest that understanding melanisation in other terrestrial molluscs may be useful in the study of pestiferous and invasive species. The implications of colour change for G. maculosus conservation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan O’Hanlon
- Applied Ecology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kristina Feeney
- Applied Ecology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Gormally
- Applied Ecology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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187
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The colours of humanity: the evolution of pigmentation in the human lineage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160349. [PMID: 28533464 PMCID: PMC5444068 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are a colourful species of primate, with human skin, hair and eye coloration having been influenced by a great variety of evolutionary forces throughout prehistory. Functionally naked skin has been the physical interface between the physical environment and the human body for most of the history of the genus Homo, and hence skin coloration has been under intense natural selection. From an original condition of protective, dark, eumelanin-enriched coloration in early tropical-dwelling Homo and Homo sapiens, loss of melanin pigmentation occurred under natural selection as Homo sapiens dispersed into non-tropical latitudes of Africa and Eurasia. Genes responsible for skin, hair and eye coloration appear to have been affected significantly by population bottlenecks in the course of Homo sapiens dispersals. Because specific skin colour phenotypes can be created by different combinations of skin colour-associated genetic markers, loss of genetic variability due to genetic drift appears to have had negligible effects on the highly redundant genetic 'palette' for the skin colour. This does not appear to have been the case for hair and eye coloration, however, and these traits appear to have been more strongly influenced by genetic drift and, possibly, sexual selection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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188
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Deng L, Xu S. Adaptation of human skin color in various populations. Hereditas 2017; 155:1. [PMID: 28701907 PMCID: PMC5502412 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-017-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin color is a well-recognized adaptive trait and has been studied extensively in humans. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation of skin color in various populations has many implications in human evolution and medicine. DISCUSSION Impressive progress has been made recently to identify genes associated with skin color variation in a wide range of geographical and temporal populations. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the genetics of skin color variation. We enumerated several cases of skin color adaptation in global modern humans and archaic hominins, and illustrated why, when, and how skin color adaptation occurred in different populations. Finally, we provided a summary of the candidate loci associated with pigmentation, which could be a valuable reference for further evolutionary and medical studies. CONCLUSION Previous studies generally indicated a complex genetic mechanism underlying the skin color variation, expanding our understanding of the role of population demographic history and natural selection in shaping genetic and phenotypic diversity in humans. Future work is needed to dissect the genetic architecture of skin color adaptation in numerous ethnic minority groups around the world, which remains relatively obscure compared with that of major continental groups, and to unravel the exact genetic basis of skin color adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, 200438 China
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189
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San-Jose LM, Huyghe K, Schuerch J, Fitze PS. More melanized males bite stronger but run slower: potential performance trade-offs related to melanin-based coloration. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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190
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Kang C, Sherratt TN, Kim YE, Shin Y, Moon J, Song U, Kang JY, Kim K, Jang Y. Differential predation drives the geographical divergence in multiple traits in aposematic frogs. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Changku Kang
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada,
| | - Thomas N Sherratt
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada,
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yujin Shin
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jongyeol Moon
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Uhram Song
- Department of Biology and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Jae Yeon Kang
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, 1210, Geumgang-ro, Songnae-ri, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon, 325–813, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
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191
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Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Moser G, Zeng J, Beleza S, Barsh GS, Tang H, Visscher PM. Inference on the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian Linear Mixed Models. Genetics 2017; 206:1113-1126. [PMID: 28381588 PMCID: PMC5499166 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.193383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic association studies in admixed populations are underrepresented in the genomics literature, with a key concern for researchers being the adequate control of spurious associations due to population structure. Linear mixed models (LMMs) are well suited for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) because they account for both population stratification and cryptic relatedness and achieve increased statistical power by jointly modeling all genotyped markers. Additionally, Bayesian LMMs allow for more flexible assumptions about the underlying distribution of genetic effects, and can concurrently estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic markers. Using three recently published Bayesian LMMs, Bayes R, BSLMM, and BOLT-LMM, we investigate an existing data set on eye (n = 625) and skin (n = 684) color from Cape Verde, an island nation off West Africa that is home to individuals with a broad range of phenotypic values for eye and skin color due to the mix of West African and European ancestry. We use simulations to demonstrate the utility of Bayesian LMMs for mapping loci and studying the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in admixed populations. The Bayesian LMMs provide evidence for two new pigmentation loci: one for eye color (AHRR) and one for skin color (DDB1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Lloyd-Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Moser
- Central Queensland University, Bellbowrie, Brisbane, Queensland 4070, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sandra Beleza
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory S Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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192
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Revuz J, Froment A. [Human pigmentation and evolution]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:474-480. [PMID: 28528734 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Revuz
- 11, chaussée de la Muette, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - A Froment
- Unité mixte de recherche 208, institut de recherche pour le développement, musée de l'homme, 57, rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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193
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Russell R, Kramer SS, Jones AL. Facial Contrast Declines with Age but Remains Sexually Dimorphic Throughout Adulthood. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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194
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Walsh S, Chaitanya L, Breslin K, Muralidharan C, Bronikowska A, Pospiech E, Koller J, Kovatsi L, Wollstein A, Branicki W, Liu F, Kayser M. Global skin colour prediction from DNA. Hum Genet 2017; 136:847-863. [PMID: 28500464 PMCID: PMC5487854 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human skin colour is highly heritable and externally visible with relevance in medical, forensic, and anthropological genetics. Although eye and hair colour can already be predicted with high accuracies from small sets of carefully selected DNA markers, knowledge about the genetic predictability of skin colour is limited. Here, we investigate the skin colour predictive value of 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 37 genetic loci previously associated with human pigmentation using 2025 individuals from 31 global populations. We identified a minimal set of 36 highly informative skin colour predictive SNPs and developed a statistical prediction model capable of skin colour prediction on a global scale. Average cross-validated prediction accuracies expressed as area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) ± standard deviation were 0.97 ± 0.02 for Light, 0.83 ± 0.11 for Dark, and 0.96 ± 0.03 for Dark-Black. When using a 5-category, this resulted in 0.74 ± 0.05 for Very Pale, 0.72 ± 0.03 for Pale, 0.73 ± 0.03 for Intermediate, 0.87±0.1 for Dark, and 0.97 ± 0.03 for Dark-Black. A comparative analysis in 194 independent samples from 17 populations demonstrated that our model outperformed a previously proposed 10-SNP-classifier approach with AUCs rising from 0.79 to 0.82 for White, comparable at the intermediate level of 0.63 and 0.62, respectively, and a large increase from 0.64 to 0.92 for Black. Overall, this study demonstrates that the chosen DNA markers and prediction model, particularly the 5-category level; allow skin colour predictions within and between continental regions for the first time, which will serve as a valuable resource for future applications in forensic and anthropologic genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Lakshmi Chaitanya
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krystal Breslin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bronikowska
- Department of Dermatology, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pospiech
- Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Koller
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leda Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Wollstein
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, University of Munich LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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195
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Marano LA, Marcorin L, Castelli EDC, Mendes-Junior CT. Evaluation of MC1R high-throughput nucleotide sequencing data generated by the 1000 Genomes Project. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:530-539. [PMID: 28486572 PMCID: PMC5488459 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing allows simultaneous processing of several
genomic regions/individuals, increasing the availability and accuracy of whole-genome
data. However, these new approaches may present some errors and bias due to
alignment, genotype calling, and imputation methods. Despite these flaws, data
obtained by next-generation sequencing can be valuable for population and
evolutionary studies of specific genes, such as genes related to how pigmentation
evolved among populations, one of the main topics in human evolutionary biology.
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the most studied genes
involved in pigmentation variation. As MC1R has already been
suggested to affect melanogenesis and increase risk of developing melanoma, it
constitutes one of the best models to understand how natural selection acts on
pigmentation. Here we employed a locally developed pipeline to obtain genotype and
haplotype data for MC1R from the raw sequencing data provided by the
1000 Genomes FTP site. We also compared such genotype data to Phase
3 VCF to evaluate its quality and discover any polymorphic sites that may have been
overlooked. In conclusion, either the VCF file or one of the presently described
pipelines could be used to obtain reliable and accurate genotype calling from the
1000 Genomes Phase 3 data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Arduino Marano
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Marcorin
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Pesquisas Forenses e Genômicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Erick da Cruz Castelli
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho,"(UNESP) Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Pesquisas Forenses e Genômicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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196
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Gaudreau M, Abram PK, Brodeur J. Host egg pigmentation protects developing parasitoids from ultraviolet radiation. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gaudreau
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Agassiz Research and Development Centre; Agassiz BC Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
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197
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Jonnalagadda M, Bharti N, Patil Y, Ozarkar S, K SM, Joshi R, Norton H. Identifying signatures of positive selection in pigmentation genes in two South Asian populations. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28439965 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin pigmentation is a polygenic trait showing wide phenotypic variations among global populations. While numerous pigmentation genes have been identified to be under positive selection among European and East populations, genes contributing to phenotypic variation in skin pigmentation within and among South Asian populations are still poorly understood. The present study uses data from the Phase 3 of the 1000 genomes project focusing on two South Asian populations-GIH (Gujarati Indian from Houston, Texas) and ITU (Indian Telugu from UK), so as to decode the genetic architecture involved in adaptation to ultraviolet radiation in South Asian populations. METHODS Statistical tests included were (1) tests to identify deviations of the Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS) from neutral expectations (Tajima's D, Fay and Wu's H and Fu and Li's D* and F*), (2) tests focused on the identification of high-frequency haplotypes with extended linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb), and (3) tests based on genetic differentiation between populations (LSBL). RESULTS Twenty-two pigmentation genes fall in the top 1% for at least one statistic in the GIH population, 5 of which (LYST, OCA2, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, and TYR) have been previously associated with normal variation in skin, hair, or eye color. In comparison, 17 genes fall in the top 1% for at least one statistic in the ITU population. Twelve loci which are identified as outliers in the ITU scan were also identified in the GIH population. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that selection may have affected these loci broadly across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Jonnalagadda
- Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts (SSLA), Symbiosis International University (SIU), Pune, 411014, India
| | - Neeraj Bharti
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Yatish Patil
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shantanu Ozarkar
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sunitha Manjari K
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Heather Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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198
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Beckett EL, Jones P, Veysey M, Duesing K, Martin C, Furst J, Yates Z, Jablonski NG, Chaplin G, Lucock M. VDR gene methylation as a molecular adaption to light exposure: Historic, recent and genetic influences. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Beckett
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
- Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
- Food and Nutrition FlagshipCSIRO NSW Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
| | - Martin Veysey
- Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
- Teaching & Research Unit, Central Coast Local Health DistrictPO Box 361, Gosford NSW2250 Australia
| | | | - Charlotte Martin
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
| | - John Furst
- Maths & Physical SciencesUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
| | - Zoe Yates
- Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
| | - Nina G. Jablonski
- Anthropology DepartmentThe Pennsylvania State University409 Carpenter Building, University Park Pennsylvania16802
| | - George Chaplin
- Anthropology DepartmentThe Pennsylvania State University409 Carpenter Building, University Park Pennsylvania16802
| | - Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastlePO Box 127, Brush Rd, Ourimbah NSW2258 Australia
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199
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Prevalence and Determinants of Suboptimal Vitamin D Levels in a Multiethnic Asian Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030313. [PMID: 28327512 PMCID: PMC5372976 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This population-based cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of suboptimal vitamin D levels (assessed using circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D)) in a multi-ethnic sample of Asian adults. Plasma 25(OH)D concentration of 1139 Chinese, Malay and Indians (40–80 years) were stratified into normal (≥30 ng/mL), and suboptimal (including insufficiency and deficiency, <30 ng/mL) based on the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of demographic, lifestyle and clinical risk factors with the outcome. Of the 1139 participants, 25(OH)D concentration was suboptimal in 76.1%. In multivariable models, age ≤65 years (compared to age >65 years), Malay and Indian ethnicities (compared to Chinese ethnicity), and higher body mass index, HbA1c, education and income levels were associated with suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration (p < 0.05). In a population-based sample of Asian adults, approximately 75% had suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration. Targeted interventions and stricter reinforcements of existing guidelines for vitamin D supplementation are needed for groups at risk of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency.
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200
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Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, McEcoy B, Hughes C, Shriver MD. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006616. [PMID: 28301464 PMCID: PMC5354252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary reasons for variation in nose shape across human populations have been subject to continuing debate. An import function of the nose and nasal cavity is to condition inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract. For this reason, it is thought the observed differences in nose shape among populations are not simply the result of genetic drift, but may be adaptations to climate. To address the question of whether local adaptation to climate is responsible for nose shape divergence across populations, we use Qst–Fst comparisons to show that nares width and alar base width are more differentiated across populations than expected under genetic drift alone. To test whether this differentiation is due to climate adaptation, we compared the spatial distribution of these variables with the global distribution of temperature, absolute humidity, and relative humidity. We find that width of the nares is correlated with temperature and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. We conclude that some aspects of nose shape may indeed have been driven by local adaptation to climate. However, we think that this is a simplified explanation of a very complex evolutionary history, which possibly also involved other non-neutral forces such as sexual selection. The study of human adaptation is essential to our understanding of disease etiology. Evolutionary investigations into why certain disease phenotypes such as sickle-cell anemia and lactose intolerance occur at different rates in different populations have led to a better understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors involved. Similarly, research into the geographical distribution of skin pigmentation continues to yield important clues regarding risk of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer. Here, we investigate whether variation in the shape of the external nose across populations has been driven by regional differences in climate. We find that variation in both nares width and alar base width appear to have experienced accelerated divergence across human populations. We also find that the geospatial distribution of nares width is correlated with temperature, and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. Our results support the claim that local adaptation to climate may have had a role in the evolution of nose shape differences across human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan A. Zaidi
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
| | - Brooke C. Mattern
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering–KU Leuven, ESAT/PSI—UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian McEcoy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cris Hughes
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
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