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Wood JJ, Danial J, Wolpe S. Home-based video assessment of children's autism-related behaviours: Psychometric analysis and linkages with parental responsiveness and context. Br J Clin Psychol 2024; 63:197-212. [PMID: 38214135 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessment of autism-related behaviours (ARBs) in children has generally been limited to direct observations in clinical settings or informant-based reports. The widespread availability of video-streaming devices has made home observations of children's ARBs feasible. This approach could enable assessment of the generalization and durability of interventions and may be able to overcome methodological limitations of predominant current assessment approaches (response biases, limited sensitivity to treatment). DESIGN AND METHODS Forty-four autistic children and their families participated in a repeated-measures study with a correlational design. Approximately 10 hr of unprompted behaviour at home were videorecorded over the course of a week (2 hr per day) for each participant. Gold standard measures of ARBs were also administered (ADOS-2 and ADI-R). Two home-based observational measures of ARBs utilizing streaming video were developed and evaluated: the ARCHER and the CHEERS. Trained independent evaluators made ratings on the ARCHER, CHEERS and an observational measure of parental responsiveness. RESULTS Correlations with the ADOS-2 and ADI-R were .47 and .34 for ARCHER scores and .51 and .48 for CHEERS scores, respectively. In linear mixed models, more responsive parenting was associated with fewer ARBs on a daily basis. Children spent their afternoons engaged in many typical activities including electronics, homework and games with family members, and ARBs were more prominent in some of these contexts (e.g., electronics) than others (e.g., family games). CONCLUSIONS Home-based observational assessment of ARBs may be useful for clinical and descriptive research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Danial
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samara Wolpe
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Ezzatvar Y, Dueñas L, Balasch-Bernat M, Lluch-Girbés E, Rossettini G. Which portion of physiotherapy treatments' effect is attributable to contextual effects in people with musculoskeletal pain?: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38602164 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2024.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the proportion attributable to contextual effects of physical therapy interventions for musculoskeletal pain. DESIGN: Intervention systematic review with meta-analysis. LITERATURE SEARCH: We searched Ovid, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and SPORTDiscus databases from inception to April 2023. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the effect of physical therapy interventions on musculoskeletal pain. DATA SYNTHESIS: Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (ROB 2.0). The proportion of physical therapy interventions effect that is explained by contextual effects was calculated, and a quantitative summary of the data from the studies was conducted using the random-effects inverse-variance model (Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method). RESULTS: Sixty-eight studies were included in the systematic review (participants: n=5,238), and 54 placebo-controlled trials informed our meta-analysis (participants: n=3,793). Physical therapy interventions included soft tissue techniques, mobilization, manipulation, taping, exercise therapy and dry needling. Placebo interventions included manual, non-manual interventions, or both. The proportion attributable to contextual effects of mobilization accounted for 88% of the immediate overall treatment effect for pain intensity (PCE=0.88, 95%CI 0.57-1.20). In exercise therapy, contextual effects accounted for 46% of the overall treatment effect for pain intensity (PCE=0.46, 95%CI 0.41-0.52). Contextual effects in manipulation excelled in short-term pain relief (PCE=0.81, 95%CI 0.62-1.01) and in mobilization in long-term effects (PCE=0.86, 95%CI 0.76-0.96). In taping, contextual effects accounted for 64% of disability improvement (PCE=0.64, 95%CI 0.48-0.80). CONCLUSION: The outcomes of physical therapy interventions for musculoskeletal pain were significantly influenced by contextual effects. Boosting contextual effects consciously to enhance therapeutic outcomes represents an ethical opportunity that could benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lirios Dueñas
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Specialty Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercè Balasch-Bernat
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Specialty Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Lluch-Girbés
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Specialty Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- These two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- School of Physiotherapy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- These two authors contributed equally to this work
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Medgyesi M, Csathó Á. The effect of the local economic context and local public services on financial satisfaction among youth in European cities. Front Sociol 2024; 9:1207807. [PMID: 38525004 PMCID: PMC10957626 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1207807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The post-2008 economic recovery period has seen varying degrees of improvement in the well-being of young individuals across different countries, regions, and cities of the EU. This study contributes to the literature on the geography of well-being by examining the impact of urban economic contexts on the subjective well-being of youth in Europe, a topic that has received limited attention so far. Specifically, we investigate how the local economic context has affected financial satisfaction among the young (15-35 age group) in European cities during the recovery period after the economic crisis. We study whether living in a city with better opportunities in the labor market, on the housing market, or with better local services (e.g., education or health care) affect financial satisfaction among the young. We carried out multilevel analysis of financial satisfaction among young adults on data from the Quality of Life in European Cities survey (years 2012, 2015, 2019), which asks about aspects of quality of life among a representative sample of the population in a large number of cities in EU Member States. Overall, the results suggest that a better labor market context (where it is in general easier to find a job) has a statistically significant positive effect on financial satisfaction among the young. Our results also show that satisfaction with the financial situation among young adults is significantly higher in cities with a higher quality of local social services. On the other hand, we have found only small (and statistically non-significant) contextual effect related to the local housing market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Medgyesi
- TARKI Social Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Child Opportunities Research Group, HUN-REN Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Csathó
- TARKI Social Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Basedau H, Ornello R, Matteis ED, Davaasuren B, Kadyrova B, Vuralli D, Bozhenko M, Azizova I, Bitsadze N, Eralieva E, Ashina M, Mitsikostas D, Puledda F. Placebo and nocebo in the treatment of migraine: How much does real world effectiveness depend on contextual effects? Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024231218392. [PMID: 38041833 DOI: 10.1177/03331024231218392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatments in medicine impact individuals beyond their intended effects, due to phenomena such as the placebo and nocebo effects. The placebo effect arises from the positive expectation of a treatment being beneficial, while the nocebo effect stems from the negative expectation of a treatment causing harm. Both in real-world practice and clinical trials, treatments can lead to outcomes unrelated to their intended mechanism of action, which we categorize as placebo and nocebo responses. These responses, combined with the inherent fluctuation in a condition's natural progression, regression to the mean, and random comorbidities, make up a significant part of the therapeutic experience. Particularly in pain management, placebo and nocebo effects play a substantial role. By addressing modifiable contextual factors such as patient expectations, lifestyle choices, and the therapeutic relationship, healthcare providers can enhance the effectiveness of migraine treatments, paving the way for a more comprehensive, individualized approach to patient care. We must also consider non-modifiable factors like personal experiences, beliefs, and information from social media and the internet. CONCLUSION This review offers a summary of our current understanding of the placebo and nocebo effects in migraine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Basedau
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Ornello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora De Matteis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Begimai Kadyrova
- Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, International School of Medicine of International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Doga Vuralli
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Neuropsychiatry Center, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Myroslav Bozhenko
- Department of Neurology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ilaha Azizova
- Neurological Clinic "New Medical Technologies", Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | | | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimos Mitsikostas
- Department of Neurology Α, Aegintion Hospital, National and Kapidistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Puledda
- Headache Group, Wolfson SPaRC, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Amemiya J, Heyman GD, Walker CM. Emphasizing others' persistence can promote unwarranted social inferences in children and adults. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:2977-2988. [PMID: 37199969 PMCID: PMC10593100 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
People often hear stories about individuals who persist to overcome their constraints. While these stories can be motivating, emphasizing others' persistence may promote unwarranted judgments about constrained individuals who do not persist. Using a developmental social inference task (Study 1a: n = 124 U.S. children, 5-12 years of age; Study 1b: n = 135 and Study 2: n = 120 U.S. adults), the present research tested whether persistence stories lead people to infer that a constrained individual who does not persist, and instead accepts the lower-quality option that is available to them, prefers it over a higher-quality option that is out of reach. Study 1 found evidence for this effect in children (1a) and adults (1b). Even persistence stories about failed outcomes, which emphasize how difficult it would have been to get the higher-quality option, had this effect. Study 2 found that the effect generalized to adults' judgments about an individual facing a different type of constraint from those mentioned in the initial stories. Taken together, emphasizing others' persistence may encourage unwarranted judgments about individuals who are still constrained to lower-quality options. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Amemiya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Gail D Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Caren M Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
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Prados MJ, Nicosia N, Datar A. Impact of built, social, and economic environments on adolescent obesity and related health behaviors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1085-1094. [PMID: 36942421 PMCID: PMC10034597 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the effects of the built, social, and economic environments on adolescent obesity and related behaviors. METHODS Exploiting quasi-exogenous variation in military families' geographic location, this study estimated intent-to-treat models of the association between the assigned installation's county environments and adolescents' (mean age 13.5 years) self-reported and model-corrected BMI, overweight or obesity status, and self-reported diet and exercise. Three indices for the built, social, and economic environments characterized county-level environments (higher value implies more advantageous environments) based on 19 indicators. Multivariate linear and logistic models were estimated on the full sample (N = 1111) and on subsamples with greater exposure based on time (n = 682) and off-installation residence (n = 604). RESULTS Exposure to more advantageous built environments for more than 2 years was associated with lower probabilities of obesity (-0.18; 95% CI: -0.34 to -0.026) and overweight or obesity (-0.34; 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.12) and was associated with lower BMI z scores (-0.76; 95% CI: -1.45 to -0.02). Results for adolescents living off-installation were similar. More advantageous built environments were also associated with lower consumption of unhealthy foods, but not with physical activity. Social and economic environments were not associated with any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The built environment, but not social and economic environments, was a strong predictor of adolescents' BMI, overweight or obesity status, and eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Prados
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ashlesha Datar
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Irwantoro K, Nimsha Nilakshi Lennon N, Mareschal I, Miflah Hussain Ismail A. Contextualising facial expressions: The effect of temporal context and individual differences on classification. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:450-459. [PMID: 35360991 PMCID: PMC9896254 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221094296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of context on facial expression classification is most often investigated using simple cues in static faces portraying basic expressions with a fixed emotional intensity. We examined (1) whether a perceptually rich, dynamic audiovisual context, presented in the form of movie clips (to achieve closer resemblance to real life), affected the subsequent classification of dynamic basic (happy) and non-basic (sarcastic) facial expressions and (2) whether people's susceptibility to contextual cues was related to their ability to classify facial expressions viewed in isolation. Participants classified facial expressions-gradually progressing from neutral to happy/sarcastic in increasing intensity-that followed movie clips. Classification was relatively more accurate and faster when the preceding context predicted the upcoming expression, compared with when the context did not. Speeded classifications suggested that predictive contexts reduced the emotional intensity required to be accurately classified. More importantly, we show for the first time that participants' accuracy in classifying expressions without an informative context correlated with the magnitude of the contextual effects experienced by them-poor classifiers of isolated expressions were more susceptible to a predictive context. Our findings support the emerging view that contextual cues and individual differences must be considered when explaining mechanisms underlying facial expression classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinenoita Irwantoro
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia,Kinenoita Irwantoro, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Isabelle Mareschal
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Moldes O, Dineva D, Ku L. Has the COVID-19 pandemic made us more materialistic? The effect of COVID-19 and lockdown restrictions on the endorsement of materialism. Psychol Mark 2022; 39:892-905. [PMID: 35465462 PMCID: PMC9015585 DOI: 10.1002/mar.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the factors that typically facilitate the endorsement of materialistic values (e.g., higher media consumption, stress and anxiety, loneliness, death anxiety, and lower moods). In this paper, we examine how contextual changes affecting the antecedents of materialism influence its advocacy with a mixed-method approach. First, a correlational study (Study 1) suggests that increases in media consumption and stress and anxiety during the pandemic predicted current levels of materialism, however, these effects were limited. Second, contrary to our expectations, a longitudinal study (Study 2) shows that people's focus on money decreased during the pandemic. Last, a social media content analysis (Study 3) reveals a downward trend in users' online discourses about consumption-related behaviors, but an upward trend in brands promoting spending as a way to attain well-being. The observed effects could fuel deeper societal change in the labor market and in consumer behavior, and have further implications for individual and societal well-being in a post-pandemic world. We recommend future interventions aimed at diminishing materialistic attitudes to examine the effects of decreasing media consumption and to explore how other factors introduced by the pandemic (e.g., a health or well-being focus) might moderate its advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Moldes
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Cardiff Business SchoolCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Denitsa Dineva
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Cardiff Business SchoolCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lisbeth Ku
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesDe Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
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Yu Y, Luo Y, Huang L, Quan Y. The impact of contextual information on decision-making in footwear examination: An eye-tracking study. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2218-2231. [PMID: 34414574 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether context factors and expectations might potentially influence the decision-making of forensic footwear examiners, we collected the gaze process of experts examining the shoeprint image sets through the eye-tracking recorder. Additional to eye movement data as an objective measure, questionnaires were completed, and survey was conducted afterwards. Twenty-three qualified examiners assessed the similarity among shoe images for 22 different cases, including three sets were laterally reversed. We divided the experiment into two sessions, and then compared the examiners' performance with and without contextual information. The results showed the effects of contextual bias manipulate on both behavioral data and eye tracking data. The consensus and accuracy of examiners with contextual information were higher than those without contextual information. In the eye-tracking data, there is a significant difference between fixation counts and saccadic counts under contextual information. In addition, we found that the contextual information produced significant changes in inter-examiner consistency as measured by the Earth Mover Distance metric. However, there is no significant statistic differences in saccadic amplitude and total fixation duration of the examiners after exposure to contextual information. Our research results are instructive for understanding the cognitive process of shoeprint examination involved in real cases. In this process, stimuli related to context factors may affect decision-making and behavior. Implications for contextual effect causes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Forensic Science, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Luo
- Graduate School, People's Public, Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongzhi Quan
- Department of investigation, Shanghai Police College, Shanghai, China
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Tamura M, Hattori S, Tsuji T, Kondo K, Hanazato M, Tsuno K, Sakamaki H. Community-Level Participation in Volunteer Groups and Individual Depressive Symptoms in Japanese Older People: A Three-Year Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis Using JAGES Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7502. [PMID: 34299953 PMCID: PMC8306052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to investigate the contextual effect of volunteer group participation on subsequent depressive symptoms in older people. METHODS We analyzed the longitudinal data of 37,552 people aged 65 years and older in 24 municipalities surveyed in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Volunteer group participation of older people was assessed in 2013 by one question and depressive symptoms were assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 in 2016. To investigate a contextual effect, we aggregated individual-level volunteer group participation by each residence area as a community-level independent variable. We conducted a two-level multilevel Poisson regression analysis using the Random Intercepts and Fixed Slopes Model. RESULTS The average proportion of community-level volunteer group participation was 10.6%. The results of the Poisson regression analysis showed that community-level volunteer group participation reduced the risk for the onset of depressive symptoms by 13% with a 10 percentage point increase in participation, after adjusting for sex, age, population density, total annual sunshine hours and annual rainfall (incident rate ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Older people living in areas with higher volunteer group participation had a lower risk of developing depressive symptoms regardless of whether or not they participated in a volunteer group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tamura
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; (K.T.); (H.S.)
- Research Department, Institute for Health Economics and Policy, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan;
| | - Shinji Hattori
- Research Department, Institute for Health Economics and Policy, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan;
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.T.); (K.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Taishi Tsuji
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.T.); (K.K.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.T.); (K.K.); (M.H.)
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hanazato
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.T.); (K.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; (K.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Sakamaki
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; (K.T.); (H.S.)
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Magadi M, Gazimbi M, Wafula C, Kaseje M. Understanding ethnic variations in HIV prevalence in Kenya: the role of cultural practices. Cult Health Sex 2021; 23:822-839. [PMID: 32364024 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1734661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of HIV prevalence in Kenya suggest that areas where various cultural practices are prevalent bear a disproportionate burden of HIV. This paper examines (i) the contextual effects of cultural practices (polygyny, male circumcision) and related sexual behaviour factors on HIV prevalence and (ii) the extent to which specific cultural practices in a community/county might explain existing ethnic variations in HIV prevalence in Kenya. The analysis applies multilevel logistic regression to data from the 2012/13 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. The results reveal striking ethnic variations in HIV prevalence in Kenya. The prevalence of polygyny in a community is positively associated with HIV prevalence, while a higher level of male circumcision in a county is protective for both men and women. The effects of these factors are stronger for men than women at both individual and contextual (community/county) levels. These cultural practices and associated risk factors partly explain existing ethnic differences in HIV prevalence in Kenya, but there remain significant ethnic variations that are not explained by these cultural practices or related sexual behaviour factors. These call for stronger empirical evidence to offer stronger theoretical explanations and inform effective policy and practice to address HIV epidemic in adversely affected communities in Kenya and similar settings in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Magadi
- School of Education and Social Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Martin Gazimbi
- School of Education and Social Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Charles Wafula
- Research Department, Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development (TICH), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Margaret Kaseje
- Research Department, Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development (TICH), Kisumu, Kenya
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Wolff F. How Classmates' Gender Stereotypes Affect Students' Math Self-Concepts: A Multilevel Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:599199. [PMID: 34054632 PMCID: PMC8149781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.599199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research is the first to examine how students' individual and their classmates' math-related gender stereotypes, endorsing that math would be a typically male domain, relate to students' math self-concepts. To this end, data of N = 1,424 secondary school students from Germany were analyzed using multilevel analyses. As expected, strong individual beliefs in the math-related gender stereotype were related to lower math self-concepts for girls, but to higher math self-concepts for boys. Moreover, classmates' shared beliefs in this stereotype showed a negative relation to girls' self-concepts, whereas no significant relation between classmates' shared beliefs and boys' self-concepts was found. These relations also persisted after controlling for students' math grades and age. In sum, the results demonstrated that gender stereotypes shared by students' classmates can have a substantial impact on students' math self-concepts, beyond their individual gender stereotypes. This finding emphasizes the significance of classmates as important socializing peers in the process of students' self-concept formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wolff
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
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Abstract
When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a major impediment to face-to-face college instruction in spring 2020, most teaching went online. Over the summer, colleges had to make difficult decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction. Although opening campuses could pose a major health risk, keeping instruction online could dissuade students from enrolling. Taking an ecological approach, the authors use mixed modeling techniques and data from 87 percent of two- and four-year public and four-year private U.S. colleges to assess the factors that shaped decisions about fall 2020 instructional modality. Most notably, the authors find that reopening decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction were unrelated to cumulative COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. Politics and budget concerns played the most important roles. Colleges that derived more of their revenue from tuition were more likely to return to classroom instruction, as were institutions in states and counties that supported Donald Trump for president in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Adamczyk
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice and
The Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA
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Cicchini GM, Benedetto A, Burr DC. Perceptual history propagates down to early levels of sensory analysis. Curr Biol 2020; 31:1245-1250.e2. [PMID: 33373639 PMCID: PMC7987721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
One function of perceptual systems is to construct and maintain a reliable representation of the environment. A useful strategy intrinsic to modern “Bayesian” theories of perception1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is to take advantage of the relative stability of the input and use perceptual history (priors) to predict current perception. This strategy is efficient1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 but can lead to stimuli being biased toward perceptual history, clearly revealed in a phenomenon known as serial dependence.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 However, it is still unclear whether serial dependence biases sensory encoding or only perceptual decisions.15,16 We leveraged on the “surround tilt illusion”—where tilted flanking stimuli strongly bias perceived orientation—to measure its influence on the pattern of serial dependence, which is typically maximal for similar orientations of past and present stimuli.7,10 Maximal serial dependence for a neutral stimulus preceded by an illusory one occurred when the perceived, not the physical, orientations of the two stimuli matched, suggesting that the priors biasing current perception incorporate the effect of the illusion. However, maximal serial dependence of illusory stimuli induced by neutral stimuli occurred when their physical (not perceived) orientations were matched, suggesting that priors interact with incoming sensory signals before they are biased by flanking stimuli. The evidence suggests that priors are high-level constructs incorporating contextual information, which interact directly with early sensory signals, not with highly processed perceptual representations. Perception is heavily biased by perceptual history and expectations Perceptual history includes illusory effects driven by spatial context This representation propagates back to sensory areas preceding context effects The results point to a neural architecture consistent with predictive coding
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Benedetto
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David C Burr
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Awad D, Clifford CWG, White D, Mareschal I. Asymmetric contextual effects in age perception. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200936. [PMID: 33489259 PMCID: PMC7813243 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perception is context dependent. For example, the perceived orientation of a bar changes depending on the presence of oriented bars around it. Contextual effects have also been demonstrated for more complex judgements, such as facial attractiveness or expression, although it remains unclear how these contextual facial effects depend on the types of faces surrounding the target face. To examine this, we measured the perceived age (a quantifiable measure) of a target face in the presence of differently aged faces in the surround. Using a unique database of standardized passport photos, participants were asked to estimate the age of a target face which was viewed either on its own or surrounded by two different identity flanker faces. The flanker faces were either both younger or both older than the target face, with different age offsets between flankers and targets of ±5, ±10, ±15, ±20 years. We find that when a target face is surrounded by younger faces, it systematically appears younger than when viewed on its own, and when it is surrounded by older faces, it systematically appears older than when viewed on its own. Surprisingly, we find that the magnitude of the flanker effects on perceived age of the target is asymmetric with younger flankers having a greater influence than older flankers, a result that may reflect the participants' own-age bias, since all participants were young. This result holds irrespective of gender or race of the faces and is consistent with averaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Awad
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - David White
- The School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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16
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Hoffman L. On the Interpretation of Parameters in Multivariate Multilevel Models Across Different Combinations of Model Specification and Estimation. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci 2020; 2:288-311. [PMID: 32719825 DOI: 10.1177/2515245919842770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing availability of software with which to estimate multivariate multilevel models (also called multilevel structural equation models) makes it easier than ever before to leverage these powerful techniques to answer research questions at multiple levels of analysis simultaneously. However, interpretation can be tricky given that different choices for centering model predictors can lead to different versions of what appear to be the same parameters; this is especially the case when the predictors are latent variables created through model-estimated variance components. A further complication is a recent change to Mplus (Version 8.1), a popular software program for estimating multivariate multilevel models, in which the selection of Bayesian estimation instead of maximum likelihood results in different lower-level predictors when random slopes are requested. This article provides a detailed explication of how the parameters of multilevel models differ as a function of the analyst's decisions regarding centering and the form of lower-level predictors (i.e., observed or latent), the method of estimation, and the variant of program syntax used. After explaining how different methods of centering lower-level observed predictor variables result in different higher-level effects within univariate multilevel models, this article uses simulated data to demonstrate how these same concepts apply in specifying multivariate multilevel models with latent lower-level predictor variables. Complete data, input, and output files for all of the example models have been made available online to further aid readers in accurately translating these central tenets of multivariate multilevel modeling into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa Hoffman
- Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, College of Education, University of Iowa
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17
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Abstract
The perception of another’s gaze direction and facial expression complements verbal communication and modulates how we interact with other people. However, our perception of these two cues is not always accurate, even when we are looking directly at the person. In addition, in many cases social communication occurs within groups of people where we can’t always look directly at every person in the group. Here, we sought to examine how the presence of other people influences our perception of a target face. We asked participants to judge the direction of gaze of the target face as either looking to their left, to their right or directly at them, when the face was viewed on its own or viewed within a group of other identity faces. The target face either had an angry or a neutral expression and was viewed directly (foveal experiment), or within peripheral vision (peripheral experiment). When the target was viewed within a group, the flanking faces also had either neutral or angry expressions and their gaze was in one of five different directions (from averted leftwards to averted rightwards in steps of 10°). When the target face was viewed foveally there was no effect of target emotion on participants’ judgments of its gaze direction. There was also no effect of the presence of flankers (regardless of expression) on the perception of the target gaze. When the target face was viewed peripherally, participants judged its direction of gaze to be direct over a wider range of gaze deviations than when viewed foveally, and more so for angry faces than neutral faces. We also find that flankers (regardless of emotional expression) did not influence performance. This suggests that observers judge that angry faces were looking at them over a broad range of gaze deviations in the periphery only, possibly resulting from increased uncertainty about the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Awad
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Emery
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Chang DHF, Cheang YY, So M. Contextual Effects in Face Lightness Perception Are Not Expertise-Dependent. Vision (Basel) 2018; 2:vision2020023. [PMID: 31735887 PMCID: PMC6835342 DOI: 10.3390/vision2020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightness judgments of face stimuli are context-dependent (i.e., judgments of face lightness are influenced by race classification). Here, we tested whether contextual effects in face lightness perception are modulated by expertise, exploiting well-known other race effects in face perception. We used a lightness-matching paradigm where Chinese and White observers were asked to adjust the lightness of a variable face to match that of a standard face. The context (i.e., race category) of the two faces could be the same or different. Our data indicated that both groups had the smallest matching errors in same-context trials, for which errors did not vary across different racial categories. For cross-context trials, observers made the largest (negative) errors when the reference face was Black, as compared to Chinese and White references, for which matching errors were no different from zero or trended positively. Critically, this pattern was similar for both groups. We suggest that contextual influences in lightness perception are unlikely to be guided by classical mechanisms that drive face perception. We instead speculate that such influences manifest in terms of an interaction between race assumptions (e.g., expected surface reflectance patterns) and traditional mechanisms for reflectance computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorita H. F. Chang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yin Yan Cheang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May So
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Scarce in criminological literature is an exploration of whether crime reporting varies geographically. Yet, there are substantive reasons to believe not only that the percentage of crimes reported to the police varies across jurisdictions, but also that crime reporting can be explained by ecological characteristics. Drawing upon data from both the National Crime Victimization Survey and the census, this study examines the relationship between immigration and the likelihood that crimes are reported to the police. Results indicate that crime reporting is inversely related to increases in the rates of noncitizens and foreign-born residents within a metropolitan area, and that the negative effect is greater for violence than for property crime. Implications for policing and public safety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S Kirk
- University of Oxford, Manor Road Building, Oxford, UK
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20
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Milliren CE, Richmond TK, Evans CR, Dunn EC, Johnson RM. Contextual Effects of Neighborhoods and Schools on Adolescent and Young Adult Marijuana Use in the United States. Subst Abuse 2017; 11:1178221817711417. [PMID: 28615949 PMCID: PMC5462815 DOI: 10.1177/1178221817711417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the unique contribution of schools vs neighborhoods in driving adolescent marijuana use. This study examined the relative contribution of each setting and the influence of school and neighborhood socioeconomic status on use. We performed a series of cross-classified multilevel logistic models predicting past 30-day adolescent (N = 18 329) and young adult (N = 13 908) marijuana use using data from Add Health. Marijuana use differed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and public assistance in adjusted models. Variance parameters indicated a high degree of clustering by school (σ2 = 0.30) and less pronounced clustering by neighborhood (σ2 = 0.06) in adolescence when accounting for both levels simultaneously in a cross-classified multilevel model. Clustering by school persisted into young adulthood (σ2 = 0.08). Parental receipt of public assistance increased the likelihood of use during adolescence (odds ratio = 1.39; 95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.59), and higher parental education was associated with increased likelihood of use in young adulthood. These findings indicate that both contexts may be promising locations for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Milliren
- Center for Applied Pediatric Quality Analytics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy K Richmond
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare R Evans
- Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Usami S. Generalized SAMPLE SIZE Determination Formulas for Investigating Contextual Effects by a Three-Level Random Intercept Model. Psychometrika 2017; 82:133-157. [PMID: 27804079 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-016-9532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological researchers have shown strong interests in investigating contextual effects (i.e., the influences of combinations of individual- and group-level predictors on individual-level outcomes). The present research provides generalized formulas for determining the sample size needed in investigating contextual effects according to the desired level of statistical power as well as width of confidence interval. These formulas are derived within a three-level random intercept model that includes one predictor/contextual variable at each level to simultaneously cover various kinds of contextual effects that researchers can show interest. The relative influences of indices included in the formulas on the standard errors of contextual effects estimates are investigated with the aim of further simplifying sample size determination procedures. In addition, simulation studies are performed to investigate finite sample behavior of calculated statistical power, showing that estimated sample sizes based on derived formulas can be both positively and negatively biased due to complex effects of unreliability of contextual variables, multicollinearity, and violation of assumption regarding the known variances. Thus, it is advisable to compare estimated sample sizes under various specifications of indices and to evaluate its potential bias, as illustrated in the example.
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Abstract
According to Bird and Rieker's sociology of constrained choices, decisions and priorities concerning health are shaped by the contexts-including policy, community, and work/family-in which they are formulated. While each level received attention in the original and subsequent research, we contend their constrained choices theory provides a powerful multilevel framework for modeling health outcomes. We apply this framework to tobacco clean air restrictions, combining a comprehensive database of tobacco policies with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 from ages 19 to 31. Using multilevel panel models, we find that clean air policies lower the odds of past 30 day smoking and dependence while controlling for other policy-, city-, and individual-level constraints. We also find unique between- and within-person effects, as well as gender effects, for the constraint levied by smoking bans. We argue for the theory's broad applicability beyond commonly cited findings regarding gender and biological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Vuolo
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joy Kadowaki
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brian C Kelly
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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23
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Mitani K, Kashino M. Self-Produced Time Intervals Are Perceived as More Variable and/or Shorter Depending on Temporal Context in Subsecond and Suprasecond Ranges. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:19. [PMID: 27313515 PMCID: PMC4887498 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of time intervals is fundamental for sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Perceptual and motor timing are often performed concurrently (e.g., playing a musical instrument). Although previous studies have shown the influence of body movements on time perception, how we perceive self-produced time intervals has remained unclear. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the timing mechanisms are distinct for the sub- and suprasecond ranges. Here, we compared perceptual performances for self-produced and passively presented time intervals in random contexts (i.e., multiple target intervals presented in a session) across the sub- and suprasecond ranges (Experiment 1) and within the sub- (Experiment 2) and suprasecond (Experiment 3) ranges, and in a constant context (i.e., a single target interval presented in a session) in the sub- and suprasecond ranges (Experiment 4). We show that self-produced time intervals were perceived as shorter and more variable across the sub- and suprasecond ranges and within the suprasecond range but not within the subsecond range in a random context. In a constant context, the self-produced time intervals were perceived as more variable in the suprasecond range but not in the subsecond range. The impairing effects indicate that motor timing interferes with perceptual timing. The dependence of impairment on temporal contexts suggests multiple timing mechanisms for the subsecond and suprasecond ranges. In addition, violation of the scalar property (i.e., a constant variability to target interval ratio) was observed between the sub- and suprasecond ranges. The violation was clearer for motor timing than for perceptual timing. This suggests that the multiple timing mechanisms for the sub- and suprasecond ranges overlap more for perception than for motor. Moreover, the central tendency effect (i.e., where shorter base intervals are overestimated and longer base intervals are underestimated) disappeared with motor timing within the subsecond range, suggesting multiple subsecond timing system for perception and motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Mitani
- Department of Information Processing, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makio Kashino
- Department of Information Processing, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan; Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone CorporationAtsugi, Japan
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24
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Viswanathan P, Whitall J, Kagerer FA. Control of Integrated Task Sequences Shapes Components of Reaching. J Mot Behav 2016; 48:435-45. [PMID: 27254601 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1134431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaching toward an object usually consists of a sequence of elemental actions. Using a reaching task sequence, the authors investigated how task elements of that sequence affected feedforward and feedback components of the reaching phase of the movement. Nine right-handed adults performed, with their dominant and nondominant hands, 4 tasks of different complexities: a simple reaching task; a reach-to-grasp task; a reach-to-grasp and lift object task; and a reach-to-grasp, lift, and place object task. Results showed that in the reach-to-grasp and lift object task more time was allocated to the feedforward component of the reach phase, while latency between the task elements decreased. We also found between-hand differences, supporting previous findings of increased efficiency of processing planning-related information in the preferred hand. The presence of task-related modifications supports the concept of contextual effects when planning a movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Viswanathan
- a University of Maryland, School of Medicine , Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science , Baltimore , Maryland
| | - Jill Whitall
- a University of Maryland, School of Medicine , Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science , Baltimore , Maryland
| | - Florian A Kagerer
- b Michigan State University , Department of Kinesiology, Neuroscience Program , East Lansing , Michigan
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25
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Nguyen BN, McKendrick AM. Visual Contextual Effects of Orientation, Contrast, Flicker, and Luminance: All Are Affected by Normal Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:79. [PMID: 27148047 PMCID: PMC4834301 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of a visual stimulus can be markedly altered by spatial interactions between the stimulus and its surround. For example, a grating stimulus appears lower in contrast when surrounded by a similar pattern of higher contrast: a phenomenon known as surround suppression of perceived contrast. Such center–surround interactions in visual perception are numerous and arise from both cortical and pre-cortical neural circuitry. For example, perceptual surround suppression of luminance and flicker are predominantly mediated pre-cortically, whereas contrast and orientation suppression have strong cortical contributions. Here, we compare the perception of older and younger observers on a battery of tasks designed to assess such visual contextual effects. For all visual dimensions tested (luminance, flicker, contrast, and orientation), on average the older adults showed greater suppression of central targets than the younger adult group. The increase in suppression was consistent in magnitude across all tasks, suggesting that normal aging produces a generalized, non-specific alteration to contextual processing in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao N Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
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26
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Chen CH, Yu C. The Effects of Learning and Retrieval Contexts on Cross-situational Word Learning. IEEE Int Conf Dev Learn Epigenetic Robot 2015; 2015:202-207. [PMID: 28435936 DOI: 10.1109/devlrn.2015.7346141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Natural linguistic environments usually provide structured input, in that words that are semantically-related are likely to occur in the same situation. The current study examined whether this kind of semantically-themed structure facilitated cross-situational word learning. Results from two experiments consistently showed that participants had higher performance in semantically-themed learning contexts. In contrast, themed retrieval contexts did not affect performance. Our work suggests that learners' ability to use statistical information to acquire word-to-object mappings is enhanced when learning is put in a more naturalistic and structured context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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27
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Garcia-Marques T, Fernandes A, Fonseca R, Prada M. Social presence and the composite face effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 158:61-6. [PMID: 25939138 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust finding in social psychology research is that performance is modulated by the social nature of a given context, promoting social inhibition or facilitation effects. In the present experiment, we examined if and how social presence impacts holistic face perception processes by asking participants, in the presence of others and alone, to perform the composite face task. Results suggest that completing the task in the presence of others (i.e., mere co-action) is associated with better performance in face recognition (less bias and higher discrimination between presented and non-presented targets) and with a reduction in the composite face effect. These results make clear that social presence impact on the composite face effect does not occur because presence increases reliance on holistic processing as a "dominant" well-learned response, but instead, because it increases monitoring of the interference produced by automatic response.
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28
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Dickinson LM, Dickinson WP, Nutting PA, Fisher L, Harbrecht M, Crabtree BF, Glasgow RE, West DR. Practice context affects efforts to improve diabetes care for primary care patients: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 2015; 30:476-82. [PMID: 25472509 PMCID: PMC4370994 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to improve primary care diabetes management have assessed strategies across heterogeneous groups of patients and practices. However, there is substantial variability in how well practices implement interventions and achieve desired outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine practice contextual features that moderate intervention effectiveness. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized trial of three approaches for implementing the Chronic Care Model to improve diabetes care. PARTICIPANTS Forty small to mid-sized primary care practices participated, with 522 clinician and staff member surveys. Outcomes were assessed for 822 established patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who had at least one visit to the practice in the 18 months following enrollment. MAIN MEASURES The primary outcome was a composite measure of diabetes process of care, ascertained by chart audit, regarding nine quality measures from the American Diabetes Association Physician Recognition Program: HgA1c, foot exam, blood pressure, dilated eye exam, cholesterol, nephropathy screen, flu shot, nutrition counseling, and self-management support. Data from practices included structural and demographic characteristics and Practice Culture Assessment survey subscales (Change Culture, Work Culture, Chaos). KEY RESULTS Across the three implementation approaches, demographic/structural characteristics (rural vs. urban + .70(p = .006), +2.44(p < .001), -.75(p = .004)); Medicaid: < 20 % vs. ≥ 20 % (-.20(p = .48), +.75 (p = .08), +.60(p = .02)); practice size: < 4 clinicians vs. ≥ 4 clinicians (+.56(p = .02), +1.96(p < .001), +.02(p = .91)); practice Change Culture (high vs. low: -.86(p = .048), +1.71(p = .005), +.34(p = .22)), Work Culture (high vs. low: -.67(p = .18), +2.41(p < .001), +.67(p = .005)) and variability in practice Change Culture (high vs. low: -.24(p = .006), -.20(p = .0771), -.44(p = .0019) and Work Culture (high vs. low: +.56(p = .3160), -1.0(p = .008), -.25 (p = .0216) were associated with trajectories of change in diabetes process of care, either directly or differentially by study arm. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the need for broader use of methodological approaches to better examine contextual effects on implementation and effectiveness of quality improvement interventions in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Miriam Dickinson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence of the hot hand in sport-where success breeds success in a positive recency of successful shots, for instance-indicates that this pattern does not actually exist. Yet the belief persists. We used 2 studies to explore the effects of framing on the hot hand belief in sport. We looked at the effect of sport experience and task on the perception of baseball pitch behavior as well as the hot hand belief and free-throw behavior in basketball. METHOD Study 1 asked participants to designate outcomes with different alternation rates as the result of baseball pitches or coin tosses. Study 2 examined basketball free-throw behavior and measured predicted success before each shot as well as general belief in the hot hand pattern. RESULTS The results of Study 1 illustrate that experience and stimulus alternation rates influence the perception of chance in human performance tasks. Study 2 shows that physically performing an act and making judgments are related. Specifically, beliefs were related to overall performance, with more successful shooters showing greater belief in the hot hand and greater predicted success for upcoming shots. CONCLUSIONS Both of these studies highlight that the hot hand belief is influenced by framing, which leads to instability and situational contingencies. We show the specific effects of framing using accumulated experience of the individual with the sport and knowledge of its structure and specific experience with sport actions (basketball shots) prior to judgments.
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Abstract
This study adds to a growing body of research on the contextual determinants of marriage choice and provides new information on ethnic intermarriage in the late 19th Century. Census microdata for 66 major cities in 1880 are used to estimate a multilevel model of assortative mating of Irish, German, and British immigrants. Results demonstrate that marital choices made by individuals are significantly affected by the local urban context where they live. In addition the very large disparity in endogamy between the British and other groups can mainly be attributed to the smaller size of the British population in these cities.
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Yang E, Tadin D, Glasser DM, Wook Hong S, Blake R, Park S. Visual context processing in bipolar disorder: a comparison with schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2013; 4:569. [PMID: 24009596 PMCID: PMC3757289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomalous perception has been investigated extensively in schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether these impairments are specific to schizophrenia or extend to other psychotic disorders. Recent studies of visual context processing in schizophrenia (Tibber et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2013) point to circumscribed, task-specific abnormalities. Here we examined visual contextual processing across a comprehensive set of visual tasks in individuals with bipolar disorder and compared their performance with that of our previously published results from schizophrenia and healthy participants tested on those same tasks. We quantified the degree to which the surrounding visual context alters a center stimulus' appearance for brightness, size, contrast, orientation and motion. Across these tasks, healthy participants showed robust contextual effects, as indicated by pronounced misperceptions of the center stimuli. Participants with bipolar disorder showed contextual effects similar in magnitude to those found in healthy participants on all tasks. This result differs from what we found in schizophrenia participants (Yang et al., 2013) who showed weakened contextual modulations of contrast but intact contextual modulations of perceived luminance and size. Yet in schizophrenia participants, the magnitude of the contrast illusion did not correlate with symptom measures. Performance on the contrast task by the bipolar disorder group also could not be distinguished from that of the schizophrenia group, and this may be attributed to the result that bipolar patients who presented with greater manic symptoms showed weaker contrast modulation. Thus, contrast gain control may be modulated by clinical state in bipolar disorder. Stronger motion and orientation context effects correlated with worse clinical symptoms across both patient groups and especially in schizophrenia participants. These results highlight the complexity of visual context processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Yang
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA ; School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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Abstract
Abnormal perceptual experiences are central to schizophrenia but the nature of these anomalies remains undetermined. We investigated contextual processing abnormalities across a comprehensive set of visual tasks. For perception of luminance, size, contrast, orientation and motion, we quantified the degree to which the surrounding visual context altered a center stimulus' appearance. Across tasks, healthy participants showed robust contextual effects, as evidenced by pronounced misperceptions of center stimuli. Schizophrenia patients exhibited intact contextual modulations of luminance and size, but showed weakened contextual modulations of contrast, performing more accurately than controls. Strong motion and orientation context effects correlated with worse symptoms and social functioning. Importantly, the overall strength of contextual modulation across tasks did not differ between controls and schizophrenia patients. Additionally, performance measures across contextual tasks were uncorrelated, implying discrete underlying processes. These findings reveal that abnormal contextual modulation in schizophrenia is selective, arguing against the proposed unitary contextual processing dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Yang
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Qualitative activity space data, i.e. qualitative data associated with the routine locations and activities of individuals, are recognized as increasingly useful by researchers in the social and health sciences for investigating the influence of environment on human behavior. However, there has been little research on techniques for exploring qualitative activity space data. This research illustrates the theoretical principles of combining qualitative and quantitative data and methodologies within the context of GIS, using visualization as the means of inquiry. Through the use of a prototype implementation of a visualization system for qualitative activity space data, and its application in a case study of urban youth, we show how these theoretical methodological principles are realized in applied research. The visualization system uses a variety of visual variables to simultaneously depict multiple qualitative and quantitative attributes of individuals' activity spaces. The visualization is applied to explore the activity spaces of a sample of urban youth participating in a study on the geographic and social contexts of adolescent substance use. Examples demonstrate how the visualization may be used to explore individual activity spaces to generate hypotheses, investigate statistical outliers, and explore activity space patterns among subject subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Mennis
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, 1115 W. Berks St., 309 Gladfelter Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA, , ,
| | - Michael J Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Division Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA, , ,
| | - Yinghui Cao
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia, , ,
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Sudano JJ, Perzynski A, Wong DW, Colabianchi N, Litaker D. Neighborhood racial residential segregation and changes in health or death among older adults. Health Place 2013; 19:80-8. [PMID: 23201913 PMCID: PMC3537921 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed relationships between neighborhood racial residential segregation (RRS), individual-level health declines and mortality using Health and Retirement Study data. We calculated the census-tract level Location Quotient for Racial Residential Segregation (LQRRS), and estimated adjusted relative risks (ARR) of LQRRS for declines in self-reported health or death 1992-2000, controlling for individual-level characteristics. Of 6653 adults, 3333 lived in minimal, 2242 in low, 562 in moderate, and 516 in high LQRRS tracts in 1992. Major decline/death rates were: 18.6%, 25.2%, 33.8% and 30.4% in minimal, low, moderate and high tracts, respectively. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, residence in low, moderate and high LQRRS census tracts was associated with greater likelihood of major decline/death compared to minimal LQRRS. Controlling for all variables, only moderate LQRRS predicted major decline/death, ARR=1.31 (95% CI 1.07, 1.59; p<.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Sudano
- Center for Health Care Research and Policy, Case Western Reserve University at The MetroHealth System, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Rammelkamp 236a, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
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Wolf DA. Uses of Panel Study of Income Dynamics Data in Research on Aging. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 2012; 680:193-212. [PMID: 31118537 PMCID: PMC6527369 DOI: 10.1177/0002716218791751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has, over its 50-year history, proven to be a useful source of data for research on virtually all of the major topics in the area of social gerontology. This usefulness reflects three of the leading features of the PSID: its longitudinality, its content, and its tracking rules, which permit users to develop family-based and generationally-linked measures. This paper summarizes key areas of survey content, including both routinely-collected data and several one-time or occasional supplements to the routine items. The paper also illustrates how these data elements have been used, providing examples of published papers in several areas of social gerontology. Finally, the paper points out some methodological issues associated with the PSID design; these methodological issues arise, in varying degrees, in longitudinal studies other than the PSID, and should be acknowledged by both the producers and consumers of longitudinal-data research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Wolf
- Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs and Aging Studies Institute, Syracuse University, , Aging Studies Institute, 314 Lyman Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
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Abstract
Crowding is related to an integration of feature signals over an inappropriately large area in the visual periphery. The rules of this integration are still not well understood. This study attempts to understand how the orientation signals from the target and flankers are combined. A target Gabor, together with 2, 4, or 6 flanking Gabors, was briefly presented in a peripheral location (4° eccentricity). The observer's task was to identify the orientation of the target (eight-alternative forced-choice). Performance was found to be nonmonotonically dependent on the target-flanker orientation difference (a drop at intermediate differences). For small target-flanker differences, a strong assimilation bias was observed. An effect of the number of flankers was found for heterogeneous flankers only. It appears that different rules of integration are used, dependent on some salient aspects (target pop-out, homogeneity-heterogeneity) of the stimulus pattern. The strategy of combining simple rules may be explained by the goal of the visual system to encode potentially important aspects of a stimulus with limited processing resources and using statistical regularities of the natural visual environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endel Põder
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi street 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia; e-mail:
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de Alencar Ximenes RA, Martelli CMT, Merchán-Hamann E, Montarroyos UR, Braga MC, de Lima MLC, Cardoso MRA, Turchi MD, Costa MA, de Alencar LCA, Moreira RC, Figueiredo GM, Pereira LMMB. Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the Northeast and Central-west regions of Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 37:852-61. [PMID: 18653514 PMCID: PMC2483311 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. Methods This population-based survey was conducted in 2004–2005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (5–9 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. Results The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 5–9 and 10–19 age-group was 41.5 and 57.4%, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0%, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1% for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5% of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0% in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was ∼70% in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. Conclusion The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas.
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