151
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Fuller D. Focus on methods key for advancing population health intervention research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e93. [PMID: 23618126 PMCID: PMC6973741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
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152
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Fuller D. Focus on methods key for advancing population health intervention research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e93. [PMID: 23618126 PMCID: PMC6973741 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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153
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Potvin L. Let's talk about PHIR. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e93. [PMID: 23618127 PMCID: PMC6973675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
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154
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Potvin L. Let's talk about PHIR. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e93. [PMID: 23618127 PMCID: PMC6973675 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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155
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Gagnon AJ, Dougherty G, Wahoush O, Saucier JF, Dennis CL, Stanger E, Palmer B, Merry L, Stewart DE. International migration to Canada: the post-birth health of mothers and infants by immigration class. Soc Sci Med 2012. [PMID: 23194747 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are over 214 million international migrants worldwide, half of whom are women, and all of them assigned by the receiving country to an immigration class. Immigration classes are associated with certain health risks and regulatory restrictions related to eligibility for health care. Prior to this study, reports of international migrant post-birth health had not been compared between immigration classes, with the exception of our earlier, smaller study in which we found asylum-seekers to be at greatest risk for health concerns. In order to determine whether refugee or asylum-seeking women or their infants experience a greater number or a different distribution of professionally-identified health concerns after birth than immigrant or Canadian-born women, we recruited 1127 migrant (and in Canada <5 years) women-infant pairs, defined by immigration class (refugee, asylum-seeker, immigrant, or Canadian-born). Between February 2006 and May 2009, we followed them from childbirth (in one of eleven birthing centres in Montreal or Toronto) to four months and found that at one week postpartum, asylum-seeking and immigrant women had greater rates of professionally-identified health concerns than Canadian-born women; and at four months, all three migrant groups had greater rates of professionally-identified concerns. Further, international migrants were at greater risk of not having these concerns addressed by the Canadian health care system. The current study supports our earlier findings and highlights the need for case-finding and services for international migrant women, particularly for psychosocial difficulties. Policy and program mechanisms to address migrants' needs would best be developed within the various immigration classes.
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156
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Hawe P, Di Ruggiero E, Cohen E. Frequently asked questions about population health intervention research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:e468-71. [PMID: 23618030 PMCID: PMC6975209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Population health intervention research requires stronger definition. There are overlaps and differences between it and established domains such as evaluation, health impact assessment, knowledge translation, health services research, and social and public policy analysis. The value added of this growing field is its potential to draw more resources as well as diverse expertise, methods and ways of knowing under one umbrella at a critical time in history. That is, at a time when actions to reduce health inequities have become paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Hawe
- Population Health Intervention Research Centre University of Calgary, AB.
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157
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Hawe P, Di Ruggiero E, Cohen E. Frequently asked questions about population health intervention research. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618030 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Population health intervention research requires stronger definition. There are overlaps and differences between it and established domains such as evaluation, health impact assessment, knowledge translation, health services research, and social and public policy analysis. The value added of this growing field is its potential to draw more resources as well as diverse expertise, methods and ways of knowing under one umbrella at a critical time in history. That is, at a time when actions to reduce health inequities have become paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Hawe
- Population Health Intervention Research Centre University of Calgary, AB.
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158
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Mahamoud A, Roche B, Homer J. Modelling the social determinants of health and simulating short-term and long-term intervention impacts for the city of Toronto, Canada. Soc Sci Med 2012; 93:247-55. [PMID: 23123169 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial body of evidence highlighting the importance of the social determinants of health in shaping the health of urban populations in Canada. The low socio-economic status of marginalized, disadvantaged, and precarious populations in urban settings has been linked to adverse health outcomes including chronic and infectious disease, negative health behaviours, barriers to accessing health care services, and overall mortality. Given the dynamic complexities and inter-relationships surrounding the underlying drivers of population health outcomes and inequities, it is difficult to assess program and policy intervention tradeoffs, particularly when such interventions are studied with static models. To address this challenge, we have adopted a systems science approach and developed a simulation model for the City of Toronto, Canada, utilizing system dynamics modelling methodology. The model simulates changes in health, social determinants, and disparities from 2006 and projects forward to 2046 under different assumptions. Most of the variables in the model are stratified by ethnicity, immigration status, and gender, and capture the characteristics of adults aged 25-64. Intervention areas include health care access, behaviour, income, housing, and social cohesion. The model simulates alternative scenarios to help demonstrate the relative impact of different interventions on poor health outcomes such as chronic disease rates, disability rates, and mortality rate. It gives insight into how much, and how quickly, interventions can reduce mortality and morbidity. We believe this will serve as a useful learning tool to allow diverse stakeholders and policy makers to ask "what if" questions and map effective policy directions for complex population health problems, and will enable communities to think about their health futures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Mahamoud
- Wellesley Institute, 10 Alcorn Ave. Suite 300, Toronto, ON M4V 3B2, Canada.
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159
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Abstract
A broad coalition of partners, entitled PHIRIC (Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada), are working to increase the amount/quality of population health intervention research (PHIR) in our country. A central theme is to advance the science in this area. The current CJPH Supplement is welcomed as a set of diverse studies done to further our understanding of PHIR. The papers illustrate the range of questions that can be addressed and the variety of methods that need to be utilized. There is a need for critical reflection on three questions: 1) what constitutes PHIR? 2) which intervention parameters can be researched? and 3) what methods are recognized by the research community? Although legitimate attempts to define PHIR exist, the boundaries remain elusive. (Even the choice of articles in the current Supplement might be questioned.) It has cogently been argued that 'true' public health interventions intend to change risk conditions and alter distributions of health risk. This commentary suggests an important amendment to prior evaluation questions in stating that PHIR must pay attention to how intervention outcomes are distributed. There are also questions inherent in assessing the equity and distribution of an outcome. The bottom line is that we need to spread the word: more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Potvin
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC.
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160
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Frankish J. Population health intervention research: advancing the field. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:eS3-eS4. [PMID: 23618046 PMCID: PMC6973568 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Frankish
- School of Population and Public Health, Centre for Population-Health Promotion Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
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161
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Potvin L. Epilogue: a critical look at a nascent field. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:eS63-4. [PMID: 23618053 PMCID: PMC6973550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A broad coalition of partners, entitled PHIRIC (Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada), are working to increase the amount/quality of population health intervention research (PHIR) in our country. A central theme is to advance the science in this area. The current CJPH Supplement is welcomed as a set of diverse studies done to further our understanding of PHIR. The papers illustrate the range of questions that can be addressed and the variety of methods that need to be utilized. There is a need for critical reflection on three questions: 1) what constitutes PHIR? 2) which intervention parameters can be researched? and 3) what methods are recognized by the research community? Although legitimate attempts to define PHIR exist, the boundaries remain elusive. (Even the choice of articles in the current Supplement might be questioned.) It has cogently been argued that 'true' public health interventions intend to change risk conditions and alter distributions of health risk. This commentary suggests an important amendment to prior evaluation questions in stating that PHIR must pay attention to how intervention outcomes are distributed. There are also questions inherent in assessing the equity and distribution of an outcome. The bottom line is that we need to spread the word: more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Potvin
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC.
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162
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A ban on marketing of foods/beverages to children: the who, why, what and how of a population health intervention. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 22530530 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition in Canada and elsewhere of the need for population-level interventions related to diet. One example of such an intervention is a ban on the marketing of foods/beverages to children, for which several health organizations have or are in the process of developing position statements. Considering the federal government's inaction to impose restrictions that would yield meaningful impact, there is opportunity for the health community to unite in support of a stronger set of policies. However, several issues and challenges exist, some of which we outline in this commentary. We emphasize that, despite challenges, the present and predicted future of diet-related illness in Canadian children is such that population-level intervention is necessary and becoming increasingly urgent, and there is an important role for the health community in facilitating action.
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163
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Macnaughton EL, Goering PN, Nelson GB. Exploring the value of mixed methods within the At Home/Chez Soi housing first project: a strategy to evaluate the implementation of a complex population health intervention for people with mental illness who have been homeless. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618052 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is a methodological case study that describes the At Home/Chez Soi (Housing First) Initiative's mixed-methods strategy for implementation evaluation and discusses the value of these methods in evaluating the implementation of such complex population health interventions. TARGET POPULATION The Housing First (HF) model is being implemented in five cities: Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montréal and Moncton. INTERVENTION At Home/Chez Soi is an intervention trial that aims to address the issue of homelessness in people with mental health issues. The HF model emphasizes choices, hopefulness and connecting people with resources that make a difference to their quality of life. A component of HF is supported housing, which provides a rent subsidy and rapid access to housing of choice in private apartments; a second component is support. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to evaluate HF implementation. OUTCOMES The findings of this case study illustrate how the critical ingredients of complex interventions, such as HF, can be adapted to different contexts while implementation fidelity is maintained at a theoretical level. The findings also illustrate how the project's mixed methods approach helped to facilitate the adaptation process. Another value of this approach is that it identifies systemic and organizational factors (e.g., housing supply, discrimination, housing procurement strategy) that affect implementation of key elements of HF. CONCLUSION In general, the approach provides information about both whether and how key aspects of the intervention are implemented effectively across different settings. It thus provides implementation data that are rigorous, contextually relevant and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Macnaughton
- At Home/Chez Soi Project, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
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164
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Macnaughton EL, Goering PN, Nelson GB. Exploring the value of mixed methods within the At Home/Chez Soi housing first project: a strategy to evaluate the implementation of a complex population health intervention for people with mental illness who have been homeless. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:eS57-63. [PMID: 23618052 PMCID: PMC6973961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is a methodological case study that describes the At Home/Chez Soi (Housing First) Initiative's mixed-methods strategy for implementation evaluation and discusses the value of these methods in evaluating the implementation of such complex population health interventions. TARGET POPULATION The Housing First (HF) model is being implemented in five cities: Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montréal and Moncton. INTERVENTION At Home/Chez Soi is an intervention trial that aims to address the issue of homelessness in people with mental health issues. The HF model emphasizes choices, hopefulness and connecting people with resources that make a difference to their quality of life. A component of HF is supported housing, which provides a rent subsidy and rapid access to housing of choice in private apartments; a second component is support. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to evaluate HF implementation. OUTCOMES The findings of this case study illustrate how the critical ingredients of complex interventions, such as HF, can be adapted to different contexts while implementation fidelity is maintained at a theoretical level. The findings also illustrate how the project's mixed methods approach helped to facilitate the adaptation process. Another value of this approach is that it identifies systemic and organizational factors (e.g., housing supply, discrimination, housing procurement strategy) that affect implementation of key elements of HF. CONCLUSION In general, the approach provides information about both whether and how key aspects of the intervention are implemented effectively across different settings. It thus provides implementation data that are rigorous, contextually relevant and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Macnaughton
- At Home/Chez Soi Project, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
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165
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Context by treatment interactions as the primary object of study in cluster randomized controlled trials of population health interventions. Int J Public Health 2012; 57:633-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-012-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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166
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Dutton DJ, Campbell NRC, Elliott C, McLaren L. A ban on marketing of foods/beverages to children: the who, why, what and how of a population health intervention. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:100-2. [PMID: 22530530 PMCID: PMC6973628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 03/29/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition in Canada and elsewhere of the need for population-level interventions related to diet. One example of such an intervention is a ban on the marketing of foods/beverages to children, for which several health organizations have or are in the process of developing position statements. Considering the federal government's inaction to impose restrictions that would yield meaningful impact, there is opportunity for the health community to unite in support of a stronger set of policies. However, several issues and challenges exist, some of which we outline in this commentary. We emphasize that, despite challenges, the present and predicted future of diet-related illness in Canadian children is such that population-level intervention is necessary and becoming increasingly urgent, and there is an important role for the health community in facilitating action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Dutton
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, TRW3, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Norman R. C. Campbell
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Charlene Elliott
- Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Lindsay McLaren
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, TRW3, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
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167
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McLaren L, Emery JCH. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:eS49-56. [PMID: 23618050 PMCID: PMC6974062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One argument made in favour of drinking water fluoridation is that it is equitable in its impact on oral health. We examined the association between exposure to fluoridation and oral health inequities among Canadian children.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND INTERVENTION: We analyzed data from 1,017 children aged 6-11 from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included a clinic oral health examination and a household interview. The outcome measure was a count of the number of decayed, missing (because of caries or periodontal disease) or filled teeth, either deciduous or permanent (dmftDMFT). Data were analyzed using linear (ordinary least squares) and multinomial logistic regression; we also computed the concentration index for education-related inequity in oral health. Water fluoridation status (the intervention) was assigned on the basis of the site location of data collection. OUTCOMES Fluoridation was associated with better oral health (fewer dmftDMFT), adjusting for socio-economic and behavioural variables, and the effect was particularly strong for more severe oral health problems (three or more dmftDMFT). The effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT was observed across income and education categories but appeared especially pronounced in lower education and higher income adequacy households. dmftDMFT were found to be disproportionately concentrated in lower-education households, though this did not vary by fluoridation status. CONCLUSIONS The robust main effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT and the beneficial effect across socio-economic groups support fluoridation as a beneficial and justifiable population health intervention. Fluoridation was equitable in the sense that its benefits were particularly apparent in those groups with the poorest oral health profiles, though the nature of the findings prompts consideration of the values underlying the judgement of health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McLaren
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
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168
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McLaren L, Emery JCH. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618050 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One argument made in favour of drinking water fluoridation is that it is equitable in its impact on oral health. We examined the association between exposure to fluoridation and oral health inequities among Canadian children.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND INTERVENTION: We analyzed data from 1,017 children aged 6-11 from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included a clinic oral health examination and a household interview. The outcome measure was a count of the number of decayed, missing (because of caries or periodontal disease) or filled teeth, either deciduous or permanent (dmftDMFT). Data were analyzed using linear (ordinary least squares) and multinomial logistic regression; we also computed the concentration index for education-related inequity in oral health. Water fluoridation status (the intervention) was assigned on the basis of the site location of data collection. OUTCOMES Fluoridation was associated with better oral health (fewer dmftDMFT), adjusting for socio-economic and behavioural variables, and the effect was particularly strong for more severe oral health problems (three or more dmftDMFT). The effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT was observed across income and education categories but appeared especially pronounced in lower education and higher income adequacy households. dmftDMFT were found to be disproportionately concentrated in lower-education households, though this did not vary by fluoridation status. CONCLUSIONS The robust main effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT and the beneficial effect across socio-economic groups support fluoridation as a beneficial and justifiable population health intervention. Fluoridation was equitable in the sense that its benefits were particularly apparent in those groups with the poorest oral health profiles, though the nature of the findings prompts consideration of the values underlying the judgement of health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McLaren
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
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169
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Jack SM, Busser D, Sheehan D, Gonzalez A, Zwygers EJ, Macmillan HL. Adaptation and implementation of the nurse-family partnership in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2012; 103:eS42-8. [PMID: 23618049 PMCID: PMC6974165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International agencies are required to adapt, pilot and then evaluate the effectiveness of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) prior to broad implementation of this public health intervention. The objectives of this qualitative case study were to: 1) determine whether the NFP can be implemented in Canada with fidelity to the US model, and 2) identify the adaptations required to increase the acceptability of the intervention for service providers and families. PARTICIPANTS 108 low-income, first-time mothers in Hamilton, Ontario, received the NFP intervention. In-depth interviews were conducted with NFP clients (n=38), family members (n=14) and community professionals (n=24). SETTING Hamilton, Ontario.INTERVENTION AND DATA COLLECTION: An intensive nurse home visitation program delivered to women starting early in pregnancy and continuing until the child was two years old. Processes to adapt and implement the NFP were explored across seven focus groups with public health nurses and managers. Eighty documents were reviewed to identify implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis. OUTCOMES The NFP model elements are acceptable to Canadian health care providers, public health nurses and families receiving the intervention. The primary adaptation required was to reduce nurse caseloads from 25 to 20 active clients. Recommendations for adapting and implementing all model elements are described. CONCLUSION The NFP model requires minor adaptations to increase the acceptability of the intervention to Canadian stakeholders. A consistent approach to adapting the NFP program in Canada is necessary as provincial jurisdictions commit themselves to supporting an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of the NFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Jack
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
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170
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Adaptation and implementation of the nurse-family partnership in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618049 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International agencies are required to adapt, pilot and then evaluate the effectiveness of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) prior to broad implementation of this public health intervention. The objectives of this qualitative case study were to: 1) determine whether the NFP can be implemented in Canada with fidelity to the US model, and 2) identify the adaptations required to increase the acceptability of the intervention for service providers and families. PARTICIPANTS 108 low-income, first-time mothers in Hamilton, Ontario, received the NFP intervention. In-depth interviews were conducted with NFP clients (n=38), family members (n=14) and community professionals (n=24). SETTING Hamilton, Ontario.INTERVENTION AND DATA COLLECTION: An intensive nurse home visitation program delivered to women starting early in pregnancy and continuing until the child was two years old. Processes to adapt and implement the NFP were explored across seven focus groups with public health nurses and managers. Eighty documents were reviewed to identify implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis. OUTCOMES The NFP model elements are acceptable to Canadian health care providers, public health nurses and families receiving the intervention. The primary adaptation required was to reduce nurse caseloads from 25 to 20 active clients. Recommendations for adapting and implementing all model elements are described. CONCLUSION The NFP model requires minor adaptations to increase the acceptability of the intervention to Canadian stakeholders. A consistent approach to adapting the NFP program in Canada is necessary as provincial jurisdictions commit themselves to supporting an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of the NFP.
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171
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Rock MJ, McIntyre L, Persaud SA, Thomas KL. A media advocacy intervention linking health disparities and food insecurity. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2011; 26:948-960. [PMID: 21685402 PMCID: PMC3219881 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Media advocacy is a well-established strategy for transmitting health messages to the public. This paper discusses a media advocacy intervention that raised issues about how the public interprets messages about the negative effects of poverty on population health. In conjunction with the publication of a manuscript illustrating how income-related food insecurity leads to disparities related to the consumption of a popular food product across Canada (namely, Kraft Dinner®), we launched a media intervention intended to appeal to radio, television, print and Internet journalists. All the media coverage conveyed our intended message that food insecurity is a serious population health problem, confirming that message framing, personal narratives and visual imagery are important in persuading media outlets to carry stories about poverty as a determinant of population health. Among politicians and members of the public (through on-line discussions), the coverage provoked on-message as well as off-message reactions. Population health researchers and health promotion practitioners should anticipate mixed reactions to media advocacy interventions, particularly in light of new Internet technologies. Opposition to media stories regarding the socio-economic determinants of population health can provide new insights into how we might overcome challenges in translating evidence into preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Rock
- Population Health Intervention Research Centre, Calgary Institute for Population and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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172
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Cole DC, Orozco T F, Pradel W, Suquillo J, Mera X, Chacon A, Prain G, Wanigaratne S, Leah J. An agriculture and health inter-sectorial research process to reduce hazardous pesticide health impacts among smallholder farmers in the Andes. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2011; 11 Suppl 2:S6. [PMID: 22165981 PMCID: PMC3247837 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-11-s2-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of highly hazardous pesticides by smallholder farmers constitutes a classic trans-sectoral 'wicked problem'. We share our program of research in potato and vegetable farming communities in the Andean highlands, working with partners from multiple sectors to confront this problem over several projects. METHODS We engaged in iterative cycles of mixed methods research around particular questions, actions relevant to stakeholders, new proposal formulation and implementation followed by evaluation of impacts. Capacity building occurred among farmers, technical personnel, and students from multiple disciplines. Involvement of research users occurred throughout: women and men farmers, non-governmental development organizations, Ministries of Health and Agriculture, and, in Ecuador, the National Council on Social Participation. RESULTS Pesticide poisonings were more widespread than existing passive surveillance systems would suggest. More diversified, moderately developed agricultural systems had lower pesticide use and better child nutrition. Greater understanding among women of crop management options and more equal household gender relations were associated with reduced farm pesticide use and household pesticide exposure. Involvement in more organic agriculture was associated with greater household food security and food sovereignty. Markets for safer produce supported efforts by smallholder farmers to reduce hazardous pesticide use.Participatory interventions included: promoting greater access to alternative methods and inputs in a store co-sponsored by the municipality; producing less harmful inputs such as compost by women farmers; strengthening farmer organizations around healthier and more sustainable agriculture; marketing safer produce among social sectors; empowering farmers to act as social monitors; and using social monitoring results to inform decision makers. Uptake by policy makers has included: the Ecuadorian Ministry of Health rolling out pesticide poisoning surveillance modeled on our system; the Ecuadorian Association of Municipalities holding a national virtual forum on healthier agriculture; and the Ecuadorian Ministry of Agriculture promulgating restrictions on highly hazardous pesticides in June 2010. CONCLUSION Work with multiple actors is needed to shift agriculture towards greater sustainability and human health, particularly for vulnerable smallholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7.
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Cole DC, Vanderlinden L, Leah J, Whate R, Mee C, Bienefeld M, Wanigaratne S, Campbell M. Municipal bylaw to reduce cosmetic/non-essential pesticide use on household lawns - a policy implementation evaluation. Environ Health 2011; 10:74. [PMID: 21867501 PMCID: PMC3224547 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide use on urban lawns and gardens contributes to environmental contamination and human exposure. Municipal policies to restrict use and educate households on viable alternatives deserve study. We describe the development and implementation of a cosmetic/non-essential pesticide bylaw by a municipal health department in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and assess changes in resident practices associated with bylaw implementation. METHODS Implementation indicators built on a logic model and were elaborated through key informant interviews. Bylaw impacts on awareness and practice changes were documented through telephone surveys administered seasonally pre, during and post implementation (2003-2008). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations of demographic variables and gardening season with respondent awareness and practices. RESULTS Implementation indicators documented multiple municipal health department activities and public involvement in complaints from commencement of the educational phase. During the enforcement phases only 40 warning letters and 7 convictions were needed. The number of lawn care companies increased. Among survey respondents, awareness of the bylaw and the Natural Lawn campaign reached 69% and 76% respectively by 2008. Substantial decreases in the proportion of households applying pesticides (25 to 11%) or hiring lawn care companies for application (15 to 5%) occurred. Parallel absolute increases in use of natural lawn care methods occurred among households themselves (21%) and companies they contracted (7%). CONCLUSIONS Bylaws or ordinances implemented through education and enforcement are a viable policy option for reducing urban cosmetic pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, Ste 400, 155 College St. Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Loren Vanderlinden
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, Ste 400, 155 College St. Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Healthy Public Policy, Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto, 277 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada
| | - Jessica Leah
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, Ste 400, 155 College St. Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Rich Whate
- Healthy Public Policy, Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto, 277 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada
| | - Carol Mee
- Healthy Public Policy, Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto, 277 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada
| | - Monica Bienefeld
- Public Health Policy and Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care,1075 Bay Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5S 2B1, Canada
| | - Susitha Wanigaratne
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, Ste 400, 155 College St. Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Monica Campbell
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, Ste 400, 155 College St. Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Healthy Public Policy, Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto, 277 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W2, Canada
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Hawe P, Samis S, Di Ruggiero E, Shoveller JA. Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada: progress and prospects. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2011; 22:27-32. [PMID: 21527078 DOI: 10.1071/nb10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Actions in Canada are being designed to transform the way research evidence is generated and used to improve population health. Capacity is being built in population health intervention research. The primary target is more understanding and examination of policies and programs that could redress inequities in health. The Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada is a loosely-networked collaboration designed to advance the science of the field as well as the quantity, quality and use of population health intervention research to improve the health of Canadians. In the first few years there have been new training investments, new funding programs, new working guidelines for peer review, symposia and new international collaborations. This has been brought about by the strategic alignment of communication, planning and existing investments and the leveraging of new resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Hawe
- Population Health Intervention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Canada.
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175
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Stewart MJ, Letourneau NL, Kushner KE. Participatory pilot interventions for vulnerable populations: A response to Lillard. Soc Sci Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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176
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Raine KD, Plotnikoff R, Nykiforuk C, Deegan H, Hemphill E, Storey K, Schopflocher D, Veugelers P, Wild TC, Ohinmaa A. Reflections on community-based population health intervention and evaluation for obesity and chronic disease prevention: the Healthy Alberta Communities project. Int J Public Health 2010; 55:679-86. [PMID: 20814715 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-010-0187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reflect upon a population health intervention for obesity and chronic disease prevention, with specific attention to the processes of change and developing, implementing and evaluating an intervention in a community-university-government partnership context. METHODS To capture the value, process and context of our interventions, we employed a multi-layered, mixed methods research and evaluation design. Guided by assumptions of community-based participatory research, and using a validated capacity-building tool, the investigators described and reflected critically upon the level and nature of capacity built (for both research and intervention) as indicators of the process and contextual influences on intervention success. RESULTS Capacity was built in communities through collaborative approaches. We captured complexity of change in social context to advance understanding of how to intervene to transform environments. Developing novel community evaluation strategies can help to advance understanding of how environmental interventions affect health before health outcomes data demonstrate change. CONCLUSIONS Our experience provides an example of operationalizing an ecological framework. As a community-university-government partnership, Healthy Alberta Communities provides an opportunity for developing promising practices for the health of communities, as well as a unique research platform for evaluating the process and establishing effectiveness of population health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D Raine
- Centre for Health Promotion Studies, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 5-10, 8303-112St, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada.
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Mohindra KS, Labonté R. A systematic review of population health interventions and Scheduled Tribes in India. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:438. [PMID: 20659344 PMCID: PMC2919477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite India's recent economic growth, health and human development indicators of Scheduled Tribes (ST) or Adivasi (India's indigenous populations) lag behind national averages. The aim of this review was to identify the public health interventions or components of these interventions that are effective in reducing morbidity or mortality rates and reducing risks of ill health among ST populations in India, in order to inform policy and to identify important research gaps. Methods We systematically searched and assessed peer-reviewed literature on evaluations or intervention studies of a population health intervention undertaken with an ST population or in a tribal area, with a population health outcome(s), and involving primary data collection. Results The evidence compiled in this review revealed three issues that promote effective public health interventions with STs: (1) to develop and implement interventions that are low-cost, give rapid results and can be easily administered, (2): a multi-pronged approach, and (3): involve ST populations in the intervention. Conclusion While there is a growing body of knowledge on the health needs of STs, there is a paucity of data on how we can address these needs. We provide suggestions on how to undertake future population health intervention research with ST populations and offer priority research avenues that will help to address our knowledge gap in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Mohindra
- Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Stewart JM, Sanson‐Fisher RW, Eades SJ, Mealing NM. Strategies for increasing high‐quality intervention research in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health: views of leading researchers. Med J Aust 2010; 192:612-5. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stewart
- Centre for Aboriginal Health, New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, NSW
| | - Rob W Sanson‐Fisher
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
| | - Sandra J Eades
- Indigenous Maternal and Child Health Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Nicole M Mealing
- Centre for Aboriginal Health, New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, NSW
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Edwards NC. Revisiting our social justice roots in population health intervention research. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2010. [PMID: 20209730 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Edwards
- School of Nursing and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON
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McCormack GR, Rock M, Toohey AM, Hignell D. Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: a review of qualitative research. Health Place 2010; 16:712-26. [PMID: 20356780 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Given that recent literature reviews on physical activity in urban parks deliberately excluded qualitative findings, we reviewed qualitative research on this topic informed by a published classification scheme based on quantitative research. Twenty-one studies met our inclusion criteria. These studies relied mainly on semi-structured interviews with individuals or in focus groups; only five studies involved in situ observation. Our synthesis aligns with previous quantitative research showing that attributes including safety, aesthetics, amenities, maintenance, and proximity are important for encouraging park use. Furthermore, our synthesis of qualitative research suggests that perceptions of the social environment entwine inextricably with perceptions of the physical environment. If so, physical attributes of parks as well as perceptions of these attributes (formed in relation to broader social contexts) may influence physical activity patterns. Both qualitative and quantitative methods provide useful information for interpreting such patterns, and in particular, when designing and assessing interventions intended to improve the amount and intensity of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R McCormack
- Population Health Intervention Research Centre, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2N4Z6, Canada.
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Edwards NC. Revisiting our social justice roots in population health intervention research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2009; 100:405-8. [PMID: 20209730 PMCID: PMC6974027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Edwards
- School of Nursing and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON
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Paradis G. Social determinants of health: so what? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2009; 100:164. [PMID: 19507713 PMCID: PMC6974287 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Paradis G. Charting the future from the past. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2009; 100:84. [PMID: 19839278 PMCID: PMC6973672 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Paradis G. Charting the future from the past. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2009; 100:84. [PMID: 19839278 PMCID: PMC6973672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
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