151
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Ackerson T, Amberg A, Atzrodt J, Arabeyre C, Defossa E, Dorau M, Dudda A, Dwyer J, Holla W, Kissner T, Kohlmann M, Kürzel U, Pánczél J, Rajanna S, Riedel J, Schmidt F, Wäse K, Weitz D, Derdau V. Mechanistic investigations of the liver toxicity of the free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist fasiglifam (TAK875) and its primary metabolites. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22345. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens Atzrodt
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Angela Dudda
- Global Project Management Unit, DCV, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Markus Kohlmann
- Global Project Management Unit, DCV, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ulrich Kürzel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | - József Pánczél
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Jens Riedel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Weitz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
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152
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Renggli K, Rousset N, Lohasz C, Nguyen OTP, Hierlemann A. Integrated Microphysiological Systems: Transferable Organ Models and Recirculating Flow. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1900018. [PMID: 32627410 PMCID: PMC7610576 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying and understanding of tissue and disease mechanisms largely depend on the availability of suitable and representative biological model systems. These model systems should be carefully engineered and faithfully reproduce the biological system of interest to understand physiological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity to better identify new drug compounds. By relying on microfluidics, microphysiological systems (MPSs) enable the precise control of culturing conditions and connections of advanced in vitro 3D organ models that better reproduce in vivo environments. This review focuses on transferable in vitro organ models and integrated MPSs that host these transferable biological units and enable interactions between different tissue types. Interchangeable and transferrable in vitro organ models allow for independent quality control of the biological model before system assembly and building MPS assays on demand. Due to the complexity and different maturation times of individual in vitro tissues, off-chip production and quality control entail improved stability and reproducibility of the systems and results, which is important for large-scale adoption of the technology. Lastly, the technical and biological challenges and open issues for realizing and implementing integrated MPSs with transferable in vitro organ models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Renggli
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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153
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Williams DP. Application of hepatocyte-like cells to enhance hepatic safety risk assessment in drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0228. [PMID: 29786562 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stress and injury from drugs continues to be a major concern within the pharmaceutical industry, leading to preclinical and clinical attrition precautionary warnings and post-market withdrawal of drugs. There is a requirement for more predictive and mechanistically accurate models to aid risk assessment. Primary human hepatocytes, subject to isolation stress, cryopreservation, donor-to-donor variation and a relatively short period of functional capability in two-dimensional cultures, are not suitable for high-throughput screening procedures. There are two areas within the drug discovery pipeline that the generation of a stable, metabolically functional hepatocyte-like cell with unlimited supply would have major impact. First, in routine, cell health risk-assessment assays where hepatic cell lines are typically deployed. Second, at later stages of the drug discovery pipeline approaching candidate nomination where bespoke/investigational studies refining and understanding the risk to patients use patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) hepatocytes retaining characteristics from the patient, e.g. HLA susceptibility alleles, iPSC hepatocytes with defined disease phenotypes or genetic characteristics that have the potential to make the hepatocyte more sensitive to a particular stress mechanism. Functionality of patient-centric hepatocyte-like cells is likely to be enhanced when coupled with emerging culture systems, such as three-dimensional spheroids or microphysiological systems. Ultimately, the aspiration to confidently use human-relevant in vitro models to predict human-specific hepatic toxicity depends on the integration of promising emerging technologies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, UK
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154
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Brown GE, Khetani SR. Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0225. [PMID: 29786560 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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155
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Vorrink SU, Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Prediction of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Using Long-Term Stable Primary Hepatic 3D Spheroid Cultures in Chemically Defined Conditions. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:655-665. [PMID: 29590495 PMCID: PMC5974779 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High failure rates of drug candidates in the clinics, restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing stages are of substantial concern for the pharmaceutical industry and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons for such safety failures. Importantly, as DILI cannot be accurately predicted using animal models, animal safety tests are commonly complemented with assessments in human in vitro systems. 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes in chemically defined conditions, hereafter termed CD-spheroids, have recently emerged as a microphysiological model system in which hepatocytes retain their molecular phenotypes and hepatic functions for multiple weeks in culture. However, their predictive power for the detection of hepatotoxic liabilities has not been systematically assessed. Therefore, we here evaluated the hepatotoxicity of 123 drugs with or without direct implication in clinical DILI events. Importantly, using ATP quantifications as the single endpoint, the model accurately distinguished between hepatotoxic and nontoxic structural analogues and exceeded both sensitivity and specificity of all previously published in vitro assays at substantially lower exposure levels, successfully detecting 69% of all hepatotoxic compounds without producing any false positive results (100% specificity). Furthermore, the platform supports the culture of spheroids of primary hepatocytes from preclinical animal models, thereby allowing the identification of animal-specific toxicity events. We anticipate that CD-spheroids represent a powerful and versatile tool in drug discovery and preclinical drug development that can reliably flag hepatotoxic drug candidates and provide guidance for the selection of the most suitable animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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156
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McKerrall SJ, Nguyen T, Lai KW, Bergeron P, Deng L, DiPasquale A, Chang JH, Chen J, Chernov-Rogan T, Hackos DH, Maher J, Ortwine DF, Pang J, Payandeh J, Proctor WR, Shields SD, Vogt J, Ji P, Liu W, Ballini E, Schumann L, Tarozzo G, Bankar G, Chowdhury S, Hasan A, Johnson JP, Khakh K, Lin S, Cohen CJ, Dehnhardt CM, Safina BS, Sutherlin DP. Structure- and Ligand-Based Discovery of Chromane Arylsulfonamide Nav1.7 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4091-4109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. McKerrall
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kwong Wah Lai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Philippe Bergeron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lunbin Deng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antonio DiPasquale
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jae H. Chang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tania Chernov-Rogan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David H. Hackos
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel F. Ortwine
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jodie Pang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William R. Proctor
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shannon D. Shields
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Vogt
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pengfei Ji
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Girish Bankar
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Sultan Chowdhury
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Abid Hasan
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - J. P. Johnson
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Kuldip Khakh
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Sophia Lin
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Charles J. Cohen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Christoph M. Dehnhardt
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Brian S. Safina
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel P. Sutherlin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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157
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Integrated in vitro models for hepatic safety and metabolism: evaluation of a human Liver-Chip and liver spheroid. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1021-1037. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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158
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Docci L, Parrott N, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S. Application of New Cellular and Microphysiological Systems to Drug Metabolism Optimization and Their Positioning Respective to In Silico Tools. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:523-536. [PMID: 30817893 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219831407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New cellular model systems for drug metabolism applications, such as advanced 2D liver co-cultures, spheroids, and microphysiological systems (MPSs), offer exciting opportunities to reproduce human biology more closely in vitro with the aim of improving predictions of pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and efficacy. These advanced cellular systems have quickly become established for human intrinsic clearance determination and have been validated for several other absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Adoption will be driven through the demonstration of clear added value, for instance, by more accurate and precise clearance predictions and by more reliable extrapolation of drug interaction potential leading to faster progression to pivotal proof-of-concept studies. New experimental systems are attractive when they can (1) increase experimental capacity, removing optimization bottlenecks; (2) improve measurement quality of ADME properties that impact pharmacokinetics; and (3) enable measurements to be made that were not previously possible, reducing risk in ADME prediction and candidate selection. As new systems become established, they will find their place in the repository of tools used at different stages of the research and development process, depending on the balance of value, throughput, and cost. In this article, we give a perspective on the integration of these new methodologies into ADME optimization during drug discovery, and the likely applications and impacts on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,2 Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen Fowler
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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159
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Peel S, Corrigan AM, Ehrhardt B, Jang KJ, Caetano-Pinto P, Boeckeler M, Rubins JE, Kodella K, Petropolis DB, Ronxhi J, Kulkarni G, Foster AJ, Williams D, Hamilton GA, Ewart L. Introducing an automated high content confocal imaging approach for Organs-on-Chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:410-421. [PMID: 30663729 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organ-Chips are micro-engineered systems that aim to recapitulate the organ microenvironment. Implementation of Organ-Chips within the pharmaceutical industry aims to improve the probability of success of drugs reaching late stage clinical trial by generating models for drug discovery that are of human origin and have disease relevance. We are adopting the use of Organ-Chips for enhancing pre-clinical efficacy and toxicity evaluation and prediction. Whilst capturing cellular phenotype via imaging in response to drug exposure is a useful readout in these models, application has been limited due to difficulties in imaging the chips at scale. Here we created an end-to-end, automated workflow to capture and analyse confocal images of multicellular Organ-Chips to assess detailed cellular phenotype across large batches of chips. By automating this process, we not only reduced acquisition time, but we also minimised process variability and user bias. This enabled us to establish, for the first time, a framework of statistical best practice for Organ-Chip imaging, creating the capability of using Organ-Chips and imaging for routine testing in drug discovery applications that rely on quantitative image data for decision making. We tested our approach using benzbromarone, whose mechanism of toxicity has been linked to mitochondrial damage with subsequent induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and staurosporine, a tool inducer of apoptosis. We also applied this workflow to assess the hepatotoxic effect of an active AstraZeneca drug candidate illustrating its applicability in drug safety assessment beyond testing tool compounds. Finally, we have demonstrated that this approach could be adapted to Organ-Chips of different shapes and sizes through application to a Kidney-Chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Peel
- AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge, UK.
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160
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Archibald K, Tsaioun K, Kenna JG, Pound P. Better science for safer medicines: the human imperative. J R Soc Med 2018; 111:433-438. [PMID: 30439294 PMCID: PMC6295948 DOI: 10.1177/0141076818812783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katya Tsaioun
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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161
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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162
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Relevance of the incubation period in cytotoxicity testing with primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3505-3515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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163
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Tenogenic Properties of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Are Compromised in an Inflammatory Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092549. [PMID: 30154348 PMCID: PMC6163784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells is a valuable option for treating tendon disease. Tenogenic differentiation leading to cell replacement and subsequent matrix modulation may contribute to the regenerative effects of these cells, but it is unclear whether this occurs in the inflammatory environment of acute tendon disease. Equine adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) were cultured as monolayers or on decellularized tendon scaffolds in static or dynamic conditions, the latter represented by cyclic stretching. The impact of different inflammatory conditions, as represented by supplementation with interleukin-1β and/or tumor necrosis factor-α or by co-culture with allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes, on ASC functional properties was investigated. High cytokine concentrations increased ASC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, but decreased chondrogenic differentiation and ASC viability in scaffold culture, as well as tendon scaffold repopulation, and strongly influenced musculoskeletal gene expression. Effects regarding the latter differed between the monolayer and scaffold cultures. Leukocytes rather decreased ASC proliferation, but had similar effects on viability and musculoskeletal gene expression. This included decreased expression of the tenogenic transcription factor scleraxis by an inflammatory environment throughout culture conditions. The data demonstrate that ASC tenogenic properties are compromised in an inflammatory environment, with relevance to their possible mechanisms of action in acute tendon disease.
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164
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Characterization of hepatocyte-based in vitro systems for reliable toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2981-2986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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165
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Liu J, Li R, Xue R, Li T, Leng L, Wang Y, Wang J, Ma J, Yan J, Yan F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Liver Extracellular Matrices Bioactivated Hepatic Spheroids as a Model System for Drug Hepatotoxicity Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Rui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Tingting Li
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Ling Leng
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics; Beijing Proteome Research Center; National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing); Beijing Institute of Life Omics; Beijing 102206 China
| | - Jiexin Yan
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Fang Yan
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Youzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing 100850 China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine; Beijing 100850 China
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166
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Kelm JM, Lal-Nag M, Sittampalam GS, Ferrer M. Translational in vitro research: integrating 3D drug discovery and development processes into the drug development pipeline. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:26-30. [PMID: 30071313 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As we witness steady progress towards the development of robust, scalable, and reproducible 3D tissue models for preclinical drug testing, there is a need for systematic physiological and pharmacological validation and benchmarking. Ongoing and future studies should generate evidence as to whether 3D tissue models are more predictive, help reduce the risk of failure rate, and can be used for decision making in the drug discovery and development pipeline. Here, we discuss the importance of harmonizing the validation of these models based on throughput capacity and physiological complexity as a requirement to establish their true translational capacity. We also outline our strategy for a novel 3D-tailored holistic drug discovery concept rather than piecemeal integration of 3D models into the current process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Kelm
- PreComb Therapeutics AG, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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167
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Boutin ME, Voss TC, Titus SA, Cruz-Gutierrez K, Michael S, Ferrer M. A high-throughput imaging and nuclear segmentation analysis protocol for cleared 3D culture models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11135. [PMID: 30042482 PMCID: PMC6057966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging and subsequent segmentation analysis in three-dimensional (3D) culture models are complicated by the light scattering that occurs when collecting fluorescent signal through multiple cell and extracellular matrix layers. For 3D cell culture models to be usable for drug discovery, effective and efficient imaging and analysis protocols need to be developed that enable high-throughput data acquisition and quantitative analysis of fluorescent signal. Here we report the first high-throughput protocol for optical clearing of spheroids, fluorescent high-content confocal imaging, 3D nuclear segmentation, and post-segmentation analysis. We demonstrate nuclear segmentation in multiple cell types, with accurate identification of fluorescently-labeled subpopulations, and develop a metric to assess the ability of clearing to improve nuclear segmentation deep within the tissue. Ultimately this analysis pipeline allows for previously unattainable segmentation throughput of 3D culture models due to increased sample clarity and optimized batch-processing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Boutin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA.
| | - Ty C Voss
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Kennie Cruz-Gutierrez
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Sam Michael
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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168
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Kenna JG, Uetrecht J. Do In Vitro Assays Predict Drug Candidate Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Risk? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1658-1669. [PMID: 30021844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays are commonly used during drug discovery to try to decrease the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). But how effective are they at predicting risk? One of the most widely used methods evaluates cell cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity assays that used cell lines that are very different from normal hepatocytes, and high concentrations of drug, were not very accurate at predicting idiosyncratic drug reaction risk. Even cytotoxicity assays that use more biologically normal cells resulted in many false-positive and false-negative results. Assays that quantify reactive metabolite formation, mitochondrial injury, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition have also been described. Although evidence suggests that reactive metabolite formation and BSEP inhibition can play a role in the mechanism of iDILI, these assays are not very accurate at predicting risk. In contrast, inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain appears not to play an important role in the mechanism of iDILI, although other types of mitochondrial injury may do so. It is likely that there are many additional mechanisms by which drugs can cause iDILI. However, simply measuring more parameters is unlikely to provide better predictive assays unless those parameters are actually involved in the mechanism of iDILI. Hence, a better mechanistic understanding of iDILI is required; however, mechanistic studies of iDILI are very difficult. There is substantive evidence that most iDILI is immune mediated; therefore, the most accurate assays may involve those that determine immune responses to drugs. New methods to manipulate immune tolerance may greatly facilitate development of more suitable methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
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169
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Saini N, Bakshi S, Sharma S. In-silico approach for drug induced liver injury prediction: Recent advances. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:288-295. [PMID: 29981923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is the prime cause of liver disfunction which may lead to mild non-specific symptoms to more severe signs like hepatitis, cholestasis, cirrhosis and jaundice. Not only the prescription medications, but the consumption of herbs and health supplements have also been reported to cause these adverse reactions resulting into high mortality rates and post marketing withdrawal of drugs. Due to the continuously increasing DILI incidences in recent years, robust prediction methods with high accuracy, specificity and sensitivity are of priority. Bioinformatics is the emerging field of science that has been used in the past few years to explore the mechanisms of DILI. The major emphasis of this review is the recent advances of in silico tools for the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of DILI. These tools have been developed and widely used in the past few years for the prediction of pathways induced from both hepatotoxic as well as hepatoprotective Chinese drugs and for the identification of DILI specific biomarkers for prognostic purpose. In addition to this, advanced machine learning models have been developed for the classification of drugs into DILI causing and non-DILI causing. Moreover, development of 3 class models over 2 class offers better understanding of multi-class DILI risks and at the same time providing authentic prediction of toxicity during drug designing before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Shikha Bakshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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170
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga ML, López-Riera M, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Jover R. Predicting drug-induced cholestasis: preclinical models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:721-738. [PMID: 29888962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1487399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In almost 50% of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), the bile flow from the liver to the duodenum is impaired, a condition known as cholestasis. However, this toxic response only appears in a small percentage of the treated patients (idiosyncrasy). Prediction of drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is challenging and emerges as a safety issue that requires attention by professionals in clinical practice, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Area covered: The current synopsis focuses on the state-of-the-art in preclinical models for cholestatic DILI prediction. These models differ in their goal, complexity, availability, and applicability, and can widely be classified in experimental animals and in vitro models. Expert opinion: Drugs are a growing cause of cholestasis, but the progress made in explaining mechanisms and differences in susceptibility is not growing at the same rate. We need reliable models able to recapitulate the features of DIC, particularly its idiosyncrasy. The homogeneity and the species-specific differences move animal models away from a fair predictability. However, in vitro human models are improving and getting closer to the real hepatocyte phenotype, and they will likely be the choice in the near future. Progress in this area will not only need reliable predictive models but also mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mireia López-Riera
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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171
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Leeson PD. Impact of Physicochemical Properties on Dose and Hepatotoxicity of Oral Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:494-505. [PMID: 29722540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A database containing maximum daily doses of 1841 marketed oral drugs was used to examine the influence of physicochemical properties on dose and hepatotoxicity (drug induced liver injury, DILI). Drugs in the highest ∼20% dose range had significantly reduced mean lipophilicity and molecular weight, increased fractional surface area, increased % of acids, and decreased % of bases versus drugs in the lower ∼60% dose range. Drugs in the ∼20-40% dose range had intermediate mean properties, similar to the mean values for the full drug set. Drugs that are both large and highly lipophilic almost invariably do not have doses in the upper ∼20% range. The results show that oral druglike physicochemical properties are different according to these dose ranges, and this is consistent with maintenance of acceptable safety profiles as efficacious exposure increases. Verified DILI annotations from a compilation of >1000 approved drugs (Chen, M.; et al. Drug Discov. Today, 2016, 21, 648 ) were used. The drugs classified as "No DILI" ( n = 163) had significantly lower dose and lipophilicity, and higher Fsp3 (fraction of carbon atoms that are sp3 hybridized) versus the "Most DILI" ( n = 163) drugs. The percentages of acids were reduced and bases increased in the "No DILI" versus the "Most DILI" groups. Drugs classified as "Less DILI" or "Ambiguous DILI" had intermediate mean values of dose, lipophilicity, Fsp3, and % acids and bases. The impact of lipophilicity and Fsp3 on DILI increases in the upper 20% versus the lower 80% dose range, and a simple decision tree model predicted "No DILI" versus "Most DILI" outcomes with 82% accuracy. The model correctly classified 19 of 22 drugs (86%) that failed in development due to human hepatotoxicity. Because many oral drugs lacking DILI annotations are predicted to be "Most DILI", the model is best used preclinically in conjunction with experimental DILI mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd , The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone , Nuneaton, Warks CV13 6LZ , U.K
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172
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Orbach SM, Ehrich MF, Rajagopalan P. High-throughput toxicity testing of chemicals and mixtures in organotypic multi-cellular cultures of primary human hepatic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:83-94. [PMID: 29751030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) of liver toxicants can bridge the gap in understanding adverse effects of chemicals on humans. Toxicity testing of mixtures is time consuming and expensive, since the number of possible combinations increases exponentially with the number of chemicals. The combination of organotypic culture models (OCMs) and HTS assays can lead to the rapidly evaluation of chemical toxicity in a cost and time-effective manner while prioritizing chemicals that warrant additional investigation. We describe the design, assembly and toxicant response of multi-cellular hepatic organotypic culture models comprised of primary human or rat cells assembled in 96-well plates (denoted as μOCMs). These models were assembled using automated procedures that did not affect hepatocyte function or viability, rendering them ideal for large-scale toxicity evaluations. Rat μOCMs were assembled to obtain insights into deviations from human toxicity. Four test chemicals (acetaminophen, ethanol, isoniazid, and perfluorooctanoic acid) were added to the μOCMs individually or in mixtures. HTS assays were utilized to measure cell death, apoptosis, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane damage, and cytochrome P450 2E1 activity. The μOCMs exhibited increased toxicant sensitivity compared to hepatocyte sandwich cultures. Synergistic and non-synergistic interactions were observed when the toxicants were added as mixtures. Specifically, chemical interactions in the μOCMs were manifested by changes in apoptosis and decreased glutathione. The μOCMs accurately predicted hepatotoxicity for individual and mixtures of toxicants, demonstrating their potential for large-scale toxicity evaluations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Marion F Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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173
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Chan R, Benet LZ. Evaluation of the Relevance of DILI Predictive Hypotheses in Early Drug Development: Review of In Vitro Methodologies vs BDDCS Classification. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:358-370. [PMID: 29785262 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major safety concern; it occurs frequently; it is idiosyncratic; it cannot be adequately predicted; and a multitude of underlying mechanisms has been postulated. A number of experimental approaches to predict human DILI have been proposed utilizing in vitro screening such as inhibition of mitochondrial function, hepatobiliary transporter inhibition, reactive metabolite formation with and without covalent binding, and cellular health, but they have achieved only minimal success. Several studies have shown total administered dose alone or in combination with drug lipophilicity to be correlated with a higher risk of DILI. However, it would be best to have a predictive DILI methodology early in drug development, long before the clinical dose is known. Here we discuss the extent to which Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) defining characteristics, independent of knowing actual drug pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and dose, can be used to evaluate prior published predictive proposals. Our results show that BDDCS Class 2 drugs exhibit the highest DILI severity, and that all of the short-lived published methodologies evaluated here, except when daily dose is known, do not yield markedly better predictions than BDDCS. The assertion that extensively metabolized compounds are at higher risk of developing DILI is confirmed, but can be enhanced by differentiating BDDCS Class 2 from Class 1 drugs. CONCLUSION Our published analyses suggest that comparison of proposed DILI prediction methodologies with BDDCS classification is a useful tool to evaluate the potential reliability of newly proposed algorithms, although BDDCS classification itself is not sufficiently predictive. Almost all of the predictive DILI metrics do no better than just avoiding BDDCS Class 2 drugs, although some early data with microliver platforms enabling long-enduring metabolic competency show promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine University of California, San Francisco
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine University of California, San Francisco
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174
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Lutter AH, Scholka J, Richter H, Anderer U. Applying XTT, WST-1, and WST-8 to human chondrocytes: A comparison of membrane-impermeable tetrazolium salts in 2D and 3D cultures. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 67:327-342. [PMID: 28869462 DOI: 10.3233/ch-179213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrazolium-based assays are optimized to assess proliferation/toxicity of monolayer or suspension cells in microtiter plates. With regard to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine the need for in vivo like 3D microtissues has an increasing relevance. Applying tetrazolium-based assays to 3D culture systems is technically more challenging. The composed microenvironment may influence the assay standards, e.g. equal distribution of tetrazolium. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of membrane-impermeable tetrazolium salt-based assays with regard to spheroid culture (3D) of human chondrocytes. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage. XTT, WST-1, and WST-8 were applied to monolayer cells (2D, varying cell numbers) and spheroids (3D, different sizes) in 96well plates. Formazan formation was measured spectrophotometrically after different incubation periods. Evaluation was done using phase contrast microsopy (toxicity), analyzing the correlation of cell number and absorbance signals (Gompertz function), and document signal over background ratio. RESULTS In monolayer culture the assays showed a correlation between seeded cell numbers and absorption data. Spheroid sizes are directly related to the starting cell number. A correlation between size and absorbance was only detectable starting from 10,000 cells/aggregate. Phase contrast microscopy of monolayer cells revealed strong toxicity effects of the WST-1 (4 h) and XTT (8 h) assay and no signs of toxicity using WST-8. CONCLUSION The WST-8 assay is non-toxic and revealed the highest sensitivity in comparison to the XTT or WST-1 assay. There is evidence, that only cells of the outer rim of spheroids are able to convert membrane-impermeable tetrazolium salts to formazans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Helen Lutter
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Scholka
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Richter
- Klinikum Niederlausitz GmbH, Department Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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175
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Xing P, Feng Y, Niu Y, Li Q, Zhang Z, Dong L, Wang C. A Water-Soluble, Two-Photon Probe for Imaging Endogenous Hypochlorous Acid in Live Tissue. Chemistry 2018; 24:5748-5753. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
| | - Yanxian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
| | - Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Nanjing University Institution; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenida da Universidade Macau SAR P. R. China
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176
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Edington CD, Chen WLK, Geishecker E, Kassis T, Soenksen LR, Bhushan BM, Freake D, Kirschner J, Maass C, Tsamandouras N, Valdez J, Cook CD, Parent T, Snyder S, Yu J, Suter E, Shockley M, Velazquez J, Velazquez JJ, Stockdale L, Papps JP, Lee I, Vann N, Gamboa M, LaBarge ME, Zhong Z, Wang X, Boyer LA, Lauffenburger DA, Carrier RL, Communal C, Tannenbaum SR, Stokes CL, Hughes DJ, Rohatgi G, Trumper DL, Cirit M, Griffith LG. Interconnected Microphysiological Systems for Quantitative Biology and Pharmacology Studies. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540740 PMCID: PMC5852083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are in vitro models that capture facets of in vivo organ function through use of specialized culture microenvironments, including 3D matrices and microperfusion. Here, we report an approach to co-culture multiple different MPSs linked together physiologically on re-useable, open-system microfluidic platforms that are compatible with the quantitative study of a range of compounds, including lipophilic drugs. We describe three different platform designs – “4-way”, “7-way”, and “10-way” – each accommodating a mixing chamber and up to 4, 7, or 10 MPSs. Platforms accommodate multiple different MPS flow configurations, each with internal re-circulation to enhance molecular exchange, and feature on-board pneumatically-driven pumps with independently programmable flow rates to provide precise control over both intra- and inter-MPS flow partitioning and drug distribution. We first developed a 4-MPS system, showing accurate prediction of secreted liver protein distribution and 2-week maintenance of phenotypic markers. We then developed 7-MPS and 10-MPS platforms, demonstrating reliable, robust operation and maintenance of MPS phenotypic function for 3 weeks (7-way) and 4 weeks (10-way) of continuous interaction, as well as PK analysis of diclofenac metabolism. This study illustrates several generalizable design and operational principles for implementing multi-MPS “physiome-on-a-chip” approaches in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin D Edington
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li Kelly Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Geishecker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luis R Soenksen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brij M Bhushan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Maass
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Valdez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christi D Cook
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jiajie Yu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Suter
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Shockley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linda Stockdale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia P Papps
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iris Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Vann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mario Gamboa
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew E LaBarge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laurie A Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Communal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David L Trumper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Murat Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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177
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Koyama S, Arakawa H, Itoh M, Masuda N, Yano K, Kojima H, Ogihara T. Evaluation of the metabolic capability of primary human hepatocytes in three-dimensional cultures on microstructural plates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:187-195. [PMID: 29469947 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NanoCulture Plate (NCP) is a novel microstructural plate designed as a base for the three-dimensional culture of cells/tissues. This study examined whether or not the metabolic capability of human primary hepatocytes is well maintained during culture on NCPs. The hepatocytes formed aggregates after seeding and their ATP content was well maintained during culture for 21 days. Expression of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 mRNAs was detected throughout the 21-day culture period. Addition of CYP substrate drugs (midazolam, diclofenac, lamotrigine and acetaminophen) resulted in the formation of multiple metabolites with a corresponding decrease in the amounts of the unchanged compounds. The inducers omeprazole, phenobarbital and rifampicin increased the levels of CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 mRNAs by 110-fold, 12.5-fold and 5.4-fold, respectively, at day 2, compared with control human hepatocytes. CYP activities were also increased at 2 days after inducer treatment (CYP1A2, 2.2-fold; CYP2B6, 20.6-fold; CYP3A4, 3.3-fold). The results indicate that the hepatocyte spheroids on NCP have detectable and inducible metabolic abilities during the 7-day culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR Life Sciences, 25 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - Norio Masuda
- JSR Life Sciences, 25 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
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178
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Ware BR, Durham MJ, Monckton CP, Khetani SR. A Cell Culture Platform to Maintain Long-term Phenotype of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:187-207. [PMID: 29379855 PMCID: PMC5782488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Modeling interactions between primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and primary human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in vitro can help elucidate human-specific mechanisms underlying liver physiology/disease and drug responses; however, existing hepatocyte/endothelial coculture models are suboptimal because of their use of rodent cells, cancerous cell lines, and/or nonliver endothelial cells. Hence, we sought to develop a platform that could maintain the long-term phenotype of PHHs and primary human LSECs. METHODS Primary human LSECs or human umbilical vein endothelial cells as the nonliver control were cocultivated with micropatterned PHH colonies (to control homotypic interactions) followed by an assessment of PHH morphology and functions (albumin and urea secretion, and cytochrome P-450 2A6 and 3A4 enzyme activities) over 3 weeks. Endothelial phenotype was assessed via gene expression patterns and scanning electron microscopy to visualize fenestrations. Hepatic responses in PHH/endothelial cocultures were benchmarked against responses in previously developed PHH/3T3-J2 fibroblast cocultures. Finally, PHH/fibroblast/endothelial cell tricultures were created and characterized as described previously. RESULTS LSECs, but not human umbilical vein endothelial cells, induced PHH albumin secretion for ∼11 days; however, neither endothelial cell type could maintain PHH morphology and functions to the same magnitude/longevity as the fibroblasts. In contrast, both PHHs and endothelial cells displayed stable phenotype for 3 weeks in PHH/fibroblast/endothelial cell tricultures; furthermore, layered tricultures in which PHHs and endothelial cells were separated by a protein gel to mimic the space of Disse displayed similar functional levels as the coplanar tricultures. CONCLUSIONS PHH/fibroblast/endothelial tricultures constitute a robust platform to elucidate reciprocal interactions between PHHs and endothelial cells in physiology, disease, and after drug exposure.
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Key Words
- 3T3-J2 Fibroblasts
- CD31, cluster of differentiation 31
- CD54, cluster of differentiation 54
- CYP450, cytochrome P-450
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- F8, factor VIII
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HUVECs
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- LSECs
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Micropatterned Cocultures
- NPCs, nonparenchymal cells
- PHHs, primary human hepatocytes
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Tricultures
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton R. Ware
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitchell J. Durham
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Chase P. Monckton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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179
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Messner S, Fredriksson L, Lauschke VM, Roessger K, Escher C, Bober M, Kelm JM, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Moritz W. Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Functional Long-Term Characterization of Multicellular Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microtissues. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2018; 4:1-12. [PMID: 32953943 PMCID: PMC7500040 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-Dimensional (3D) liver microtissues, specifically prepared from primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in coculture with nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), have been shown to be a valuable tool for in vitro toxicology. However, a lack of thorough characterization on a functional, transcriptomic, and proteomic level of such models during long-term cultivation is evident. By integrating multiple omics technologies, we provide in this study an in-depth long-term characterization of 3D microtissues composed of PHH from three different donors cocultured with primary NPCs. The 3D human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) exhibited stable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and albumin secretion over 5 weeks. Histological analysis indicated a healthy liver tissue with polarized expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in a structure reminiscent of bile canaliculi. The 3D microtissues exhibited stable basal and inducible cytochrome P450 activities up to 5 weeks in culture. Analysis of 40,716 transcripts using RNA arrays revealed distinct similarities to native human liver gene expression. Long-term culture showed a stable phenotype up to 5 weeks, with differences in liver gene expression primarily attributed to individual donors. Proteomic profiling of 2200 unique proteins by label-free LC-MS/MS revealed a relatively stable protein expression where only 7.3% were up- or downregulated more than twofold from day 7 to 35 in culture. Taken together, these results suggest that hLiMTs represent a responsive and physiologically relevant in vitro liver model that maintains stable function over 5 weeks and is therefore well suited for repeated-dose toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Fredriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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180
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:426-439.e1. [PMID: 29675458 PMCID: PMC5904032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix-coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non-liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BAL, bioartificial liver
- Bioprinting
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cellular Microarrays
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocytes
- IL, interleukin
- KC, Kupffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- MPCC, micropatterned co-culture
- Microfluidics
- Micropatterned Co-Cultures
- NPC, nonparenchymal cell
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- Spheroids
- iHep, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cell
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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181
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Li AP, Ho MCD, Amaral K, Loretz C. A Novel In Vitro Experimental System for the Evaluation of Drug Metabolism: Cofactor-Supplemented Permeabilized Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes (MetMax Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes). Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1608-1616. [PMID: 29363498 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel experimental system, cryopreserved MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs), for in vitro drug metabolism studies. MMHHs consist of cofactor-supplemented permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes. The use procedures for MMHHs are significantly simplified from that for conventional cryopreserved human hepatocytes (CCHHs): 1) storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen and 2) usage directly after thawing without centrifugation and microscopic evaluation of cell density and viability and cell density adjustment. In this study, we compared MMHHs and CCHHs in CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2J2, monoamine oxidase A, aldehyde oxidase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, UDP-glucuronyl transferase, SULT, N-acetyltransferase 1, and acetaminophen glutathione (GSH) conjugation activities based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of substrate metabolism. MMHHs were prepared from CCHHs consisting of hepatocytes pooled from 10 individual donors. The drug metabolizing enzyme activities of both CCHHs and MMHHs were cell concentration and time dependent, with specific activities of MMHHs ranging from 27.2% (carboxylesterase 2) to 234.2% (acetaminophen GSH conjugation) of that for CCHHs. As observed in CCHHs, sequential oxidation and conjugation was observed in MMHHs for coumarin, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and acetaminophen. 7-Hydroxycoumarin conjugation results showed that metabolic pathways in MMHHs could be selected via the choice of cofactors, with glucuronidation but not sulfation observed in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid and not 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate, and vice versa. Results with noncytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations of acetaminophen showed that drug metabolism was compromised in CCHHs but not in MMHHs. Our results suggest that the MMHHs system represents a convenient and robust in vitro experimental system for the evaluation of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L., C.L.) and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Malden, Massachusetts (M.-C.D.H., K.A.)
| | - Ming-Chih David Ho
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L., C.L.) and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Malden, Massachusetts (M.-C.D.H., K.A.)
| | - Kirsten Amaral
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L., C.L.) and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Malden, Massachusetts (M.-C.D.H., K.A.)
| | - Carol Loretz
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L., C.L.) and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Malden, Massachusetts (M.-C.D.H., K.A.)
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182
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Morgan P, Brown DG, Lennard S, Anderton MJ, Barrett JC, Eriksson U, Fidock M, Hamrén B, Johnson A, March RE, Matcham J, Mettetal J, Nicholls DJ, Platz S, Rees S, Snowden MA, Pangalos MN. Impact of a five-dimensional framework on R&D productivity at AstraZeneca. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:167-181. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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183
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Ma B, Lu M, Yu BY, Tian J. A galactose-mediated targeting nanoprobe for intracellular hydroxyl radical imaging to predict drug-induced liver injury. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22062-22068. [PMID: 35541760 PMCID: PMC9081097 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious concern in modern medicine due to its unpredictability. Currently, biochemical serum markers are being used in DILI detection. However, these biomarker-based methods lack sensitivity and specificity. A high intracellular level of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) has been regarded as an early indicator of DILI. Therefore, we proposed an ˙OH-responsive and hepatocyte-targeted nanoprobe via conjugation of carboxyfluorescein-labeled DNA and pegylated galactose on the surface of gold nanoparticles. The nanoprobe could bind to a hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor through galactose, and it could be internalized into liver cells. In the presence of high levels of ˙OH in DILI, the DNA could be cleaved to release carboxyfluorescein, leading to remarkable fluorescence enhancement for ˙OH detection. Confocal fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the nanoprobe could be successfully applied in monitoring high ˙OH levels resulting from acetaminophen or triptolide-induced liver injury, which may provide a simple but powerful protocol for the prediction of DILI. A galactose-mediated targeting nanoprobe has been developed for the accurate imaging of ˙OH to predict drug-induced hepatotoxicity at an early stage.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Mi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
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184
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Albrecht W. Highlight report: prediction of drug induced liver injury (DILI) with human hepatocytes in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:4021-4022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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185
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Kuepfer L, Clayton O, Thiel C, Cordes H, Nudischer R, Blank LM, Baier V, Heymans S, Caiment F, Roth A, Fluri DA, Kelm JM, Castell J, Selevsek N, Schlapbach R, Keun H, Hynes J, Sarkans U, Gmuender H, Herwig R, Niederer S, Schuchhardt J, Segall M, Kleinjans J. A model-based assay design to reproduce in vivo patterns of acute drug-induced toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:553-555. [PMID: 28852801 PMCID: PMC5773653 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kuepfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Olivia Clayton
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Henrik Cordes
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ramona Nudischer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baier
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Roth
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - José Castell
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria. Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathalie Selevsek
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hector Keun
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ugis Sarkans
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ralf Herwig
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven Niederer
- Department of Imaging Sciences and BioMedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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