151
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Thompson PR, Segal BH, Urban CF. Nicotine induces neutrophil extracellular traps. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1105-1112. [PMID: 27312847 PMCID: PMC5069087 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab0815-379rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NETs serve to ensnare and kill microbial pathogens. However, NETs can at the same time contribute to tissue damage and excessive inflammation. Nicotine is a major toxic agent and has been associated with exacerbated inflammatory diseases. The current study aimed at investigating the role of nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco and electronic cigarettes, on triggering NET formation. We report that nicotine induces neutrophils to release NETs in a dose-dependent manner. Nicotine-induced NET formation is mediated via nicotine acetylcholine receptors, depends on Akt and PAD4 activation, but is Nox2-independent, as demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition of Nox2 and by use of Nox2-deficient mouse neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that nicotine induces NETs, which may in turn contribute to smoking-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Umeå, Sweden (MIMS)
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brahm H Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Umeå, Sweden (MIMS)
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wolbachia endosymbionts induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human onchocerciasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35559. [PMID: 27752109 PMCID: PMC5067710 DOI: 10.1038/srep35559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia, induce neutrophilic responses to the human helminth pathogen Onchocerca volvulus. The formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), has been implicated in anti-microbial defence, but has not been identified in human helminth infection. Here, we demonstrate NETs formation in human onchocerciasis. Extracellular NETs and neutrophils were visualised around O. volvulus in nodules excised from untreated patients but not in nodules from patients treated with the anti-Wolbachia drug, doxycycline. Whole Wolbachia or microspheres coated with a synthetic Wolbachia lipopeptide (WoLP) of the major nematode Wolbachia TLR2/6 ligand, peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein, induced NETosis in human neutrophils in vitro. TLR6 dependency of Wolbachia and WoLP NETosis was demonstrated using purified neutrophils from TLR6 deficient mice. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that NETosis occurs during natural human helminth infection and demonstrate a mechanism of NETosis induction via Wolbachia endobacteria and direct ligation of Wolbachia lipoprotein by neutrophil TLR2/6.
Collapse
|
153
|
Yoo HJ, Kim JE, Gu JY, Lee SB, Lee HJ, Hwang HY, Hwang Y, Kim YT, Kim HK. Porcine endothelium induces DNA-histone complex formation in human whole blood: a harmful effect of histone on coagulation and endothelial activation. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:464-471. [PMID: 27613329 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils play a role in xenograft rejection. When neutrophils are stimulated, they eject the DNA-histone complex into the extracellular space, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). We investigated whether NET formation actively occurs in the xenograft and contributes to coagulation and endothelial activation. METHODS Human whole blood was incubated with porcine aortic endothelial cells (pEC) from wild-type or α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs. In the supernatant plasma from human blood, the level of the DNA-histone complex was measured by ELISA, and thrombin generation was measured using a calibrated automated thrombogram. Histone-induced tissue factor and adhesion molecule expression were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS pEC from both wild-type and GTKO pigs significantly induced DNA-histone complex formation in human whole blood. The DNA-histone complex produced shortened the thrombin generation time and clotting time. Histone alone dose-dependently induced tissue factor and adhesion molecule expression in pEC. Aurintricarboxylic acid pretreatment partially inhibited pEC-induced DNA-histone complex formation. CONCLUSIONS DNA-histone complex actively generated upon xenotransplantation is a novel target to inhibit coagulation and endothelial activation. To prevent tissue factor and adhesion molecule expression, a strategy to block soluble histone may be required in xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Yoon Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Bom Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Young Hwang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoohwa Hwang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center and Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Yost CC, Schwertz H, Cody MJ, Wallace JA, Campbell RA, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Araujo CV, Schubert S, Harris ES, Rowley JW, Rondina MT, Fulcher JM, Koening CL, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Neonatal NET-inhibitory factor and related peptides inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3783-3798. [PMID: 27599294 DOI: 10.1172/jci83873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), extrude molecular lattices of decondensed chromatin studded with histones, granule enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides that are referred to as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs capture and contain bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Nevertheless, experimental evidence indicates that NETs also cause inflammatory vascular and tissue damage, suggesting that identifying pathways that inhibit NET formation may have therapeutic implications. Here, we determined that neonatal NET-inhibitory factor (nNIF) is an inhibitor of NET formation in umbilical cord blood. In human neonatal and adult neutrophils, nNIF inhibits key terminal events in NET formation, including peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) activity, neutrophil nuclear histone citrullination, and nuclear decondensation. We also identified additional nNIF-related peptides (NRPs) that inhibit NET formation. nNIFs and NRPs blocked NET formation induced by pathogens, microbial toxins, and pharmacologic agonists in vitro and in mouse models of infection and systemic inflammation, and they improved mortality in murine models of systemic inflammation, which are associated with NET-induced collateral tissue injury. The identification of NRPs as neutrophil modulators that selectively interrupt NET generation at critical steps suggests their potential as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, our results indicate that nNIF may be an important regulator of NET formation in fetal and neonatal inflammation.
Collapse
|
155
|
Favier B. Regulation of neutrophil functions through inhibitory receptors: an emerging paradigm in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:140-55. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Favier
- CEA, DRF, IMETI, IMVA, UMR 1184, INSERM; Université Paris-Sud; IDMIT Infrastructure; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is increased in psoriasis and induces human β-defensin-2 production in epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31119. [PMID: 27493143 PMCID: PMC4974609 DOI: 10.1038/srep31119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in the development of certain immune-mediated diseases, but their role in psoriasis has not been clearly defined. Human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) is an important antimicrobial peptide overexpressed in psoriasis epidermis. We evaluated whether the amount of NETs is increased in psoriasis and determined the effect of NETs on HBD-2 production in epidermal keratinocytes. Using fluorescent microscopy, we found that patients with psoriasis (n = 48) had higher amount of NETotic cells in their peripheral blood compared to healthy controls (n = 48) and patients with eczema (n = 35). Psoriasis sera showed increased ability to induce NET formation in control neutrophils but normal NET degradation ability. The amount of NETs in the peripheral blood correlated with psoriasis disease severity. NETosis was also observed in the majority (18 of 20) of psoriasis skin specimens. Furthermore, NETs induced HBD-2 mRNA and protein production in keratinocytes, and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed strong expression of HBD-2 in psoriasis lesional skin. In summary, NET formation is increased in peripheral blood and lesional skin of psoriasis patients and correlates with disease severity. Additionally, NET-induced HBD-2 production may provide a novel mechanism for the decreased susceptibility of psoriasis plaques to microbial infections.
Collapse
|
157
|
Pérez D, Muñoz MC, Molina JM, Muñoz-Caro T, Silva LMR, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Ruiz A. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae induces NADPH oxidase-dependent monocyte extracellular trap formation and upregulates IL-12 and TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL2 gene transcription. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:143-50. [PMID: 27523951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular trap (ET) formation has been demonstrated as novel effector mechanism against diverse pathogens in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and recently also in monocytes. In the current study, we show that E. ninakohlyakimovae triggers the deliverance of monocyte-derived ETs in vitro. Fluorescence illustrations as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that monocyte-derived ET formation was rapidly induced upon exposure to viable sporozoites, sporocysts and oocysts of E. ninakohlyakimovae. Classical features of monocyte-released ETs were confirmed by the co-localization of extracellular DNA adorned with myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histones (H3) in parasite-entrapping structures. The treatment of caprine monocyte ET structures with NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodondium (DPI) significantly reduced ETosis confirming the essential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in monocyte mediated ETs formation. Additionally, co-culture of monocytes with viable sporozoites and soluble oocyst antigen (SOA) induced distinct levels of cytokine and chemokine gene transcription. Thus, the transcription of genes encoding for IL-12 and TNF-α was significantly upregulated after sporozoite encounter. In contrast IL-6 and CCL2 gene transcripts were rather weakly induced by parasites. Conversely, SOA only induced the up-regulation of IL-6 and CCL2 gene transcription, and failed to enhance transcripts of IL-12 and TNF-α in vitro. We here report on monocyte-triggered ETs as novel effector mechanism against E. ninakohlyakimovae. Our results strongly suggest that monocyte-mediated innate immune reactions might play an important role in early host immune reactions against E. ninakohlyakimovae in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pérez
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - M C Muñoz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - J M Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - T Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - L M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Al-Khafaji AB, Tohme S, Yazdani HO, Miller D, Huang H, Tsung A. Superoxide induces Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in a TLR-4 and NOX-dependent mechanism. Mol Med 2016; 22:621-631. [PMID: 27453505 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the early innate immune response to perceived infectious and sterile threats. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are a novel mechanism to counter pathogenic invasion and sequelae of ischemia including cell death and oxidative stress. Superoxide is a radical intermediate of oxygen metabolism produced by parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells, and is a hallmark of oxidative stress after liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). While extracellular superoxide recruits neutrophils to the liver and initiates sterile inflammatory injury, it is unknown whether superoxide induces the formation of NETs. We hypothesize that superoxide induces NET formation through a signaling cascade involving Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and neutrophil NADPH Oxidase (NOX). We treated neutrophils with extracellular superoxide and observed NET DNA release, histone H3 citrullination, and increased levels of MPO-DNA complexes occurring in a TLR-4 dependent manner. Inhibition of superoxide generation by Allopurinol and inhibition of NOX by diphenyleneiodonium prevented NET formation. When mice were subjected to warm liver I/R, we found significant NET formation associated with liver necrosis and increased serum ALT in TLR-4 WT, but not TLR-4 KO mice. To reduce circulating superoxide we pretreated mice undergoing I/R with Allopurinol and N-acetylcysteine, which resulted in decreased NETs and ameliorated liver injury. Our study demonstrates a requirement for TLR-4 and NOX in superoxide-induced NETs, and suggests involvement of superoxide-induced NETs in pathophysiologic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Al-Khafaji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samer Tohme
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hamza Obaid Yazdani
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Zhang X, Zhang W, Yuan X, Fu M, Qian H, Xu W. Neutrophils in cancer development and progression: Roles, mechanisms, and implications (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:857-67. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
160
|
Ralhan A, Laval J, Lelis F, Ballbach M, Grund C, Hector A, Hartl D. Current Concepts and Controversies in Innate Immunity of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:531-540. [PMID: 27362371 PMCID: PMC6738757 DOI: 10.1159/000446840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by chronic infection and inflammation. The inflammatory response in CF is dominated by the activation of the innate immune system. Bacteria and fungi represent the key pathogens chronically colonizing the CF airways. In response, innate immune pattern recognition receptors, expressed by airway epithelial and myeloid cells, sense the microbial threat and release chemoattractants to recruit large numbers of neutrophils into CF airways. However, neutrophils fail to efficiently clear the invading pathogens, but instead release harmful proteases and oxidants and finally cause tissue injury. Here, we summarize and discuss current concepts and controversies in the field of innate immunity in CF lung disease, facing the ongoing questions of whether inflammation is good or bad in CF and how innate immune mechanisms could be harnessed therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Ralhan
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie Laval
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Lelis
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlene Ballbach
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Grund
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hector
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Hopke A, Nicke N, Hidu EE, Degani G, Popolo L, Wheeler RT. Neutrophil Attack Triggers Extracellular Trap-Dependent Candida Cell Wall Remodeling and Altered Immune Recognition. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005644. [PMID: 27223610 PMCID: PMC4880299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hide immunogenic epitopes from the host to evade immunity, persist and cause infection. The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which can cause fatal disease in immunocompromised patient populations, offers a good example as it masks the inflammatory epitope β-glucan in its cell wall from host recognition. It has been demonstrated previously that β-glucan becomes exposed during infection in vivo but the mechanism behind this exposure was unknown. Here, we show that this unmasking involves neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) mediated attack, which triggers changes in fungal cell wall architecture that enhance immune recognition by the Dectin-1 β-glucan receptor in vitro. Furthermore, using a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, we demonstrate the requirement for neutrophils in triggering these fungal cell wall changes in vivo. Importantly, we found that fungal epitope unmasking requires an active fungal response in addition to the stimulus provided by neutrophil attack. NET-mediated damage initiates fungal MAP kinase-driven responses, particularly by Hog1, that dynamically relocalize cell wall remodeling machinery including Chs3, Phr1 and Sur7. Neutrophil-initiated cell wall disruptions augment some macrophage cytokine responses to attacked fungi. This work provides insight into host-pathogen interactions during disseminated candidiasis, including valuable information about how the C. albicans cell wall responds to the biotic stress of immune attack. Our results highlight the important but underappreciated concept that pattern recognition during infection is dynamic and depends on the host-pathogen dialog. Opportunistic fungal infections, including those caused by C. albicans, have emerged as a significant global health burden and the disseminated form of these infections still have unacceptably high mortality rates despite modern antifungal treatments. The fungal cell wall controls its interaction with the host environment and immune recognition, although cell wall dynamics during infection are poorly understood. C. albicans organizes its cell wall to mask the inflammatory β-glucan as a form of immune evasion and it is known that during infection this β-glucan becomes exposed. Here, we investigated how β-glucan becomes exposed and discovered a dynamic interaction where host NETs provoke an active fungal response that disrupts cell wall architecture and unmasks β-glucan. We revealed an unexpected level of local fungal cell wall dynamics in response to immune mediated stress, suggesting this may represent a model that can be leveraged to identify novel drug targets. Our results highlight the understudied concept that the cell wall is a dynamic landscape during infection and can be influenced by the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hopke
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Nadine Nicke
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Erica E. Hidu
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Genny Degani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Popolo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert T. Wheeler
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27199985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as "resolution pharmacology."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27199985 PMCID: PMC4845539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as “resolution pharmacology.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Thieblemont N, Wright HL, Edwards SW, Witko-Sarsat V. Human neutrophils in auto-immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:159-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
165
|
Maksimov P, Hermosilla C, Kleinertz S, Hirzmann J, Taubert A. Besnoitia besnoiti infections activate primary bovine endothelial cells and promote PMN adhesion and NET formation under physiological flow condition. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1991-2001. [PMID: 26847631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular and emerging coccidian parasite of cattle that mainly infects host endothelial cells during acute infection. We here analyzed early innate immune reactions of B. besnoiti-infected primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVEC). B. besnoiti infections significantly activated BUVEC since the gene transcripts of several adhesion molecules (P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1)), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL5), and of COX-2 were significantly upregulated during in vitro infection. Overall, the highest upregulation of most transcripts was observed at 24 or 48 h post infection (p.i.). Enhanced adhesion molecule expression in infected host cells was confirmed by PMN adhesion assays being performed under physiological flow conditions revealing a significantly increased PMN adhesion on B. besnoiti-infected BUVEC layers at 24 h p.i. Furthermore, we were able to illustrate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) being released by PMN under physiological flow conditions after adhesion to B. besnoiti-infected BUVEC layers. The present study shows that B. besnoiti infections of primary BUVEC induce a cascade of pro-inflammatory reactions and triggers early innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Maksimov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany.,Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Riems, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - S Kleinertz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany.,Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Hirzmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Barnado A, Crofford LJ, Oates JC. At the Bedside: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as targets for biomarkers and therapies in autoimmune diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:265-78. [PMID: 26658004 PMCID: PMC6608010 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5bt0615-234r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with a unique form of cell death distinct from apoptosis or necrosis, whereby invading microbes are trapped and killed. Neutrophil extracellular traps can contribute to autoimmunity by exposing autoantigens, inducing IFN-α production, and activating the complement system. The association of neutrophil extracellular traps with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus, will be reviewed. Increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation is seen in psoriasis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Neutrophil extracellular traps may promote thrombus formation in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. In systemic lupus erythematosus, increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation is associated with increased disease activity and renal disease, suggesting that neutrophil extracellular traps could be a disease activity marker. Neutrophil extracellular traps can damage and kill endothelial cells and promote inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, which may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. As neutrophil extracellular traps induce IFN-α production, measuring neutrophil extracellular traps may estimate IFN-α levels and identify which systemic lupus erythematosus patients have elevated levels and may be more likely to respond to emerging anti-IFN-α therapies. In addition to anti-IFN-α therapies, other novel agents, such as N-acetyl-cysteine, DNase I, and peptidylarginine deiminase inhibitor 4, target neutrophil extracellular traps. Neutrophil extracellular traps offer insight into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and provide promise in developing disease markers and novel therapeutic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus. Priority areas for basic research based on clinical research insights will be identified, specifically the potential role of neutrophil extracellular traps as a biomarker and therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April Barnado
- *Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- *Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jim C Oates
- *Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Fattori V, Amaral FA, Verri WA. Neutrophils and arthritis: Role in disease and pharmacological perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:84-98. [PMID: 26826283 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response in the joint can induce an intense accumulation of leukocytes in the tissue that frequently results in severe local damage and loss of function. Neutrophils are essential cells to combat many pathogens, but their arsenal can contribute or aggravate articular inflammation. Here we summarized some aspects of neutrophil biology, their role in inflammation and indicated how the modulation of neutrophil functions could be useful for the treatment of different forms of arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fattori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flavio A Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Lippitz K, Waldkirch J, Kessel C, Varga G, Foell D. [Translational research in pediatric rheumatology. Current research approaches to the innate immune system]. Z Rheumatol 2016; 75:276-83. [PMID: 26800663 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-015-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Translational research aims at closely linking basic research and clinical observations so that important mechanistic insights identified in one field should trigger progress in the other. Particularly in the field of pediatric rheumatology this approach has significantly improved the understanding and therapy of several diseases in recent years. One focus of our research in this respect is on the structure, release mechanisms and function of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP), particularly S100 proteins. Due to their huge potential as inflammation biomarkers for more specific diagnostics these proteins are of particular clinical interest. Overactivated cells of the innate immune system play a crucial role in the development of rheumatic diseases. Innate mechanisms, such as the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) were linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, it became increasingly more evident that various excessive sterile inflammatory mechanisms and reactions significantly contribute to an activation of adaptive immune responses and thus to the development of autoimmunity. Studying such potentially DAMP-dependent pathways at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity can provide a better understanding of autoinflammatory conditions in pediatric rheumatology and to identify novel targets for optimization of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lippitz
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - J Waldkirch
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - C Kessel
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - G Varga
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - D Foell
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Alemán OR, Mora N, Cortes-Vieyra R, Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Differential Use of Human Neutrophil Fcγ Receptors for Inducing Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2908034. [PMID: 27034964 PMCID: PMC4806689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2908034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood. PMN migrate from the circulation to sites of infection, where they are responsible for antimicrobial functions. PMN use phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to kill microbes. NETs are fibers composed of chromatin and neutrophil-granule proteins. Several pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites, and also some pharmacological stimuli such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are efficient inducers of NETs. Antigen-antibody complexes are also capable of inducing NET formation. However the particular Fcγ receptor involved in triggering this function is a matter of controversy. In order to provide some insight into what Fcγ receptor is responsible for NET formation, each of the two human Fcγ receptors was stimulated individually by specific monoclonal antibodies and NET formation was evaluated. FcγRIIa cross-linking did not promote NET formation. Cross-linking other receptors such as integrins also did not promote NET formation. In contrast FcγRIIIb cross-linking induced NET formation similarly to PMA stimulation. NET formation was dependent on NADPH-oxidase, PKC, and ERK activation. These data show that cross-linking FcγRIIIb is responsible for NET formation by the human neutrophil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rafael Alemán
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mora
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Thomas KA, King RG, Sestero CM, Justement LB. TREM-like transcript 2 is stored in human neutrophil primary granules and is up-regulated in response to inflammatory mediators. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:177-84. [PMID: 26753760 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab1115-507r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell locus encodes a family of receptors that is emerging as an important class of molecules involved in modulating the innate immune response and inflammation. Of the 4 conserved members, including triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and 2 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcripts 1 and 2, relatively little is known about triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 expression and function, particularly in humans. In this study, experiments were performed to determine if triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 expression is conserved between mouse and human, demonstrating that human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 is expressed on cells of the lymphoid, as well as myeloid/granuloid lineages, similar to murine triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2. Consistent with studies in the mouse, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 expression is up-regulated in response to inflammatory mediators on human neutrophils. Importantly, it was shown that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2, in resting human neutrophils, is predominantly localized to intracellular vesicles, including secretory vesicles and primary granules; with the majority of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 stored in primary granules. In contrast to other primary granule proteins, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 is not expelled on neutrophil extracellular traps but is retained in the plasma membrane following primary granule exocytosis. In summary, these findings establish that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 expression is conserved between species and is likely to be important in regulating neutrophil antimicrobial function following primary granule exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| | | | - Louis B Justement
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Abstract
The bidirectional causality between kidney injury and inflammation remains an area of unexpected discoveries. The last decade unraveled the molecular mechanisms of sterile inflammation, which established danger signaling via pattern recognition receptors as a new concept of kidney injury-related inflammation. In contrast, renal cell necrosis remained considered a passive process executed either by the complement-related membrane attack complex, exotoxins, or cytotoxic T cells. Accumulating data now suggest that renal cell necrosis is a genetically determined and regulated process involving specific outside-in signaling pathways. These findings support a unifying theory in which kidney injury and inflammation are reciprocally enhanced in an autoamplification loop, referred to here as necroinflammation. This integrated concept is of potential clinical importance because it offers numerous innovative molecular targets for limiting kidney injury by blocking cell death, inflammation, or both. Here, the contribution of necroinflammation to AKI is discussed in thrombotic microangiopathies, necrotizing and crescentic GN, acute tubular necrosis, and infective pyelonephritis or sepsis. Potential new avenues are further discussed for abrogating necroinflammation-related kidney injury, and questions and strategies are listed for further exploration in this evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Totani L, Amore C, Di Santo A, Dell'Elba G, Piccoli A, Martelli N, Tenor H, Beume R, Evangelista V. Roflumilast inhibits leukocyte-platelet interactions and prevents the prothrombotic functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:191-204. [PMID: 26484898 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: Thrombosis is a major comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase type-4 (PDE4) inhibitor approved for treatment of severe COPD. PDE4 blockade by roflumilast inhibits prothrombotic functions of neutrophils and monocytes. PDE4 inhibitors may reduce thrombotic risk in COPD as well as in other vascular diseases. BACKGROUND Roflumilast, an oral selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A recent meta-analysis of trials on COPD revealed that treatment with roflumilast was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of major cardiovascular events. The mechanisms of this effect remain unknown. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), the active metabolite of roflumilast, curbs the molecular mechanisms required for leukocyte-platelet (PLT) interactions and prevents the prothrombotic functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes (MNs). METHODS Using well-characterized in vitro models, we analysed the effects of RNO on: (i) PMN adhesiveness; (ii) the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); and (iii) tissue factor expression in MNs. Key biochemical events underlying the inhibitory effects of RNO were defined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In PMNs, RNO prevented phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, and Src family kinase (SFK)-mediated Pyk2 phosphorylation on Tyr579-580, while inducing protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of C-terminal Src kinase, the major negative regulator of SFKs. Modulation of these signaling pathways by RNO resulted in a significant impairment of PMN adhesion to activated PLTs or human umbilical vein endothelial cells, mainly mediated by inhibition of the adhesive function of Mac-1. Moreover RNO curbed SFK/PI3K-mediated NET release by PMNs adherent on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. In MNs interacting with activated PLTs, RNO curbed PI3K-mediated expression of tissue factor. The efficacy of RNO was significantly potentiated by formoterol, a long acting β-adrenergic receptor agonist. This study reveals novel antithrombotic activities by which roflumilast may exert protective effects against cardiovascular comorbodities in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Totani
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - C Amore
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - A Di Santo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - G Dell'Elba
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - A Piccoli
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - N Martelli
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - H Tenor
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH, Glattpark-Opfikon, Switzerland
| | - R Beume
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH, Glattpark-Opfikon, Switzerland
| | - V Evangelista
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Neutrophils in Cancer: Two Sides of the Same Coin. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:983698. [PMID: 26819959 PMCID: PMC4706937 DOI: 10.1155/2015/983698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in blood and are considered to be the first line of defense during inflammation and infections. In addition, neutrophils are also found infiltrating many types of tumors. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) have relevant roles in malignant disease. Indeed neutrophils may be potent antitumor effector cells. However, increasing clinical evidence shows TANs correlate with poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment controls neutrophil recruitment and in turn TANs help tumor progression. Hence, TANs can be beneficial or detrimental to the host. It is the purpose of this review to highlight these two sides of the neutrophil coin in cancer and to describe recent studies that provide some light on the mechanisms for neutrophil recruitment to the tumor, for neutrophils supporting tumor progression, and for neutrophil activation to enhance their antitumor functions.
Collapse
|
175
|
Rochael NC, Guimarães-Costa AB, Nascimento MTC, DeSouza-Vieira TS, Oliveira MP, Garcia e Souza LF, Oliveira MF, Saraiva EM. Classical ROS-dependent and early/rapid ROS-independent release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps triggered by Leishmania parasites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18302. [PMID: 26673780 PMCID: PMC4682131 DOI: 10.1038/srep18302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) extruded from neutrophils upon activation are composed of chromatin associated with cytosolic and granular proteins, which ensnare and kill microorganisms. This microbicidal mechanism named classical netosis has been shown to dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NADPH oxidase and also chromatin decondensation dependent upon the enzymes (PAD4), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). NET release also occurs through an early/rapid ROS-independent mechanism, named early/rapid vital netosis. Here we analyze the role of ROS, NE, MPO and PAD4 in the netosis stimulated by Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes in human neutrophils. We demonstrate that promastigotes induce a classical netosis, dependent on the cellular redox imbalance, as well as by a chloroamidine sensitive and elastase activity mechanism. Additionally, Leishmania also induces the early/rapid NET release occurring only 10 minutes after neutrophil-parasite interaction. We demonstrate here, that this early/rapid mechanism is dependent on elastase activity, but independent of ROS generation and chloroamidine. A better understanding of both mechanisms of NET release, and the NETs effects on the host immune system modulation, could support the development of new potential therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Rochael
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| | - Anderson B Guimarães-Costa
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil.,Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Michelle T C Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| | - Thiago S DeSouza-Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| | - Matheus P Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INBEB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| | - Luiz F Garcia e Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INBEB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Sphingolipids as Regulators of the Phagocytic Response to Fungal Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:640540. [PMID: 26688618 PMCID: PMC4673356 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant risk for the increasing population of individuals who are immunocompromised. Phagocytes play an important role in immune defense against fungal pathogens, but the interactions between host and fungi are still not well understood. Sphingolipids have been shown to play an important role in many cell functions, including the function of phagocytes. In this review, we discuss major findings that relate to the importance of sphingolipids in macrophage and neutrophil function and the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the most common types of fungal infections, as well as studies that have linked these three concepts to show the importance of sphingolipid signaling in immune response to fungal infections.
Collapse
|
177
|
|
178
|
Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Rodríguez-Espinosa O, Rojas-Espinosa O, Pliego-Rivero B, Sánchez-García FJ. Dengue Virus Serotype-2 Interferes with the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Intervirology 2015; 58:250-9. [PMID: 26496355 DOI: 10.1159/000440723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutrophils play an important role in the control of pathogens through several mechanisms, including phagocytosis and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The latter consists of DNA as a backbone with embedded antimicrobial peptides, histones, and proteases, providing a matrix to entrap and in some cases to kill microbes. Some metabolic requirements for NET formation have recently been described. The virus-induced formation of NETs and the role of these traps in viral infections remain scarcely reported. Here, we analyzed whether dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) induces NET formation and the DENV-2 effect on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced NETs. METHODS Peripheral blood-derived neutrophils were exposed in vitro to DENV-2 or exposed to DENV-2 and then stimulated with PMA. NET formation was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Cell membrane Glut-1, glucose uptake, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed. RESULTS DENV-2 does not induce the formation of NETs. Moreover, DENV-2 inhibits PMA-induced formation of NETs by about 80%. This effect is not related to the production of ROS. The mechanism seemingly accountable for this inhibitory effect is the DENV-2-mediated inhibition of PMA-induced glucose uptake by neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DENV-2 inhibits glucose uptake as a metabolism-based way to avoid the formation of NETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maximina B Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulacix00F3;n, Departamento de Inmunologx00ED;a, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolx00F3;gicas, Instituto Politx00E9;cnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Ritchie SC, Würtz P, Nath AP, Abraham G, Havulinna AS, Fearnley LG, Sarin AP, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Aalto K, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, Salmi M, Maksimow M, Männistö S, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Jalkanen S, Perola M, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Ala-Korpela M, Kettunen J, Inouye M. The Biomarker GlycA Is Associated with Chronic Inflammation and Predicts Long-Term Risk of Severe Infection. Cell Syst 2015; 1:293-301. [PMID: 27136058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biomarker glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) has been shown to predict risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Here, we characterize biological processes associated with GlycA by leveraging population-based omics data and health records from >10,000 individuals. Our analyses show that GlycA levels are chronic within individuals for up to a decade. In apparently healthy individuals, elevated GlycA corresponded to elevation of myriad inflammatory cytokines, as well as a gene coexpression network indicative of increased neutrophil activity, suggesting that individuals with high GlycA may be in a state of chronic inflammatory response. Accordingly, analysis of infection-related hospitalization and death records showed that increased GlycA increased long-term risk of severe non-localized and respiratory infections, particularly septicaemia and pneumonia. In total, our work demonstrates that GlycA is a biomarker for chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and risk of future severe infection. It also illustrates the utility of leveraging multi-layered omics data and health records to elucidate the molecular and cellular processes associated with biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Ritchie
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Artika P Nath
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Gad Abraham
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mikael Maksimow
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| | - Michael Inouye
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
McDonough E, Kamp H, Camilli A. Vibrio cholerae phosphatases required for the utilization of nucleotides and extracellular DNA as phosphate sources. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:453-69. [PMID: 26175126 PMCID: PMC4714964 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate is essential for life, being used in many core processes such as signal transduction and synthesis of nucleic acids. The waterborne agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, encounters phosphate limitation in both the aquatic environment and human intestinal tract. This bacterium can utilize extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a phosphate source, a phenotype dependent on secreted endo‐ and exonucleases. However, no transporter of nucleotides has been identified in V. cholerae, suggesting that in order for the organism to utilize the DNA as a phosphate source, it must first separate the phosphate and nucleoside groups before transporting phosphate into the cell. In this study, we investigated the factors required for assimilation of phosphate from eDNA. We identified PhoX, and the previously unknown proteins UshA and CpdB as the major phosphatases that allow phosphate acquisition from eDNA and nucleotides. We demonstrated separable but partially overlapping roles for the three phosphatases and showed that the activity of PhoX and CpdB is induced by phosphate limitation. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insight into how V. cholerae can acquire phosphate from extracellular DNA, which is likely to be an important phosphate source in the environment and during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- EmilyKate McDonough
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Heather Kamp
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Fcγ and Complement Receptors and Complement Proteins in Neutrophil Activation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Contribution to Pathogenesis and Progression and Modulation by Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:429878. [PMID: 26346244 PMCID: PMC4540990 DOI: 10.1155/2015/429878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly disabling disease that affects all structures of the joint and significantly impacts on morbidity and mortality in RA patients. RA is characterized by persistent inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint associated with infiltration of immune cells. Eighty to 90% of the leukocytes infiltrating the synovia are neutrophils. The specific role that neutrophils play in the onset of RA is not clear, but recent studies have evidenced that they have an important participation in joint damage and disease progression through the release of proteolytic enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and neutrophil extracellular traps, in particular during frustrated phagocytosis of immune complexes (ICs). In addition, the local and systemic activation of the complement system contributes to the pathogenesis of RA and other IC-mediated diseases. This review discusses (i) the participation of Fcγ and complement receptors in mediating the effector functions of neutrophils in RA; (ii) the contribution of the complement system and ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms to joint damage in RA; and (iii) the use of plant extracts, dietary compounds, and isolated natural compounds in the treatment of RA, focusing on modulation of the effector functions of neutrophils and the complement system activity and/or activation.
Collapse
|
182
|
Neutrophil extracellular traps (Nets) impact upon autoimmune disorders. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:217-24. [PMID: 26557037 PMCID: PMC4637397 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.52836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Friend or foe? This is often asked question when it comes to neutrophil extracellular traps studies. There is no simple answer to that. At the time of their discovery they were considered to be protectors of our well-being. Excellent pathogen fighting skills were described as purely beneficial. But it was not long before those guardians of immunity reveal their dark side. What seemed to be profitable could also take its toll. They are perfectly constructed, made from nucleic deoxyribonucleic acid ornamented with cytoplasmic and granular proteins, to fight invaders. But this unique build is prone to become considered by our body as a threat. Since there is a thin line which when crossed turns a savior into enemy, it was postulated that Nets can play a significant role in autoimmune disorders pathogenesis and disease exacerbation. Recent years have brought a new insight into autoimmune disorders trying to connect the old knowledge and suspicions with modern discoveries.
Collapse
|
183
|
Azevedo EP, Rochael NC, Guimarães-Costa AB, de Souza-Vieira TS, Ganilho J, Saraiva EM, Palhano FL, Foguel D. A Metabolic Shift toward Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is Necessary for Amyloid Fibril- and Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26198639 PMCID: PMC4571968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the main defense cells of the innate immune system. Upon stimulation, neutrophils release their chromosomal DNA to trap and kill microorganisms and inhibit their dissemination. These chromatin traps are termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and are decorated with granular and cytoplasm proteins. NET release can be induced by several microorganism membrane components, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate as well as by amyloid fibrils, insoluble proteinaceous molecules associated with more than 40 different pathologies among other stimuli. The intracellular signaling involved in NET formation is complex and remains unclear for most tested stimuli. Herein we demonstrate that a metabolic shift toward the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is necessary for NET release because glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), an important enzyme from PPP, fuels NADPH oxidase with NADPH to produce superoxide and thus induce NETs. In addition, we observed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which are NADPH-independent, are not effective in producing NETs. These data shed new light on how the PPP and glucose metabolism contributes to NET formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania P Azevedo
- From the Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 and
| | - Natalia C Rochael
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Anderson B Guimarães-Costa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago S de Souza-Vieira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ganilho
- From the Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 and
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Palhano
- From the Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 and
| | - Debora Foguel
- From the Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 and
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science 2015; 349:316-20. [PMID: 26185250 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages, a major driver of pathogenesis in atherosclerosis, requires two steps: Priming signals promote transcription of immature IL-1β, and then endogenous "danger" signals activate innate immune signaling complexes called inflammasomes to process IL-1β for secretion. Although cholesterol crystals are known to act as danger signals in atherosclerosis, what primes IL-1β transcription remains elusive. Using a murine model of atherosclerosis, we found that cholesterol crystals acted both as priming and danger signals for IL-1β production. Cholesterol crystals triggered neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs primed macrophages for cytokine release, activating T helper 17 (TH17) cells that amplify immune cell recruitment in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, danger signals may drive sterile inflammation, such as that seen in atherosclerosis, through their interactions with neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Jee J, Bonnegarde-Bernard A, Duverger A, Iwakura Y, Cormet-Boyaka E, Martin TL, Steiner HE, Bachman RC, Boyaka PN. Neutrophils negatively regulate induction of mucosal IgA responses after sublingual immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:735-45. [PMID: 25563500 PMCID: PMC4481173 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of mucosal immunoglobulin-A (IgA) capable of providing a first line of defense against bacterial and viral pathogens remains a major goal of needle-free vaccines given via mucosal routes. Innate immune cells are known to play a central role in induction of IgA responses by mucosal vaccines, but the relative contribution of myeloid cell subsets to these responses has not firmly been established. Using an in vivo model of sublingual vaccination with Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (EdTx) as adjuvant, we examined the role of myeloid cell subsets for mucosal secretory IgA responses. Sublingual immunization of wild-type mice resulted in a transient increase of neutrophils in sublingual tissues and cervical lymph nodes. These mice later developed Ag-specific serum IgG responses, but not serum or mucosal IgA. Interestingly, EdTx failed to increase neutrophils in sublingual tissues and cervical lymph nodes of IKKβ(ΔMye) mice, and these mice developed IgA responses. Partial depletion of neutrophils before immunization of wild-type mice allowed the development of both mucosal and serum IgA responses. Finally, co-culture of B cells with neutrophils from either wild-type or IKKβ(ΔMye) mice suppressed secretion of IgA, but not IgM or IgG. These results identify a new role for neutrophils as negative regulators of IgA responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Tara L. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haley E. Steiner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan C. Bachman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Dühring S, Germerodt S, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Dandekar T, Schuster S. Host-pathogen interactions between the human innate immune system and Candida albicans-understanding and modeling defense and evasion strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:625. [PMID: 26175718 PMCID: PMC4485224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diploid, polymorphic yeast Candida albicans is one of the most important human pathogenic fungi. C. albicans can grow, proliferate and coexist as a commensal on or within the human host for a long time. However, alterations in the host environment can render C. albicans virulent. In this review, we describe the immunological cross-talk between C. albicans and the human innate immune system. We give an overview in form of pairs of human defense strategies including immunological mechanisms as well as general stressors such as nutrient limitation, pH, fever etc. and the corresponding fungal response and evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, Computational Systems Biology approaches to model and investigate these complex interactions are highlighted with a special focus on game-theoretical methods and agent-based models. An outlook on interesting questions to be tackled by Systems Biology regarding entangled defense and evasion mechanisms is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Dühring
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Germerodt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, Universitaet WuerzburgWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Tsai YF, Hwang TL. Neutrophil elastase inhibitors: a patent review and potential applications for inflammatory lung diseases (2010 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1145-58. [PMID: 26118988 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase (NE) not only destroys pathogens but also degrades host matrix tissues by generating a localized protease-antiprotease imbalance. In humans, NE is well known to be involved in various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, asthma, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The regulation of NE activity is thought to represent a promising therapeutic approach, and NE is considered as an important target for the development of novel selective inhibitors to treat these diseases. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes and analyzes patents on NE inhibitors and their therapeutic potential based on a review of patent applications disclosed between 2010 and 2014. EXPERT OPINION According to this review of recent NE inhibitor patents, all of the disclosed inhibitors can be classified into peptide- and non-peptide-based groups. The non-peptide NE inhibitors include heterocyclics, uracil derivatives and deuterium oxide. Among the heterocyclic analogs, derivatives of pyrimidinones, tetrahydropyrrolopyrimidinediones, pyrazinones, benzoxazinones and hypersulfated disaccharides were introduced. The literature has increasingly implicated NE in the pathogenesis of various diseases, of which inflammatory destructive lung diseases remain a major concern. However, only a few agents have been validated for therapeutic use in clinical settings to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,b 2 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology , Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,c 3 Chang Gung University, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,d 4 Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Department of Cosmetic Science and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,e 5 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan +88 6 3211 8506 ; +88 6 3211 8506 ;
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Early recognition of sepsis and proper therapy are essential to reduce patient mortality. Moreover, treatment options for this deleterious inflammatory response to infection are limited. Neutrophils play an essential role in the innate immune response, providing the first line of host defense. It has recently been shown that these cells can trap and kill microorganisms by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of chromatin and antimicrobial proteins. Although the beneficial role of NETs during infections has been demonstrated, there is increasing evidence that NETs and their components contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including sepsis. The aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence implicating NETs, as well as their components, in the development of sepsis and to discuss their potential use as novel therapeutic targets and as prognostic markers in septic patients.
Collapse
|
189
|
The Role of Posttranslational Protein Modifications in Rheumatological Diseases: Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:712490. [PMID: 26090496 PMCID: PMC4451265 DOI: 10.1155/2015/712490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of posttranslational modification (PTM) encompasses a wide group of chemical reactions that allow modification and modulation of protein functions. The regulation of PTMs is crucial for the activity and survival of the cells. Dysregulation of PTMs has been observed in several pathological conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily targeting the joints. The three PTMs mainly involved in this disease are glycosylation, citrullination, and carbamylation. Glycosylation is essential for antigen processing and presentation and can modulate immunoglobulin activity. Citrullination of self-antigens is strongly associated with RA, as demonstrated by the presence of antibodies directed to anti-citrullinated proteins in patients' sera. Carbamylation and its dysregulation have been recently associated with RA. Aim of this review is to illustrate the most significant alterations of these PTMs in RA and to evaluate their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
|
190
|
Stoiber W, Obermayer A, Steinbacher P, Krautgartner WD. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Formation of Extracellular Traps (ETs) in Humans. Biomolecules 2015; 5:702-23. [PMID: 25946076 PMCID: PMC4496692 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) are reticulate structures of extracellular DNA associated with antimicrobial molecules. Their formation by phagocytes (mainly by neutrophils: NETs) has been identified as an essential element of vertebrate innate immune defense. However, as ETs are also toxic to host cells and potent triggers of autoimmunity, their role between pathogen defense and human pathogenesis is ambiguous, and they contribute to a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of ET formation (ETosis) a decade ago, evidence has accumulated that most reaction cascades leading to ET release involve ROS. An important new facet was added when it became apparent that ETosis might be directly linked to, or be a variant of, the autophagy cell death pathway. The present review analyzes the evidence to date on the interplay between ROS, autophagy and ETosis, and highlights and discusses several further aspects of the ROS-ET relationship that are incompletely understood. These aspects include the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, the molecular requirements of NADPH oxidase-dependent ETosis, the roles of NADPH oxidase subtypes, extracellular ROS and of ROS from sources other than NADPH oxidase, and the present evidence for ROS-independent ETosis. We conclude that ROS interact with ETosis in a multidimensional manner, with influence on whether ETosis shows beneficial or detrimental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Stoiber
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Astrid Obermayer
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Peter Steinbacher
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Krautgartner
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Boe DM, Curtis BJ, Chen MM, Ippolito JA, Kovacs EJ. Extracellular traps and macrophages: new roles for the versatile phagocyte. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1023-35. [PMID: 25877927 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri1014-521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MΦ are multipurpose phagocytes with a large repertoire of well-characterized abilities and functions, including regulation of inflammation, wound healing, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, as well as serving as an integral component of the innate-immune defense against microbial pathogens. Working along with neutrophils and dendritic cells, the other myeloid-derived professional phagocytes, MΦ are one of the key effector cells initiating and directing the host reaction to pathogenic organisms and resolving subsequent responses once the threat has been cleared. ETs are a relatively novel strategy of host defense involving expulsion of nuclear material and embedded proteins from immune cells to immobilize and kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As research on ETs expands, it has begun to encompass many immune cell types in unexpected ways, including various types of MΦ, which are not only capable of generating METs in response to various stimuli, but recent preclinical data suggest that they are an important agent in clearing ETs and limiting ET-mediated inflammation and tissue damage. This review aims to summarize historical and recent findings of biologic research regarding ET formation and function and discuss the role of MΦ in ET physiology and associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Boe
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Brenda J Curtis
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael M Chen
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill A Ippolito
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- *Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
|
193
|
Free DNA in cystic fibrosis airway fluids correlates with airflow obstruction. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:408935. [PMID: 25918476 PMCID: PMC4397025 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive lung disease determines morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF airways are characterized by a nonresolving neutrophilic inflammation. After pathogen contact or prolonged activation, neutrophils release DNA fibres decorated with antimicrobial proteins, forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs have been described to act in a beneficial way for innate host defense by bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal actions. On the other hand, excessive NET formation has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease conditions. We quantified free DNA structures characteristic of NETs in airway fluids of CF patients and a mouse model with CF-like lung disease. Free DNA levels correlated with airflow obstruction, fungal colonization, and CXC chemokine levels in CF patients and CF-like mice. When viewed in combination, our results demonstrate that neutrophilic inflammation in CF airways is associated with abundant free DNA characteristic for NETosis, and suggest that free DNA may be implicated in lung function decline in patients with CF.
Collapse
|
194
|
Varjú I, Longstaff C, Szabó L, Farkas ÁZ, Varga-Szabó VJ, Tanka-Salamon A, Machovich R, Kolev K. DNA, histones and neutrophil extracellular traps exert anti-fibrinolytic effects in a plasma environment. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1289-98. [PMID: 25789443 DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In response to various inflammatory stimuli, neutrophils secrete neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like meshworks of DNA, histones and granular components forming supplementary scaffolds in venous and arterial thrombi. Isolated DNA and histones are known to promote thrombus formation and render fibrin clots more resistant to mechanical forces and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced enzymatic digestion. The present study extends our earlier observations to a physiologically more relevant environment including plasma clots and NET-forming neutrophils. A range of techniques was employed including imaging (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser microscopy, and photoscanning of macroscopic lysis fronts), clot permeability measurements, turbidimetric lysis and enzyme inactivation assays. Addition of DNA and histones increased the median fibre diameter of plasma clots formed with 16 nM thrombin from 108 to 121 and 119 nm, respectively, and decreased their permeability constant from 6.4 to 3.1 and 3.7×10(-9) cm(2). Histones effectively protected thrombin from antithrombin-induced inactivation, while DNA inhibited plasminogen activation on the surface of plasma clots and their plasmin-induced resolution by 20 and 40 %, respectively. DNA and histones, as well as NETs secreted by phorbol-myristate-acetate-activated neutrophils, slowed down the tPA-driven lysis of plasma clots and the latter effect could be reversed by the addition of DNase (streptodornase). SEM images taken after complete digestion of fibrin in NET-containing plasma clots evidenced retained NET scaffold that was absent in DNase-treated clots. Our results show that DNA and histones alter the fibrin architecture in plasma clots, while NETs contribute to a decreased lytic susceptibility that can be overcome by DNase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krasimir Kolev
- Krasimir Kolev, Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tűzoltó utca 37-47., 1094 Budapest, Hungary, Tel.: +36 1 4591500/60035, Fax: +36 1 2670031, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Ethylmercury and Hg2+ induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by human neutrophil granulocytes. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:543-50. [PMID: 25701957 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different mercurial compounds from various sources, most frequently from dental fillings, preservatives in vaccines, or consumption of fish. Among other toxic effects, these substances interact with the immune system. In high doses, mercurials are immunosuppressive. However, lower doses of some mercurials stimulate the immune system, inducing different forms of autoimmunity, autoantibodies, and glomerulonephritis in rodents. Furthermore, some studies suggest a connection between mercury exposure and the occurrence of autoantibodies against nuclear components and granulocyte cytoplasmic proteins in humans. Still, the underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. The present study investigates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to thimerosal and its metabolites ethyl mercury (EtHg), thiosalicylic acid, and mercuric ions (Hg(2+)). Only EtHg and Hg(2+) triggered NETosis. It was independent of PKC, ERK1/2, p38, and zinc signals and not affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI. Instead, EtHg and Hg(2+) triggered NADPH oxidase-independent production of ROS, which are likely to be involved in mercurial-induced NET formation. This finding might help understanding the autoimmune potential of mercurial compounds. Some diseases, to which a connection with mercurials has been shown, such as Wegener's granulomatosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, are characterized by high prevalence of autoantibodies against neutrophil-specific auto-antigens. Externalization in the form of NETs may be a source for exposure to these self-antigens. In genetically susceptible individuals, this could be one step in the series of events leading to autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
196
|
Zheng W, Warner R, Ruggeri R, Su C, Cortes C, Skoura A, Ward J, Ahn K, Kalgutkar A, Sun D, Maurer TS, Bonin PD, Okerberg C, Bobrowski W, Kawabe T, Zhang Y, Coskran T, Bell S, Kapoor B, Johnson K, Buckbinder L. PF-1355, a Mechanism-Based Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor, Prevents Immune Complex Vasculitis and Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:288-98. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
197
|
Verschoor CP, Loukov D, Naidoo A, Puchta A, Johnstone J, Millar J, Lelic A, Novakowski KE, Dorrington MG, Loeb M, Bramson JL, Bowdish DME. Circulating TNF and mitochondrial DNA are major determinants of neutrophil phenotype in the advanced-age, frail elderly. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:148-56. [PMID: 25660689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a potent inflammatory cytokine, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a product of inflammation-induced tissue damage, increase with age ("inflammaging") and many chronic diseases. Peripheral blood neutrophils, a critical component of innate immunity, have also been shown to be altered with age, and are exceptionally sensitive to external stimuli. Herein, we describe that the phenotype of neutrophils from the advanced-age, frail elderly (ELD) is determined by levels of circulating TNF and mtDNA. Neutrophils from ELD donors are morphologically immature, and have higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of the activation markers CD11b and HLA-DR. The frequency of CD11b(++) neutrophils correlated with plasma TNF, and recombinant TNF elevated neutrophil CD11b ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, neutrophils from aged TNF-deficient mice expressed CD11b similar to young counterparts. The frequency of HLA-DR(+) neutrophils, on the other hand, positively correlated with circulating mtDNA, which increased neutrophil HLA-DR expression in a dose-dependent manner ex vivo. Cell-surface TLR-9 expression, however, was unaltered on neutrophils from ELD donors. In summary, we provide novel evidence that products of age-related inflammation modulate neutrophil phenotype in vivo. Given this, anti-inflammatory therapies may prove beneficial in improving neutrophil functionality in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dessi Loukov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Avee Naidoo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Alicja Puchta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jamie Millar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Alina Lelic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kyle E Novakowski
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael G Dorrington
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Warinner C, Speller C, Collins MJ, Lewis CM. Ancient human microbiomes. J Hum Evol 2015; 79:125-36. [PMID: 25559298 PMCID: PMC4312737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we discovered a vast new microbial self: the human microbiome. Our native microbiota interface with our biology and culture to influence our health, behavior, and quality of life, and yet we know very little about their origin, evolution, or ecology. With the advent of industrialization, globalization, and modern sanitation, it is intuitive that we have changed our relationship with microbes, but we have little information about the ancestral state of our microbiome, and we therefore lack a foundation for characterizing this change. High-throughput sequencing has opened up new opportunities in the field of paleomicrobiology, allowing us to investigate the evolution of the complex microbial ecologies that inhabit our bodies. By focusing on recent coprolite and dental calculus research, we explore how emerging research on ancient human microbiomes is changing the way we think about ancient disease and how archaeological studies can contribute to a medical understanding of health and nutrition today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Warinner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Camilla Speller
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matthew J Collins
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Cecil M Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans modulate production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by human neutrophils. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8008. [PMID: 25620354 PMCID: PMC4306120 DOI: 10.1038/srep08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the in vitro modulation of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) induced in human neutrophils by the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, evaluating the participation of capsular polysaccharides glucuronoxylomanan (GXM) and glucuronoxylomannogalactan (GXMGal) in this phenomenon. The mutant acapsular strain CAP67 and the capsular polysaccharide GXMGal induced NET production. In contrast, the wild-type strain and the major polysaccharide GXM did not induce NET release. In addition, C. neoformans and the capsular polysaccharide GXM inhibited PMA-induced NET release. Additionally, we observed that the NET-enriched supernatants induced through CAP67 yeasts showed fungicidal activity on the capsular strain, and neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, collagenase and histones were the key components for the induction of NET fungicidal activity. The signaling pathways associated with NET induction through the CAP67 strain were dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD-4). Neither polysaccharide induced ROS production however both molecules blocked the production of ROS through PMA-activated neutrophils. Taken together, the results demonstrate that C. neoformans and the capsular component GXM inhibit the production of NETs in human neutrophils. This mechanism indicates a potentially new and important modulation factor for this fungal pathogen.
Collapse
|
200
|
Neutrophils in asthma--a review. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 209:13-6. [PMID: 25511380 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, with an array of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The role of neutrophils in the development of bronchial asthma is found to be complex, as they may trigger activation of immunocompetent cells and are a potent source of free oxygen radicals and enzymes participating in airway remodeling. The review highlights the role of neutrophils in bronchial asthma.
Collapse
|