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Activation of J77A.1 macrophages by three phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:683123. [PMID: 24592395 PMCID: PMC3921937 DOI: 10.1155/2014/683123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of two basic myotoxic phospholipases A2 (PLA2), BaTX-I, a catalytically inactive Lys-49 variant, and BaTX-II, a catalytically active Asp-49, and of one acidic myotoxic PLA2, BaPLA2, a catalytically active Asp-49, isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom, on the activation of J774A.1 macrophages. At noncytotoxic concentrations, the toxins did not affect the adhesion of the macrophages, nor their ability to detach. The data obtained showed that only BaTX-I stimulated complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. However, BaTX-I, BaTX-II, and BaPLA2 induced the release of the superoxide anion by J774A.1 macrophages. Additionally, only BaTX-I raised the lysosomal volume of macrophages after 15 min of incubation. After 30 min, all the phospholipases increased this parameter, which was not observed within 60 min. Moreover, BaTX-I, BaTX-II, and BaPLA2 increased the number of lipid bodies on macrophages submitted to phagocytosis and not submitted to phagocytosis. However, BaTX-II and BaPLA2 induced the release of TNF-α by J774A.1 macrophages. Taken together, the data show that, despite differences in enzymatic activity, the three toxins induced inflammatory events and whether the enzyme is acidic or basic does not seem to contribute to these effects.
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152
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Gasanov SE, Dagda RK, Rael ED. Snake Venom Cytotoxins, Phospholipase A 2s, and Zn 2+-dependent Metalloproteinases: Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacological Relevance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 4:1000181. [PMID: 24949227 PMCID: PMC4060629 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom toxins are responsible for causing severe pathology and toxicity following envenomation including necrosis, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, profuse hemorrhage, and disruption of blood homeostasis. Clinically, snake venom toxins therefore represent a significant hazard to snakebite victims which underscores the need to produce more efficient anti-venom. Some snake venom toxins, however, have great potential as drugs for treating human diseases. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, structure/function, and pathology induced by snake venom toxins on human tissue. We provide a broad overview of cobra venom cytotoxins, catalytically active and inactive phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), and Zn2+-dependent metalloproteinases. We also propose biomedical applications whereby snake venom toxins can be employed for treating human diseases. Cobra venom cytotoxins, for example, may be utilized as anti-cancer agents since they are efficient at destroying certain types of cancer cells including leukemia. Additionally, increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) by which snake venom PLA2s promote hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids can give insight into the underlying biomedical implications for treating autoimmune disorders that are caused by dysregulated endogenous PLA2 activity. Lastly, we provide an exhaustive overview of snake venom Zn2+-dependent metalloproteinases and suggest ways by which these enzymes can be engineered for treating deep vein thrombosis and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar E Gasanov
- Applied Mathematics and Informatics Department, Moscow State University Branch, 22 A. Timur Avenue, Tashkent 100060, Uzbekistan
- Science Department, Tashkent Ulugbek International School, 5-A J. Shoshiy Street, Tashkent 100100, Uzbekistan
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Pharmacology Department, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Eppie D Rael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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153
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Mosher AA, Rainey KJ, Riley B, Levinson HS, Vinturache AE, Wood SL, Slater DM. Regulation of sPLA2-IID in Human Decidua: Insights Into the Complexity of the Prostaglandin Pathway in Labor. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:921-929. [PMID: 24440994 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113519176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are implicated in the labor process, yet the precise role and regulation of the prostaglandin pathway remains to be elucidated. The first step in the pathway is cleavage of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Previous work demonstrated upregulation of secretory PLA2 (sPLA2)-IIA with labor in human myometrium, and recent evidence shows that there are numerous PLA2 isoforms. The present study investigates the potential of additional sPLA2 isoforms during pregnancy and labor. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine sPLA2 expression and localization. Results show the presence of sPLA2-IID in amnion, chorion, placenta, decidua, and myometrium. Expression of sPLA2-IID in decidua was significantly decreased in term labor compared to nonlabor patients, whereas no significant labor-associated changes were observed in other gestational tissues. Secretory PLA2-IID was localized within chorion fibroblasts, placenta trophoblasts, decidual cells, and in myometrial smooth muscle cells. In primary decidual cell cultures, interleukin (IL) 10 (IL-10) increased sPLA2-IID messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, while IL-1β had no effect on sPLA2-IID mRNA expression. In conclusion, decreased expression of sPLA2-IID in the decidua at labor indicates that it is unlikely to contribute to increased prostaglandin production during labor. However, increased expression of sPLA2-IID, induced by IL-10, suggests that sPLA2-IID may play an important anti-inflammatory role at the maternal-fetal interface. Nevertheless, precise functions of sPLA2-IID within the human uterus remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Mosher
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly J Rainey
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brigitta Riley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley S Levinson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela E Vinturache
- Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen L Wood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna M Slater
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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154
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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155
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Romero R, Yoon BH, Chaemsaithong P, Cortez J, Park CW, Gonzalez R, Behnke E, Hassan SS, Gotsch F, Yeo L, Chaiworapongsa T. Secreted phospholipase A2 is increased in meconium-stained amniotic fluid of term gestations: potential implications for the genesis of meconium aspiration syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27:975-83. [PMID: 24063538 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.847918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) represents the passage of fetal colonic content into the amniotic cavity. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a complication that occurs in a subset of infants with MSAF. Secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is detected in meconium and is implicated in the development of MAS. The purpose of this study was to determine if sPLA2 concentrations are increased in the amniotic fluid of women in spontaneous labor at term with MSAF. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of patients in spontaneous term labor who underwent amniocentesis (n = 101). The patients were divided into two study groups: (1) MSAF (n = 61) and (2) clear fluid (n = 40). The presence of bacteria and endotoxin as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and sPLA2 concentrations in the amniotic fluid were determined. Statistical analyses were performed to test for normality and bivariate analysis. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between sPLA2 and IL-6 concentrations in the amniotic fluid. RESULTS Patients with MSAF have a higher median sPLA2 concentration (ng/mL) in amniotic fluid than those with clear fluid [1.7 (0.98-2.89) versus 0.3 (0-0.6), p < 0.001]. Among patients with MSAF, those with either microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC, defined as presence of bacteria in the amniotic cavity), or bacterial endotoxin had a significantly higher median sPLA2 concentration (ng/mL) in amniotic fluid than those without MIAC or endotoxin [2.4 (1.7-6.0) versus 1.7 (1.3-2.5), p < 0.05]. There was a positive correlation between sPLA2 and IL-6 concentrations in the amniotic fluid (Spearman Rho = 0.3, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION MSAF that contains bacteria or endotoxin has a higher concentration of sPLA2, and this may contribute to induce lung inflammation when meconium is aspirated before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS , Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI , USA
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Sharma J, Eickhoff CS, Hoft DF, Marentette JO, Turk J, McHowat J. Absence of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 β impairs platelet-activating factor production and inflammatory cell recruitment in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00196. [PMID: 24744875 PMCID: PMC3967679 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic phases of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection are characterized by tissue inflammation, mainly in the heart. A key step in the inflammatory process is the transmigration of inflammatory cells across the endothelium to underlying infected tissues. We observed increased arachidonic acid release and platelet-activating factor (PAF) production in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) at up to 96 h of T. cruzi infection. Arachidonic acid release is mediated by activation of the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) isoforms iPLA2 β and iPLA2 γ, whereas PAF production was dependent upon iPLA2 β activation alone. Trypanosoma cruzi infection also resulted in increased cell surface expression of adhesion molecules. Increased adherence of inflammatory cells to T. cruzi-infected endothelium was blocked by inhibition of endothelial cell iPLA2 β or by blocking the PAF receptor on inflammatory cells. This suggests that PAF, in combination with adhesion molecules, might contribute to parasite clearing in the heart by recruiting inflammatory cells to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand BlvdSt Louis, 63104, Missouri
| | - Christopher S. Eickhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St Louis, 63104, Missouri
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St Louis, 63104, Missouri
| | - John O. Marentette
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand BlvdSt Louis, 63104, Missouri
| | - John Turk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, 63110, Missouri
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand BlvdSt Louis, 63104, Missouri
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157
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Zhuge Y, Yuan Y, van Breemen R, DeGrand M, Holian O, Yoder M, Lum H. Stimulated bronchial epithelial cells release bioactive lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 6:66-74. [PMID: 24404396 PMCID: PMC3881404 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In human subjects and animal models with acute and chronic lung injury, the bioactive lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is elevated in lung lining fluids. The increased LPC can promote an inflammatory microenvironment resulting in lung injury. Furthermore, pathological lung conditions are associated with upregulated phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the predominant enzyme producing LPC in tissues by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. However, the lung cell populations responsible for increases of LPC have yet to be systematically characterized. The goal was to investigate the LPC generation by bronchial epithelial cells in response to pathological mediators and determine the major LPC species produced. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were challenged by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for 1 or 6 h, and condition medium and cells collected for quantification of predominant LPC species by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for PLA2. The direct effects of LPC in inducing inflammatory activities on NHBE were assessed by transepithelial resistance as well as expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). RESULTS VEGF stimulation of NHBE for 1 or 6 h, significantly increased concentrations of LPC16:0, LPC18:0, and LPC18:1 in condition medium compared to control. The sPLA2-selective inhibitor (oleyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) inhibited the VEGF-induced release of LPC16:0 and LPC18:1 and PLA2 activity. In contrast, NHBE stimulated with TNF did not induce LPC release. VEGF did not increase mRNA of PLA2 subtypes sPLA2-X, sPLA2-XIIa, cPLA2-IVa, and iPLA2-VI. Exogenous LPC treatment increased expression of IL-8 and MMP-1, and reduced the transepithelial resistance in NHBE. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that VEGF-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells are a key source of extracellular LPCs, which can function as an autocrine mediator with potential to induce airway epithelial inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhuge
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael DeGrand
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oksana Holian
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Yoder
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hazel Lum
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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158
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A phospholipase A2 gene is linked to Jack bean urease toxicity in the Chagas' disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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159
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Marini MG, Sonnino C, Previtero M, Biasucci LM. Targeting inflammation: impact on atherothrombosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 7:9-18. [PMID: 24327329 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is a worldwide epidemic accounting for an unacceptable toll of deaths and disabilities. Its pathophysiology is complex and hardly referable to a specific mechanism; however, in the last 20 years, a growing amount of evidence has demonstrated that inflammatory processes play a major role from the very beginning to the ultimate complication of atherothrombosis. These evidences are addressing a growing interest toward anti-inflammatory agents as preventive or curative treatments of atherothrombosis. At present, accumulated data are not conclusive, but strong evidence exists in favor of an anti-inflammatory positive effect for several drugs as statins or renin-angiotensin inhibitors. More conclusive data are expected from ongoing trials directly exploring the role of specific cytokines antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Marini
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo Vito, Rome, 00168, Italy
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160
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Ferreira FB, Gomes MSR, Naves de Souza DL, Gimenes SNC, Castanheira LE, Borges MH, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Homsi Brandeburgo MI, Rodrigues VM. Molecular cloning and pharmacological properties of an acidic PLA2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2403-19. [PMID: 24304676 PMCID: PMC3873693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the molecular cloning and pharmacological properties of an acidic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. This enzyme, denominated BpPLA(2)-TXI, was purified by four chromatographic steps and represents 2.4% of the total snake venom protein content. BpPLA(2)-TXI is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 13.6 kDa, as demonstrated by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis and its theoretical isoelectric point was 4.98. BpPLA(2)-TXI was catalytically active and showed some pharmacological effects such as inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP and also induced edema and myotoxicity. BpPLA(2)-TXI displayed low cytotoxicity on TG-180 (CCRF S 180 II) and Ovarian Carcinoma (OVCAR-3), whereas no cytotoxicity was found in regard to MEF (Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast) and Sarcoma 180 (TIB-66). The N-terminal sequence of forty-eight amino acid residues was determined by Edman degradation. In addition, the complete primary structure of 122 amino acids was deduced by cDNA from the total RNA of the venom gland using specific primers, and it was significantly similar to other acidic D49 PLA(2)s. The phylogenetic analyses showed that BpPLA(2)-TXI forms a group with other acidic D49 PLA(2)s from the gender Bothrops, which are characterized by a catalytic activity associated with anti-platelet effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Barbosa Ferreira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Mário Sérgio Rocha Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), 45506-210 Jequié-BA, Brazil
| | - Dayane Lorena Naves de Souza
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Sarah Natalie Cirilo Gimenes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Letícia Eulalio Castanheira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | | | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Maria Inês Homsi Brandeburgo
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
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161
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Antibacterial properties of recombinant human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:453-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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162
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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163
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Kang KH, Ling TY, Liou HH, Huang YK, Hour MJ, Liou HC, Fu WM. Enhancement role of host 12/15-lipoxygenase in melanoma progression. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2747-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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164
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Magrioti V, Nikolaou A, Smyrniotou A, Shah I, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. New potent and selective polyfluoroalkyl ketone inhibitors of GVIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5823-9. [PMID: 23916152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) has recently emerged as an important pharmaceutical target. Selective and potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors can be used to study its role in various neurological disorders. In the current work, we explore the significance of the introduction of a substituent in previously reported potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors. 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoro-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (GK187) is the most potent and selective GVIA iPLA2 inhibitor ever reported with a XI(50) value of 0.0001, and with no significant inhibition against GIVA cPLA2 or GV sPLA2. We also compare the inhibition of two difluoromethyl ketones on GVIA iPLA2, GIVA cPLA2, and GV sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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165
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Lone AM, Taskén K. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of eicosanoids in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:130. [PMID: 23760108 PMCID: PMC3671288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 to ω-3 and ω-6 C20 fatty acids that next are converted to leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PCs), and thromboxanes (TXAs). The rate-limiting and tightly regulated lipoxygenases control synthesis of LTs while the equally well-controlled cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 generate prostanoids, including PGs, PCs, and TXAs. While many of the classical signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, pain, and heat are caused by eicosanoid species with vasoactive, pyretic, and pain-inducing effects locally, some eicosanoids also regulate T cell functions. Here, we will review eicosanoid production in T cell subsets and the inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of LTs, PGs, PCs, and TXAs in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mari Lone
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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166
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Nevalainen TJ, Morgado I, Cardoso JCR. Identification of novel phospholipase A2 group IX members in metazoans. Biochimie 2013; 95:1534-43. [PMID: 23603114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sequence homologues of the bacterium Streptomyces violaceoruber and sea anemone Nematostella vectensis PLA2 pfam09056 members were identified in several bacteria, fungi and metazoans illustrating the evolution of this PLA2 sub-family. Comparison of their molecular structures revealed that bacteria and fungi members are part of the GXIV of PLA2s while metazoan representatives are similar with GIX PLA2 of the marine snail Conus magus. Members of GXIV and GIX PLA2s show modest overall sequence similarity (21-35%) but considerable motif conservation within the putative Ca(2+)-binding, catalytic sites and cysteine residue positions which are essential for enzyme function. GXIV PLA2s of bacteria and fungi typically contain four cysteine residues composing two intramolecular disulphide bonds. GIX PLA2 homologues were identified in cnidarians and molluscs and in a single tunicate but appear to be absent from other metazoan genomes. The mature GIX PLA2 deduced peptides contain up to ten cysteine residues capable of forming five putative disulphide bonds. Three disulphide bonds were identified in GIX PLA2s, two of which correspond to those localized in GXIV PLA2s. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that metazoan GIX PLA2s cluster separate from the bacterial and fungal GXIV PLA2s and both pfam09056 members form a group separate from the prokaryote and eukaryote GXIIA PLA2 pfam06951. Duplicate PLA2 pfam09056 genes were identified in the genomes of sea anemone N. vectensis and oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest that members of this family evolved via species-specific duplication events. These observations indicate that the newly identified metazoan pfam09056 members may be classified as GIX PLA2s and support the idea of the common evolutionary origin of GXIV and GIX PLA2 pfam09056 members, which emerged early in bacteria and were maintained in the genomes of fungi and selected extant metazoan taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo J Nevalainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland.
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167
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Bickford JS, Beachy DE, Newsom KJ, Barilovits SJ, Herlihy JDH, Qiu X, Walters JN, Li N, Nick HS. A distal enhancer controls cytokine-dependent human cPLA2α gene expression. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1915-26. [PMID: 23549331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific control of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α or PLA2G4A) expression modulates arachidonic acid production, thus tightly regulating the downstream effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. The significance of this pathway in human disease is apparent in a range of pathologies from inflammation to tumorigenesis. While much of the regulation of cPLA2α has focused on posttranslational phosphorylation of the protein, studies on transcriptional regulation of this gene have focused only on proximal promoter regions. We have identified a DNase I hypersensitive site encompassing a 5' distal enhancer element containing a highly conserved consensus AP-1 site involved in transcriptional activation of cPLA2α by interleukin (IL)-1β. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), knockdown, knockout, and overexpression analyses have shown that c-Jun acts both in a negative and positive regulatory role. Transcriptional activation of cPLA2α occurs through the phosphorylation of c-Jun in conjunction with increased association of C/EBPβ with the distal novel enhancer. The association of C/EBPβ with the transcriptional activation complex does not require an obvious DNA binding site. These data provide new and important contributions to the understanding of cPLA2α regulation at the transcriptional level, with implications for eicosanoid metabolism, cellular signaling, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bickford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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168
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Trappe TA, Liu SZ. Effects of prostaglandins and COX-inhibiting drugs on skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:909-19. [PMID: 23539318 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00061.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been ∼40 yr since the discovery that PGs are produced by exercising skeletal muscle and since the discovery that inhibition of PG synthesis is the mechanism of action of what are now known as cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting drugs. Since that time, it has been established that PGs are made during and after aerobic and resistance exercise and have a potent paracrine and autocrine effect on muscle metabolism. Consequently, it has also been determined that orally consumed doses of COX inhibitors can profoundly influence muscle PG synthesis, muscle protein metabolism, and numerous other cellular processes that regulate muscle adaptations to exercise loading. Although data from acute human exercise studies, as well as animal and cell-culture data, would predict that regular consumption of a COX inhibitor during exercise training would dampen the typical muscle adaptations, the chronic data do not support this conjecture. From the studies in young and older individuals, lasting from 1.5 to 4 mo, no interfering effects of COX inhibitors on muscle adaptations to resistance-exercise training have been noted. In fact, in older individuals, a substantial enhancement of muscle mass and strength has been observed. The collective findings of the PG/COX-pathway regulation of skeletal muscle responses and adaptations to exercise are compelling. Considering the discoveries in other areas of COX regulation of health and disease, there is certainly an interesting future of investigation in this re-emerging area, especially as it pertains to older individuals and the condition of sarcopenia, as well as exercise training and performance of individuals of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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169
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Hanada H, Kobuchi H, Yamamoto M, Kashiwagi K, Katsu K, Utsumi T, Kashiwagi A, Sasaki J, Inoue M, Utsumi K. Acetyl-L-carnitine suppresses thyroid hormone-induced and spontaneous anuran tadpole tail shortening. Hereditas 2013; 150:1-9. [PMID: 23489246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) plays a crucial role in apoptotic tail shortening during anuran metamorphosis. L-carnitine is known to shuttle free fatty acids (FFAs) from the cytosol into mitochondria matrix for β-oxidation and energy production, and in a previous study we found that treatment with L-carnitine suppresses 3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine (T3 ) and FFA-induced MPT by reducing the level of FFAs. In the present study we focus on acetyl-L-carnitine, which is also involved in fatty acid oxidation, to determine its effect on T3 -induced tail regression in Rana rugosa tadpoles and spontaneous tail regression in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The ladder-like DNA profile and increases in caspase-3 and caspase-9 indicative of apoptosis in the tails of T3 -treated tadpoles were found to be suppressed by the addition of acetyl-L-carnitine. Likewise, acetyl-L-carnitine was found to inhibit thyroid hormone regulated spontaneous metamorphosis in X. laevis tadpoles, accompanied by decreases in caspase and phospholipase A2 activity, as well as non-ladder-like DNA profiles. These findings support our previous conclusion that elevated levels of FFAs initiate MPT and activate the signaling pathway controlling apoptotic cell death in tadpole tails during anuran metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hanada
- Institute for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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170
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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171
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Cai H, Chiorean EG, Chiorean MV, Rex DK, Robb BW, Hahn NM, Liu Z, Loehrer PJ, Harrison ML, Xu Y. Elevated phospholipase A2 activities in plasma samples from multiple cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57081. [PMID: 23451150 PMCID: PMC3579817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Only in recent years have phospholipase A2 enzymes (PLA2s) emerged as cancer targets. In this work, we report the first detection of elevated PLA2 activities in plasma from patients with colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and bladder cancers as compared to healthy controls. Independent sets of clinical plasma samples were obtained from two different sites. The first set was from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC; n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 77). The second set was from patients with lung (n = 95), bladder (n = 31), or pancreatic cancers (n = 38), and healthy controls (n = 79). PLA2 activities were analyzed by a validated quantitative fluorescent assay method and subtype PLA2 activities were defined in the presence of selective inhibitors. The natural PLA2 activity, as well as each subtype of PLA2 activity was elevated in each cancer group as compared to healthy controls. PLA2 activities were increased in late stage vs. early stage cases in CRC. PLA2 activities were not influenced by sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, or body-mass index (BMI). Samples from the two independent sites confirmed the results. Plasma PLA2 activities had approximately 70% specificity and sensitivity to detect cancer. The marker and targeting values of PLA2 activity have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Thoracic Oncosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Elena G. Chiorean
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Chiorean
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Douglas K. Rex
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Robb
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Noah M. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Hoosier Oncology Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Loehrer
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marietta L. Harrison
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Oncological Sciences Center, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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172
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Bratberg M, Olsvik PA, Edvardsen RB, Brekken HK, Vadla R, Meier S. Effects of oil pollution and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on glycerophospholipids in liver and brain of male Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2157-2171. [PMID: 23266412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish in the North Sea are exposed to relatively high levels of halogenated compounds in addition to the pollutants released by oil production activities. In this study male Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were orally exposed to environmental realistic levels (low and high) of weathered crude oil and/or a mixture of POPs for 4weeks. Lipid composition in brain and in liver extracts were analysed in order to assess the effects of the various pollutants on membrane lipid composition and fatty acid profiles. Transcriptional effects in the liver were studied by microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Chemical analyses confirmed uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the liver and excretion of metabolites of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bile. Treatment with POPs and/or crude oil did not induce significant changes in lipid composition in cod liver. Only a few minor changes were observed in the fatty acid profile of the brain and the lipid classes in the liver. The hypothesis that pollution from oil or POPs at environmental realistic levels alters the lipid composition in marine fish was therefore not confirmed in this study. However, the transcriptional data suggest that the fish were affected by the treatment at the mRNA level. This study suggests that a combination of oil and POPs induce the CYP1a detoxification system and gives an increase in the metabolism and clearing rate of PAHs and POPs, but with no effects on membrane lipids in male Atlantic cod.
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173
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Siroski PA, Merchant ME, Poletta GL, Larriera A, Ortega HH. Detection and characterization of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in Caiman latirostris and Caiman yacare plasma. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:35-41. [PMID: 23317364 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles have proven to have a versatile and efficient nonspecific immune system adapted to the environments in which they commonly live. Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is important hydrolytic enzyme involved in the regulation of specific types of messengers, with significant roles in the innate immune response. A number of agents that exert effects on cellular receptors emit a series of signals leading to the increased activity of PLA(2). Phospholipase A(2) has been identified and characterized in temperature, plasma concentration, and kinetic dependence in two species of caiman. The results of these studies suggest that the high PLA(2) activities observed in caiman plasma may be an important component of a well-developed innate immunity. Based on the knowledge of their properties, this powerful immunologic component should be evaluated as a possible application in the veterinary or even human therapeutic industry. Additionally, this is another reason to consider these animals excellent models for the study of immune phylogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Siroski
- Proyecto Yacaré - Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC - UNL / MASPyMA), (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina - CONICET.
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174
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Biochemical characterization and pharmacological properties of new basic PLA2 BrTX-I isolated from Bothrops roedingeri (Roedinger's Lancehead) Mertens, 1942, snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:591470. [PMID: 23509747 PMCID: PMC3591238 DOI: 10.1155/2013/591470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BrTX-I, a PLA2, was purified from Bothrops roedingeri venom after only one chromatographic step using reverse-phase HPLC on μ-Bondapak C-18 column. A molecular mass of 14358.69 Da was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids as well as 14 half-cysteine residues. The total amino acid sequence was obtained using SwissProt database and showed high amino acid sequence identity with other PLA2 from snake venom. The amino acid composition showed that BrTX-I has a high content of Lys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and 14 half-Cys residues, typical of a basic PLA2. BrTX-I presented PLA2 activity and showed a minimum sigmoidal behavior, reaching its maximal activity at pH 8.0, 35-45°C, and required Ca(2+). In vitro, the whole venom and BrTX-I caused a neuromuscular blockade in biventer cervicis preparations in a similar way to other Bothrops species. BrTX-I induced myonecrosis and oedema-forming activity analyzed through injection of the purified BrTX-I in mice. Since BrTX-I exerts a strong proinflammatory effect, the enzymatic phospholipid hydrolysis might be relevant for these phenomena; incrementing levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF α were observed at 15 min, 30 min, one, two, and six hours postinjection, respectively.
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175
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Corasolla Carregari V, Stuani Floriano R, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Winck FV, Baldasso PA, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Biochemical, pharmacological, and structural characterization of new basic PLA2 Bbil-TX from Bothriopsis bilineata snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:612649. [PMID: 23509754 PMCID: PMC3591176 DOI: 10.1155/2013/612649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bbil-TX, a PLA2, was purified from Bothriopsis bilineata snake venom after only one chromatographic step using RP-HPLC on μ-Bondapak C-18 column. A molecular mass of 14243.8 Da was confirmed by Q-Tof Ultima API ESI/MS (TOF MS mode) mass spectrometry. The partial protein sequence obtained was then submitted to BLASTp, with the search restricted to PLA2 from snakes and shows high identity values when compared to other PLA2s. PLA2 activity was presented in the presence of a synthetic substrate and showed a minimum sigmoidal behavior, reaching its maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 25-37°C. Maximum PLA2 activity required Ca(2+) and in the presence of Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+) it was reduced in the presence or absence of Ca(2+). Crotapotin from Crotalus durissus cascavella rattlesnake venom and antihemorrhagic factor DA2-II from Didelphis albiventris opossum sera under optimal conditions significantly inhibit the enzymatic activity. Bbil-TX induces myonecrosis in mice. The fraction does not show a significant cytotoxic activity in myotubes and myoblasts (C2C12). The inflammatory events induced in the serum of mice by Bbil-TX isolated from Bothriopsis bilineata snake venom were investigated. An increase in vascular permeability and in the levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1 was was induced. Since Bbil-TX exerts a stronger proinflammatory effect, the phospholipid hydrolysis may be relevant for these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Corasolla Carregari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology (IB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Stuani Floriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Rodrigues-Simioni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia V. Winck
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology and University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paulo Aparecido Baldasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology (IB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology (IB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology (IB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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176
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Trappe TA, Standley RA, Jemiolo B, Carroll CC, Trappe SW. Prostaglandin and myokine involvement in the cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drug enhancement of skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 304:R198-205. [PMID: 23220477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00245.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Twelve weeks of resistance training (3 days/wk) combined with daily consumption of the cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs acetaminophen (4.0 g/day; n = 11, 64 ± 1 yr) or ibuprofen (1.2 g/day; n = 13, 64 ± 1 yr) unexpectedly promoted muscle mass and strength gains 25-50% above placebo (n = 12, 67 ± 2 yr). To investigate the mechanism of this adaptation, muscle biopsies obtained before and ∼72 h after the last training bout were analyzed for mRNA levels of prostaglandin (PG)/cyclooxygenase pathway enzymes and receptors [arachidonic acid synthesis: cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)); PGF(2α) synthesis: PGF(2α) synthase and PGE(2) to PGF(2α) reductase; PGE(2) synthesis: PGE(2) synthase-1, -2, and -3; PGF(2α) receptor and PGE(2) receptor-4], cytokines and myokines involved in skeletal muscle adaptation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), and regulators of muscle growth [myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor-4 (MRF4), myostatin] and atrophy [Forkhead box O3A (FOXO3A), atrogin-1, muscle RING finger protein 1 (MuRF-1), inhibitory κB kinase β (IKKβ)]. Training increased (P < 0.05) cPLA(2), PGF(2α) synthase, PGE(2) to PGF(2α) reductase, PGE(2) receptor-4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IKKβ. However, the PGF(2α) receptor was upregulated (P < 0.05) only in the drug groups, and the placebo group upregulation (P < 0.05) of IL-6, IL-10, and MuRF-1 was eliminated in both drug groups. These results highlight prostaglandin and myokine involvement in the adaptive response to exercise in older individuals and suggest two mechanisms underlying the enhanced muscle mass gains in the drug groups: 1) The drug-induced PGF(2α) receptor upregulation helped offset the drug suppression of PGF(2α)-stimulated protein synthesis after each exercise bout and enhanced skeletal muscle sensitivity to this stimulation. 2) The drug-induced suppression of intramuscular PGE(2) production increased net muscle protein balance after each exercise bout through a reduction in PGE(2)-induced IL-6 and MuRF-1, both promoters of muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State Univ., Muncie, IN. USA.
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177
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Cao J, Burke JE, Dennis EA. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to define the specific interactions of the phospholipase A2 superfamily with lipid substrates, inhibitors, and membranes. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1806-13. [PMID: 23209293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.421909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily consists of 16 groups and many subgroups and constitutes a diverse set of enzymes that have a common catalytic activity due to convergent evolution. However, different PLA(2) types have unique three-dimensional structures and catalytic residues as well as specific tissue localization and distinct biological functions. Understanding how the different PLA(2) enzymes associate with phospholipid membranes, specific phospholipid substrate molecules, and inhibitors on a molecular basis has advanced in recent years due to the introduction of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Its theory, practical considerations, and application to understanding PLA(2)/membrane interactions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, USA
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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity predicts cardiovascular events in high risk coronary artery disease patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48171. [PMID: 23118945 PMCID: PMC3485195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is deemed to play a role in atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization as demonstrated in animal models and in prospective clinical studies. However, most of the literature is either focused on high-risk, apparently healthy patients, or is based on cross sectional studies. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that serum Lp-PLA2 mass and activity are useful for predicting cardiovascular (CV) events over the coronary atherosclerotic burden and conventional risk factors in high-risk coronary artery disease patients. Methods and Results In a prospective cohort study of 712 Caucasian patients, who underwent coronary angiography and measurement of both Lp-PLA2 mass and activity at baseline, we determined incident CV events at follow-up after splitting the patients into a high and a low Lp-PLA2 mass and activity groups based on ROC analysis and Youden index. Kaplan-Meier and propensity score matching analysis were used to compare CV event-free survival between groups. Follow-up data were obtained in 75% of the cohort after a median of 7.2 years (range 1–12.7 years) during which 129 (25.5%) CV events were observed. The high Lp-PLA2 activity patients showed worse CV event-free survival (66.7% vs. 79.5%, p = 0.023) and acute coronary syndrome-free survival (75.4% vs. 85.6%, p = 0.04) than those in low Lp-PLA2 group. Conclusions A high Lp-PLA2 activity implies a worse CV prognosis at long term follow up in high-risk Caucasian patients referred for coronary angiography.
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Ellison MA, Ambruso DR, Silliman CC. Therapeutic options for transfusion related acute lung injury; the potential of the G2A receptor. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:3255-9. [PMID: 22621271 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811209023255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Priming of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) enhances their adhesion to endothelium, the release of their granule content and their production of reactive oxygen species. These effects are etiological in transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) and many clinically important mediators of TRALI prime PMNs. A priming activity that develops over time in stored blood products has been shown to be due to the accumulation of lysophospatidylcholines (lyso-PCs) and has been found to be related clinically to TRALI. Lyso- PCs prime PMNs activating the G2A receptor and several inhibitors of this receptor, which could potentially be therapeutic in TRALI, have been identified. Recent work has described early steps in the signaling from the G2A receptor which has revealed potential targets for novel antagonists of lyso-PC mediated priming via G2A. Additionally, characterization of the process by which lyso-PCs are generated in stored blood products could allow development of inhibitors and additive solutions to block their formation in the first place.
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180
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Grzelczyk A, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Novel bioactive glycerol-based lysophospholipids: new data -- new insight into their function. Biochimie 2012; 95:667-79. [PMID: 23089136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the results of research conducted over last two decades, lysophospholipids (LPLs) were observed to be not only structural components of cellular membranes but also biologically active molecules influencing a broad variety of processes such as carcinogenesis, neurogenesis, immunity, vascular development or regulation of metabolic diseases. With a growing interest in the involvement of extracellular lysophospholipids in both normal physiology and pathology, it has become evident that those small molecules may have therapeutic potential. While lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been studied in detail, other LPLs such as lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) or even lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have not been elucidated to such a high degree. Although information concerning the latter LPLs is sparse as compared to LPA and S1P, within the last couple of years much progress has been made. Recently published data suggest that these compounds may regulate fundamental cellular activities by modulating multiple molecular targets, e.g. by binding to specific receptors and/or altering the structure and fluidity of lipid rafts. Therefore, the present review is devoted to novel bioactive glycerol-based lysophospholipids and recent findings concerning their functions and possible signaling pathways regulating physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grzelczyk
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Pan D, Sanyal N, Schmieder AH, Senpan A, Kim B, Yang X, Hu G, Allen JS, Gross RW, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Antiangiogenic nanotherapy with lipase-labile Sn-2 fumagillin prodrug. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1507-19. [PMID: 22709347 PMCID: PMC3498609 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical instability of antiangiogenic fumagillin, combined with its poor retention during intravascular transit, requires an innovative solution for clinical translation. We hypothesized that an Sn-2 lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug, in combination with a contact-facilitated drug delivery mechanism, could be used to address these problems. METHODS α(v)β(3)-targeted and nontargeted nanoparticles with and without fumagillin in the prodrug or native forms were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in the Matrigel™ (BD Biosciences, CA, USA) plug model of angiogenesis in mice. RESULTS In vitro experiments demonstrated that the new fumagillin prodrug decreased viability at least as efficacious as the parent compound, on an equimolar basis. In the Matrigel mouse angiogenesis model, α(v)β(3)-fumagillin prodrug decreased angiogenesis as measured by MRI (3T), while the neovasculature was unaffected with the control nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The present approach resolved the previously intractable problems of drug instability and premature release in transit to target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Ikei KN, Yeung J, Apopa PL, Ceja J, Vesci J, Holman TR, Holinstat M. Investigations of human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase: role of lipoxygenase products in platelet activation. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2546-59. [PMID: 22984144 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m026385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) has recently been shown to play an important role in regulation of human platelet function by reacting with arachidonic acid (AA). However, a number of other fatty acids are present on the platelet surface that, when cleaved from the phospholipid, can be oxidized by 12-LOX. We sought to characterize the substrate specificity of 12-LOX against six essential fatty acids: AA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosadienoic acid (EDA), and linoleic acid (LA). Three fatty acids were comparable substrates (AA, DGLA, and EPA), one was 5-fold slower (ALA), and two showed no reactivity with 12-LOX (EDA and LA). The bioactive lipid products resulting from 12-LOX oxidation of DGLA, 12-(S)-hydroperoxy-8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid [12(S)-HPETrE], and its reduced product, 12(S)-HETrE, resulted in significant attenuation of agonist-mediated platelet aggregation, granule secretion, αIIbβ3 activation, Rap1 activation, and clot retraction. Treatment with DGLA similarly inhibited PAR1-mediated platelet activation as well as platelet clot retraction. These observations are in surprising contrast to our recent work showing 12(S)-HETE is a prothrombotic bioactive lipid and support our hypothesis that the overall effect of 12-LOX oxidation of fatty acids in the platelet is dependent on the fatty acid substrates available at the platelet membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Ikei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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183
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Dan P, Rosenblat G, Yedgar S. Phospholipase A2 activities in skin physiology and pathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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184
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Lambert JD, Yennawar N, Gu Y, Elias RJ. Inhibition of secreted phospholipase A2 by proanthocyanidins: a comparative enzymological and in silico modeling study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7417-7420. [PMID: 22779786 PMCID: PMC3740037 DOI: 10.1021/jf302308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a critical role in mobilizing arachidonic acid in phospholipids. We have previously reported that PLA2 is inhibited by B-type proanthocyanidins (PaCs). To further understand the inhibitory activity of these compounds, we compared the inhibitory potency of B-type PaCs to that of A-type PaCs and modeled them with PLA2 using in silico techniques. The B-type trimer and tetramer inhibited PLA2 (IC50 = 16 and 10 μM). The A-type compounds were less potent (18-35% inhibition at 50 μM). The active site of PLA2 lies in a hydrophobic tunnel. Modeling studies revealed that the B-type PaCs occupy this tunnel and are stabilized by a number of van der Waals interactions. The result is reduced substrate access to the active site. The A-type compounds can occupy this tunnel only by shifting the N-terminal loop outward. Our data provide a structural basis to screen additional PaCs for anti-PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Lambert
- Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Neela Yennawar
- X-ray Crystallography Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 8 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Yeyi Gu
- Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA 16802
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185
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Cai Q, Zhao Z, Antalis C, Yan L, Del Priore G, Hamed AH, Stehman FB, Schilder JM, Xu Y. Elevated and secreted phospholipase A₂ activities as new potential therapeutic targets in human epithelial ovarian cancer. FASEB J 2012; 26:3306-20. [PMID: 22767227 PMCID: PMC3405265 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ascites in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) promotes tumor development by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a major tumor-promoting factor in EOC ascites, is an enzymatic product of autotaxin (ATX) and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))enzymes. The contribution of PLA(2) activities to ovarian tumorigenesis was investigated. The quantitative measurement of PLA(2) activities in ascites and tissues, as well as assay conditions selective for PLA(2) subtypes, were optimized and validated. PLA(2) activities correlated with tumor-promoting activates in cell-based and in vivo assays. High activities consistent with both cytosolic and calcium-independent PLA(2) were found in human EOC ascites for the first time. Elevated PLA(2) and ATX activities were also observed in EOC compared to benign tumors and normal tissues. Cell-free and vesicle-free (S4) human EOC ascites potently promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of human EOC cells in a PLA(2)-dependent manner. LPA mediated a significant part of the cell-stimulating effects of ascites. S4 ascites stimulated tumorigenesis/metastasis in vivo, and methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate was highly effective in inhibiting EOC metastasis in mouse xenograft models. PLA(2) activity was found in conditioned media from both EOC cells and macrophages. Collectively, our work implies that PLA(2) activity is a potential marker and therapeutic target in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Libo Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Giuseppe Del Priore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ali Hassan Hamed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Frederick B. Stehman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Schilder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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186
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Tsao FHC, Culver BJ, Pierre JF, Shanmuganayagam D, Patten CC, Meyer KC. Effect of prophylactic supplementation with grape polyphenolics on endotoxin-induced serum secretory phospholipase A2 activity in rats. Comp Med 2012; 62:271-278. [PMID: 23043779 PMCID: PMC3415368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether dietary supplementation of polyphenolics-rich grape extract (GE) could attenuate endotoxin-induced serum secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) activity, a modulator of inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or the diet supplemented with polyphenolic-rich GE (100 or 300 mg/kg daily) for 3 wk prior to intraperitoneal injection of 3 or 15 mg/kg LPS. A fluorometric assay was used to measure serum sPLA(2) activity during a 5-d period before and after LPS injection. Body weight, hematocrit, and serum C-reactive protein level were also measured. Administration of LPS induced a rapid increase in sPLA(2) activity, which peaked 1 to 2 d after LPS injection and resolved to near-baseline values on days 4 to 5. Marked declines in body weight and hematocrit, increases in C-reactive protein levels, and effects on health status also occurred. GE supplementation significantly attenuated the LPS-induced increase in sPLA(2) activity and decline in hematocrit, but its effects on the loss of body weight and C-reactive protein levels were not significant. Among the measurements, serum sPLA(2) was the only marker that showed a dose-dependent response to both LPS and GE supplementation. The current findings show that oral consumption of polyphenolic-rich GE suppresses endotoxin-induced sPLA(2) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H C Tsao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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187
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Inhibition of Neurotoxic Secretory Phospholipases A(2) Enzymatic, Edematogenic, and Myotoxic Activities by Harpalycin 2, an Isoflavone Isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana Benth. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:987517. [PMID: 22899963 PMCID: PMC3415135 DOI: 10.1155/2012/987517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) exert proinflammatory actions through lipid mediators. These enzymes have been found to be elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harpalycin 2 (Har2), an isoflavone isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana Benth., in the enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities of sPLA2 from Bothrops pirajai, Crotalus durissus terrificus, Apis mellifera, and Naja naja venoms. Har2 inhibits all sPLA2 tested. PrTX-III (B. pirajai venom) was inhibited at about 58.7%, Cdt F15 (C. d. terrificus venom) at 78.8%, Apis (from bee venom) at 87.7%, and Naja (N. naja venom) at 88.1%. Edema induced by exogenous sPLA2 administration performed in mice paws showed significant inhibition by Har2 at the initial step. In addition, Har2 also inhibited the myotoxic activity of these sPLA2s. In order to understand how Har2 interacts with these enzymes, docking calculations were made, indicating that the residues His48 and Asp49 in the active site of these enzymes interacted powerfully with Har2 through hydrogen bonds. These data pointed to a possible anti-inflammatory activity of Har2 through sPLA2 inhibition.
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188
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LEHR MATTHIAS. Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 α as Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid derivatives, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Elevated levels of these lipid mediators in response to a variety of stimuli have been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases. The rate-limiting step in the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF, respectively, is the cleavage of the sn-2-ester of membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among the superfamily of PLA2 enzymes, cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α, also referred to as group IVA PLA2) is thought to play the primary role in this biochemical reaction. Therefore, inhibition of cPLA2α activity is an attractive approach to the control of inflammatory disorders.
In this chapter the main groups of cPLA2α inhibitors are described and the problems associated with the development of clinical active drug candidates are discussed. Furthermore, in-vivo data obtained with such compounds in pre-clinical animal models of inflammation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHIAS LEHR
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Hittorfstrasse 58–62, 48149 Münster Germany
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190
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Rodríguez Diez G, Uranga RM, Mateos MV, Giusto NM, Salvador GA. Differential participation of phospholipase A2 isoforms during iron-induced retinal toxicity. Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:749-58. [PMID: 22732705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both elevated iron concentrations and the resulting oxidative stress condition are common signs in retinas of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) during iron-induced retinal toxicity was investigated. To this end, isolated retinas were exposed to increasing Fe(2+) concentrations (25, 200 or 800 μM) or to the vehicle, and lipid peroxidation levels, mitochondrial function, and the activities of cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) and calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) were studied. Incubation with Fe(2+) led to a time- and concentration-dependent increase in retinal lipid peroxidation levels whereas retinal cell viability was only affected after 60 min of oxidative injury. A differential release of arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid (PAL) catalyzed by cPLA(2) and iPLA(2) activities, respectively, was also observed in microsomal and cytosolic fractions obtained from retinas incubated with iron. AA release diminished as the association of cyclooxygenase-2 increased in microsomes from retinas exposed to iron. Retinal lipid peroxidation and cell viability were also analyzed in the presence of cPLA(2) inhibitor, arachidonoyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK), and in the presence of iPLA(2) inhibitor, bromoenol lactone (BEL). ATK decreased lipid peroxidation levels and also ERK1/2 activation without affecting cell viability. BEL showed the opposite effect on lipid peroxidation. Our results demonstrate that iPLA(2) and cPLA(2) are differentially regulated and that they selectively participate in retinal signaling in an experimental model resembling AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodríguez Diez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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191
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Koeberle A, Shindou H, Harayama T, Shimizu T. Palmitoleate is a mitogen, formed upon stimulation with growth factors, and converted to palmitoleoyl-phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27244-54. [PMID: 22700983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial correlations between biological activity and concentration of the novel lipokine palmitoleate (9Z-hexadecenoate, 16:1) might depend on the formation of an active 16:1 metabolite. For its identification, we analyzed the glycerophospholipid composition of mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts in response to 16:1 using LC-MS/MS. 16:1 was either supplemented to the cell culture medium or endogenously formed when cells were stimulated with insulin or growth factors as suggested by the enhanced mRNA expression of 16:1-biosynthetic enzymes. The proportion of 1-acyl-2-16:1-sn-phosphatidylinositol (16:1-PI) was time-dependently and specifically increased relative to other glycerophospholipids under both conditions and correlated with the proliferation of fatty acid (16:1, palmitate, oleate, or arachidonate)-supplemented cells. Accordingly, cell proliferation was impaired by blocking 16:1 biosynthesis using the selective stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 inhibitor CAY10566 and restored by supplementation of 16:1. The accumulation of 16:1-PI occurred throughout cellular compartments and within diverse mouse cell lines (Swiss 3T3, NIH-3T3, and 3T3-L1 cells). To elucidate further whether 16:1-PI is formed through the de novo or remodeling pathway of PI biosynthesis, phosphatidate levels and lyso-PI-acyltransferase activities were analyzed as respective markers. The proportion of 16:1-phosphatidate was significantly increased by insulin and growth factors, whereas lyso-PI-acyltransferases showed negligible activity for 16:1-coenzyme A. The relevance of the de novo pathway for 16:1-PI biosynthesis is supported further by the comparable incorporation rate of deuterium-labeled 16:1 and tritium-labeled inositol into PI for growth factor-stimulated cells. In conclusion, we identified 16:1 or 16:1-PI as mitogen whose biosynthesis is induced by growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Rosenson RS, Stafforini DM. Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1767-82. [PMID: 22665167 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a unique member of the phospholipase A(2) superfamily. This enzyme is characterized by its ability to specifically hydrolyze PAF as well as glycerophospholipids containing short, truncated, and/or oxidized fatty acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In humans, Lp-PLA(2) circulates in active form as a complex with low- and high-density lipoproteins. Clinical studies have reported that plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass are strongly associated with atherogenic lipids and vascular risk. These observations led to the hypothesis that Lp-PLA(2) activity and/or mass levels could be used as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and that inhibition of the activity could offer an attractive therapeutic strategy. Darapladib, a compound that inhibits Lp-PLA(2) activity, is anti-atherogenic in mice and other animals, and it decreases atherosclerotic plaque expansion in humans. However, disagreement continues to exist regarding the validity of Lp-PLA(2) as an independent marker of atherosclerosis and a scientifically justified target for intervention. Circulating Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity are associated with vascular risk, but the strength of the association is reduced after adjustment for basal concentrations of the lipoprotein carriers with which the enzyme associates. Genetic studies in humans harboring an inactivating mutation at this locus indicate that loss of Lp-PLA(2) function is a risk factor for inflammatory and vascular conditions in Japanese cohorts. Consistently, overexpression of Lp-PLA(2) has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties in animal models. This thematic review critically discusses results from laboratory and animal studies, analyzes genetic evidence, reviews clinical work demonstrating associations between Lp-PLA(2) and vascular disease, and summarizes results from animal and human clinical trials in which administration of darapladib was tested as a strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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193
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Role of Cytosolic Calcium-Dependent Phospholipase A2 in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:596-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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194
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Maintenance of synaptic stability requires calcium-independent phospholipase A₂ activity. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:569149. [PMID: 22685677 PMCID: PMC3364014 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) represent one of the largest groups of lipid-modifying enzymes. Over the years, significant advances have been made in understanding their potential physiological and pathological functions. Depending on their calcium requirement for activation, PLA₂s are classified into calcium dependent and independent. This paper mainly focuses on brain calcium-independent PLA₂ (iPLA₂) and on the mechanisms by which they influence neuronal function and regulate synaptic plasticity. Particular attention will be given to the iPLA₂γ isoform and its role in the regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. In particular, the paper discusses the possibility that brain iPLA₂γ deficiencies could destabilise normal synaptic operation and might contribute to the aetiology of some brain disorders. In this line, the paper presents new data indicating that iPLA₂γ deficiencies accentuate AMPA receptor destabilization and tau phosphorylation, which suggests that this iPLA₂ isoform should be considered as a potential target for the treatment of Tau-related disorders.
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195
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Eicosanoids: Exploiting Insect Immunity to Improve Biological Control Programs. INSECTS 2012; 3:492-510. [PMID: 26466540 PMCID: PMC4553607 DOI: 10.3390/insects3020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Insects, like all invertebrates, express robust innate, but not adaptive, immune reactions to infection and invasion. Insect immunity is usually resolved into three major components. The integument serves as a physical barrier to infections. Within the hemocoel, the circulating hemocytes are the temporal first line of defense, responsible for clearing the majority of infecting bacterial cells from circulation. Specific cellular defenses include phagocytosis, microaggregation of hemocytes with adhering bacteria, nodulation and encapsulation. Infections also stimulate the humoral component of immunity, which involves the induced expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and activation of prophenoloxidase. These peptides appear in the hemolymph of challenged insects 6-12 hours after the challenge. Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are crucial mediators of innate immune responses. Eicosanoid biosynthesis is stimulated by infection in insects. Inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis lethally renders experimental insects unable to clear bacterial infection from hemolymph. Eicosanoids mediate specific cell actions, including phagocytosis, microaggregation, nodulation, hemocyte migration, hemocyte spreading and the release of prophenoloxidase from oenocytoids. Some invaders have evolved mechanisms to suppress insect immunity; a few of them suppress immunity by targeting the first step in the eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways, the enzyme phospholipase A₂. We proposed research designed to cripple insect immunity as a technology to improve biological control of insects. We used dsRNA to silence insect genes encoding phospholipase A₂, and thereby inhibited the nodulation reaction to infection. The purpose of this article is to place our view of applying dsRNA technologies into the context of eicosanoid actions in insect immunity. The long-term significance of research in this area lies in developing new pest management technologies to contribute to food security in a world with a rapidly growing human population.
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196
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Félétou M, Huang Y, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-mediated control of vascular tone: COX-1 and COX-2 products. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:894-912. [PMID: 21323907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent contractions contribute to endothelial dysfunction in various animal models of aging, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, the archetypal model for endothelium-dependent contractions, the production of the endothelium-derived contractile factors (EDCF) involves an increase in endothelial intracellular calcium concentration, the production of reactive oxygen species, the predominant activation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and to a lesser extent that of COX-2, the diffusion of EDCF towards the smooth muscle cells and the subsequent stimulation of their thromboxane A2-endoperoxide TP receptors. Endothelium-dependent contractions are also observed in various models of hypertension, aging and diabetes. They generally also involve the generation of COX-1- and/or COX-2-derived products and the activation of smooth muscle TP receptors. Depending on the model, thromboxane A(2), PGH(2), PGF(2α), PGE(2) and paradoxically PGI(2) can all act as EDCFs. In human, the production of COX-derived EDCF is a characteristic of the aging and diseased blood vessels, with essential hypertension causing an earlier onset and an acceleration of this endothelial dysfunction. As it has been observed in animal models, COX-1, COX-2 or both isoforms can contribute to these endothelial dysfunctions. Since in most cases, the activation of TP receptors is the common downstream effector, selective antagonists of this receptor should curtail endothelial dysfunction and be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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197
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Zizza P, Iurisci C, Bonazzi M, Cossart P, Leslie CC, Corda D, Mariggiò S. Phospholipase A2IVα regulates phagocytosis independent of its enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16849-59. [PMID: 22393044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.309419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IVα phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)IVα) is a lipolytic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to generate precursors of potent inflammatory lipid mediators. Here, the role of PLA(2)IVα in Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated phagocytosis was investigated, demonstrating that PLA(2)IVα is selectively activated upon FcR-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages and that it rapidly translocates to the site of the nascent phagosome. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of PLA(2)IVα by pyrrophenone reduces particle internalization by up to 50%. In parallel, fibroblasts from PLA(2)IVα knock-out mice overexpressing FcγRIIA and able to internalize IgG-opsonized beads show 50% lower phagocytosis, compared with wild-type cells, and transfection of PLA(2)IVα fully recovers this impaired function. Interestingly, transfection of the catalytically inactive deleted PLA(2)IVα mutant (PLA(2)IVα(1-525)) and point mutant (PLA(2)IVα-S228C) also promotes recovery of this impaired function. Finally, transfection of the PLA(2)IVα C2 domain (which is directly involved in PLA(2)IVα membrane binding), but not of PLA(2)IVα-D43N (which cannot bind to membranes), rescues FcR-mediated phagocytosis. These data unveil a new mechanism of action for PLA(2)IVα, which demonstrates that the membrane binding, and not the enzymatic activity, is required for PLA(2)IVα modulation of FcR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Zizza
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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198
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Purification and inflammatory edema induced by two PLA2 (Anch TX-I and Anch TX-II) from sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Actiniaria: Sagartiidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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199
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Mouchlis VD, Michopoulou V, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Mavromoustakos T, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Binding conformation of 2-oxoamide inhibitors to group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 determined by molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:243-54. [PMID: 22196172 DOI: 10.1021/ci2005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2)) plays a central role in inflammation. Long chain 2-oxoamides constitute a class of potent GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors that exhibit potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. We have now gained insight into the binding of 2-oxoamide inhibitors in the GIVA cPLA(2) active site through a combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Recently, the location of the 2-oxoamide inhibitor AX007 within the active site of the GIVA cPLA(2) was determined using a combination of deuterium exchange mass spectrometry followed by molecular dynamics simulations. After the optimization of the AX007-GIVA cPLA(2) complex using the docking algorithm Surflex-Dock, a series of additional 2-oxoamide inhibitors have been docked in the enzyme active site. The calculated binding affinity presents a good statistical correlation with the experimental inhibitory activity (r(2) = 0.76, N = 11). A molecular dynamics simulation of the docking complex of the most active compound has revealed persistent interactions of the inhibitor with the enzyme active site and proves the stability of the docking complex and the validity of the binding suggested by the docking calculations. The combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations is useful in defining the binding of small-molecule inhibitors and provides a valuable tool for the design of new compounds with improved inhibitory activity against GIVA cPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Nevalainen TJ, Cardoso JCR, Riikonen PT. Conserved domains and evolution of secreted phospholipases A2. FEBS J 2012; 279:636-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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