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de Jong W, Versteeg CA, Bohus B. Inhibition of pressor responses induced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalon by vasopressin and oxytocin. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION. PART A, THEORY AND PRACTICE 1984; 6:139-47. [PMID: 6697550 DOI: 10.3109/10641968409062556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Receptors for vasopressin are present in blood vessels, kidney and the brain. Earlier studies indicated that the memory and learning effects of vasopressin are exerted via receptor sites in the brain and that the classical hormonal effects in the periphery can be dissociated in the molecule from the central action. Vasopressin also affects blood pressure regulation. Arg8-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin upon intracerebroventricular administration reduced the pressor response elicited by electrical stimulation of the rat mesencephalic reticular formation. Desglycinamide-AVP also exerted this effect. Lesion and microinjection studies revealed that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus may be a site of action of AVP or its active fragments, inhibiting central pressor responses. Oxytocin appeared to act on structures in the vicinity of the fourth cerebral ventricle.
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153
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Laczi F, Gaffori O, De Kloet ER, De Wied D. Arginine-vasopressin content of hippocampus and amygdala during passive avoidance behavior in rats. Brain Res 1983; 280:309-15. [PMID: 6652491 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is involved in memory processes. The memory effects of AVP are mediated by neuronal mechanisms taking place in limbic-midbrain structures. Therefore, immunoreactive AVP (IR-AVP) was measured in hippocampus and amygdala of male Wistar rats during acquisition and retention of passive avoidance behavior. IR-AVP concentration was decreased in the hippocampus immediately after the learning trial while IR-AVP content of the amygdala was not affected. Animals that showed the passive avoidance response (good avoiders) at the 24 h or 120 h retention test had a reduced IR-AVP concentration in the hippocampus immediately after the test. However, IR-AVP content of the hippocampus was not different from that of non-shocked control animals when measured immediately before the 120 h retention test. Poor avoiders that showed only minor avoidance behavior did not differ in hippocampal IR-AVP content from non-shocked control animals. IR-AVP content of the amygdala was also not altered after the retention session. These effects on IR-AVP content could only be shown in animals that were trained and habituated to the passive avoidance procedure. Such trained and habituated animals had an IR-AVP level in the hippocampus which did not differ from that of animals that were left undisturbed until sacrifice. When the animals were not trained, but placed for the first time in the passive avoidance apparatus without being exposed to the learning trial, the hippocampal IR-AVP content was reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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van Wimersma Greidanus TB, Bohus B, Kovács GL, Versteeg DH, Burbach JP, De Wied D. Sites of behavioral and neurochemical action of ACTH-like peptides and neurohypophyseal hormones. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1983; 7:453-63. [PMID: 6322066 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(83)90023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to localize the site of action of neuropeptides in relation to their effects on behavior and memory various approaches have been used. As a result of studies using rats bearing lesions in different areas of the limbic system as well as of studies in which neuropeptides were locally applied into various areas of the brain it appeared that the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, septum and some thalamic areas) plays an essential role in the effect of vasopressin and ACTH and their derivatives on behavior and memory. Neurochemical studies generally indicate that changes occur in catecholamine utilization in these various limbic regions upon administration of these neuropeptides. It can be concluded that the effects of vasopressin in the terminal regions of the coeruleo-telencephalic noradrenalin system correlate with its effects on consolidation of memory. It is likely that the effects of vasopressin on other transmitter systems (e.g. dopamine in the amygdala and serotonin in the hippocampus) correspond with the effect of this neuropeptide on retrieval processes. In addition, regional differences in biotransformation of the neurohypophyseal hormones suggest that different patterns of behaviorally active fragments of these peptides may be present locally in the brain.
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155
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Noto T, Hashimoto H, Doi Y, Nakajima T, Kato N. Biorhythm of arginine- vasopressin in the paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei of rats. Peptides 1983; 4:875-8. [PMID: 6687011 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(83)90084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal variations in content of arginine-vasopressin in the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats were determined using radioimmunoassay. In the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus the arginine-vasopressin level was relatively constant during the light phase (the inactive phase). When it became dark, the level of arginine-vasopressin lowered during the early and middle dark phase and then increased to the highest level during the late dark phase. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus the level was stable during the light phase, while in the early and the late dark phase it was significantly higher than that in the middle dark phase.
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156
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Sørensen PS, Hammer M, Vorstrup S, Gjerris F. CSF and plasma vasopressin concentrations in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46:911-6. [PMID: 6644315 PMCID: PMC1027604 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.46.10.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In 16 patients with primary degenerative dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration was lower (0.9 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM)) than in 28 control patients (1.3 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) (p less than 0.01). In 18 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and potentially reversible dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration (1.2 pg/ml +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) was not different from that found in controls. Several of the demented patients had inappropriate plasma vasopressin concentrations suggesting a defect in osmoregulation. These findings encourage further clinical trials of vasopressin in patients with primary degenerative dementia, but it is emphasised that the low CSF vasopressin concentration in these patients might be only a nonspecific phenomenon due to the diffuse loss of cells within the central nervous system.
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157
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Williams AR, Carey RJ, Miller M. Behavioral differences between vasopressin-deficient (Brattleboro) and normal Long-Evans rats. Peptides 1983; 4:711-6. [PMID: 6657515 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(83)90023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral comparisons were made between rats of the Brattleboro strain with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) and normal Long-Evans rats. Measurements were made of activity behavior in a lighted open field and in a darkened activity chamber. Subtle measurement specific differences in the activity behavior of DI rats were found which suggested altered emotion, motivation and/or attention in the DI rats. In terms of learned behavior, DI and normal rats displayed a similar degree of habituation to all within-session activity measures in both the open field and darkened activity chamber. In a passive avoidance test, DI rats exhibited a degree of avoidance behavior equivalent to that of normal animals. Thus, these studies provide evidence that the vasopressin-deficient rat is not defective in learning and memory processes. The data can be interpreted as suggesting that vasopressin may influence memory tasks by extrinsic modulation of related states of emotionality, motivation and/or attention rather than by direct involvement in the retrieval and consolidation of information.
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158
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Abstract
The role of various neurotransmitter systems in the brain in extinction behavior is examined. An attempt is made to suggest psychological mechanisms (such as attention, secondary reinforcement or internal inhibition) by which the neurotransmitter systems or drugs act to produce the observed alteration in extinction behavior. The putative neurotransmitters acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins and the peptides are reviewed, as are pharmacological agents such as the benzodiazepines, the barbiturates, the psychodelics, the neuroleptics, the psychomotor stimulants and cannabinoids. Other treatments and factors are considered such as peripheral hormones and the adrenal-pituitary axis. It is suggested that the noradrenergic system may be involved in the expression of extinction behavior by a role in selective attention, the dopamine system via an involvement with secondary reinforcement, the cholinergic system by a mechanism of response inhibition and the barbiturates and benzodiazepines by a block of nonreward.
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Abstract
Several previous papers have indicated that MSH/ACTH-like neuropeptides facilitate the reversal of brightness discrimination in a runway task. The present experiment was undertaken to explore the development during both acquisition and reversal of stimulus control over an operant response. Male albino adult rats were treated daily with either 10 micrograms of MSH, 500 micrograms of corticosterone or a placebo in a double blind procedure during the establishment of an on-light control over availability of reinforcement. Having completed this regime the conditions were reversed so that reinforcement was present only when the chamber-light was off. The results indicated that treatment with MSH during acquisition produced a significant decrease in % correct responses compared to animals treated with either the placebo or corticosterone with neither of these latter groups differing from the other. During the reversal phase of training there was a trend for both MSH and corticosterone to lower % correct responses. The discussion focuses on other literature which has shown opposite effects of corticosterone on aversive and appetitively motivated tasks.
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Abstract
The neurohypophyseal hormones oxytocin and vasopressin cause a variety of biological effects in animals which are mediated by central nervous system mechanisms. Among the best studied of these effects is the modulation of both memory processes and the development of drug tolerance and dependence. Neurohypophyseal hormones have also been shown to alter various physiological parameters such as heart rate and body temperature following central administration. In addition, these peptides can profoundly alter spontaneous, unlearned behavior in several rodent species. Many of the centrally mediated effects of neurohypophyseal hormones have been shown to be elicited at sites within the brain stem and the limbic system where vasopressin and oxytocin occur in cell bodies, axons and nerve terminals, suggesting a physiological role for these peptide effects. The various central effects of neurohypophyseal hormones involve different mechanisms which can be distinguished from one another on the basis of required dose, time-course of action, and structure-activity relationships. Thus, alterations of spontaneous behavior are mediated by putative receptors closely related to vasopressin receptors in blood vessels responsible for the peripheral pressor response while the effects on memory processes are mediated by a mechanism which is not closely related to those involved in the peripheral hormonal effects of the peptides. The influence of neurohypophyseal hormones on memory and attention may be useful clinically. A potential role for these peptides in mental disorders is discussed.
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Abstract
Specific binding sites for vasopressin (AVP) were located in subcellular particulate fractions of rat brain with tritiated vasopressin of high specific activity, 22.5 Ci/mmol. Rat brain tissue was dissected, placed in cold 0.32 M sucrose containing proteolytic inhibitors, homogenized and fractionated into a crude nuclear fraction (1K pellet), crude mitochondrial fractions (12K pellet), and plasma membranes and microsomes (100K pellet). Specific binding of vasopressin was found in the 12K and 100K pellets in the presence of a divalent metal ion with Ni greater than Co greater than Mg greater than Mn greater than no metal ion at pH 7.4 in 50 mM Tris-Maleate buffer. Maximum specific binding of 16 nM AVP was located in the 100K anterior cortex fraction which bound 350 fmoles/mg protein; striatum, midbrain/thalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata and pons bound specifically about 200 fmoles/mg protein and frontal poles and parietal cortex about 100 fmoles/mg protein in the 100K pellet. In all of the brain regions studied, except hippocampus and septum, the 100K pellet bound specifically 2 to 4 times more 3H-AVP than the 12K pellet. In the hippocampus with 16 nM AVP, the 12K pellet bound specifically 150 fmoles/mg protein; the septum, 75 fmoles/mg protein. Little or no binding to the 100K pellet was present in these regions. Bound AVP could be dissociated rapidly from the membranes by the addition of EDTA. The 12K hippocampal pellet was further fractionated into myelin, mitochondria, and synaptosomes; purification was confirmed by marker enzyme assays.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ettenberg A, Le Moal M, Koob GF, Bloom FE. Vasopressin potentiation in the performance of a learned appetitive task: reversal by a pressor antagonist analog of vasopressin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 18:645-7. [PMID: 6867069 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rats were tested in a simple one-trial water-finding task for the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on performance of an appetitive task. On the training day, each animal was exposed for 5 min to a novel open-field environment that contained a water-tube located in an alcove set into one of the walls of the enclosure. Immediately upon removal from the enclosure, the animals received a subcutaneous injection of either AVP (1 microgram/rat) or vehicle solution. When water-deprived and tested 48 hr later, vasopressin-treated rats found the water tube reliably faster than controls. In other groups of animals, this potentiation in learned performance was prevented by concurrently treating the rats with a vasopressin analog having potent pressor antagonist properties. These results are consistent with the notion that vasopressin may play a role in memory consolidation, but peripheral visceral factors may mediate this action.
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164
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Laczi F, Fekete M, de Wied D. Antidiuretic activity and immunoreactive arginin-vasopressin levels in eye plexus blood during passive avoidance behavior in rats. Life Sci 1983; 32:577-89. [PMID: 6835024 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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166
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168
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Bohus B, Versteeg CA, De Jong W, Cransberg K, Kooy JG. Neurohypophysial hormones and central cardiovascular control. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1983; 60:445-57. [PMID: 6665155 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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169
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170
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Dyball RE, Paterson AT. Neurohypophysial hormones and brain function: the neurophysiological effects of oxytocin and vasopressin. Pharmacol Ther 1983; 20:419-36. [PMID: 6136996 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(83)90035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that the neurohypophysial hormones, in addition to their classical actions, may also act as neurotransmitters. They have a widespread but discontinuous distribution in the CNS; apart from their presence in the magnocellular nuclei they may be found in the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, substantia nigra, brainstem and spinal cord. They exert profound effects on behavior, particularly on memory, a function frequently ascribed to the hippocampus, amygdala and septum; on memory consolidation, internal reward and self stimulation functions frequently ascribed to brainstem and diencephalic aminergic systems including the substantia nigra and on sensory and autonomic responses which involve the medulla and spinal cord. When applied to the CNS they alter multiple unit activity in certain regions, particularly the hippocampus and cells which contain neural lobe hormones appear to be able to drive other cells synaptically. Finally application of the hormones can profoundly affect the activity of single nerve cells in just those parts of the CNS where, on the basis of their behavioral actions, they might be expected to act.
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172
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Versteeg CA, Bohus B, de Jong W. Inhibition of centrally-evoked pressor responses by neurohypophyseal peptides and their fragments. Neuropharmacology 1982; 21:1359-64. [PMID: 7155315 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(82)90147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular administration of fragments of [arginine8]-vasopressin (AVP) such as AVP1-6 and AVP7-9 attenuated the pressor response evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Oxytocin (OXT) and the fragment OXT7-9 were also active, although OXT1-6 did not affect the pressor response. These peptides did not influence the bradycardia accompanying the rise in blood pressure, nor the basal blood pressure. The inhibition of the pressor response was shown for OXT7-9 to be dose-dependent up to 25 ng. These data suggest that oxytocin, vasopressin and some neuropeptide fragments have an inhibitory role in the regulation of blood pressure. Both the covalent pressinoic ring structure and the C-terminal linear portion of vasopressin contain active sites, while the activity of oxytocin appears to be present in the C-terminal tripeptide Pro-Leu-Gly.
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173
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Hagan JJ, Bohus B, de Wied D. Post-training vasopressin injections may facilitate or delay shuttle-box avoidance extinction. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1982; 36:211-28. [PMID: 7183316 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(82)90843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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174
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Abstract
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) has putative adaptive significance in all forms of species where it is present. In mammals the polypeptide chain influences learning, memory and attention. Chemically MSH shares the first 13 (alpha-MSH) or the first 18 or 22 (beta-MSH) amino acids with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), even though the mechanisms of secretion and behavioral effects are often quite different. The still shorter peptide chain MSH/ACH4-10 demonstrates significant melanotropic and behavioral actions of alpha-MSH without showing any steroidogenic effect. Behaviorally, alpha-MSH and MSH/ACTH analogues (MSH/ACTH4-9 and MSH/ACTH4-10 influence the parameters of learning, attention and memory in both human and infrahuman subjects. Alpha-MSH has also been reported to increase sensitivity and augment arousal mechanisms in the CNS. Alpha-MSH has been observed to increase and sustain novelty-induced defecation, and this behavior was found to be accompanied by a concomitant decrease in whole brain DA and NE levels in both intact and hypophysectomized rats exposed daily to a test box. The behavioral effects of alpha-MSH may be partially modulated by the enhanced cyclic-AMP activity in the CNS observed after MSH administration. MSH also seems to be working in conjunction with the hypothalamic tripeptide MIF-1 and the pineal hormone melatonin, both of which can affect the release of MSH from the pituitary. Recent evidence suggests that MSH is counterbalancing against and complementing with the effects of endorphins, specifically beta-endorphin (61-91 chain of beta-LPH), in maintaining learning and attentive behaviors.
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175
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Abstract
The presence of peptidergic neuronal networks in the brain and the modulating action of neuropeptides on brain functions as evidenced by their behavioral influence in particular support the concept that the brain like the peripheral endocrine glands is an endocrine target organ which is as sensitive to treatment with neuropeptides as the peripheral glands are to pituitary hormones. Animal and human data are reviewed showing that neuropeptides related to ACTH/MSH affect motivational and attentional processes and that those related to vasopressin are involved in memory processes. Since these functions decline during aging it is postulated that a decreased bioavailability of neuropeptides in brain of elderly people is associated with specific disturbances in mental performance. Thus, the decreased mental ability of the aged may be restored by treatment with neuropeptides particularly those with little, if any, peripheral, endocrine activity, like the ACTH neuropeptide Org 2766 and the vasopressin neuropeptide DGAVP.
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176
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Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH), and related peptides have been shown to have several neurogenic effects: alteration of cerebral protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein phosphorylation, and neurotransmitter turnover. Furthermore, there appears to be an ACTH containing circuit in the CNS which originates in the arcuate nucleus. Changes in concentration of the peptides in this family have been shown to alter electrophysiology, neuromuscular function, and behavior (e.g., grooming, learning) in infrahuman subjects. These findings suggest that the neuropeptides MSH and ACTH influence the capacity of an organism to efficiently evaluate information and influence the affective functioning of humans.
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177
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Le Roith D, Shiloach J, Roth J. Is there an earlier phylogenetic precursor that is common to both the nervous and endocrine systems? Peptides 1982; 3:211-5. [PMID: 6126861 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(82)90080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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178
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Roth J, LeRoith D, Shiloach J, Rosenzweig JL, Lesniak MA, Havrankova J. The evolutionary origins of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other extracellular chemical messengers: implications for mammalian biology. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:523-7. [PMID: 6120460 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198203043060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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179
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Alliot J, Alexinsky T. Effects of posttrial vasopressin injections on appetitively motivated learning in rats. Physiol Behav 1982; 28:525-30. [PMID: 7079368 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sixty male rats, maintained on 23-hr food deprivation were trained on two types of appetitive tasks: bar pressure responding under a CRF schedule, and under a differentially reinforced (light+, dark-) schedule. Performance of rats treated with lysing vasopressin, injected immediately after each training session, was compared to that of control animals injected with saline. In the CRF stage, treated animals reached learning criterion significantly later than did control rats, and made significantly fewer bar presses. During acquisition and extinction of a light-dark discrimination, learning and retention were not altered by vasopressin, though the number of bar presses was significantly decreased, and a differential effect was found according to previous CRF performance. The results are discussed considering the hypothesis of a facilitatory effect of vasopressin on memory processes.
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181
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Swaab DF. Neuropeptides. their distribution and function in the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1982; 55:97-122. [PMID: 6131481 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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182
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Laczi F, Valkusz Z, Lászlo FA, Wagner A, Járdánházy T, Szász A, Szilárd J, Telegdy G. Effects of lysine-vasopressin and 1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin on memory in healthy individuals and diabetes insipidus patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1982; 7:185-93. [PMID: 7178372 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(82)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central diabetes insipidus (DI) patients showed impairments in short- and long-term memory functions, but not in attention and concentration, as compared to healthy individuals. A single i.m. injection or sub-chronic intranasal administration of either lysine-vasopressin (LVP) or 1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) normalized the disturbed memory functions in DI patients. These peptides also improved memory functions in healthy individuals.
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183
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184
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Koob GF, Le Moal M, Gaffori O, Manning M, Sawyer WH, Rivier J, Bloom FE. Arginine vasopressin and a vasopressin antagonist peptide: opposite effects on extinction of active avoidance in rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1981; 2:153-63. [PMID: 7255768 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(81)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Systemic injection or arginine vasopressin (AVP) (1 micrograms/rat) significantly prolonged extinction of a pole-jump, active avoidance response in rats; lateral ventricular injection of 1000-fold less AVP (1 ng/rat) produced similar results. A new AVP analogue, [1-deaminopenicillamine-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine vasopressin (dPTyr-(Me)AVP), is known to antagonize behavioral and vascular effects of exogenous AVP at molar ratios of 5 : 1. At a dose of 100 micrograms/rat (subcutaneously) dPTyr-(Me)AVP produces, by itself, a behavioral effect opposite to that of exogenous AVP, namely a facilitation of extinction. Injections of dPTyr-(Me)AVP into the lateral ventricle were ineffective except at a dose of 10 micrograms/rat. These results confirm previous reports of the effect of vasopressin on delaying extinction of avoidance behavior, but suggest a site of action distant from the lateral ventricle.
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186
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Abstract
To date about thirty peptides--low-molecular-weight, single-chain amino acid compounds--are known to be distributed widely in the central nervous system within selective neuron pathways. These findings, combined with a large body of neuropharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological data, open new horizons in neurobiology, force a reexamination of old and accepted hypotheses, and hold important implications for the clinician. There is evidence that substance P and the opioid peptides play a major role in the pain pathway, particularly at the level of the spinal cord. Available evidence also implicates vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the control of cerebral circulation, cholecystokinin in the regulation of appetite, and vasopressin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in memory. Many questions, however, remain. For most peptides there is little information on mechanisms of biosynthesis, release, interaction with receptors, and termination of biological effect. Another important question is the interaction of peptides with other neurotransmitters. The evidence that both "classic" neurotransmitters and peptides can be found in the same neuronal necessitates reformulation of Dale's "one neuron, one neurotransmitter" hypothesis. It may be that a single cell, while containing different classes of neurotransmitter, will contain only one member of any particular class. It is not too early to speculate on the role of the numerous and diverse peptides in neuronal tissue and on the implications of peptide abnormalities in a variety of neurological diseases. The answers to these and other questions pose a fascinating challenge to neurobiologist and clinician alike.
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Bodnar RJ, Zimmerman EA, Nilaver G, Mansour A, Thomas LW, Kelly DD, Glusman M. Dissociation of cold-water swim and morphine analgesia in Brattleboro rats with diabetes insipidus. Life Sci 1980; 26:1581-90. [PMID: 7382731 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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189
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LaHoste GJ, Olson GA, Kastin AJ, Olson RD. Behavioral effects of melanocyte stimulating hormone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1980; 4:9-16. [PMID: 6995875 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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190
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Sterba G, Naumann W, Hoheisel G. Exohypothalamic axons of the classic neurosecretory system and their synapses. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1980; 53:141-58. [PMID: 6161391 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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191
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Datta PC, King MG. Effects of alpha-MSH and melatonin on passive avoidance and on PA-induced defecation and plasma 11-OHCS in hypophysectomized rats. Peptides 1980; 1:147-53. [PMID: 7243613 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(80)90079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows tha alpha-MSH facilitates the acquisition and delays the extinction of a Passive Avoidance Response (PAR) in the hypox animals. MSH exacerbates PA-induced defecation in both hypox and sham-hypox animals. Hypox and sham-hypox animals treated with MSH do not differ on PAR or on PA-induced defecation. Melatonin, on the other hand, has no significant effect on PAR in hypox rats, but retards acquisition and facilitates extinction of the PAR in sham-hypox rats. Melatonin also inhibits PA-induced defecation in sham-hypox rats. Sham-hypox and hypox rats treated with Melatonin do not differ on PAR learning, retention (Extinction) and PA-induced defecation. MSH and Melatonin also seem to have opposite effects on plasma 11-OHCS levels measured at the end of PAR extinction. MSH increases plasma 11-OHCS in hypox rats, whereas Melatonin decreases plasma 11-OHCS in sham-hypox rats. Melatonin does not lower further the very low level of plasma 11-OHCS in hypox rats.
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192
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Abstract
The effect of vasopressin analogues on short-term memory was tested in the 12-arm radical maze. After the first 6 choices rat (n = 16) were removed from the apparatus and allowed to complete the remaining 6 choices 20 min later. Whereas desgly-NH2-VP, AVP, dAVP and dDAVP (3.0 mu/kg) administered 40 min before or immediately after the first 6 choices did not change the incidence of errors in the second series of choices (2.0 errors under control conditions), similarly applied dDAVP deteriorated the rat's performance almost to the chance level of 3 errors. The significance of short-term memory tests for assessing the mnestic role of peptide hormones is stressed.
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193
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Rigter H, Crabbe JC. Modulation of memory by pituitary hormones and related peptides. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1980; 37:153-241. [PMID: 232793 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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194
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van Ree JM, de Wied D. Involvement of neurohypophyseal peptides in drug-mediated adaptive responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 13 Suppl 1:257-63. [PMID: 7017762 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(80)80039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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195
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Leshner AI, Hofstein R, Samuel D, van Wimersma Greidanus TB. Intraventricular injection of antivasopressin serum blocks learned helplessness in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9:889-92. [PMID: 746059 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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196
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Franchimont P, Legros JJ. [Neurohormones]. Acta Clin Belg 1978; 33:283-91. [PMID: 107693 DOI: 10.1080/22953337.1978.11718644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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197
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de Wied D, Bohus B. The modulation of memory processes by vasotocin, the evolutionarily oldest neurosecretory principle. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1978; 48:327-36. [PMID: 746161 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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198
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199
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van Ree JM, Bohus B, Versteeg DH, de Wied D. Neurohypophyseal principles and memory processes. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:1793-800. [PMID: 361045 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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200
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Miller LH, Fischer SC, Groves GA, Rudrauff ME. MSH/ACTH4-10 influences on the CAR in human subjects: a negative finding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1977; 7:417-9. [PMID: 201937 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(77)90208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty normal, male, paid volunteers were randomly assigned to MSH/ACTH4-10 or diluent control groups. Following a subcutaneous injection of either 30 mg MSH/ACTH4-10 or diluent, all subjects were placed in an active conditioned avoidance response situation where they learned to avoid a painful electric shock by pressing a key during a safe interval between a warning signal (light) and shock onset. MSH/ACTH4-10 did not influence any parameter of the acquisition or extinction process. The between subjects' variability of autonomic variables was significantly less for the MSH/ACTH4-10 group. Results indicate that inhibition of extinction of conditioned avoidance responding does not generalize across species from rat to man.
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