151
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Kern P. Advanced Alveolar Echinococcosis in a New Geographic Area. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1124-1126. [PMID: 32198509 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kern
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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152
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Sioutis S, Reppas L, Bekos A, Soulioti E, Saranteas T, Koulalis D, Sapkas G, Mavrogenis AF. Echinococcosis of the spine. EFORT Open Rev 2021; 6:288-296. [PMID: 34040806 PMCID: PMC8142696 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis or hydatid disease affecting the spine is an uncommon manifestation of Echinococcus granulosus infection of the spine.More commonly found in endemic areas, it causes significant morbidity and mortality as it grows slowly and produces symptoms mainly by compressing the spinal cord.As diagnostic methods are non-specific, diagnosis and management are usually delayed until the disease is advanced, thereby therapy is usually unlikely.Treatment is usually surgical, aiming at cyst excision, spinal cord decompression and spinal stabilization.This article summarizes the clinical findings of echinococcosis of the spine, discusses the specific laboratory and diagnostic findings, lists the current treatment options, and reviews the patients' outcomes.The aim is to prompt clinicians to be aware of the possibility of echinococcosis as a possible diagnosis in endemic areas. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:288-296. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Sioutis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Lampros Reppas
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Achilles Bekos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Soulioti
- Second Department of Anaesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodosis Saranteas
- Second Department of Anaesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Koulalis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Sapkas
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas F. Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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153
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Avcioglu H, Guven E, Balkaya I, Kirman R, Akyuz M, Bia MM, Gulbeyen H, Yaya S. Echinococcus multilocularis in Red Foxes in Turkey: Increasing risk in urban. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105826. [PMID: 33421419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of E. multilocularis in foxes and environmental fecal contamination by E. multilocularis in Erzurum, the most highly endemic region for AE in Turkey. The study materials consisted of 50 red fox carcasses collected from 20 counties of Erzurum, Turkey, between October 2015 and February 2016. After the application of the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT), E. multilocularis was identified through the identification of typical morphological structures. Fox fecal samples (n = 600) were also collected from these counties for the isolation of taeniid eggs using the sequential sieving and flotation method (SSFM). Then, the collected adult worms and taeniid eggs were subjected to molecular and sequence analyses. Mature E. multilocularis parasites were found in 42% (21/50) of the fox intestines, with a mean number of 7,806 (150-31,644). The severity of infection was higher in carcasses obtained from the central district (48.6%, 17/35) than in those obtained from the peripheral district (26.7%, 4/15). The prevalence of environmental fecal contamination with E. multilocularis was 10.5% (63/600) in fecal samples collected from all counties of Erzurum. This infection rate was higher in the central district (32.1%, 36/112) than in the peripheral district (5.5%, 27/488; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, contrary to expectation, the prevalence of E. multilocularis positivity was high in urban areas. This could have been due to alterations in the dietary habitats of definitive and intermediate hosts. Therefore, new control strategies are essential to eliminate human AE cases in the future as urbanization advances.
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154
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Yan S, Wang D, Zhang J, Mo X, Feng Y, Duan L, Liu D, Li F, Dao Y, Zhang T, Hu W, Feng Z, Zheng B. Epidemiological survey of human echinococcosis in east Gansu, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6373. [PMID: 33737680 PMCID: PMC7973574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is endemic in pastoral regions of south, west and mid-Gansu province, China. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis in east Gansu, and analyze its associated risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 in 12 villages of Xiaonangou township, Huan County in east Gansu province by ultrasound abdominal scan and auxiliary serotest, and a prevalence surveillance study from 2008 to 2014 was performed in one villages by ultrasonography screening. Questionnaire information analysis indicates that the risk factors are in association with the gender, age, and education level. The cross-sectional survey found a cystic echinococcosis prevalence of 2.21% (107/4837). Higher prevalence was seen in females (χ2 = 4.198, P < 0.05), older ages (> 60 years) (χ2trend = 96.30, P < 0.05), and illiterates (χ2 = 90.101, P < 0.05). Prevalence surveillance showed changing profile of 3.35% in 2011 to 0.88% (1/113) in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Liling Duan
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yongchun Dao
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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155
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Shafiei R, Taghasi F, Hashemi SA, Panahi Y, Arefkhah N, Omidian M, Arianfar F, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Sarkari B. Seroprevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis Using Recombinant Antigen B-ELISA in North Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:592-597. [PMID: 34178807 PMCID: PMC8214599 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important helminthic parasitic diseases in Iran. The current study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of CE in North Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran in 2018. Methods The study was carried out in seven cities of North Khorasan Province. Venous blood samples were collected from 932 individuals referring to health centers of those seven cities. A questionnaire was used to obtain the data regarding the subject's gender, age, residence and risk factors linked to the hydatid cyst. Sera samples were evaluated for anti-hydatid cyst antibodies in an ELISA system, using a recombinant B8/1 antigen of E. granulosus. Results Of the 932 recruited subjects, 496 (53.2%) were male and 436 (46.8%) were female. The range of participants' age was between 11 to 83 yr old and the mean age of the subjects was 35.4 (±12.7) years. Anti-hydatid cyst antibodies were detected in the sera of 37 out of 932 subjects, corresponding to a seroprevalence rate of 3.96%. From these, 20 (54.05%) were male and 17 (45.95%) were female. There were no associations between seropositivity to hydatid cyst and age, the gender of the participants, residential areas and having contact with dogs (P>0.05). Conclusion CE is relatively prevalent throughout the North Khorasan Province in the Northeast of Iran. Rate of CE infection in this Province is somewhat similar to the rate of infection in other parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taghasi
- Student Research Committee, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Yaser Panahi
- Laboratory Affairs, Health Assistances, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzane Arianfar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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156
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Raissi V, Etemadi S, Sohrabi N, Raiesi O, Shahraki M, Salimi-Khorashad A, Ibrahim A. Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Taenia hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus from Iranian Sheep and Cattle Based on COX1 Gene. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1202-1207. [PMID: 33624191 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydatid cyst, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, and Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena, are prevalent in domestic, livestock, and wild ruminants. The main goal of this research was to identify the isolates of E. granulosus and C. tenuicollis by partial sequencing with PCR amplification of the cytochrome C oxidase 1 (COX1) gene. During a routine veterinary inspection at a Chabahar city slaughterhouse, two samples of hydatid cysts from sheep's liver and cattle's lung and two samples of C. tenuicollis from sheep's liver were collected. After DNA extraction, the fragment of the COX1 gene was amplified by the PCR method. Sample sequences were modified and synchronized by Chromas and CLC genomic workbench 11 software. Sequence analysis was carried out by BLAST algorithms and GenBank databases. Phylogenetic trees were performed using MEGA 7 software and the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood method for T. hydatigena and E. granulousus. The result indicated that the main genotype of parasites and the amplified fragment size were G1 and approximately 455 bp, respectively. The analysis of phylogenetic trees based on nucleic acid for four samples showed that there was a common ancestor. However, the shift in nucleotides in the two isolates in E. granulosus and the two isolates of T. hydatigena were non-synonymous type and synonymous type, respectively. The present study showed that the dominant genotype in all isolates was G1 and this report was similar to other studies in Iran and the world. Also, the partial COX1 gene sequence was matched with T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Raissi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Etemadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. .,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi-Khorashad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- Diagnostic and Research Unit of Parasitic Diseases (DRUP), Department of Medical Parasitology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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157
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Gao HJ, Sun XD, Luo YP, Pang HS, Ma XM, Zhang T, Jing T, Hu W, Shen YJ, Cao JP. Anti-echinococcal effect of verapamil involving the regulation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II response in vitro and in a murine infection model. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:108. [PMID: 33588933 PMCID: PMC7885340 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis, which is caused by the larvae of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus, is a parasitic zoonosis that poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals globally. Albendazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of echinococcosis, but it is difficult to meet clinical goals with this chemotherapy due to its low cure rate and associated side effects after its long-term use. Hence, novel anti-parasitic targets and effective treatment alternatives are urgently needed. A previous study showed that verapamil (Vepm) can suppress the growth of Echinococcus granulosus larvae; however, the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the anti-echinococcal effect of Vepm on Echinococcus with a particular focus on the regulatory effect of Vepm on calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII) in infected mice. Methods The anti-echinococcal effects of Vepm on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (PSC) in vitro and Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes in infected mice were assessed. The morphological alterations in Echinococcus spp. induced by Vepm were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the changes in calcium content in both the parasite and mouse serum and liver were measured by SEM-energy dispersive spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and alizarin red staining. Additionally, the changes in the protein and mRNA levels of CaM and CaMKII in infected mice, and in the mRNA levels of CaMKII in E. granulosus PSC, were evaluated after treatment with Vepm by immunohistochemistry and/or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In vitro, E. granulosus PSC could be killed by Vepm at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml or higher within 8 days. Under these conditions, the ultrastructure of PSC was damaged, and this damage was accompanied by obvious calcium loss and downregulation of CaMKII mRNA expression. In vivo, the weight and the calcium content of E. multilocularis metacestodes from mice were reduced after treatment with 40 mg/kg Vepm, and an elevation of the calcium content in the sera and livers of infected mice was observed. In addition, downregulation of CaM and CaMKII protein and mRNA expression in the livers of mice infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes was found after treatment with Vepm. Conclusions Vepm exerted a parasiticidal effect against Echinococcus both in vitro and in vivo through downregulating the expression of Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII, which was over-activated by parasitic infection. The results suggest that Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII may be a novel drug target, and that Vepm is a potential anti-echinococcal drug for the future control of echinococcosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Ganzr Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kangding, 626000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Sheng Pang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Ming Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Jing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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158
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Alveolar Echinococcosis of the Liver with a Rare Infiltration of the Adrenal Gland. Helminthologia 2021; 58:100-105. [PMID: 33664623 PMCID: PMC7912238 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a silently-progressing disorder that has become a threat in many countries. Since 2000, when the first case was recorded, the number of human AE patients in Slovakia is on continuous raise. The article presents a rare case of alveolar echinococcosis with infiltration in the adrenal gland and discusses the problems associated with differential diagnosis of the disease. In 2016, abdominal ultrasound performed due abdominal pain complaint showed the presence of cystic lesions in the right liver lobe of 54-year old female patient. During surgery, another lesion in the right adrenal gland was found, and neoplastic processes or echinococcosis were considered in the differential diagnosis. Due to unclear correlation between radiology, serology and histopathology results and endemic situation in Slovakia, molecular examination was recommended. Subsequently E. multilocularis was confirmed as etiological agent of infection. Alveolar echinococcosis is considered as a rare disease, with very few patients referred to clinicians or hospitals that sometimes have almost none existing experience with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Therefore, the establishment of networks or reference centres specialized on management of the disease would be suitable way to provide the patients with the best care and improve the disease diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
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159
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Macchioni F, Coppola F, Furzi F, Gabrielli S, Baldanti S, Boni CB, Felicioli A. Taeniid cestodes in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Parasite 2021; 28:10. [PMID: 33544075 PMCID: PMC7863970 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Italian wolf population in human-modified landscapes has increased greatly in the last few decades. Anthropisation increases the risk of transmission of many zoonotic infections and in this context, control of taeniid cestode species needs to be addressed from a One Health perspective. Predator-prey interactions are at the root of taeniid cestode transmission, and the wolf plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of taeniids. To date, all available data on the taeniids of wolves in Italy refer to populations living in a wild habitat. Between 2018 and 2019, we investigated taeniids in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Thirty-eight faecal samples were collected and analysed, 4 of which were also genetically characterised for individual wolves and belonged to three different animals. Samples collected were analysed microscopically and by molecular analysis in order to identify the taeniid species. Taeniid eggs were detected in 34.2% (13/38) of samples. Within samples positive to taeniid eggs only Echinococcus granulosus s.s. and Taenia hydatigena were identified in 26.3% and 10.5% of the samples, respectively. On microscopic examination, Capillaria spp., Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara canis eggs, Crenosoma vulpis larvae, and coccidian oocysts were also found. The combination of low biodiversity of taeniid species with a high occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. recorded in this study could be the consequence of a deeper link occurring between wolves and livestock in human-modified landscapes than in wild settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Macchioni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Federica Furzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Samuele Baldanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetta Boni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
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160
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Pipas MJ, Fowler DR, Bardsley KD, Bangoura B. Survey of coyotes, red foxes and wolves from Wyoming, USA, for Echinococcus granulosus s. l. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1335-1340. [PMID: 33521842 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The paraphyletic group Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is comprised of parasitic tapeworms of wild and domestic canids such as wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), which serve as definitive hosts, and ungulates, which are the intermediate hosts. Members of this tapeworm group are characterized by both cosmopolitan distribution and zoonotic disease potential. This survey (conducted from 2012 through 2017) was designed to provide insight into the prevalence and distribution of this parasite in wild canids in Wyoming. Echinococcus sp. infections were documented in 14 of 22 gray wolves (63.6%), 1 of 182 coyotes (0.55%) and 0 of 5 red foxes (Vulpes fulva). Echinococcus granulosus s. l. was confirmed in 4 of these 14 specimens obtained from wolves with two parasite specimens corresponding morphologically with E. canadensis (G8/G10). These results suggest that wolves serve as the major definitive host of E. granulosus s. l. in Wyoming, while coyotes do not play an equivalent role. Limited sample size precludes evaluation of the importance of the red fox as a favorable definitive host. Whereas this study documents the occurrence of E. granulosus s. l. in Wyoming, the zoonotic disease risk does not appear to be high. Education remains the key to disease prevention, coupled with good hygienic practices by humans and anthelmintic treatment of domestic dogs exhibiting elevated risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pipas
- USDA Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, 6731 W. Coal Road, Casper, WY, 82604, USA.
| | - David R Fowler
- USDA Wildlife Services, 123 Williams Road, Pavillion, WY, 82523, USA
| | - Katherine D Bardsley
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
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161
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Macin S, Orsten S, Samadzade R, Colak B, Cebeci H, Fındık D. Human and animal cystic echinococcosis in Konya, Turkey: molecular identification and the first report of E. equinus from human host in Turkey. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:563-568. [PMID: 33462709 PMCID: PMC7813620 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a neglected, zoonotic disease in Turkey. The disease is commonly seen in rural areas where the local population is in close contact with livestock and dogs. This research aimed to molecularly identify of hydatid cysts in cattle and human isolates from Konya, Turkey. Following sample collection, direct microscopy was performed. After direct examination, total DNA was extracted, and positive PCR products of cox 1 mitochondrial gene (~ 875 bp) were sequenced. A total of 83 hydatid cysts (cattle n = 57 and human n = 26), 82 were identified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3 genotypes), and one human isolate was characterized as Echinococcus equinus (G4 genotype). Fertility rates of cysts belonging to cattle for liver and lung cysts were 93.3% and 80%, respectively. Out of 26 human originated isolates, 18 (69.2%) of cysts were found to be fertile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. equinus from human host in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Macin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Serra Orsten
- Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rugıyya Samadzade
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bayram Colak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Cebeci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Fındık
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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162
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Umhang G, Knapp J, Wassermann M, Bastid V, Peytavin de Garam C, Boué F, Cencek T, Romig T, Karamon J. Asian Admixture in European Echinococcus multilocularis Populations: New Data From Poland Comparing EmsB Microsatellite Analyses and Mitochondrial Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:620722. [PMID: 33521093 PMCID: PMC7843918 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.620722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of a severe zoonotic disease: alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The parasite is distributed over a vast area in northern Eurasia and North America, but the impact of AE on human health is highly uneven between different regions. One hypothetical reason for this difference in virulence may be the genetic structure of E. multilocularis which—based on mitochondrial sequences and EmsB microsatellite profiles—forms four distinct clades. These clades correspond approximately to their continents of origin: Asia, Europe, and North America, with a fourth clade apparently restricted to Mongolia and neighboring regions, even though this clade has not yet been described by EmsB genotyping. However, there are various records of genetic variants from the “wrong” region, e.g., “European” haplotypes in Western Canada, which may be the result of introduction or natural migration of host animals. One such example, prompting this study, is the recent record of an “Asian” mitochondrial haplotype in worms from foxes in Poland. At the time, this could not be confirmed by EmsB microsatellite analysis, a method that has proven to possess greater discriminatory power with the E. multilocularis nuclear genome than sequencing of mitochondrial markers. Therefore, worms collected from foxes in Poland were examined both by EmsB analysis and sequencing of the full mitochondrial cox1 gene in order to allocate the samples to the European or Asian cluster. Based on EmsB analyses of 349 worms from 97 Polish red foxes, 92% of the worms clearly showed “European-type” EmsB profiles, but 27 worms (8%) from seven foxes showed profiles that clustered with samples of Asian origin. According to cox1 sequences, a total of 18 worms from 8 foxes belonged to the Asian cluster of haplotypes. The two methods did not fully agree: only 13 worms from three foxes belonged to Asian clusters by both EmsB and cox1, whereas 18 worms from nine foxes belonged to different clusters, according to each marker. Cross-fertilization between worms of Asian origin and those from the European Polish population may explain these conflicting results. The presence of clearly Asian elements in the Polish E. multilocularis population could be the result of introduction of E. multilocularis with host animals (e.g., domestic dogs), or the migration of foxes. In the absence of genetic data from eastern European countries, especially those bordering Poland, it cannot be concluded whether this Asian admixture is typical for a larger area toward central/eastern Europe, or the Polish parasite population is the western extreme of a gradient where both European and Asian elements mingle. Further studies are needed on this subject, preferably using both mitochondrial sequencing and EmsB microsatellite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Vanessa Bastid
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Carine Peytavin de Garam
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Franck Boué
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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163
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Citterio CV, Obber F, Trevisiol K, Dellamaria D, Celva R, Bregoli M, Ormelli S, Sgubin S, Bonato P, Da Rold G, Danesi P, Ravagnan S, Vendrami S, Righetti D, Agreiter A, Asson D, Cadamuro A, Ianniello M, Capelli G. Echinococcus multilocularis and other cestodes in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of northeast Italy, 2012-2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:29. [PMID: 33413547 PMCID: PMC7789758 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus multilocularis is a small tapeworm affecting wild and domestic carnivores and voles in a typical prey-predator life cycle. In Italy, there has been a focus of E. multilocularis since 1997 in the northern Italian Alps, later confirmed in red foxes collected from 2001 to 2005. In this study, we report the results of seven years of monitoring on E. multilocularis and other cestodes in foxes and describe the changes that occurred over time and among areas (eco-regions) showing different environmental and ecological features on a large scale. Methods Eggs of cestodes were isolated from feces of 2872 foxes with a sedimentation/filtration technique. The cestode species was determined through multiplex PCR, targeting and sequencing ND1 and 12S genes. Analyses were aimed to highlight variations among different eco-regions and trends in prevalence across the study years. Results Out of 2872 foxes, 217 (7.55%) samples resulted positive for cestode eggs at coproscopy, with differences of prevalence according to year, sampling area and age class. Eight species of cestodes were identified, with Taenia crassiceps (2.65%), Taenia polyacantha (1.98%) and E. multilocularis (1.04%) as the most represented. The other species, Mesocestoides litteratus, Taenia krabbei, T. serialis, T. taeniaeformis and Dipylidium caninum, accounted for < 1% altogether. Echinococcus multilocularis was identified in foxes from two out of six eco-regions, in 30 fecal samples, accounting for 1.04% within the cestode positives at coproscopy. All E. multilocularis isolates came from Bolzano province. Prevalence of cestodes, both collectively and for each of the three most represented species (T. crassiceps, T. polyacantha and E. multilocularis), varied based on the sampling year, and for E. multilocularis an apparent increasing trend across the last few years was evidenced. Conclusions Our study confirms the presence of a focus of E. multilocularis in red foxes of northeast Italy. Although this focus seems still spatially limited, given its persistence and apparent increasing prevalence through the years, we recommend research to be conducted in the future on the ecological factors that, on a smaller scale, allow this zoonotic species to persist. On the same scale, we recommend a health education campaign to inform on the measures to prevent this zoonosis, targeted at people living in the area, especially hunters, dog owners, forestry workers and other potentially exposed categories.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Obber
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Karin Trevisiol
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Debora Dellamaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Celva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Ormelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sofia Sgubin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Paola Bonato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Graziana Da Rold
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefano Vendrami
- Provincia di Belluno, Wildlife Management Office, Belluno, Italy
| | - Davide Righetti
- Provincia di Bolzano, Wildlife Management Office, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Agreiter
- Provincia di Bolzano, Wildlife Management Office, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Daniele Asson
- Provincia di Trento, Wildlife Management Office, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Cadamuro
- Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, Wildlife Management Office, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Ianniello
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Animal Health and Veterinary Drugs, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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164
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Joekel DE, Nur S, Monné Rodriguez J, Kronenberg PA, Kipar A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Deplazes P. Agranulocytosis leads to intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis oncosphere invasion and hepatic metacestode development in naturally resistant Wistar rats. Parasitology 2021; 148:53-62. [PMID: 33087186 PMCID: PMC11010136 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to Echinococcus multilocularis infection considerably varies among intermediate (mostly rodents) and dead-end host species (e.g. humans and pig), in particular regarding intestinal oncosphere invasion and subsequent hepatic metacestode development. Wistar rats are highly resistant to infection and subsequent diseases upon oral inoculation with E. multilocularis eggs, however, after immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone, rats become susceptible. To address the role of the cellular innate immunity, Wistar rats were individually or combined depleted of natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (MΦ) and granulocytes (polymorphonuclear cells, PMN) prior to E. multilocularis egg inoculation. Although NK cell and MΦ depletion did not alter the resistance status of rats, the majority of PMN-depleted animals developed liver metacestodes within 10 weeks, indicating that PMN are key players in preventing oncosphere migration and/or development in Wistar rats. In vitro studies indicated that resistance is not caused by neutrophil reactive oxygen species or NETosis. Also, light microscopical examinations of the small intestine showed that oral inoculation of E. multilocularis eggs does not elicit a mucosal neutrophil response, suggesting that the interaction of oncospheres and neutrophils may occur after the former have entered the peripheral blood. We suggest to consider granulocytes as mediators of resistance in more resistant species, such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E. Joekel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selim Nur
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josep Monné Rodriguez
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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165
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Concomitant of Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst and Aspergilloma: A Rare Coinfection. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020; 2020:6650478. [PMID: 33457026 PMCID: PMC7787855 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6650478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and aspergilloma is rather uncommon. Aspergillus species, saprophytic fungi, can colonize pulmonary cavities that are caused by tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and CE. Infection by Aspergillus is often occurring in immunosuppressed patients. However, coinfection of aspergilloma with pulmonary hydatid cyst is very unusual, especially in an immunocompetent patient with unruptured cyst. Herein, we report a case of lung hydatid cyst coinfected with Aspergillus in a 42-year-old Iranian man from Southern Iran. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan showed a circumscribed cystic lesion in the superior and inferior segment of the lower lobes of right and left lungs that suggests hydatid cyst. Radical surgery (lobectomy) was performed for the patient. Histopathological evaluation reconfirmed the classical laminated layer of hydatid cyst. Moreover, the ectocyst layer of the right lung showed the presence of numerous cluster septate hyphae with acute-angled branching, as seen in the morphology of Aspergillus species. DNA was extracted from the cyst, and the ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region of the fungal agent was amplified. Sequencing and analysis of seminested PCR product revealed that the isolate has the most similarity with Aspergillus niger. Further attention is recommended to control fungal pathogens during pulmonary hydatidosis. The coexistence of aspergilloma should always be kept in mind for the better management of CE.
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166
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Lupia T, Corcione S, Guerrera F, Costardi L, Ruffini E, Pinna SM, Rosa FGD. Pulmonary Echinococcosis or Lung Hydatidosis: A Narrative Review. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2020; 22:485-495. [PMID: 33297827 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung hydatidosis is a zoonosis related to infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species. Lung involvement in this condition is second only to the liver echinococcosis. Diagnosis ordinarily results from an accidental finding in a direct chest radiograph evaluation because of the delayed growth of the cysts. Moreover, a consistent treatment regimen or approach may not be feasible because of the variability of pulmonary echinococcosis. In this review, we expect to sum up the main features of lung hydatidosis with a perspective on medical and surgical treatment. Methods: Cochrane Library and PubMed were the databases used to perform a narrative literature review. Search terms included "pulmonary echinococcosis" and "lung hydatidosis." The MeSH terms were "lung" [All Fields] AND {"echinococcosis" [MeSH Terms] OR ("hydatidosis" [All Fields] OR "pulmonary" [All Fields] AND "echinococcosis" [All Fields] OR "hydatidosis." A search period from September 1980 to May 2020 was chosen to compare studies from different decades, given the changes in pulmonary echinococcosis management. Results: A uniform treatment regimen or approach may not be feasible because of the variability of pulmonary echinococcosis. No clinical trials have analyzed and compared all the diverse treatment approaches. Cyst size, characteristics, position in the lung and clinical presentation, and the availability of medical/surgical expertise and equipment are the mainstays of echinococcosis management. When feasible, surgery is as yet the principal therapeutic choice to eliminate the cysts; anti-parasitic drugs may minimize complications during high-risk surgery or be used as definitive therapy in some instances with contraindications to surgery. Conclusions: Lung hydatidosis management must become less heterogeneous. We support treatment directed to the subject established on the clinical scenario, host factors, and surgical risk. Strict cooperation in this process between infectious disease specialists and surgeons may optimize best practices to help create shared practical guidelines to simplify clinicians' decision-making. Furthermore, we need a consensus for lung hydatidosis treatment and inserting this disease to global surgery agenda will have a positive impact on acquiring high-quality data that enables us to create an evidence-based guideline for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lupia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Guerrera
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Costardi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Ruffini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Mornese Pinna
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco G De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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167
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Grimm J, Nell J, Hillenbrand A, Henne-Bruns D, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Gruener B, Graeter T, Reinehr M, Weber A, Deplazes P, Möller P, Beck A, Barth TFE. Immunohistological detection of small particles of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus in lymph nodes is associated with enlarged lymph nodes in alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008921. [PMID: 33370302 PMCID: PMC7769273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans are caused by the metacestode of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibodies (mAb) Em2G11, specific for AE, and the mAb EmG3, specific for AE and CE, is an important pillar of the histological diagnosis of these two infections. Our aim was to further evaluate mAb EmG3 in a diagnostic setting and to analyze in detail the localization, distribution, and impact of small particles of Echinococcus multilocularis (spems) and small particles of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. (spegs) on lymph nodes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We evaluated the mAb EmG3 in a cohort of formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens of AE (n = 360) and CE (n = 178). These samples originated from 156 AE-patients and 77 CE-patients. mAb EmG3 showed a specific staining of the metacestode stadium of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.l. and had a higher sensitivity for spems than mAb Em2G11. Furthermore, we detected spegs in the surrounding host tissue and in almost all tested lymph nodes (39/41) of infected patients. 38/47 lymph nodes of AE showed a positive reaction for spems with mAb EmG3, whereas 29/47 tested positive when stained with mAb Em2G11. Spegs were detected in the germinal centers, co-located with CD23-positive follicular dendritic cells, and were present in the sinuses. Likewise, lymph nodes with spems and spegs in AE and CE were significantly enlarged in size in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE mAb EmG3 is specific for AE and CE and is a valuable tool in the histological diagnosis of echinococcosis. Based on the observed staining patterns, we hypothesize that the interaction between parasite and host is not restricted to the main lesion since spegs are detected in lymph nodes. Moreover, in AE the number of spems-affected lymph nodes is higher than previously assumed. The enlargement of lymph nodes with spems and spegs points to an immunological interaction with the small immunogenic particles (spems and spegs) of Echinococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Nell
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hillenbrand
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate Gruener
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tilmann Graeter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Reinehr
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Beck
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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168
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Manciulli T, Serraino R, D'Alessandro GL, Cattaneo L, Mariconti M, Vola A, Taccari F, Narra R, De Vito G, Trecarichi EM, Mazzitelli M, Matera G, Casulli A, Marascio N, Brunetti E, Tamarozzi F, Torti C. Evidence of Low Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in the Catanzaro Province, Calabria Region, Italy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1951-1954. [PMID: 32975181 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the neglected tropical diseases recognized by the WHO. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato affects more than 1 million people worldwide and is responsible for high costs in the healthcare system. A clear knowledge of the prevalence of CE and its clinical characteristics could have an important impact on the approach to its diagnosis and to the public health planning of treatment and control interventions. We performed a prevalence study in four municipalities of Catanzaro Province, South Italy. This area is considered to be at high risk of CE because of ovine breeding. We screened by abdominal ultrasound 2,426 volunteers, four of whom had abdominal CE. Given the need for prevention and control programs for CE in endemic areas of Italy, a detailed mapping of prevalence of CE, to complement data obtained through hospital discharge records, appears imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Serraino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gian Luca D'Alessandro
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Letizia Cattaneo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples-Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ambra Vola
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Taccari
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Disease, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Narra
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Public Health Agency of the Catanzaro Province, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Mazzitelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, 'Magna Graecia' University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, 'Magna Graecia' University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
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169
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: A review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:517-522. [PMID: 33246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. have a global distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Infections with these parasites are considered extremely serious, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in addition to substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and Echinococcus multilocularis, causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively, are the two main species of interest from a human and veterinary perspective. This review collates the current state-of-the-art understanding of these two parasites within four key areas of relevance to human and veterinary professionals: transmission and epidemiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. This review should serve as a broad introduction to the most important Echinococcus spp. The reader is advised to seek out specific literature on individual diseases and their causative parasites for a deeper understanding.
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170
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Sazmand A, Bahari A, Papi S, Otranto D. Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931-2020): a literature review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:586. [PMID: 33213507 PMCID: PMC7676409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Aliasghar Bahari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Sareh Papi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Gonder N, Demir IH, Kılıncoglu V. The effectiveness of combined surgery and chemotherapy in primary hydatid cyst of thigh muscles, a rare localization and its management. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:533-536. [PMID: 33183964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid cyst is a common infestation caused by helminths in humans and usually involves the liver and lungs. Primarily, cases of hydatid cysts in the thigh muscles are extremely rare and are generally in the form of case reports. It is an important disease due to its insidious course, its confusion with other soft tissue pathologies, delay in diagnosis and painstaking surgery. In our study, the largest case series in the literature, the clinical stages of the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 9 hydatid cysts that develop primarily in the thigh muscles were evaluated. The risk of recurrence in primary hydatid cyst of the thigh can be reduced with rapid diagnosis, careful preoperative planning, complete surgical resection by avoiding cyst rupture and concomitant anthelmintic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevzat Gonder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, T.C. Ministry of Health Islahiye State Hospital, Gaziantep, 27800, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahım Halil Demir
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Volkan Kılıncoglu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Banda F, Sikasunge C, Addy F, Wassermann M, Mackenstedt U, Kern P, Daugschies A, Mulinge E, Romig T. Echinococcus ortleppi and Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 affect domestic animals in western Zambia. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105648. [PMID: 32739294 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast to the eastern part of the continent, very little data exists on the current disease situation in southern Africa including Zambia. This study determined frequency and species identity of Echinococcus spp. circulating in livestock and dogs in the Western Province of Zambia. Cysts were collected in slaughterhouses at meat inspection (cattle) and during examination of home slaughtered pigs, while dog faecal samples were collected per-rectum and examined microscopically for the presence of taeniid eggs. Individual taeniid eggs from faecal samples and individual protoscoleces from cysts were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and/or sequencing of the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) and cytochrome C oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Fifty-four of 2000 cattle (2.7%) were found infected with a total of 65 cysts, predominantly fertile lungs cysts; all cysts were identified as Echinococcus ortleppi. Two out of 52 home-slaughtered pigs (3.8%) were infected with a fertile lung cyst each; both cysts were also identified as E. ortleppi. Microscopic examination revealed 10/289 dog faecal samples to contain taeniid eggs, of which four samples (two each) contained Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) or Taenia hydatigena, respectively. This is the first insight in the Echinococcus species circulating in Zambia providing premises for further studies into transmission dynamics of CE in the southern African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Leipzig, Institute of Parasitology, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chummy Sikasunge
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Francis Addy
- University for Development Studies, Department of Biotechnology, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- University Clinic of Ulm, Center for Internal Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Parasitology, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erastus Mulinge
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research, P. O. Box 19464, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Balog T, Nagy G, Halász T, Csányi E, Zomborszky Z, Csivincsik Á. The occurrence of Echinococcus spp. in golden jackal (Canis aureus) in southwestern Hungary: Should we need to rethink its expansion? Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102214. [PMID: 33137507 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis are severe zoonotic diseases caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. in Europe. To present knowledge, in the European continent, the most important definitive hosts of these parasites belong to the Canidae family. The golden jackal as an opportunistic mesopredator frequently preys on rodents including arvicolids and other easily available food resources, such as viscera and other carrion. By these reasons, the golden jackal can promote the maintenance of both Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. Our investigation was conducted in the southwestern part of Hungary where one of the densest golden jackal populations exists. We examined altogether 173 golden jackal small intestines to determine the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. After the molecular diagnostic procedure, we found 27 Echinococcus multilocularis-positive (prevalence: 15.6%; mean intensity: 664 worms) and three Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infected hosts (prevalence: 1.7%; mean intensity: 554.3 worms). We suggest the invasion of the golden jackal in Europe can enhance the spread of both Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. This novel epidemiological situation can influence the geographical distribution of these helminths and the characteristics of their endemic in different host species, as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Balog
- SEFAG Forest Management and Wood Industry Share Co., Department of Game Management, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Kaposvár University, Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene, Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Halász
- SEFAG Forest Management and Wood Industry Share Co., Department of Game Management, Kaposvár, Hungary; Kaposvár University, Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Erika Csányi
- 'Fauna' South Transdanubian Hunting Party, Nagybajom, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zomborszky
- Kaposvár University, Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Csivincsik
- Kaposvár University, Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene, Kaposvár, Hungary
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Savu C, Melinte A, Grigorie V, Iliescu L, Diaconu C, Dimitriu M, Socea B, Stiru O, Varlas V, Savu C, Balescu I, Bacalbasa N. Primary Pleural Hydatidosis-A Rare Occurrence: A Case Report and Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110567. [PMID: 33121083 PMCID: PMC7694107 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The larvae of Echinococcus, a parasitic tapeworm, cause hydatid disease. The most commonly involved organ after the liver is the lung but there are cases of hydatid cysts in all systems and organs, such as brain, muscle tissue, adrenal glands, mediastinum and pleural cavity. Extra-pulmonary intrathoracic hydatidosis can be a diagnostic challenge and a plain chest x-ray can be misleading. It can also lead to severe complications such as anaphylactic shock or tension pneumothorax. The purpose of this paper is to present a severe case of primary pleural hydatidosis, as well as discussing the difficulties that come with it during diagnosis and treatment. Case Report: We present the case of a 43-year-old male, working as a shepherd, presenting with moderate dyspnea, chest pain and weight loss. Chest x-ray revealed an uncharacteristic massive right pleural effusion and thoracic computed tomography (CT) confirmed it, as well as revealing multiple cystic formations of various sizes and liquid density within the pleural fluid. Blood work confirmed our suspicion of pleural hydatidosis with an elevated eosinophil count, typical in parasite diseases. Surgery was performed by right lateral thoracotomy and consisted of removal of the hydatid fluid and cysts found in the pleura. Patient was discharged 13 days postoperative with Albendazole treatment. Conclusion: Cases of primary pleural hydatidosis are very rare but must be taken into consideration in patients from endemic regions with jobs that may have exposure to this parasite. Proper treatment, both surgical and antiparasitic medication, can lead to a full recovery and a low chance of recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Savu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, “Marius Nasta” National Institute of Pneumophtisiology, 050152 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.M.); (V.G.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Alexandru Melinte
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, “Marius Nasta” National Institute of Pneumophtisiology, 050152 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Vasile Grigorie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, “Marius Nasta” National Institute of Pneumophtisiology, 050152 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Laura Iliescu
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Diaconu
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Dimitriu
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Sf. Pantelimon” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 021661 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Socea
- Department of Surgery, “Sf. Pantelimon” Clinical Hospital, 021661 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Stiru
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, “Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu” Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 022322 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Varlas
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filantropia” Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Savu
- Department of Anesthesiology, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Irina Balescu
- Department of Visceral Surgery, “Ponderas” Academic Hospital, Bucharest, 021188 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Internal Medicine Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (L.I.); (C.D.); (M.D.); (O.S.); (V.V.)
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Department of Visceral Surgery, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-723-540-426
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Prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from livestock in north-eastern Kenya. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e205. [PMID: 33092682 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease of cosmopolitan distribution and caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). CE occurs in the wider African continent and in Kenya, notably in the Maasailand and Turkana regions; however, recent studies demonstrate its presence in other parts of Kenya. This study determined the occurrence of CE in livestock (camels, goats, sheep and cattle) in Isiolo, Garissa and Wajir counties, and characterized the species of E. granulosus s.l. present. An abattoir survey was used to determine the presence of CE in various organs in livestock. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene was used for genotyping. A total of 1368 carcasses from 687 goats, 234 camels, 329 sheep and 118 cattle were inspected for the presence of hydatid cysts. The overall proportion of infections was 29.1% in camels, 14.4% in cattle, 9.9% in goats and 8.2% in sheep. The liver was the most infected organ, while only the lung of camels harboured fertile cysts. Of the 139 cysts genotyped, 111 (79.9%) belonged to Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) and 20 (14.4%) to E. granulosus sensu stricto. One and two cysts were identified as Taenia saginata and unknown Taenia species, respectively. There was a significant association between county of origin and species of the animal with occurrence of CE. This study reports, for the first time, the characterization of Echinococcus species in livestock from Garissa and Wajir counties, and the current situation in Isiolo county. The fertility of cysts in camels and frequency of E. canadensis (G6/7) in all livestock species indicate that camels play an important role in the maintenance of CE in the north-eastern counties of Kenya.
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Contribution of Anthropogenic Factors and Climate Variables to Human Cystic Echinococcosis Mortality in Chile (2001–2011). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:773-781. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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177
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Maksimov P, Bergmann H, Wassermann M, Romig T, Gottstein B, Casulli A, Conraths FJ. Species Detection within the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Complex by Novel Probe-Based Real-Time PCRs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100791. [PMID: 32993077 PMCID: PMC7599986 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with eggs of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) can cause cystic echinococcosis in intermediate host animals and humans. Upon ingestion of viable eggs, oncospheres hatch from the eggs and subsequently develop into fluid-filled larval cysts, most frequently in the liver or the lungs. The slowly growing cysts progressively interfere with organ function. The risk of infection is determined by the host range of the parasite, its pathogenicity and other epidemiologically relevant parameters, which differ significantly among the five species within the E. granulosus s.l. complex. It is therefore essential to diagnose the correct species within E. granulosus s.l. to help understand specific disease epidemiology and to facilitate effective implementation of control measures. For this purpose, simple, fast and cost-effective typing techniques are needed. We developed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) to target polymorphic regions in the mitochondrial genome of E. granulosus s.l. In a single-step typing approach, we distinguished E. granulosus s.l. members in four epidemiologically relevant subgroups. These were E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. equinus, E. ortleppi and the E. canadensis cluster. The technique also allowed identification and differentiation of these species from other Echinococcus or Taenia taxa for samples isolated from cysts or faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hannes Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.W.); (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.W.); (T.R.)
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
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Uncommon Locations of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Report of 46 Cases from Southern Iran. Surg Res Pract 2020; 2020:2061045. [PMID: 33015320 PMCID: PMC7520003 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most cases of hydatid cysts form in the liver and lung and other tissues are considered as unusual locations in hydatid cysts. The current study aimed to find out the rate and features of hydatid cysts in uncommon locations in Fars Province, Southern Iran, over a 15-year period. Methods The hospital records of patients who underwent surgery for hydatid cysts in university-affiliated hospitals in Fars Province, Southern Iran, from 2004 to 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. For each patient, clinical and demographical data were recorded. Results During a 15-year period, a total of 501 patients were surgically treated for hydatid cysts, and out of these, 46 (9.2%) were presented with the unusual locations of hydatid disease. Males constituted 28 (60.9%) of these patients while 18 (39.1%) of the patients were females. The patients' age ranged from 5 to 80 years (mean = 40.49; SD = 20.37). The size of the cysts ranged from 2 to 20 cm (mean = 8.69, SD = 4.59). The most common unusual location for the hydatid cyst was the spleen with 30.4% of cases, followed by the pelvic cavity (15.2%). Out of 46 cases with unusual location of the hydatid cyst, 10 (21.7%) cases had lung, 22 (47.8%) cases had liver, and 5 (10.9%) cases had both liver and lung hydatid cysts, simultaneously with cysts in unusual locations. Conclusion In cystic echinococcosis- (CE) endemic areas, hydatid disease can affect any organ, from head to toe, in humans. The disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any cystic entities anywhere in the body.
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Tamarozzi F, Horton J, Muhtarov M, Ramharter M, Siles-Lucas M, Gruener B, Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S, Manciulli T, Brunetti E. A case for adoption of continuous albendazole treatment regimen for human echinococcal infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008566. [PMID: 32941434 PMCID: PMC7498015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis are chronic, neglected parasitic diseases burdened by high morbidity and, for AE, by high mortality, if left untreated. CE and AE have a widespread distribution, including Europe. Albendazole (ABZ), a broad-spectrum benzimidazole drug widely used to treat parasitic infections, is the drug of choice for the management of CE and AE, and is parasitostatic on echinococcal metacestodes. In Europe, ABZ is licensed for interrupted “cyclic” treatment, for a maximum of 3 cycles. However, better efficacy with no increased side effects has been shown when the drug is administered continuously and for longer periods. Current international recommendations, on the basis of clinical, pharmacological, and biological studies, recommend continuous administration of ABZ for months to years for the treatment of CE and AE, and this schedule has been widely in use for the past 20 years. However, in Europe this internationally recommended schedule, with the exception of France, is technically “off-label”, and, as such, requires an informed consent by the patient and, in some countries, even precludes the reimbursement of the drug cost. Adding to the very high cost of the drug, frequent “out-of-stock” situation, and packaging format impractical for long therapies, these conditions put patients with CE and AE regularly at risk of treatment discontinuation and disease progression. European regulations envisage variations to marketing authorization, but postauthorization studies should be carried out by the holder of the license of the drug, in the form of randomized controlled trials. While such studies do not seem feasible and would probably not be ethically justified for CE and AE, European regulations envisage other possibilities in particular situations, which apply to CE and AE, but there is limited interest to invest in this perspective. We urge a coordination between stakeholders to find effective and feasible ways to take action to revise the benzimidazole dosage regimens for CE and AE and to ensure a fair, regular, and easy access to the appropriate treatment to those suffering from these serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Negrar, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marin Muhtarov
- Multi-Profile Hospital for Active Treatment “Kardzhali”, Gastroenterology Ward, Khardzhali, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parasitology Group, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beate Gruener
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- French National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, Besançon University Hospital, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Solange Bresson-Hadni
- French National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, Besançon University Hospital, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine Units, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Hospital Fundation–Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Hospital Fundation–Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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180
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Jansen F, Claes M, Bakkers E, Aryal A, Madimba KC, Gabriël S, Dermauw V, Van Hul A, Vervaeke M, Dorny P. Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in North Belgium: Prevalence and trends in distribution. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100470. [PMID: 33308751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional systematic sampling was carried out during three consecutive winters from 2012 to 2015, to update the knowledge on the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) distribution in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Flanders. Earlier studies reported the low endemicity status of this tapeworm in the northern region of Belgium, in contrast to the south of the country and neighbouring countries. Using a modified Segmental Sedimentation and Counting Technique, followed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing, 923 foxes' intestines were examined for the presence of E. multilocularis. Based on microscopic examination, 38 out of 923 foxes were suspected to be infected with either E. multilocularis or Amoebotaenia spp., of which 19 were molecularly confirmed to be E. multilocularis, 18 were found positive for Amoebotaenia spp. and one was negative. The overall prevalence for E. multilocularis of 2.1% confirms the low endemicity of the fox tapeworm in Flanders. However, in one area in the most eastern part of Flanders (Voeren), neighbouring the Netherlands and Wallonia, a prevalence of 57% (12/21) was observed. Continuous monitoring of the fox tapeworm remains needed to assess spatio-temporal trends in distribution and to assess the risk of this zoonotic infection in Europe. The challenging differential diagnosis of E. multilocularis and Amoebotaenia spp. based on microscopic examination calls for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Claes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Anim Core Facility, VUB Health Campus, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - E Bakkers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Aryal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Central Referal Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - K C Madimba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, Democratique Republic of Congo.
| | - S Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - V Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - A Van Hul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Vervaeke
- Agency for Nature and Forests, Flemish Government, Havenlaan 88 bus 75, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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181
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Corrêa F, Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Jiménez M, Hernández M, Paredes R. Cattle co-infection of Echinococcus granulosus and Fasciola hepatica results in a different systemic cytokine profile than single parasite infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238909. [PMID: 32915902 PMCID: PMC7485845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E. granulosus is a cestode that causes Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease with worldwide presence. The immune response generated by the host against the metacestode induces a permissive Th2 response, as opposed to pro-inflammatory Th1 response. In this view, mixed Th2 and regulatory responses allow parasite survival. Overall, larval Echinococcus infections induce strong regulatory responses. Fasciola hepatica, another common helminth parasite, represents a major infection in cattle. Co-infection with different parasite species in the same host, polyparasitism, is a common occurrence involving E. granulosus and F. hepatica in cattle. ‘While it is known that infection with F. hepatica also triggers a polarized Th2/Treg immune response, little is reported regarding effects on the systemic immune response of this example of polyparasitism. F. hepatica also triggers immune responses polarized to the Th2/ Treg spectrum. Serum samples from 107 animals were analyzed, and were divided according to their infection status and Echinococcal cysts fertility. Cytokines were measured utilizing a Milliplex Magnetic Bead Panel to detect IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-18. Cattle infected only with F. hepatica had the highest concentration of every cytokine analyzed, with both 4.24 and 3.34-fold increases in IL-10 and IL-4, respectively, compared to control animals, followed by E. granulosus and F. hepatica co-infected animals with two-fold increase in IL-10 and IL-4, compared to control animals, suggesting that E. granulosus co-infection dampens the cattle Th2/Treg immune response against F. hepatica. When considering Echinococcal cyst fertility and systemic cytokine concentrations, fertile cysts had higher IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-18 concentrations, while infertile cysts had higher IL-10 concentrations. These results show that E. granulosus co-infection lowers Th1 and Th2 cytokine serological concentration when compared to F. hepatica infection alone. E. granulosus infections show no difference in IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-18 levels compared with control animals, highlighting the immune evasion mechanisms of this cestode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Corrêa
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Hidalgo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Jiménez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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182
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Miambo R, Afonso S, Noormahomed E, Pondja A, Mukaratirwa S. Echinococcosis in humans and animals in Southern Africa Development Community countries: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00087. [PMID: 32995581 PMCID: PMC7501418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The taeniid Echinococcus is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease echinococcosis/hydatidosis and is associated with economic losses in livestock production. This review summarizes available scientific literature on circulating species of Echinococcus in humans, wild and domestic animals in countries of Southern Africa Development Community, and identifies knowledge gaps and recommend research priorities. Data were systematically accessed from Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed and from library resources from December 2017 to June 2019. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA program and heterogeneity and prevalence values were pooled by host species with 95% confidence interval. In intermediate hosts, the overall prevalence of Echinococcus by meat inspection was 10% (CI: 9-11%) in small ruminants, 7% (CI: 5-8%) in cattle, 1% (CI: 0-1%) in pigs and 9% (CI: 0-29%) in wild herbivores. In canids by CoproAg-ELISA and necropsy the prevalence was of 10% (CI: 8-10%) and 6% (CI: 3-10%) respectively. A high level of heterogeneity (I2 > 65%) was observed for all study groups. Echinococcus equinus, E. canadensis, E ortleppi and E. felidis were reported from wildlife and E. ortleppi, E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis from humans. There is paucity of research in echinococcosis and gaps in prevalence reports over time in both humans and animals in the SADC region and we recommend an increase in future studies on the epidemiology of disease, risk factors for transmission in animals and humans and its relation with human health specially in the advent of HIV pandemic following a "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Miambo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - S.M.S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - E.V. Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - A. Pondja
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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183
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Investigation of the relationship between CE cyst characteristics and genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in humans from Turkey. Parasitology 2020; 147:1712-1717. [PMID: 32799957 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed at the identification of the genotype/species belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) specimens in retrieved percutaneously from the human host and to investigate their relationship with cyst characteristics. The genetic identification of cyst material was performed by mt-CO1 gene polymerase chain reaction, and confirmed via sequencing. A total of 110 CE cysts were identified as E. granulosus s.l. In detail, 104 belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1 and G3) and six isolates were in the E. canadensis cluster (G6/7). All clusters were tested for the relationship between demographics, cyst features and genetic diversity. The relationship between genetic variation and certain clinical characteristics such as cyst volume and location were statistically significant for G6/7 cluster. Further studies are required with a larger sample set to investigate the relationship between the genetic variability of E. granulosus s.l. and cyst features.
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184
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Tamarozzi F, Legnardi M, Fittipaldo A, Drigo M, Cassini R. Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008519. [PMID: 32776936 PMCID: PMC7440662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. We carried out a systematic literature review on E. granulosus s.l. human and animal (cattle, sheep, dog) infection in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries in 2000–2019, to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology in this endemic area. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Open Grey databases were searched. Included cases were: i) for humans, data from hospital records and imaging studies; ii) for dogs, data from necropsy and coprological studies; iii) for ruminants, cases based on slaughter inspection. The NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) classification was used to categorize extracted data in epidemiological units, defined as data referred to one NUTS2 (basic region) in one year time. Data were then aggregated to NUTS1 level (major regions), calculating the average incidence value of included epidemiological units. For prevalence studies covering different epidemiological units, the pooled prevalence was estimated. Data were extracted from 79 publications, 25 on human infection (covering 437 epidemiological units), and 54 on animal infection (52 epidemiological units for cattle, 35 for sheep and 25 for dogs). At NUTS1 level, average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalence values ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Southern and insular Italy, central Spain, Romania and Bulgaria reported the highest values. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Limitation of evidence included the paucity of human prevalence studies, data heterogeneity, and the patchy geographical coverage, with lack of data especially for the Balkans. Our results confirm Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe being the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the notorious problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, naturally transmitted between canids and livestock; CE in humans can be a serious condition. In endemic areas, CE is responsible for significant health and economic losses, but its real burden is difficult to estimate. E. granulosus s.l. is especially present in areas where livestock breeding is practiced, including European Mediterranean and Balkan countries. We carried out a systematic literature review on the epidemiology of E. granulosus s.l. human and animal infection in this area in 2000–2019. Data were extracted from 79 publications, and referred to Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) levels per year. Average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalences ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Our results confirm that Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe are the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the well-known problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Fittipaldo
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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185
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Combining Computed Tomography and Histology Leads to an Evolutionary Concept of Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080634. [PMID: 32759781 PMCID: PMC7459611 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the intermediate stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. We aimed to correlate computed tomography (CT) data with histology to identify distinct characteristics for different lesion types. We classified 45 samples into five types with the Echinococcus multilocularis Ulm Classification for Computed Tomography (EMUC-CT). The various CT lesions exhibited significantly different histological parameters, which led us to propose a progression model. The initial lesion fit the CT type IV classification, which comprises a single necrotic area with the central located laminated layer, a larger distance between laminated layer and border zone, a small fibrotic peripheral zone, and few small particles of Echinococcus multilocularis (spems). Lesions could progress through CT types I, II, and III, characterized by shorter distances between laminated layer and border zone, more spems inside and surrounding the lesion, and a pronounced fibrotic rim (mostly in type III). Alternatively, lesions could converge to a highly calcified, regressive state (type V). Our results suggest that the CT types mark sequential stages of the infection, which progress over time. These distinct histological patterns advance the understanding of interactions between AE and human host; moreover, they might become prognostically and therapeutically relevant.
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186
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Diversity of Taenia and Hydatigera (Cestoda: Taeniidae) in domestic dogs in Kenya. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2863-2875. [PMID: 32666190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Taenia species of domestic dogs can cause cysticercosis and coenurosis in a wide range of intermediate hosts including humans. Most taeniids of dogs are globally distributed, but some wildlife-transmitted species can be specific for certain regions. Generally, little information exists on the species composition and frequency in most regions of the world, which impairs risk assessment and control strategies. This study determined the range of taeniid species in dogs in four widely spaced areas of Kenya by genetic identification of eggs in faeces collected from the environment. Individual taeniid eggs were characterised by nested polymerase chain reaction of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome C oxidase 1 genes, restriction fragment length polymorphism and partial sequencing. Overall 79/1621 (4.9%) faecal samples contained eggs of Taenia or Hydatigera (8.0% in Turkana, 4.8% in Isiolo, 3.8% in Maasai Mara and 1.3% in Meru). Taenia hydatigena and T. multiceps were the most frequent, found in 36 and 15 samples, respectively. Other eggs found in the faeces belonged to T. serialis (sensu lato), T. madoquae (the first record in domestic dogs), T. ovis, T. saginata and Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Polymorphism of nad1 sequences revealed 22 and 8 haplotypes of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps, respectively. The results show the involvement of dogs in both domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles. In addition to the species range, this study provides data on the intraspecific diversity of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps in Kenya, which will serve as baseline information for further studies into cysticercosis and coenurosis in livestock and humans in the region.
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187
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The fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, in grey wolves and dogs in Slovakia: epidemiology and genetic analysis. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e168. [PMID: 32624011 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is an important emerging parasite in the northern hemisphere. In epidemiological studies, the highest attention is being paid to foxes as the main reservoir hosts responsible for geographic expansion from multiple focal populations and the invasion of urban habitats, but little information is available on the parasite distribution in other carnivores. Hence, the study was designed to obtain updated information about the occurrence and genetic diversity of E. multilocularis in grey wolves and dogs in Slovakia. Faecal samples of wolves were collected from three locations under a certain level of environmental protection in the central and eastern parts of the country, and the presence of the parasite DNA was detected in 35.7% of 112 samples, with the highest rate (51.2%) recorded in the Poloniny National Park in north-eastern Slovakia. Among 110 faecal dog samples, E. multilocularis was detected in three faeces from segregated Roma settlements in the eastern part of the country, which accounted for an overall positivity of 2.7%. Sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes, 12S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, revealed four haplotypes in 13 isolates from wolves and dogs originating from four sites in eastern and central Slovakia, with all samples bearing a European-type pattern of E. multilocularis. The more than one-third positivity rate of E. multilocularis in wolf faecal samples dispersed over a large part of the country has corroborated the extensive circulation of the parasite in wildlife and confirmed the need to improve intervention control strategies.
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188
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Dorjsuren T, Ganzorig S, Dagvasumberel M, Tsend-Ayush A, Ganbold C, Ganbat M, Tsogzolbaatar EO, Tsevelvaanchig U, Narantsogt G, Boldbaatar C, Mundur B, Khand-Ish M, Agvaandaram G. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human cystic echinococcosis in rural areas, Mongolia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235399. [PMID: 32614862 PMCID: PMC7331993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a chronic, complex and neglected zoonotic disease with considerable socio-economic impact on the affected population. Even though Mongolia is included in the list of high cystic echinococcosis risk countries, there has been very limited research and evidence on the prevalence or prevention of cystic echinococcosis. This field-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its potential risk factors in Mongolia was conducted from April 2016 to March 2018. A total of 1,993 people were examined by ultrasound in five provinces of Mongolia. All cystic echinococcosis positive cases were classified according to the WHO-IWGE expert recommendations. The logistic regression model was used to detect the association between the presence of echinococcus infection and each potential risk factor. This was the first community survey based on ultrasound screening in Mongolia. We found 98 cystic echinococcosis cases (prevalence = 4.9%), including 85 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis positive cases and 13 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis negative cases (surgically treated cystic echinococcosis cases 11, and 2 confirmed cases of lung cystic echinococcosis by chestcomputed tomography in hospital of Ulaanbaatar). The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis varied greatly among different provinces, ranging from 2.0% to 13.1%. Children, elderly people and those with lower education had higher chances of getting cystic echinococcosis. Rather than dog ownership itself, daily practice for cleaning dog feces was associated with increased odds of cystic echinococcosis. The results of the present study show very high endemicity of cystic echinococcosis in Umnugovi province. Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosisshow high significance for following factors: demographics (age), social condition (education level) and hygiene practices (cleaning dog feces and use of gloves). Children under 18 and elderly people are considered as the most risk age groups in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temuulen Dorjsuren
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sumiya Ganzorig
- Laboratory of space and biological resources, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Altansukh Tsend-Ayush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Chimedlkhamsuren Ganbold
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mandukhai Ganbat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Enkh-Oyun Tsogzolbaatar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Giimaa Narantsogt
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Burnee Mundur
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Munkhgerel Khand-Ish
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gurbadam Agvaandaram
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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189
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Lundström-Stadelmann B, Rufener R, Hemphill A. Drug repurposing applied: Activity of the anti-malarial mefloquine against Echinococcus multilocularis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:121-129. [PMID: 32636148 PMCID: PMC7389337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current chemotherapeutical treatment against alveolar echinococcosis relies exclusively on benzimidazoles, which are not parasiticidal and can induce severe toxicity. There are no alternative treatment options. To identify novel drugs with activity against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes, researchers have studied potentially interesting drug targets (e.g. the parasite's energy metabolism), and/or adopted drug repurposing approaches by undertaking whole organism screenings. We here focus on drug screening approaches, which utilize an in vitro screening cascade that includes assessment of the drug-induced physical damage of metacestodes, the impact on metacestode viability and the viability of isolated parasite stem cells, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of compound derivatives, and the mode of action. Finally, once in vitro data are indicative for a therapeutic window, the efficacy of selected compounds is assessed in experimentally infected mice. Using this screening cascade, we found that the anti-malarial mefloquine was active against E. multilocularis metacestodes in vitro and in vivo. To shed more light into the mode of action of mefloquine, SAR analysis on mefloquine analogues was performed. E. multilocularis ferritin was identified as a mefloquine-binding protein, but its precise role as a drug target remains to be elucidated. In mice that were infected either intraperitoneally with metacestodes or orally with eggs, oral treatment with mefloquine led to a significant reduction of parasite growth compared to the standard treatment with albendazole. However, mefloquine was not acting parasiticidally. Assessment of mefloquine plasma concentrations in treated mice showed that levels were reached which are close to serum concentrations that are achieved in humans during long-term malaria prophylaxis. Mefloquine might be applied in human AE patients as a salvage treatment. Future studies should focus on other repurposed anti-infective compounds (MMV665807, niclosamide, atovaquone), which showed stronger in vitro activity against E. multilocularis than mefloquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Reto Rufener
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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190
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Dell B, Newman SJ, Purple K, Miller B, Ramsay E, Donnell R, Gerhold RW. Retrospective investigation of Echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (Cervus canadensis) in Tennessee, USA, and examination of canid definitive hosts. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:330. [PMID: 32605660 PMCID: PMC7325358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few reports of Echinococcus spp. have been described in the USA; however, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild hosts is increasing consequent to human activities. In the early 2000's, 253 elk (Cervus canadensis) originating from Alberta, Canada were released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area in an effort to re-establish their historical range. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in re-established elk populations in the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park via a retrospective analysis of banked elk tissues and helminth examinations on intestinal contents from coyotes (Canis latrans) from the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area. RESULTS Four elk were PCR and sequence positive for E. canadensis. Each sequence had 98% or greater coverage and identity to multiple E. canadensis genotypes on GenBank. Adult Echinococcus spp. were not detected in any of the coyotes examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS Continued surveillance of this disease in susceptible species in these areas is warranted, and these data further underscore the risk of zoonotic pathogen introduction secondary to wildlife translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- BreeAnna Dell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Shelley J. Newman
- Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, 720 Northern Boulevard, Brookville, NY 11548 USA
| | - Kathryn Purple
- Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA
| | - Brad Miller
- Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, 3030 Wildlife Way, Morristown, TN 37814 USA
| | - Edward Ramsay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Robert Donnell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Richard W. Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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191
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Comparison of various methods for DNA extraction from human isolated paraffin-embedded hydatid cyst samples. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:613-617. [PMID: 32801514 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful molecular research with reliable results depends on achieving significant and uniform amounts of genomic DNA from the parasite as the first and most basic step. Therefore, selection of an appropriate method that minimizes damage to the DNA of the parasite, is very important. In this study, we are going to describe a method that can extract DNA from human isolated paraffin-embedded hydatid cysts with a high quality and quantity. Formalin fixed and Paraffin-embedded hydatid cyst samples isolated from human lung and archived in the pathology laboratory were used for this purpose. Several sections of the paraffin blocks were prepared with 5 micron thickness and DNA were extracted by three different methods including; modified boiling, commercial kit and the method described by Larissa A. Pikor et al. The obtained DNA were evaluated by Nanodrop in terms of the yield of DNA and possible contaminations. To compare the quality of DNA prepared, cox1 region was amplified using specific primers. It was found that the DNA extracted by modified boiling had the lowest rate of contamination and the best electrophoretic band on the gel, compared to other two performed methods. Considering the findings of this study, this simple and high throughput DNA extraction method with high yield and quality can be recommended for extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded hydatid cysts.
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192
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Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Eskandarisani M, Rastegarian M, Taghizadeh H, Sarkari B. Human cystic echinococcosis in southwest Iran: a 15-year retrospective epidemiological study of hospitalized cases. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:49. [PMID: 32577086 PMCID: PMC7304208 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered as a neglected disease with significant mortality and morbidity in most of the developing countries. The current study aimed to retrospectively assess the demographic and epidemiologic features of human CE surgical cases in a 15-year period in Fars province, southwestern Iran. Methods A 15-year (2004–2018) retrospective study was conducted to find out the epidemiological and clinical picture of CE in patients who undergone surgeries for CE in two main hospitals in Fars Province, southwestern Iran. Hospital records were reviewed, and data were retrieved from each CE patient’s record. Results A total of 501 CE surgical cases were recorded during a 15-year period, corresponding to an average annual incidence of 33.4 and a surgical incidence rate of 0.74/100,000 population. Of these, 242 (48.6%) were male, and 256 (52.4%) were female. Patients’ age ranged from 2 to 96 years, with a mean age of 34.92 (± 19.87) years. A significantly higher rate of CE cases was noted in subject’s ≥ 50 years of age. The highest frequency of cases (62:12.5%) was recorded in the year 2017. The most commonly involved organs were liver (339 cases; 57.8%) and lung (279 cases; 47.6%). Concurrent involvement of two organs was seen in 58 (9.9%) cases of both lung and liver, 10 (1.6%) cases of lung and other locations (but not liver), and 23 (3.9%) cases of liver and other locations (but not lung). Reoperation was noted in 67 (13.4%) of the cases. The size of the lung hydatid cyst varied, ranging between 2 and 24 cm (mean = 7.33, SD = 3.737). The size of liver hydatid cysts ranged from 1 to 26 cm (mean 9.04, SD = 4.275). Conclusion The findings of the current study demonstrated a nearly constant prevalence of CE during the last 15 years in southern Iran. Further studies are needed to find out the reasons behind the recurrence of the disease, which is substantial, in surgically-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Hajar Taghizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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193
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The Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060453. [PMID: 32521787 PMCID: PMC7350326 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology (ME) is the application of molecular tools to determine the causation of disease. With infectious diseases, such as echinococcosis, this applies to identifying and characterising the aetiological agents and elucidating host range. Such an approach has been very successful with the causative agents of echinococcosis, species of Echinococcus, initially by providing a workable and practical taxonomy and subsequently determining transmission patterns in endemic areas. This review summarises the taxonomy and nomenclature of species of Echinococcus and provides an update on ME investigations of the ecology of Echinococcus transmission, particularly in areas where more than one species of Echinococcus is maintained in cycles of transmission that may interact.
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194
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Vuitton DA, McManus DP, Rogan MT, Romig T, Gottstein B, Naidich A, Tuxun T, Wen H, Menezes da Silva A. International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:41. [PMID: 32500855 PMCID: PMC7273836 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcoses require the involvement of specialists from nearly all disciplines; standardization of the terminology used in the field is thus crucial. To harmonize echinococcosis terminology on sound scientific and linguistic grounds, the World Association of Echinococcosis launched a Formal Consensus process. Under the coordination of a Steering and Writing Group (SWG), a Consultation and Rating Group (CRG) had the main missions of (1) providing input on the list of terms drafted by the SWG, taking into account the available literature and the participants’ experience; and (2) providing independent rating on all debated terms submitted to vote. The mission of the Reading and Review Group (RRG) was to give an opinion about the recommendation paper in terms of readability, acceptability and applicability. The main achievements of this process were: (1) an update of the current nomenclature of Echinococcus spp.; (2) an agreement on three names of diseases due to Echinococcus spp.: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) and Neotropical Echinococcosis (NE), and the exclusion of all other names; (3) an agreement on the restricted use of the adjective “hydatid” to refer to the cyst and fluid due to E. granulosus sensu lato; and (4) an agreement on a standardized description of the surgical operations for CE, according to the “Approach, cyst Opening, Resection, and Completeness” (AORC) framework. In addition, 95 “approved” and 60 “rejected” terms were listed. The recommendations provided in this paper will be applicable to scientific publications in English and communication with professionals. They will be used for translation into other languages spoken in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Vuitton
- National French Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté and University Hospital, FR-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, AU-4006 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael T Rogan
- Department of Biology and School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, GB-M5 4WT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, DE-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Naidich
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", AR-1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis and State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, CN-830011 Urumqi, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis and State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, CN-830011 Urumqi, PR China
| | - Antonio Menezes da Silva
- Past-President of the World Association of Echinococcosis, President of the College of General Surgery of the Portuguese Medical Association, PT-1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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195
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Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in livestock of Al-Madinah (Saudi Arabia). J Helminthol 2020; 94:e157. [PMID: 32478648 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis, which has serious impacts on human and/or animal health, resulting in significant economic losses. Echinococcus granulosus comprises a number of intra-specific variants or strains at the genetic level. In Saudi Arabia, few studies were performed on genetic variations in Echinococcus species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characterization of hydatid cysts harboured by sheep and camels in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from local sheep (n = 25) and camels (n = 8). The morphological criteria of protoscoleces were investigated. To investigate the molecular characterization, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) were carried out. DNA was extracted from individual fertile cysts and subjected to RAPD-PCR analysis (using five arbitrary primers) and PCR amplification of cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) and 12S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (12S rRNA) genes. The PCR products were subjected to SSCP analysis for genetic discrimination in E. granulosus isolates. In addition, partially sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA cox1 genes was achieved for assessing the phylogenetic positions of collected isolates using some global published sequence data of cox1 genes. The rostellar hooks of camel and local sheep isolates show remarkable variability in their dimensions. Five distinct SSCP patterns were identified in the 12S rRNA gene, showing intraspecific variations in E. granulosus of camels and local sheep. Sequencing of (cox1) genes of both local sheep and camels exhibit high similarity with those of the same gene (E. granulosus sensu stricto) published in NCBI BLAST.
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196
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Mirbadie SR, Zivdari M, Kalani H, Vafaei MR, Izadi S, Jabalameli Z, Mohammadi M, Yadagiri G, Heydarian P, Mirzaei F, Mohaghegh MA. Molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato by mitochondrial COX1 and SSU-rDNA markers in dogs in the west of Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ohiolei JA, Li L, Yan HB, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Complete mitochondrial genome analysis confirms the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype G6 in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104377. [PMID: 32470629 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is common in Africa especially in northern and eastern countries where it is highly prevalent and mainly caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (G6/7). In a recent epidemiological survey in Nigeria, the G6/7 genotype was reportedly responsible for the majority of CE infection. In this study, considering the taxonomic challenges of the G6/7 genotype and the limitation of the cox1/nad1 genes in resolving the differences, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of seven larval isolates of E. granulosus s.l. G6/7 haplotypes recently reported in Nigeria to correctly assign them to either (G6/7) genotype and to understand the mt genome variation with isolates from other geographical regions. On analysis, a total of 13,731 bp in a covalently closed circular molecule were realized. The total mt length was ≥10 bp than previously reported G6 and G7 mt genome sequences. Also, the median-joining network and phylogeny based on the 12 protein-coding sequences correctly identified them as G6 genotype. Since longer mt genome sequences have shown some advantage over individual genes in resolving taxonomic challenges, we confirm that the genotype responsible for the majority of CE infection in livestock in Nigeria is the G6 genotype and the availability of the complete mt genome from different Nigerian intermediate hosts will prove useful in future genetic population studies across the country and the West African sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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198
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Varcasia A, Dessì G, Lattanzio S, Marongiu D, Cuccuru C, Carta S, Meloni MP, Tamponi C, Scala A. Cystic echinococcosis in the endemic island of Sardinia (Italy): has something changed? Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2207-2215. [PMID: 32447517 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a disease of livestock and humans caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex and occurs especially in areas where sheep breeding is widespread. This survey evaluates, after more than a decade since the last epidemiological survey, the current situation and trend of CE in sheep of the highly endemic island of Sardinia (Italy). From 2012 to 2018, out of a total of 1416 sheep, 65.3% were found positive for CE. Cyst fertility has increased slightly from 10.3% in 2006 (Scala et al. 2006) to 11.7% in the present survey (χ2 = 1.07; P = 0.30018) with a peak of 14.0% in the province of Sassari. Overall, 6815 hydatids were found and classified as sterile (26.2%), fertile (14.4%), caseous (5.3%), or calcified (54.1%) based on their morphology. All isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (former G1/G3, strains). Results shown as the implementation of new European Council Regulations and in particular of 21/2004 that established a system for the individual identification and tracking of sheep could be a step forward towards a better control of animal movement, preventing illegal slaughtering on the island as well as in other countries experiencing similar problems. Even if at first sight the general situation of Sardinia regarding CE seems a little better compared with the past, our findings indicate that in some Provinces the epidemiological situation is not improved since 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Lattanzio
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Cuccuru
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Carta
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Meloni
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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199
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Long-term (35 years) cryopreservation of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Parasitology 2020; 147:1048-1054. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis is the etiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis. The metacestode stage used for research is maintained in rodents by serial passages. In order to determine whether cryopreservation of E. multilocularis metacestodes would be suitable for long-term maintenance and replace serial passages, isolates of different geographic origin were cryopreserved in 1984–1986. The aim of the current study was to test the viability of cryopreserved isolates following long-term cryopreservation (up to 35 years) and to determine the phylogenetic clades these isolates belonged to. Cryopreserved isolates were tested for viability in vitro and in vivo in gerbils. In vitro results of 5 isolates indicated protoscolex survival in 13 of 17 experiments (76%) and metacestode survival in 5 of 12 (42%) in vivo experiments. In vivo results showed ‘abortive lesions’ in 13 of the 36 animals, 15 were negative and 8 harboured proliferating metacestode tissue containing protoscoleces. Genetic analysis confirmed the isolates belonged to European, Asian and North-American clades. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that metacestodes of E. multilocularis are able to survive long-term cryopreservation. Therefore, cryopreservation is a suitable method for long-term storage of E. multilocularis metacestode isolates and reduces the number of experimental animals.
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200
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Barazesh A, Sarkari B, Shahabi S, Halidi AG, Ekici A, Aydemir S, Mahami-Oskouei M. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated from Humans: A Comparative Study in Two Cystic Echinococcosis Endemic Areas, Turkey and Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3054195. [PMID: 32420334 PMCID: PMC7204300 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3054195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Based on molecular studies and DNA sequencing, E. granulosus has been classified into 10 different genotypes (G1 to G10). Two neighboring countries, Turkey and Iran, are considered the two main foci of CE in the Middle East. The current study is aimed at examining the genotype diversity of E. granulosus isolated from human clinical samples in Turkey and Iran. Surgically removed human hydatid cysts were collected from East Azerbaijan and Fars provinces in Iran and Van province in Turkey. After extracting DNA, performing PCR, targeting the cox1 gene, the PCR products were purified from the gel and were sequenced from both directions. The sequences were aligned and compared, using BioEdit and also the BLAST program of GenBank. The maximum likelihood tree was constructed based on the Tamura-Nei model, using the MEGAX software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the human isolated samples were classified into two major clades: G1 (from Iran and Turkey) and G3 (5 samples from northwestern Iran and one sample from Turkey). The mean and degree of genetic divergence (K2P) between the two major clades, G1 and G3, were 0.2% and 0.7 ± 0.4%, respectively. The findings of the current study revealed that the sheep strain (G1) and the less important strain G3 have major roles in the transmission cycle of CE in two neighboring countries, Iran and Turkey. Therefore, it is necessary to interpose the life cycle of this parasite and reduce the disease burden in livestock and humans by adopting common regional preventive and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Abdurrahman Ekici
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Van YüzüncüYıl University, Van, Turkey
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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