151
|
Jin Y, Zhang X, Lu D, Fu Z. Proteomic analysis of hepatic tissue in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to atrazine. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:127-134. [PMID: 21594674 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ), the most common herbicide, is a frequently observed contaminant in freshwater ecosystems. In the present study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, combined with histopathological analysis, were used to detect the hepatic damage in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to ATZ. More than 600 hepatic protein spots were detected in each gel with silver staining, and most of the proteins ranged from 20 to 70 kD and pH 4-9. Through comparison and analysis, 7 proteins were found to be upregulated>2-fold, whereas 6 protein spots were downregulated>2-fold after 10 and 1000 μg/l ATZ exposures for 14 days, which had caused histological effects in zebrafish livers. We found that these changed proteins were associated with a variety of cellular biological processes, such as response to oxidative stress, oncogenesis, etc. The results demonstrated that ATZ comprehensively influenced a variety of cellular and biological processes in zebrafish. The information presented in this study will be helpful in fully understanding the mechanism of the potential effects induced by ATZ in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Keller S, Macheleidt J, Scherlach K, Schmaler-Ripcke J, Jacobsen ID, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. Pyomelanin formation in Aspergillus fumigatus requires HmgX and the transcriptional activator HmgR but is dispensable for virulence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26604. [PMID: 22046314 PMCID: PMC3203155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is able to produce the dark brown pigment pyomelanin by degradation of L-tyrosine. Pyomelanin was shown to protect the fungus against reactive oxygen intermediates as well as cell wall disturbing compounds and is therefore assumed to protect against immune effector cells during the infection process. Several genes for tyrosine degradation and pyomelanin formation are organized in a cluster in the genome of A. fumigatus. Here, we aimed at further analyzing tyrosine degradation and a possible role of pyomelanin in virulence. For this purpose, the function of two not yet characterized genes of the cluster, i.e., hmgX and hmgR, was analyzed. Generation of corresponding gene deletion mutants and reconstituted strains revealed that hmgX and hmgR are essential for tyrosine degradation. Both mutants, ΔhmgX and ΔhmgR, were not able to use tyrosine as sole carbon or nitrogen source and revealed impaired pyomelanin production. HmgR harbors a Zn(II)2Cys6-DNA binding domain. Analyses of the steady state mRNA levels revealed that HmgR acts as a transcriptional activator for the genes of the tyrosine degradation cluster. Consistently, an HmgR-eGFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus of A. fumigatus cells. By contrast, HmgX was found to be localized in the cytoplasm and does not contribute to regulation of gene transcription. HPLC analyses showed that HmgX is crucial for the conversion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisic acid, the main intermediate in pyomelanin formation. Thus, HmgX is supposed to function as an accessory factor to mediate specific activity of HppD. Remarkably, the ability to degrade tyrosine and to form pyomelanin is dispensable for virulence of A. fumigatus in a murine infection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Keller
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Macheleidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jeannette Schmaler-Ripcke
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (AAB); (TH)
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (AAB); (TH)
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Pérez-Pantoja D, Donoso R, Agulló L, Córdova M, Seeger M, Pieper DH, González B. Genomic analysis of the potential for aromatic compounds biodegradation in Burkholderiales. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:1091-117. [PMID: 22026719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of the β-proteobacterial Burkholderiales order in the degradation of a vast array of aromatic compounds, including several priority pollutants, has been largely assumed. In this review, the presence and organization of genes encoding oxygenases involved in aromatics biodegradation in 80 Burkholderiales genomes is analysed. This genomic analysis underscores the impressive catabolic potential of this bacterial lineage, comprising nearly all of the central ring-cleavage pathways reported so far in bacteria and most of the peripheral pathways involved in channelling of a broad diversity of aromatic compounds. The more widespread pathways in Burkholderiales include protocatechuate ortho ring-cleavage, catechol ortho ring-cleavage, homogentisate ring-cleavage and phenylacetyl-CoA ring-cleavage pathways found in at least 60% of genomes analysed. In general, a genus-specific pattern of positional ordering of biodegradative genes is observed in the catabolic clusters of these pathways indicating recent events in its evolutionary history. In addition, a significant bias towards secondary chromosomes, now termed chromids, is observed in the distribution of catabolic genes across multipartite genomes, which is consistent with a genus-specific character. Strains isolated from environmental sources such as soil, rhizosphere, sediment or sludge show a higher content of catabolic genes in their genomes compared with strains isolated from human, animal or plant hosts, but no significant difference is found among Alcaligenaceae, Burkholderiaceae and Comamonadaceae families, indicating that habitat is more of a determinant than phylogenetic origin in shaping aromatic catabolic versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pérez-Pantoja
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Millennium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Weinhold A, Shaker K, Wenzler M, Schneider B, Baldwin IT. Phaseoloidin, a homogentisic acid glucoside from Nicotiana attenuata trichomes, contributes to the plant's resistance against lepidopteran herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1091-8. [PMID: 21904938 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant trichomes are known for their capability to produce and store secondary metabolites that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. (1)H NMR studies on intact individual trichomes located on the leaf surface of Nicotiana attenuata revealed the presence of two major secondary metabolites: nicotine, the signature metabolite of the genus, and phaseoloidin, a homogentisic acid glucoside. This glucoside was reported originally from the seeds of Entada phaseoloides, and this is the first report of its occurrence in a Solanaceous plant. Artificial diet feeding bioassays with Manduca sexta and Spodoptera littoralis larvae, two important herbivores of N. attenuata, revealed that the ingestion of phaseoloidin negatively influenced caterpillar performance. This effect was more pronounced for the generalist, S. littoralis, than for the specialists, M. sexta.
Collapse
|
155
|
Zhao XJ, Huang C, Lei H, Nie X, Tang H, Wang Y. Dynamic Metabolic Response of Mice to Acute Mequindox Exposure. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5183-90. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ju Zhao
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
| | - Hehua Lei
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Nie
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Tang
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Di Giuro CML, Buongiorno D, Leitner E, Straganz GD. Exploring the catalytic potential of the 3-His mononuclear nonheme Fe(II) center: discovery and characterization of an unprecedented maltol cleavage activity. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1204-11. [PMID: 21718656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes (MNHEs) catalyze a range of very diverse reactions in O(2) metabolism, but they share a common principle active-site organization. To investigate a putative catalytic promiscuity of these enzymatic metal centers, we studied the reactivity of the 3-His ligated metal center of diketone cleaving enzyme (Dke1) toward non-native substrates, with a focus on alternative O(2) dependent reactions. From a screening approach, which aims at eliminating steric factors by including minimal substrate-substructures, three alternative, 'non-β-dicarbonyl-cleavage' reactions are identified, among them an unprecedented oxygenation of maltol. Maltol cleavage is characterized by steady state and fast kinetic measurements and shows an O(2) concentration dependent rate determining step k(cat)/K(M)(O(2)) of 0.3mM(-1)s(-1) and a strict coupling of O(2) reduction and substrate oxidation. Furthermore, the catalytic potential of the 3-His metal center for O(2) dependent catechol ring-cleavage and phenylpyruvate oxidation (PP) is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana M L Di Giuro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
De Beer SBA, GlÄttli A, Hutzler J, Vermeulen NPE, Oostenbrink C. Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations on the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2160-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
158
|
Dorts J, Kestemont P, Dieu M, Raes M, Silvestre F. Proteomic Response to Sublethal Cadmium Exposure in a Sentinel Fish Species, Cottus gobio. J Proteome Res 2010; 10:470-8. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100650z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dorts
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Martine Raes
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), The University of Namur (FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Wojtowicz P, Zrostlíková J, Kovalczuk T, Schůrek J, Adam T. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders using an automated data processing strategy. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8054-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
160
|
Pavon JA, Eser B, Huynh MT, Fitzpatrick PF. Single turnover kinetics of tryptophan hydroxylase: evidence for a new intermediate in the reaction of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7563-71. [PMID: 20687613 DOI: 10.1021/bi100744r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH) uses a non-heme mononuclear iron center to catalyze the tetrahydropterin-dependent hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan. The reactions of the TrpH.Fe(II), TrpH.Fe(II).tryptophan, TrpH.Fe(II).6MePH(4).tryptophan, and TrpH.Fe(II).6MePH(4).phenylalanine complexes with O(2) were monitored by stopped-flow absorbance spectroscopy and rapid quench methods. The second-order rate constant for the oxidation of TrpH.Fe(II) has a value of 104 M(-1) s(-1) irrespective of the presence of tryptophan. Stopped-flow absorbance analyses of the reaction of the TrpH.Fe(II).6MePH(4).tryptophan complex with oxygen are consistent with the initial step being reversible binding of oxygen, followed by the formation with a rate constant of 65 s(-1) of an intermediate I that has maximal absorbance at 420 nm. The rate constant for decay of I, 4.4 s(-1), matches that for formation of the 4a-hydroxypterin product monitored at 248 nm. Chemical-quench analyses show that 5-hydroxytryptophan forms with a rate constant of 1.3 s(-1) and that overall turnover is limited by a subsequent slow step, presumably product release, with a rate constant of 0.2 s(-1). All of the data with tryptophan as substrate can be described by a five-step mechanism. In contrast, with phenylalanine as substrate, the reaction can be described by three steps: a second-order reaction with oxygen to form I, decay of I as tyrosine forms, and slow product release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alex Pavon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station,Texas 77843-2128, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Riggins CW, Peng Y, Stewart CN, Tranel PJ. Characterization of de novo transcriptome for waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) using GS-FLX 454 pyrosequencing and its application for studies of herbicide target-site genes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:1042-52. [PMID: 20680963 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterhemp is a model for weed genomics research in part because it possesses many interesting biological characteristics, rapidly evolves resistance to herbicides and has a solid foundation of previous genetics work. To develop further the genomics resources for waterhemp, the transcriptome was sequenced using Roche GS-FLX 454 pyrosequencing technology. RESULTS Pyrosequencing produced 483 225 raw reads, which, after quality control and assembly, yielded 44 469 unigenes (contigs + singletons). A total of 49% of these unigenes displayed highly significant similarities to Arabidopsis proteins and were subsequently grouped into gene ontology categories. Blast searches against public and custom databases helped in identifying and obtaining preliminary sequence data for all of the major target-site genes for which waterhemp has documented resistance. Moreover, sequence data for two other herbicide targets [4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and glutamine synthetase], where resistance has not yet been reported in any plant, were also investigated in waterhemp and six related weedy Amaranthus species. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the enormous value of 454 sequencing for gene discovery and polymorphism detection in a major weed species and its relatives. Furthermore, the merging of the 454 transcriptome data with results from a previous whole genome 454 sequencing experiment has made it possible to establish a valuable genomic resource for weed science research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chance W Riggins
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Pribat A, Noiriel A, Morse AM, Davis JM, Fouquet R, Loizeau K, Ravanel S, Frank W, Haas R, Reski R, Bedair M, Sumner LW, Hanson AD. Nonflowering plants possess a unique folate-dependent phenylalanine hydroxylase that is localized in chloroplasts. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3410-22. [PMID: 20959559 PMCID: PMC2990131 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydropterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAHs) are known from animals and microbes but not plants. A survey of genomes and ESTs revealed AAH-like sequences in gymnosperms, mosses, and algae. Analysis of full-length AAH cDNAs from Pinus taeda, Physcomitrella patens, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicated that the encoded proteins form a distinct clade within the AAH family. These proteins were shown to have Phe hydroxylase activity by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli Tyr auxotroph and by enzyme assays. The P. taeda and P. patens AAHs were specific for Phe, required iron, showed Michaelian kinetics, and were active as monomers. Uniquely, they preferred 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to any physiological tetrahydropterin as cofactor and, consistent with preferring a folate cofactor, retained activity in complementation tests with tetrahydropterin-depleted E. coli host strains. Targeting assays in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts using green fluorescent protein fusions, and import assays with purified Pisum sativum chloroplasts, indicated chloroplastic localization. Targeting assays further indicated that pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase, which regenerates the AAH cofactor, is also chloroplastic. Ablating the single AAH gene in P. patens caused accumulation of Phe and caffeic acid esters. These data show that nonflowering plants have functional plastidial AAHs, establish an unprecedented electron donor role for a folate, and uncover a novel link between folate and aromatic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pribat
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Alison M. Morse
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John M. Davis
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Romain Fouquet
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Karen Loizeau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Wolfgang Frank
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Haas
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Cartwright J, Green RM. BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Tyrosine-derived 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reacts with ketone test fields of 3 commercially available urine dipsticks. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:354-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
164
|
Brownlee JM, Heinz B, Bates J, Moran GR. Product Analysis and Inhibition Studies of a Causative Asn to Ser Variant of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Suggest a Simple Route to the Treatment of Hawkinsinuria. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7218-26. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1008112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- June M. Brownlee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Brian Heinz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Judith Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
skn-1-Dependent and -independent regulation of aip-1 expression following metabolic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2651-67. [PMID: 20351174 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01340-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a stable, properly folded, and catalytically active proteome is a major challenge to organisms in the face of multiple internal and external stresses which damage proteins and lead to protein misfolding. Here we show that internal metabolic stress produced by reactive intermediates resulting from tyrosine degradation triggers the expression of the aip-1 gene, which is critical in responses to the environmental toxin arsenic and the clearance of unstable polyglutamine and Abeta proteins. aip-1 acts via binding to the proteosome and enhancing proteosomal function. We find that full induction of aip-1 depends on the oxidative-stress-responsive skn-1 transcription factor but significant induction still occurs without skn-1. Importantly, activation of skn-1 with wdr-23(RNAi), which dramatically induces the expression of other skn-1 target genes, produces a minimal increase in aip-1 expression. This suggests that the previously demonstrated specificity in aip-1/AIRAP induction could reflect the actions of multiple synergistic activators, such as the heat shock factor homolog hsf-1, which we also find is required for full induction. These may be triggered by proteosome dysfunction, as we find that this event links the multiple inducers of aip-1. Together, our results show that cell stress triggers aip-1 expression by both skn-1-dependent and -independent pathways.
Collapse
|
166
|
Herebian D, Lamshöft M, Mayatepek E, Spiekerkoetter U. Identification of NTBC metabolites in urine from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 using two different mass spectrometric platforms: triple stage quadrupole and LTQ-Orbitrap. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:791-800. [PMID: 20187082 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our work was to identify known and unknown metabolites of the drug NTBC (2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione) in urine from patients during the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) disease, a severe inborn error of tyrosine metabolism. Two different mass spectrometric techniques, a triple stage quadrupole and an LTQ-Orbitrap (Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS)), were used for the identification and the structural elucidation of the detected metabolites. Initially, the mass spectrometric (MS) approach consisted of the precursor ion scan detection of the selected product ions, followed by the corresponding collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation analysis (MS(2)) for the targeted selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Subsequently, accurate and high-resolution full scan and MS/MS measurements were performed on the possible metabolites using the LTQ-Orbitrap. Final confirmation of the identified metabolites was achieved by measuring commercially supplied or laboratory-synthesized standards. Altogether six metabolites, including NTBC itself, were extracted, detected and identified. In addition, two new NTBC metabolites were unambiguously identified as amino acid conjugates, namely glycine-NTBC and beta-alanine-NTBC. These identifications were based on their characteristics of chromatographic retention times, protonated molecular ions, elemental compositions, product ions (using CID and higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD) techniques) and synthesized references. The applied MS strategy, based on two different MS platforms (LC/MS/MS and FTMS), allowed the rapid identification analysis of the drug metabolites from human extracts and could be used for pharmaceutical research and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Guest editor's introduction. Special issue on oxidative enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 493:1-2. [PMID: 20103389 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
168
|
He P, Conrad JA, Moran GR. The Rate-Limiting Catalytic Steps of Hydroxymandelate Synthase from Amycolatopsis orientalis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1998-2007. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901674q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panqing He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - John A. Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Valiante V, Jain R, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. The MpkA MAP kinase module regulates cell wall integrity signaling and pyomelanin formation in Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:909-18. [PMID: 19715768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important air-borne fungal pathogen, causing severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of various cellular responses to environmental changes in eukaryotes. Genome Blast analysis revealed that the central core of the cell wall integrity signaling pathway in A. fumigatus is composed of three protein kinases designated Bck1, Mkk2 and MpkA. This pathway is of particular interest because it represents a possible target for new antifungal drugs. Deletion of these genes resulted in severe sensitivity of the mutants against cell wall-disturbing compounds and drastic alterations of the fungal morphology. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Bck1 and Mkk2 directly activate MpkA during vegetative growth and under cell wall stress conditions further confirming that Bck1, Mkk2 and MpkA form a MAP kinase module. Interestingly, this MAP kinase module affects the formation of pyomelanin derived from tyrosine degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Valiante
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Widboom PF, Bruner SD. Complex Oxidation Chemistry in the Biosynthetic Pathways to Vancomycin/Teicoplanin Antibiotics. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1757-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
171
|
Beaudegnies R, Edmunds AJ, Fraser TE, Hall RG, Hawkes TR, Mitchell G, Schaetzer J, Wendeborn S, Wibley J. Herbicidal 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors—A review of the triketone chemistry story from a Syngenta perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4134-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
172
|
Herebian D, Spiekerkötter U, Lamshöft M, Thimm E, Laryea M, Mayatepek E. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of NTBC (2-(nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)1,3-cyclohexanedione) in plasma of tyrosinemia type 1 patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1453-9. [PMID: 19345648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a bioanalytical method for quantification of NTBC in plasma of patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After protein precipitation with acetonitrile including Mesotrione as internal standard, separation of NTBC was achieved by RP-HPLC. Detection was performed by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. NTBC recovery in the developed method was found to be more than 90%. The lower limit of quantification was calculated to be 0.35 microM. The intra-day and inter-day precision of three different quality control samples (measured as RSD%) was less than 10% and 15%, respectively. The standard calibration curves showed good linearity within the range of 2.5-40 microM and the determined correlation coefficients were r(2)>or=0.995. This presented method is rapid, sensitive, specific and suitable for clinical practice and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diran Herebian
- Department of General Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
|
174
|
Production of pyomelanin, a second type of melanin, via the tyrosine degradation pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:493-503. [PMID: 19028908 PMCID: PMC2620705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02077-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important airborne fungal pathogen of immunosuppressed humans. A. fumigatus is able to produce dihydroxynaphthalene melanin, which is predominantly present in the conidia. Its biosynthesis is an important virulence determinant. Here, we show that A. fumigatus is able to produce an alternative melanin, i.e., pyomelanin, by a different pathway, starting from L-tyrosine. Proteome analysis indicated that the l-tyrosine degradation enzymes are synthesized when the fungus is grown with L-tyrosine in the medium. To investigate the pathway in detail, we deleted the genes encoding essential enzymes for pigment production, homogentisate dioxygenase (hmgA) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hppD). Comparative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of synthetic pyomelanin and pigment extracted from A. fumigatus cultures confirmed the identity of the observed pigment as pyomelanin. In the hmgA deletion strain, HmgA activity was abolished and the accumulation of homogentisic acid provoked an increased pigment formation. In contrast, homogentisic acid and pyomelanin were not observed with an hppD deletion mutant. Germlings of the hppD deletion mutant showed an increased sensitivity to reactive oxygen intermediates. The transcription of both studied genes was induced by L-tyrosine. These results confirmed the function of the deleted genes and the predicted pathway in A. fumigatus. Homogentisic acid is the major intermediate, and the L-tyrosine degradation pathway leading to pyomelanin is similar to that in humans leading to alkaptomelanin.
Collapse
|
175
|
Xiao Y, Di P, Chen J, Liu Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Characterization and expression profiling of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene (Smhppd) from Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:2019-29. [PMID: 19011990 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene (designated as Smhppd) was cloned from hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bung. The full-length cDNA of Smhppd was 1,736 bp long with an ORF (open reading frame) that putatively encoded a polypeptide of 481 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 52.54 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Smhppd gene shared high homology with other known HPPDs. Analysis of Smhppd genomic DNA revealed that it contained two exons and one intron. The analysis of Smhppd promoter region was also presented. Southern-blot analysis revealed that the Smhppd was a low-copy gene in S. miltiorrhiza. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that Smhppd was constitutively expressed in roots, stems and leaves of S. miltiorrhiza, with the high expression in roots. In addition, Smhppd expression level under different stress condition was also analyzed during the hairy root culture period, including signaling components for plant defence responses, such as methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, as well as an abiotic elicitor, Ag(+) and a biotic elicitor, yeast extract. This study will enable us to further understand the role Smhppd plays in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical compounds in S. miltiorrhiza at molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Albermann C, Ghanegaonkar S, Lemuth K, Vallon T, Reuss M, Armbruster W, Sprenger GA. Biosynthesis of the Vitamin E Compound δ-Tocotrienol in RecombinantEscherichia coliCells. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2524-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
177
|
Fisher AL, Page KE, Lithgow GJ, Nash L. The Caenorhabditis elegans K10C2.4 gene encodes a member of the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase family: a Caenorhabditis elegans model of type I tyrosinemia. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9127-35. [PMID: 18227072 PMCID: PMC2431024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes and many bacteria, tyrosine is degraded to produce energy via a five-step tyrosine degradation pathway. Mutations affecting the tyrosine degradation pathway are also of medical importance as mutations affecting enzymes in the pathway are responsible for type I, type II, and type III tyrosinemia. The most severe of these is type I tyrosinemia, which is caused by mutations affecting the last enzyme in the pathway, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). So far, tyrosine degradation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has not been studied; however, genes predicted to encode enzymes in this pathway have been identified in several microarray, proteomic, and RNA interference (RNAi) screens as perhaps being involved in aging and the control of protein folding. We sought to identify and characterize the genes in the worm tyrosine degradation pathway as an initial step in understanding these findings. Here we describe the characterization of the K10C2.4, which encodes a homolog of FAH. RNAi directed against K10C2.4 produces a lethal phenotype consisting of death in young adulthood, extensive damage to the intestine, impaired fertility, and activation of oxidative stress and endoplasmic stress response pathways. This phenotype is due to alterations in tyrosine metabolism as increases in dietary tyrosine enhance it, and inhibition of upstream enzymes in tyrosine degradation with RNAi or genetic mutations reduces the phenotype. We also use our model to identify genes that suppress the damage produced by K10C2.4 RNAi in a pilot genetic screen. Our results establish worms as a model for the study of type I tyrosinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Naponelli V, Noiriel A, Ziemak MJ, Beverley SM, Lye LF, Plume AM, Botella JR, Loizeau K, Ravanel S, Rébeillé F, de Crécy-Lagard V, Hanson AD. Phylogenomic and functional analysis of pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase family (COG2154) proteins in plants and microorganisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1515-27. [PMID: 18245455 PMCID: PMC2287330 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.114090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratases (PCDs) recycle oxidized pterin cofactors generated by aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAHs). PCDs are known biochemically only from animals and one bacterium, but PCD-like proteins (COG2154 in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups [COGs] database) are encoded by many plant and microbial genomes. Because these genomes often encode no AAH homologs, the annotation of their COG2154 proteins as PCDs is questionable. Moreover, some COG2154 proteins lack canonical residues that are catalytically important in mammalian PCDs. Diverse COG2154 proteins of plant, fungal, protistan, and prokaryotic origin were therefore tested for PCD activity by functional complementation in Escherichia coli, and the plant proteins were localized using green fluorescent protein fusions. Higher and lower plants proved to have two COG2154 proteins, a mitochondrial one with PCD activity and a noncanonical, plastidial one without. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the latter is unique to plants and arose from the former early in the plant lineage. All 10 microbial COG2154 proteins tested had PCD activity; six of these came from genomes with no AAH, and six were noncanonical. The results suggested the motif [EDKH]-x(3)-H-[HN]-[PCS]-x(5,6)-[YWF]-x(9)-[HW]-x(8,15)-D as a signature for PCD activity. Organisms having a functional PCD but no AAH partner include angiosperms, yeast, and various prokaryotes. In these cases, PCD presumably has another function. An ancillary role in molybdopterin cofactor metabolism, hypothesized from phylogenomic evidence, was supported by demonstrating significantly lowered activities of two molybdoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana PCD knockout mutants. Besides this role, we propose that partnerless PCDs support the function of as yet unrecognized pterin-dependent enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Horticultural Sciences , University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Ryan KS, Balibar CJ, Turo KE, Walsh CT, Drennan CL. The violacein biosynthetic enzyme VioE shares a fold with lipoprotein transporter proteins. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6467-75. [PMID: 18171675 PMCID: PMC5937687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
VioE, an unusual enzyme with no characterized homologues, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of violacein, a purple pigment with antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. Without bound cofactors or metals, VioE, from the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum, mediates a 1,2 shift of an indole ring and oxidative chemistry to generate prodeoxyviolacein, a precursor to violacein. Our 1.21 A resolution structure of VioE shows that the enzyme shares a core fold previously described for lipoprotein transporter proteins LolA and LolB. For both LolB and VioE, a bound polyethylene glycol molecule suggests the location of the binding and/or active site of the protein. Mutations of residues near the bound polyethylene glycol molecule in VioE have identified the active site and five residues important for binding or catalysis. This structural and mutagenesis study suggests that VioE acts as a catalytic chaperone, using a fold previously associated with lipoprotein transporters to catalyze the production of its prodeoxyviolacein product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Carl J. Balibar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kaitlyn E. Turo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Catherine L. Drennan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Gao Q, Thorson JS. The biosynthetic genes encoding for the production of the dynemicin enediyne core in Micromonospora chersina ATCC53710. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 282:105-14. [PMID: 18328078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynemicin is a novel anthraquinone-fused member of the 10-membered enediyne antitumor antibiotic family. The development of a genetic system for the dynemicin producer Micromonospora chersina confirmed, for the first time, the requirement of the putative enediyne core biosynthetic genes (dynE8, U14 and U15) and a tailoring oxidase gene (orf23) for dynemicin production. Cloning and sequence analysis of a 76 kb of genomic sequence region containing dynE8 revealed a variety of genes conserved among known enediyne loci. Surprisingly, this fragment and flanking chromosomal DNA lacked any obvious genes encoding for the biosynthesis of the anthraquinone, suggesting that the location of genes encoding for the biosynthesis of the dynemicin enediyne core and the dynemicin anthraquinone are chromosomally distinct. The demonstrated trace production of a shunt product from mutant strain QGD23 (Deltaorf23) also sets the stage for subsequent studies to delineate the key steps in enediyne core biosynthesis and tailoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunjie Gao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Conrad JA, Moran GR. The Interaction of Hydroxymandelate Synthase with the 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitor: NTBC. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008; 361:1197-1201. [PMID: 18496607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) catalyzes the committed step in the formation of para-hydroxyphenylglycine, a recurrent substructure of polycyclic non-ribosomal peptide antibiotics such as vancomycin. HMS uses the same substrates as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) and O(2), and also conducts a dioxygenation reaction. The difference between the two lies in the insertion of the second oxygen atom, HMS directing this atom onto the benzylic carbon of the substrate while HPPD hydroxylates the aromatic C1 carbon. We have shown that HMS will bind NTBC, a herbicide/therapeutic whose mode of action is based on the inhibition of HPPD. This occurs despite the difference in residues at the active site of HMS from those known to contact the inhibitor in HPPD. Moreover, the minimal kinetic mechanism for association of NTBC to HMS differs only slightly from that observed with HPPD. The primary difference is that three charge-transfer species are observed to accumulate during association. The first reversible complex forms with a weak dissociation constant of 520 microM, the subsequent two charge-transfer complexes form with rate constants of 2.7 s(-1) and 0.67 s(-1). As was the case for HPPD, the final complex has the most intense charge-transfer, is not observed to dissociate, and is unreactive towards dioxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Bruijnincx PCA, van Koten G, Klein Gebbink RJM. Mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes with the 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad: recent developments in enzymology and modeling studies. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:2716-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b707179p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
183
|
Zou JW, Luo CC, Zhang HX, Liu HC, Jiang YJ, Yu QS. Three-dimensional QSAR of HPPD inhibitors, PSA inhibitors, and anxiolytic agents: Effect of tautomerism on the CoMFA models. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:494-504. [PMID: 17418602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was design to examine the effect of tautomerism upon the CoMFA results. Three selected data sets involving protropic tautomerism, which are 21 p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, 35 inhibitors of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), and 67 anxiolytic agents, were used for this purpose. Atom-by-atom alignment technique was adopted to superimpose the molecules in the data sets onto a template. The structural alignments using different tautomeric forms had no significant difference except the atoms involved in tautomerism, which ensures, to a great extent, that the differences of the CoMFA results result primarily from the tautomerism. All-orientation and all-placement search (AOS-APS) based CoMFA models, in addition to the conventional ones, were derived for each system and proved to be capable of yielding much improved statistical results. In the cases of the data sets of HPPD inhibitors and PSA inhibitors, excellent AOS-APS CoMFA models (q2>0.8 with four components for the former and q2>0.7 with seven components for the latter) were obtained, and almost no significant difference in statistical quality was observed when using different tautomeric forms to derive the models. However, it was not the case when treating the data set of anxiolytic agents. The keto tautomer, which was the active form of the PBI type inhibitors, produced measurably better results (q2=0.54 with eight components) than that the enol one (q2=0.37 with five components), indicating the importance of selecting proper tautomer in the CoMFA studies. Furthermore, there existed some substantial differences of the electrostatic field contours between the two different tautomeric forms for all of the three systems considered, whereas the differences in the steric field contour maps were limited. This implies that the resulting new potent ligands may be quite different if one utilizes the CoMFA models of different tautomeric forms for guiding further structural refinements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Design and Nutrition Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Item CB, Mihalek I, Lichtarge O, Jalan A, Vodopiutz J, Muhl A, Bodamer OA. Manifestation of hawkinsinuria in a patient compound heterozygous for hawkinsinuria and tyrosinemia III. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:379-83. [PMID: 17560158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) cause either autosomal recessive tyrosinemia type III or autosomal dominant hawkinsinuria. We report a 6-month-old Indian infant who is compound heterozygous for both alleles and who has hawkinsinuria but not tyrosinemia type III based on biochemical investigations. The HPD gene was directly sequenced in the proband and both parents. The mechanistic model of the enzymatic function was built using the known structure of rat HPD. We identified a novel hawkinsinuria mutation, Asn241Ser, and a known tyrosinemia type III mutation, Ile335Met, in trans configuration. The structural analysis of the active site revealed that the IIe335Met mutation is situated in the close vicinity of one of the two highly conserved Phe rings which stack with the phenol ring of the substrate. The Asn241Ser mutation is situated further away from the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate binding pocket. Assuming that Asn241Ser causes hawkinsinuria, we propose positioning the dioxygen molecule in the HPD-catalyzed reaction as a novel role for the Asn residue. The IIe335Met allele is equivalent to a null mutation while the Asn241Ser allele results in a partially active enzyme with an uncoupled turnover causing hawkinsinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chike Bellarmine Item
- Division of Biochemical and Paediatric Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Yang H, Wang L, Xie Z, Tian Y, Liu G, Tan H. The tyrosine degradation gene hppD is transcriptionally activated by HpdA and repressed by HpdR in Streptomyces coelicolor, while hpdA is negatively autoregulated and repressed by HpdR. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:1064-77. [PMID: 17640269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor produces a brown pigment on nutrient-limited agar medium (Tyr-PM) using l-tyrosine as the sole nitrogen and carbon source. The pigment production is associated with the second step of l-tyrosine catabolism catalysed by 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD), which converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4HPP) to 2, 5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (homogentisate) to provide the carbon and energy substrates for the growth of S. coelicolor on Tyr-PM. An hppD mutant did not produce brown pigment, and its normal growth was impaired on Tyr-PM. hpdA and hpdR, located close to hppD, were identified as activator and repressor genes for hppD transcription in the presence of tyrosine. hpdA, divergently transcribed from hppD, is negatively autoregulated in the absence of tyrosine, whereas it is repressed by both its own protein and HpdR in the presence of tyrosine. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and footprinting experiments showed that HpdA and HpdR each bind to an overlapping region spanning the promoters of both hppD and hpdA, and that 4HPP, instead of tyrosine, is the specific ligand modulating the binding patterns and footprints of HpdA and HpdR on the hppD-hpdA promoter region. These results suggested that the transcription of hppD is subject to coarse and fine control by a complex regulatory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Purpero V, Moran GR. The diverse and pervasive chemistries of the alpha-keto acid dependent enzymes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:587-601. [PMID: 17431691 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The number of identified and confirmed alpha-keto acid dependent oxygenases is increasing rapidly. All of these enzymes have a relatively simple liganding arrangement for a single ferrous ion but collectively conduct a highly diverse set of chemistries. While hydroxylations and a variety of oxidation reactions have been most commonly observed, new reactions involving dealkylations, epimerizations and halogenations have recently been discovered. In this minireview we present what is known of the alpha-keto acid dependent enzymes and offer an argument that the chemistry that is unique to each enzyme occurs only after the production of a pivotal ferryl-oxo intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Purpero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Loprasert S, Whangsuk W, Dubbs JM, Sallabhan R, Somsongkul K, Mongkolsuk S. HpdR is a transcriptional activator of Sinorhizobium meliloti hpdA, which encodes a herbicide-targeted 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3660-4. [PMID: 17337579 PMCID: PMC1855912 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01662-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti hpdA, which encodes the herbicide target 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, is positively regulated by HpdR. Gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting analyses revealed that HpdR binds to a region that spans two conserved direct-repeat sequences within the hpdR-hpdA intergenic space. HpdR-dependent hpdA transcription occurs in the presence of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, as well as during starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvit Loprasert
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
da Silva Ferreira ME, Savoldi M, Sueli Bonato P, Goldman MHS, Goldman GH. Fungal metabolic model for tyrosinemia type 3: molecular characterization of a gene encoding a 4-hydroxy-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase from Aspergillus nidulans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 5:1441-5. [PMID: 16896227 PMCID: PMC1539140 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00160-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human HPD gene (encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase) cause hereditary tyrosinemia type 3 (HT3). We deleted the Aspergillus nidulans homologue (hpdA). We showed that the mutant strain is not able to grow in the presence of phenylalanine and that it accumulates increased concentrations of tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, mimicking the human HT3 phenotype.
Collapse
|
189
|
Kuo PY, Shie TL, Chen YS, Lai JT, Yang DY. Enzyme inhibition potency enhancement by active site metal chelating and hydrogen bonding induced conformation-restricted cyclopropanecarbonyl derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6024-7. [PMID: 16979340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two cyclopropanecarbonyl derivatives were independently found to be 15 and 14 times more potent than the corresponding isopropylcarbonyl analogues as inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, respectively. A thorough examination of the co-crystal structures of available enzyme inhibitor complexes and the conformation of X-ray crystal structures of several synthesized cyclopropanecarbonyl derivatives revealed that this enhancement by one order of magnitude of inhibition potency exhibited by cyclopropanecarbonyl derivatives in both enzymes is probably caused by respective metal chelating and hydrogen bonding interactions at the ligand-receptor binding site. These specific interactions subsequently cause the cyclopropyl group of the molecules to adopt a fixed bisected conformation, which is unavailable for isopropylcarbonyl derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 181, Taichung-Kang Rd. Sec. 3, Taichung, Taiwan 407, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
O'Hare HM, Huang F, Holding A, Choroba OW, Spencer JB. Conversion of hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases into hydroxymandelate synthases by directed evolution. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3445-50. [PMID: 16730004 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymandelate synthase (HmaS) and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD) are non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenases, which share a common substrate and first catalytic step. The catalytic pathways then diverge to yield hydroxymandelate for secondary metabolism, or homogentisate in tyrosine catabolism. To probe the differences between these related active sites that channel a common intermediate down alternative pathways, we attempted to interconvert their activities by directed evolution. HmaS activity was readily introduced to HppD by just two amino acid changes. A parallel attempt to engineer HppD activity in HmaS was unsuccessful, suggesting that homogentisate synthesis places greater chemical and steric demands on the active site.
Collapse
|
191
|
Bassan A, Blomberg MRA, Borowski T, Siegbahn PEM. Theoretical studies of enzyme mechanisms involving high-valent iron intermediates. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:727-43. [PMID: 16513176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical contributions to the elucidation of mechanisms for iron containing enzymes are reviewed. The method used in most of these studies is hybrid density functional theory with the B3LYP functional. Three classes of enzymes are considered, the mononuclear non-heme enzymes, enzymes containing iron dimers, and heme-containing enzymes. Mechanisms for both dioxygen and substrate activations are discussed. The reactions usually go through two half-cycles, where a high-valent intermediate Fe(IV)O species is created in the first half-cycle, and the substrate reactions involving this intermediate occur in the second half-cycle. Similarities between the three classes of enzymes dominate, but significant differences also exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bassan
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm Center for Physics, Astronomy and Biotechnology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Fisher AL, Lithgow GJ. The nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12 has opposing effects on Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan and regulates genes repressed in multiple long-lived worms. Aging Cell 2006; 5:127-38. [PMID: 16626392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear hormone receptor gene daf-12 in Caenorhabditis elegans plays a key role in the regulation of development and determination of adult longevity. To understand the effects of daf-12 on aging we characterized the lifespan of loss-of-function and gain-of-function daf-12 alleles that have been identified on the basis of their effects on dauer development. We find that these mutations have opposing effects on longevity and resistance to oxidative and thermal stress which makes daf-12 the first gene with alleles that can extend or shorten lifespan. We find that the shortened lifespan of the loss-of-function mutation is due to accelerated aging in young adulthood rather than an adverse effect of the mutation on development. Microarray analysis of worms carrying the two alleles revealed a relatively small number of genes differentially expressed between the two genotypes. Comparison of the expression profiles with the profiles associated with dauer formation and long-lived daf-2 mutants revealed that while the profiles are largely different, there is significant overlap among the genes down-regulated, but not up-regulated, in all profiles. Several of these genes down-regulated in multiple long-lived worms have known effects on lifespan, and many of the genes belong to a family of poorly characterized genes that are strongly down-regulated in dauers, daf-2 mutants, and long-lived daf-12 mutants. Our results point to daf-12 modulating aging and stress responses in part through the repression of specific genes, and emphasize the role that the repression of genes that curtail maximal lifespan plays in lifespan determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94121, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Nunes LR, Costa de Oliveira R, Leite DB, da Silva VS, dos Reis Marques E, da Silva Ferreira ME, Ribeiro DCD, de Souza Bernardes LA, Goldman MHS, Puccia R, Travassos LR, Batista WL, Nóbrega MP, Nobrega FG, Yang DY, de Bragança Pereira CA, Goldman GH. Transcriptome analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cells undergoing mycelium-to-yeast transition. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 4:2115-28. [PMID: 16339729 PMCID: PMC1317488 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.12.2115-2128.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus associated with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis prevalent in South America. In humans, infection starts by inhalation of fungal propagules, which reach the pulmonary epithelium and transform into the yeast parasitic form. Thus, the mycelium-to-yeast transition is of particular interest because conversion to yeast is essential for infection. We have used a P. brasiliensis biochip carrying sequences of 4,692 genes from this fungus to monitor gene expression at several time points of the mycelium-to-yeast morphological shift (from 5 to 120 h). The results revealed a total of 2,583 genes that displayed statistically significant modulation in at least one experimental time point. Among the identified gene homologues, some encoded enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism, signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell wall metabolism, genome structure, oxidative stress response, growth control, and development. The expression pattern of 20 genes was independently verified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, revealing a high degree of correlation between the data obtained with the two methodologies. One gene, encoding 4-hydroxyl-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (4-HPPD), was highly overexpressed during the mycelium-to-yeast differentiation, and the use of NTBC [2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione], a specific inhibitor of 4-HPPD activity, as well as that of NTBC derivatives, was able to inhibit growth and differentiation of the pathogenic yeast phase of the fungus in vitro. These data set the stage for further studies involving NTBC and its derivatives as new chemotherapeutic agents against PCM and confirm the potential of array-based approaches to identify new targets for the development of alternative treatments against pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz R Nunes
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Abstract
Isoprenoids represent the oldest class of known low molecular-mass natural products synthesized by plants. Their biogenesis in plastids, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol proceed invariably from the C5 building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate according to complex and reiterated mechanisms. Compounds derived from the pathway exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological functions. This review centers on advances obtained in the field based on combined use of biochemical, molecular biology and genetic approaches. The function and evolutionary implications of this metabolism are discussed in relation with seminal informations gathered from distantly but related organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR2357) et Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|