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Wallis J, Shenton DP, Carlisle RC. Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:189-204. [PMID: 30963549 PMCID: PMC6468175 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is easy to argue that vaccine development represents humankind's most important and successful endeavour, such is the impact that vaccination has had on human morbidity and mortality over the last 200 years. During this time the original method of Jenner and Pasteur, i.e. that of injecting live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, has been developed and supplemented with a wide range of alternative approaches which are now in clinical use or under development. These next-generation technologies have been designed to produce a vaccine that has the effectiveness of the original live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, but without the associated risks and limitations. Indeed, the method of development has undoubtedly moved away from Pasteur's three Is paradigm (isolate, inactivate, inject) towards an approach of rational design, made possible by improved knowledge of the pathogen-host interaction and the mechanisms of the immune system. These novel vaccines have explored methods for targeted delivery of antigenic material, as well as for the control of release profiles, so that dosing regimens can be matched to the time-lines of immune system stimulation and the realities of health-care delivery in dispersed populations. The methods by which vaccines are administered are also the subject of intense research in the hope that needle and syringe dosing, with all its associated issues regarding risk of injury, cross-infection and patient compliance, can be replaced. This review provides a detailed overview of new vaccine vectors as well as information pertaining to the novel delivery platforms under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wallis
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. P. Shenton
- Defence Science and Technology LaboratoryPorton DownUK
| | - R. C. Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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152
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Kunda NK, Peabody J, Zhai L, Price DN, Chackerian B, Tumban E, Muttil P. Evaluation of the thermal stability and the protective efficacy of spray-dried HPV vaccine, Gardasil® 9. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1995-2002. [PMID: 30883270 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1593727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types are responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancers. Cervarix® and Gardasil® 9 are the current prophylactic vaccines available that protect against the majority of HPVs associated with cancer. Although these vaccines are highly effective, HPV vaccine implementation has been slow, particularly in low-and-middle income countries. Major barriers to the widespread availability of the HPV vaccines is its cost and the requirement for continuous refrigeration (2-8°C). Here, we used spray drying along with stabilizing excipients to formulate a thermostable Gardasil® 9 vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine in mice immediately after spray drying and following storage for three months at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The immunogenicity studies were performed using Gardasil® 9 as a whole antigen, and not individual HPV types, for ELISA. At the dose tested, the spray dried vaccine conferred protection against HPV following storage at temperatures up to 40°C. In addition to the spray-dried vaccine, our studies revealed that the Gardasil® 9 vaccine, as currently marketed, may be stored and transported at elevated temperatures for up to 3 months without losing efficacy, especially against HPV16. This study is critical, as a thermostable vaccine will decrease vaccine cost associated with cold-chain maintenance and could increase vaccine access and coverage, especially in remote regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh K Kunda
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens , New York , NY , USA
| | - Julianne Peabody
- c Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Lukai Zhai
- d Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton , MI , USA
| | - Dominique N Price
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- c Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Ebenezer Tumban
- d Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton , MI , USA
| | - Pavan Muttil
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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153
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Antibody drop based handling with near-superhydrophobic mesh substrates overcomes condensation sticking. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:599-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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154
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Sun Y, Shen Z, Zhang C, Yi Y, Zhu K, Xu F, Kong W. Development of a Stable Liquid Formulation for Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2315-2322. [PMID: 30826350 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is considered one of the most effective vaccines and can be manufactured quickly and inexpensively to counter seasonal or pandemic influenza. Lyophilization is widely used in vaccine production. However, it requires a longer production cycle and large-scale equipment, thus posing a considerable financial burden for developing countries. A potential solution is the development of liquid LAIV, which can increase the yield and reduce the cost of production. In this study, influential factors of LAIV, such as potential stabilizing excipients and pH, were optimized by an orthogonal design. We found that pH is the most critical factor for the stability of LAIV; salt concentration and initial virus titer are also important for LAIV stability. With these data, we developed a liquid formulation consisting of 2.5% sucrose, 0.1% monosodium glutamate, 1% arginine, and 0.5% human serum albumin, with pH ranging from 6.2 to 6.9 (optimum pH 6.5-6.7), for optimal production of monovalent or trivalent LAIVs. This liquid formulation has the potential to considerably improve vaccine production capacity to compensate for the immense shortfall in influenza vaccines globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Academy of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Research and Development Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yanming Yi
- Research and Development Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Kunying Zhu
- Research and Development Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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155
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Guignard A, Praet N, Jusot V, Bakker M, Baril L. Introducing new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:119-131. [PMID: 30689472 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1574224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of new vaccine introductions (NVIs) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) has markedly increased since 2010, raising challenges to often overstretched and underfunded health care systems. AREAS COVERED We present an overview of some of these challenges, focusing on programmatic decisions, delivery strategy, information and communication, pharmacovigilance and post-licensure evaluation. We also highlight field-based initiatives that may facilitate NVI. EXPERT COMMENTARY Some new vaccines targeting populations other than infants require alternative delivery strategies. NVIs impact upon existing supply chain management, in particular vaccines with novel characteristics. A lack of understanding about immunization and misconceptions may be detrimental to NVI, as well as insufficient or poorly trained health care workforce. Many barriers exist to achieving good vaccination coverage. Real-world evaluation of vaccine safety, effectiveness and impact in LMICs may be limited by lack of robust demographic and disease epidemiology data, as well as limited health care and surveillance infrastructure. A thorough planning phase is crucial to define the most suitable delivery strategy based on the vaccine's and country's specificities. A communication plan and social mobilization are essential. Implementation research and innovative approaches applied to logistics, delivery, communication and program evaluation can facilitate NVI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane Jusot
- b Safety Evaluation and Risk Management , GSK , Wavre , Belgium
| | - Marina Bakker
- c Pallas Health Research and Consultancy , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,d PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Laurence Baril
- a Research and Development , GSK , Wavre , Belgium.,e Institut Pasteur de Madagascar , Antananarivo , Madagascar
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156
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Shokri S, Shahkarami MK, Shafyi A, Mohammadi A, Esna-ashari F, Hamta A. Evaluation of the thermal stability of live-attenuated Rubella vaccine (Takahashi strain) formulated and lyophilized in different stabilizers. J Virol Methods 2019; 264:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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157
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Abstract
Worldwide, there are multiple formaldehyde-inactivated and at least two live attenuated hepatitis A vaccines now in clinical use. The impressive immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines is reflected in rapid seroconversion rates, enabling both preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis. Universal childhood vaccination programs targeting young children have led to significant drops in the incidence of hepatitis A both in toddlers and in susceptible nonimmune adults in regions with intermediate endemicity for hepatitis A. Although the safety of inactivated vaccines is well established, further studies are needed concerning the implications of fecal virus shedding by recipients of attenuated vaccines, as well as the long-term persistence of immune memory in children receiving novel immunization schedules consisting of single doses of inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shouval
- Liver Unit, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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158
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Beitelshees M, Hill A, Li Y, Chen M, Ahmadi MK, Smith RJ, Andreadis ST, Rostami P, Jones CH, Pfeifer BA. Antigen delivery format variation and formulation stability through use of a hybrid vector. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100012. [PMID: 31384734 PMCID: PMC6668244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A hybrid biological-biomaterial antigen delivery vector comprised of a polymeric shell encapsulating an Escherichia coli core was previously developed for in situ antigen production and subsequent delivery. Due to the engineering capacity of the bacterial core, the hybrid vector provides unique opportunities for immunogenicity optimization through varying cellular localization (cytoplasm, periplasm, cellular surface) and type (protein or DNA) of antigen. In this work, three protein-based hybrid vector formats were compared in which the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was localized to the cytoplasm, surface, and periplasmic space of the bacterial core for vaccination against pneumococcal disease. Furthermore, we tested the hybrid vector's capacity as a DNA vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae by introducing a plasmid into the bacterial core to facilitate PspA expression in antigen presenting cells (APCs). Through testing these various formulations, we determined that cytoplasmic accumulation of PspA elicited the strongest immune response (antibody production and protection against bacterial challenge) and enabled complete protection at substantially lower doses when compared to vaccination with PspA + adjuvant. We also improved the storage stability of the hybrid vector to retain complete activity after 1 month at 4 °C using an approach in which hybrid vectors suspended in a microbial freeze drying buffer were desiccated. These results demonstrate the flexibility and robustness of the hybrid vector formulation, which has the potential to be a potent vaccine against S. pneumoniae.
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Key Words
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- AS, aqueous storage
- CDM, chemically defined bacterial growth medium
- CFA, Complete Freund's Adjuvant
- CHV, cytoplasmic hybrid vector
- CPSs, capsular polysaccharides
- ClyA, cytolysin A
- DNA vaccine
- DS, desiccated storage
- EHV, empty hybrid vector
- IN, intranasal
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LBVs, live bacterial vectors
- LLO, listeriolysin O
- NVT, non-vaccine type
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PCVs, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
- PHV, periplasmic hybrid vector
- PcpA, pneumococcal choline-binding protein A
- PhtD, histidine triad protein D
- Pneumococcal disease
- Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)
- PspA, pneumococcal surface protein A
- SC, subcutaneous
- SHV, surface hybrid vector
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Vaccine delivery
- pHV, plasmid hybrid vector
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beitelshees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc., Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Mingfu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kamal Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Randall J. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T. Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pooya Rostami
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc., Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | | | - Blaine A. Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA.
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159
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Chisholm CF, Kang TJ, Dong M, Lewis K, Namekar M, Lehrer AT, Randolph TW. Thermostable Ebola virus vaccine formulations lyophilized in the presence of aluminum hydroxide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:213-220. [PMID: 30703544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
No United States Food and Drug Administration-licensed vaccines protective against Ebola virus (EBOV) infections are currently available. EBOV vaccine candidates currently in development, as well as most currently licensed vaccines in general, require transport and storage under a continuous cold chain in order to prevent potential decreases in product efficacy. Cold chain requirements are particularly difficult to maintain in developing countries. To improve thermostability and reduce costly cold chain requirements, a subunit protein vaccine against EBOV was formulated as a glassy solid using lyophilization. Formulations of the key antigen, Ebola glycoprotein (EBOV-GP), adjuvanted with microparticulate aluminum hydroxide were prepared in liquid and lyophilized forms, and the vaccines were incubated at 40 °C for 12 weeks. Aggregation and degradation of EBOV-GP were observed in liquid formulations during the 12-week incubation period, whereas changes were minimal in lyophilized formulations. Antibody responses against EBOV-GP following three intramuscular immunizations in BALB/c mice were used to determine vaccine immunogenicity. EBOV-GP formulations were equally immunogenic in liquid and lyophilized forms. After lyophilization and reconstitution, adjuvanted vaccine formulations produced anti-EBOV-GP IgG antibody responses in mice similar to those generated against corresponding adjuvanted liquid vaccine formulations. More importantly, antibody responses in mice injected with reconstituted lyophilized vaccine formulations that had been incubated at 40 °C for 12 weeks prior to injection indicated that vaccine immunogenicity was fully retained after high-temperature storage, showing promise for future vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Fleagle Chisholm
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Taek Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Kasey Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Madhuri Namekar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Axel T Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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160
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Gheibi Hayat SM, Darroudi M. Nanovaccine: A novel approach in immunization. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12530-12536. [PMID: 30633361 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in the field of vaccination, there are still needs for novel and effective vaccines because still no effective vaccines have been produced for some diseases such as malaria, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and tuberculosis. Furthermore, many of the existing vaccines have disadvantages such as failure to stimulate completely the immune system, in vivo instability, high toxicity, the need for cold chain, and multiple administrations. Nanotechnology has been raised as a powerful tool for solving these problems in this regard. Generally, nanovaccines are a new generation of vaccines using nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers and/or adjuvants. Due to the similar scale (size) between the NPs and pathogens, the immune system can be stimulated well, resulting in triggered cellular and humoral immunity responses. Other benefits of the nanovaccines include their better stability in blood flow to increase the shelf life in blood, enhanced immune system stimulation, no need for booster doses, no need to maintain the cold chain, and ability to create active targeting. In addition, nanovaccines have raised the hope to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, malaria, and chronic autoimmune, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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161
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Dumpa N, Goel K, Guo Y, McFall H, Pillai AR, Shukla A, Repka MA, Murthy SN. Stability of Vaccines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:42. [PMID: 30610415 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most economical and effective preventive measure against most deadly infectious diseases. Vaccines help protect around three million lives every year, but hundreds of thousands of lives are lost due to the instability of vaccines. This review discusses the various types of instability observed, while manufacturing, storing, and distributing vaccines. It describes the specific stability problems associated with each type of vaccine. This review also discusses the various measures adopted to overcome these instability problems. Vaccines are classified based on their components, and this review discusses how these preventive measures relate to each type of vaccine. This review also includes certain case studies that illustrate various approaches to improve vaccine stability. Last, this review provides insight on prospective methods for developing more stable vaccines.
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162
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Kis Z, Shattock R, Shah N, Kontoravdi C. Emerging Technologies for Low-Cost, Rapid Vaccine Manufacture. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800376. [PMID: 30537361 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To stop the spread of future epidemics and meet infant vaccination demands in low- and middle-income countries, flexible, rapid and low-cost vaccine development and manufacturing technologies are required. Vaccine development platform technologies that can produce a wide range of vaccines are emerging, including: a) humanized, high-yield yeast recombinant protein vaccines; b) insect cell-baculovirus ADDomer vaccines; c) Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) vaccines; d) RNA vaccines. Herein, existing and future platforms are assessed in terms of addressing challenges of scale, cost, and responsiveness. To assess the risk and feasibility of the four emerging platforms, the following six metrics are applied: 1) technology readiness; 2) technological complexity; 3) ease of scale-up; 4) flexibility for the manufacturing of a wide range of vaccines; 5) thermostability of the vaccine product at tropical ambient temperatures; and 6) speed of response from threat identification to vaccine deployment. The assessment indicated that technologies in the order of increasing feasibility and decreasing risk are the yeast platform, ADDomer platform, followed by RNA and GMMA platforms. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of each technology are discussed in detail, illustrating the associated development and manufacturing needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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163
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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164
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Abstract
Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease caused by the poliovirus. While the live attenuated OPV has been the vaccine of choice, a major concern is its ability to revert to a form that can cause paralysis, so-called vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Therefore, the new endgame strategy of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative includes the introduction of an IPV. However, the feasibility of the use of current IPV formulations in developing countries is limited, because IPV is insufficiently stable to be purified, transported, and stored under unrefrigerated conditions. We successfully designed the sIPV for use in the dry state that maintains the full vaccine potency in animal models after incubation at ambient temperature. This report provides, for the first time, candidate formulations of sIPV that are stable at elevated temperatures. As oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) causes vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, the polio endgame strategy introduced by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative calls for a phased withdrawal of OPV and an introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). The introduction of IPV creates challenges in maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and distribution. Recent advances in lyophilization have helped in finding a temperature-stable formulation for multiple vaccines; however, poliovirus vaccines have yet to capture a stable, safe formula for lyophilization. In addition, efficient in vitro methods for antigen measurement are needed for screening stable vaccine formulations. Here, we report size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) as a reliable means to identify the leading lyophilized formulation to generate thermostable Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV). High-throughput screening and SE-HPLC determined the leading formulation, resulting in 95% D-antigen recovery and low residual moisture content of sIPV following lyophilization. Furthermore, the lyophilized sIPV remained stable after 4 weeks of incubation at ambient temperature and induced strong neutralizing antibodies and full protection of poliovirus receptor transgenic mice against the in vivo challenge of wild-type poliovirus. Overall, this report describes a novel means for the high-throughput evaluation of sIPV antigenicity and a thermostable lyophilized sIPV with in vivo vaccine potency.
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165
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Physical Characterization and Stabilization of a Lentiviral Vector Against Adsorption and Freeze-Thaw. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2764-2774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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166
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Saengkrit N, Saesoo S, Woramongkolchai N, Sajomsang W, Phunpee S, Dharakul T, Ruktanonchai UR. Dry Formulations Enhanced Mucoadhesive Properties and Reduced Cold Chain Handing of Influenza Vaccines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3763-3769. [PMID: 30259401 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To alleviate concerns in health security, emergency flu vaccine stockpiles are required for ensuring rapid availability of vaccines when needed. Cold chain preservation, at high cost and risk, is necessary to maintain vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to develop a dry, easily storable formula for influenza vaccine preparation. The formulation with mucoadhesive properties is expected to facilitate rapid delivery via nasal administration. Chitosan, a cationic polymer, was used as cryo-protectant and to promote mucoadhesion. Optimal concentrations and molecular weights of chitosan polymers were screened, with short chain chitosan (10 kDa) being most suitable. H1N1 dry powder, in different formulations, was prepared via freeze-drying. A series of cryo-protectants, trehalose (T), chitosan (C), fetal bovine serum (FBS; F), or a combination of these (TCF), were screened for their effects on prolonging vaccine shelf life. Physicochemical monitoring (particle size and zeta potential) of powders complexed with mucin revealed that the order of cryo-protectant mixing during preparation was of critical importance. Results indicated that the TCF formula retains its activity up to 1 year as indicated by TCID50 analysis. This approach was also successful at prolonging the shelf life of H3N2 vaccine, and has the potential for large-scale implementation, especially in developed countries where long-term storage of vaccines is problematic.
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167
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Wang C, Sudlow G, Wang Z, Cao S, Jiang Q, Neiner A, Morrissey JJ, Kharasch ED, Achilefu S, Singamaneni S. Metal-Organic Framework Encapsulation Preserves the Bioactivity of Protein Therapeutics. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800950. [PMID: 30369102 PMCID: PMC6453541 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are prone to lose their structure and bioactivity under various environmental stressors. This study reports a facile approach using a nanoporous material, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), as an encapsulant for preserving the prototypic protein therapeutic, insulin, against different harsh conditions that may be encountered during storage, formulation, and transport, including elevated temperatures, mechanical agitation, and organic solvent. Both immunoassay and spectroscopy analyses demonstrate the preserved chemical stability and structural integrity of insulin offered by the ZIF-8 encapsulation. Biological activity of ZIF-8-preserved insulin after storage under accelerated degradation conditions (i.e., 40 °C) is evaluated in vivo using a diabetic mouse model, and shows comparable bioactivity to refrigeration-stored insulin (-20 °C). It is also demonstrated that ZIF-8-preserved insulin has low cytotoxicity in vitro and does not cause side effects in vivo. Furthermore, ZIF-8 residue can be completely removed by a simple purification step before insulin administration. This biopreservation approach is potentially applicable to diverse protein therapeutics, thus extending the benefits of advanced biologics to resource-limited settings and underserved populations/regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Gail Sudlow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sisi Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Alicia Neiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Morrissey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan. D. Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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168
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Ramos-Vega A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Angulo C. Prospects on the Use of Schizochytrium sp. to Develop Oral Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2506. [PMID: 30410471 PMCID: PMC6209683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oral subunit vaccines are highly relevant in the fight against widespread diseases, their high cost, safety and proper immunogenicity are attributes that have yet to be addressed in many cases and thus these limitations should be considered in the development of new oral vaccines. Prominent examples of new platforms proposed to address these limitations are plant cells and microalgae. Schizochytrium sp. constitutes an attractive expression host for vaccine production because of its high biosynthetic capacity, fast growth in low cost culture media, and the availability of processes for industrial scale production. In addition, whole Schizochytrium sp. cells may serve as delivery vectors; especially for oral vaccines since Schizochytrium sp. is safe for oral consumption, produces immunomodulatory compounds, and may provide bioencapsulation to the antigen, thus increasing its bioavailability. Remarkably, Schizochytrium sp. was recently used for the production of a highly immunoprotective influenza vaccine. Moreover, an efficient method for transient expression of antigens based on viral vectors and Schizochytrium sp. as host has been recently developed. In this review, the potential of Schizochytrium sp. in vaccinology is placed in perspective, with emphasis on its use as an attractive oral vaccination vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Ramos-Vega
- Grupo de Inmunología and Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología and Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico
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169
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Design and characterization of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus with improved stability. Vaccine 2018; 36:8119-8130. [PMID: 30340881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in both young children and older adults. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine available, and therapeutic options are limited. The infectious RSV particle is decorated with a type I viral fusion (F) glycoprotein that structurally rearranges from a metastable prefusion form to a highly stable postfusion form. In people naturally infected with RSV, the neutralizing antibodies primarily recognize the prefusion conformation. Therefore, engineered RSV F protein stabilized in its prefusion conformation has been an attractive strategy for developing RSV F vaccine antigens. Long-term stability at 4 °C or higher is a desirable attribute for a RSV F subunit vaccine antigen. We have previously shown that a prefusion stabilized RSV F construct, DS-Cav1, undergoes conformational changes and forms intermediate structures upon long-term storage at 4 °C. Structure-based design was performed to improve the stability of the RSV F subunit vaccine. We identified additional mutations that further stabilize RSV F protein in its prefusion conformation by using binding to a previously described antigenic site I antibody 4D7 as the screening tool. In addition, we designed and identified variants with increased expression levels, which is another desirable attribute for a subunit vaccine. Our data suggested that an RSV F variant F111 is properly folded, and has improved heat stability as well as stability upon long-term storage at 4 °C. A mouse immunogenicity study demonstrated that no compromise in immunogenicity (both binding and neutralizing antibody levels) was observed with the introduction of these additional mutations.
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170
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Bruun TJ, Andersson AMC, Draper SJ, Howarth M. Engineering a Rugged Nanoscaffold To Enhance Plug-and-Display Vaccination. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8855-8866. [PMID: 30028591 PMCID: PMC6158681 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale organization is crucial to stimulating an immune response. Using self-assembling proteins as multimerization platforms provides a safe and immunogenic system to vaccinate against otherwise weakly immunogenic antigens. Such multimerization platforms are generally based on icosahedral viruses and have led to vaccines given to millions of people. It is unclear whether synthetic protein nanoassemblies would show similar potency. Here we take the computationally designed porous dodecahedral i301 60-mer and rationally engineer this particle, giving a mutated i301 (mi3) with improved particle uniformity and stability. To simplify the conjugation of this nanoparticle, we employ a SpyCatcher fusion of mi3, such that an antigen of interest linked to the SpyTag peptide can spontaneously couple through isopeptide bond formation (Plug-and-Display). SpyCatcher-mi3 expressed solubly to high yields in Escherichia coli, giving more than 10-fold greater yield than a comparable phage-derived icosahedral nanoparticle, SpyCatcher-AP205. SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticles showed high stability to temperature, freeze-thaw, lyophilization, and storage over time. We demonstrate approximately 95% efficiency coupling to different transmission-blocking and blood-stage malaria antigens. Plasmodium falciparum CyRPA was conjugated to SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticles and elicited a high avidity antibody response, comparable to phage-derived virus-like particles despite their higher valency and RNA cargo. The simple production, precise derivatization, and exceptional ruggedness of this nanoscaffold should facilitate broad application for nanobiotechnology and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora
U. J. Bruun
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie C. Andersson
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Jenner
Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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171
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Westfall J, Yates JL, Van Slyke G, Ehrbar D, Measey T, Straube R, Donini O, Mantis NJ. Thermal stability and epitope integrity of a lyophilized ricin toxin subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:5967-5976. [PMID: 30172637 PMCID: PMC6320669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodefense vaccine are destined to be stockpiled for periods of time and deployed in the event of a public health emergency. In this report, we compared the potency of liquid and lyophilized (thermostabilized) formulations of a candidate ricin toxin subunit vaccine, RiVax, adsorbed to aluminum salts adjuvant, over a 12-month period. The liquid and lyophilized formulations were stored at stressed (40 °C) and unstressed (4 °C) conditions and evaluated at 3, 6 and 12-month time points for potency in a mouse model of lethal dose ricin challenge. At the same time points, the vaccine formulations were interrogated in vitro by competition ELISA for conformational integrity using a panel of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), PB10, WECB2, and SyH7, directed against known immunodominant toxin-neutralizing epitopes on RiVax. We found that the liquid vaccine under stress conditions declined precipitously within the first three months, as evidenced by a reduction in in vivo potency and concomitant loss of mAb recognition in vitro. In contrast, the lyophilized RiVax vaccine retained in vivo potency and conformational integrity for up to one year at 4 °C and 40 °C. We discuss the utility of monitoring the integrity of one or more toxin-neutralizing epitopes on RiVax as a possible supplement to animal studies to assess vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Westfall
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Jennifer L Yates
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Greta Van Slyke
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Dylan Ehrbar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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172
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Donaldson B, Lateef Z, Walker GF, Young SL, Ward VK. Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:833-849. [PMID: 30173619 PMCID: PMC7103734 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. EXPERT COMMENTARY The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- d School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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173
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Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at two different potency levels administered to healthy children aged 12–15 months: A phase III, randomized, non-inferiority trial. Vaccine 2018; 36:5781-5788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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174
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Chang TZ, Deng L, Wang BZ, Champion JA. H7 Hemagglutinin nanoparticles retain immunogenicity after >3 months of 25°C storage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202300. [PMID: 30092060 PMCID: PMC6084952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine distribution infrastructure remains inadequate in many parts of the world, and it is estimated that up to 40–50% of all vaccine doses are wasted in certain countries. Vaccines that can maintain viability outside of the cold chain would decrease vaccine wastage and increase immunization rates in regions of the world with underdeveloped vaccine distribution infrastructure. We examined the potential of crosslinked protein nanoparticles, made from trimerized influenza hemagglutinin (3HA), to maintain immunogenicity after cold-chain-independent storage. We found that the nanoparticles could be stored for 112 days at room temperature without any loss in hemagglutinating activity or immunogenicity, and that nanoparticles could be stored at 37°C for 2 weeks without any loss in hemagglutinating activity. As vaccine development moves towards the use of recombinant subunit antigens, our results demonstrate the potential of crosslinked antigen nanoparticles as an immunogenic vehicle for bringing effective vaccines to underdeveloped regions outside of the cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Z. Chang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lei Deng
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Nejadnik MR, Randolph TW, Volkin DB, Schöneich C, Carpenter JF, Crommelin DJ, Jiskoot W. Postproduction Handling and Administration of Protein Pharmaceuticals and Potential Instability Issues. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2013-2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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176
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Kramer RM, Archer MC, Orr MT, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Beebe EA, Huang PWD, Dowling QM, Schwartz AM, Fedor DM, Vedvick TS, Fox CB. Development of a thermostable nanoemulsion adjuvanted vaccine against tuberculosis using a design-of-experiments approach. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3689-3711. [PMID: 29983563 PMCID: PMC6028350 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s159839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvants have the potential to increase the efficacy of protein-based vaccines but need to be maintained within specific temperature and storage conditions. Lyophilization can be used to increase the thermostability of protein pharmaceuticals; however, no marketed vaccine that contains an adjuvant is currently lyophilized, and lyophilization of oil-in-water nanoemulsion adjuvants presents a specific challenge. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of lyophilizing a candidate adjuvanted protein vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), ID93 + GLA-SE, and the subsequent improvement of thermostability; however, further development is required to prevent physicochemical changes and degradation of the TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (SE). Materials and methods In this study, we took a systematic approach to the development of a thermostable product by first identifying compatible solution conditions and stabilizing excipients for both antigen and adjuvant. Next, we applied a design-of-experiments approach to identify stable lyophilized drug product formulations. Results We identified specific formulations that contain disaccharide or a combination of disaccharide and mannitol that can achieve substantially improved thermostability and maintain immunogenicity in a mouse model when tested in accelerated and real-time stability studies. Conclusion These efforts will aid in the development of a platform formulation for use with other similar vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Kramer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | | | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | | | - Elyse A Beebe
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Po-Wei D Huang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | | | | | - Dawn M Fedor
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,
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177
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Maglasang PL, Butalid ML, Pastoril MF, Pratama AN, Tan EY. A cross-sectional survey on cold chain management of vaccines in Cebu, Philippines. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2018; 16:1167. [PMID: 30023026 PMCID: PMC6041204 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2018.02.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Appropriate cold chain management is the foundation of safety and quality of vaccines. Objectives: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the cold chain management of the rural health units of Consolacion and Liloan, Cebu, Philippines on August to September 2017. Methods: Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which was developed based on previous studies of cold chain survey. The questionnaire was administered to one personnel who is responsible for the storage and maintenance of vaccines in each public health center (PHC). Results: Of 42 targeted PHCs, only 52.4% (n=22) agreed to join in the study. The results of the study indicated that storage units and equipments were available in all 22 PHCs, even though only five of them (22.7%) stored vaccines. The majority of PHCs (90.9%, n=20) did not have access to a generator and only 9% (n=2) had a voltage stabilizer connected to the refrigerator. Refrigerators that were equipped with thermometer were only found in 68.2% (n=15) PHCs. No statistically significant relationship was found (p=0.159) between the statuses of PHCs to store vaccine and the level of knowledge of health professionals assigned to manage the vaccine. Conclusions: Primary health centers that store vaccines have at least one functional refrigerator and freezer and alternative power sources. Contingency plans in the event of mechanical and power failure as well as proper temperature monitoring are needed. Personnel handling vaccines must be updated on proper storage and transport of such like the use of cold boxes and ice packs to maintain cold chain. Improvement of cold-chain management for vaccines in Cebu City’s PHCs was necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonius N Pratama
- Faculty Member, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember. Jember (Indonesia).
| | - Elizabeth Y Tan
- Faculty Member, Department of Pharmacy, University of San Carlos. Cebu (Philippines).
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178
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Cao L, Zheng J, Cao L, Cui J, Xiao Q. Evaluation of the impact of Shandong illegal vaccine sales incident on immunizations in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1672-1678. [PMID: 29771622 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1473697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of illegal vaccine sales in Shandong province, China, (hereinafter, the incident), which caused a lack of confidence among vaccination recipients and public panic, was uncovered in March 2016. We conducted a study comprising two cross-sectional surveys: at two months (May 2016) and seven months (October 2016) after the incident. The study aimed to evaluate the impact on immunizations; investigate the variation of the immunization coverage of the National Immunization Program Vaccines (NIPV) and the sales volume growth rate of Category II vaccines; and understand the reasons for non-vaccination and perspectives on immunization. The immunization coverage of NIPV decreased by 5.6 percentage points in the first survey, with a decline of 11.1 in the region of the incident, and decreased by 0.6 in the second survey compared to same period in 2015. The sales volume growth rate of Category II vaccines decreased by 25.8% in the study area and by 48.8% in the region of the incident in April 2016 compared to April 2015. Overall, 15.8% of respondents in the first survey and 7.0% in the second survey did not vaccinate their children according to the NIPV schedule because of the incident (χ2 = 78.463, P < 0.05). The vaccination was likely affected by the incident in varying degrees, especially in the involved region and particularly in relation to Category II vaccines. Overall, 34% of respondents avoided Category II vaccines for their children, indicating that it will take considerable time to eliminate the negative stigma associated with the incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- a National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Jingshan Zheng
- a National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Lingsheng Cao
- a National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Jian Cui
- a National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Qiyou Xiao
- a National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
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179
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Kanojia G, Have RT, Soema PC, Frijlink H, Amorij JP, Kersten G. Developments in the formulation and delivery of spray dried vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 13:2364-2378. [PMID: 28925794 PMCID: PMC5647985 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray drying is a promising method for the stabilization of vaccines, which are usually formulated as liquids. Usually, vaccine stability is improved by spray drying in the presence of a range of excipients. Unlike freeze drying, there is no freezing step involved, thus the damage related to this step is avoided. The edge of spray drying resides in its ability for particles to be engineered to desired requirements, which can be used in various vaccine delivery methods and routes. Although several spray dried vaccines have shown encouraging preclinical results, the number of vaccines that have been tested in clinical trials is limited, indicating a relatively new area of vaccine stabilization and delivery. This article reviews the current status of spray dried vaccine formulations and delivery methods. In particular it discusses the impact of process stresses on vaccine integrity, the application of excipients in spray drying of vaccines, process and formulation optimization strategies based on Design of Experiment approaches as well as opportunities for future application of spray dried vaccine powders for vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kanojia
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rimko Ten Have
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Henderik Frijlink
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Gideon Kersten
- a Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,c Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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180
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Wei Y, Xiong J, Larson NR, Iyer V, Sanyal G, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Effect of 2 Emulsion-Based Adjuvants on the Structure and Thermal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2325-2334. [PMID: 29883666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2 squalene-based emulsion adjuvant systems (MedImmune emulsion 0 [ME.0] and Stable Emulsion [SE]) on the structure and stability of the recombinant protein antigen alpha-toxin (AT), a potential vaccine candidate for Staphylococcus aureus infection, were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and both steady-state and time-resolved intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A component study, performed to identify the effects of the individual emulsion's components, showed negligible interactions between AT and ME.0. DSC analysis showed the ME.0 emulsion thermally destabilized AT, probably because of changes in the buffer composition of AT upon mixing. The SE emulsion caused increased alpha-helix and decreased beta-sheet content in AT, and a significant blue shift in the fluorescence spectra relative to that of AT in solution. DSC analysis showed SE exerted a dramatic thermal stabilization effect on AT, probably attributable to an interaction between AT and SE. Size exclusion chromatography showed a complete loss in the recovery of AT when mixed with SE, but not ME.0, indicating a high degree of interaction with SE. This work successfully characterized the biophysical properties of AT in the presence of 2 emulsion adjuvants including a component study to rationalize how emulsion components affect protein antigen stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Wei
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vidyashankara Iyer
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Medimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Gautam Sanyal
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Medimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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181
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Toprani VM, Cheng Y, Wahome N, Khasa H, Kueltzo LA, Schwartz RM, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Structural Characterization and Formulation Development of a Trivalent Equine Encephalitis Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2544-2558. [PMID: 29883665 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs) can cause debilitating and life-threatening disease, leading to ongoing vaccine development efforts for an effective virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on 3 strains of EEV (Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan or EEE, WEE and VEE VLPs, respectively). In this work, transmission electron microscopy and light scattering studies showed enveloped, spherical, and ∼70 nm sized VLPs. Biophysical studies demonstrated optimal VLP physical stability in the pH range of 7.5-8.5 and at temperatures below ∼50°C. Interestingly, the individual stability profiles differed notably between the 3 VLPs. Numerous pharmaceutical excipients were screened for their VLP stabilizing effects against thermal stress. Sucrose, sorbitol, sodium chloride, and pluronic F-68 were identified as promising stabilizers and the concentrations and combinations of these additives were optimized. Candidate monovalent VLP bulk formulations were incubated at temperatures ranging from -80°C to 40°C to establish freeze-thaw, long-term (2°C-8°C) and accelerated stability trends. Good VLP stability profiles were observed at each storage temperature, except for a distinct instability observed at -20°C. The interaction of monovalent and trivalent VLP formulations with aluminum adjuvants was examined, both in terms of antigen adsorption and desorption over time. The implications of these findings on future vaccine formulation development of EEV VLPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal M Toprani
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Newton Wahome
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Harshit Khasa
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Lisa A Kueltzo
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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182
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Lee C, Kim H, Kim S, Lahiji SF, Ha NY, Yang H, Kang G, Nguyen HYT, Kim Y, Choi MS, Cho NH, Jung H. Comparative Study of Two Droplet-Based Dissolving Microneedle Fabrication Methods for Skin Vaccination. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701381. [PMID: 29663698 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) have been widely studied in medical applications due to their pain-free administration, superior efficiency, and safe drug delivery. In skin vaccination, preserving the activity of the encapsulated antigen is an important consideration, as antigen activity is lost during DMN fabrication because of various stress factors. These stress factors vary between fabrication methods and each method affects the antigen's activity to different degrees. In this study, the activity of encapsulated antigens delivered by DMNs is compared between two recently developed DMN fabrication methods; droplet-born air blowing (DAB) and centrifugal lithography (CL) for a model scrub typhus vaccine antigen, ScaA. Although the in vitro analysis of ScaA-loaded DMNs (ScaA-DMNs) does not show any differences in physical properties depending on the fabrication methods, the immunogenicity of the CL-produced ScaA-DMN is significantly higher based on cytokine measurement and humoral immunity. DAB and CL differ in their solidification conditions, suggesting that solidification factors critically affect the encapsulated antigen's activity. ScaA-DMNs may also be stably stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. In conclusion, CL is a superior DMN fabrication method compared with DAB, and this study proves that DMN is feasible and practical for skin vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongil Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Suyong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Shayan F. Lahiji
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Huisuk Yang
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Yen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sik Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease; Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital; 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biotechnology; Building 123; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
- Juvic, Inc.; Building 102; Yonsei Engineering Research Park; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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183
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Mönkäre J, Pontier M, van Kampen EEM, Du G, Leone M, Romeijn S, Nejadnik MR, O'Mahony C, Slütter B, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA. Development of PLGA nanoparticle loaded dissolving microneedles and comparison with hollow microneedles in intradermal vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:111-121. [PMID: 29803720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an attractive but also very challenging immunisation site for particulate subunit vaccines. The aim of this study was to develop hyaluronan (HA)-based dissolving microneedles (MNs) loaded with PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) co-encapsulating ovalbumin (OVA) and poly(I:C) for intradermal immunisation. The NP:HA ratio used for the preparation of dissolving MNs appeared to be critical for the quality of MNs and their dissolution in ex vivo human skin. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and dynamic light scattering were used to analyse the NPs released from the MNs in vitro. Successful release of the NPs depended on the drying conditions during MN preparation. The delivered antigen dose from dissolving MNs in mice was determined to be 1 µg OVA, in NPs or as free antigen, by using near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Finally, the immunogenicity of the NPs after administration of dissolving MNs (NP:HA weight ratio 1:4) was compared with that of hollow MN-delivered NPs in mice. Immunization with free antigen in dissolving MNs resulted in equally strong immune responses compared to delivery by hollow MNs. However, humoral and cellular immune responses evoked by NP-loaded dissolving MNs were inferior to those elicited by NPs delivered through a hollow MN. In conclusion, we identified several critical formulation parameters for the further development of NP-loaded dissolving MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Mönkäre
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pontier
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline E M van Kampen
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Leone
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Conor O'Mahony
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 2300, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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184
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Wen Y, Palladino G, Xie Y, Ferrari A, Settembre EC. Inactivated influenza vaccine stress can affect in vitro potency assay relationship to immunogenicity. Vaccine 2018; 36:3010-3017. [PMID: 29680201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are the most effective intervention to prevent the substantial public health burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza. The capability of hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigen in inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs), to elicit functional neutralizing antibodies determines IIV effectiveness. When HA is subjected to environmental stress during manufacturing or while stored prior to administration, such as low pH and temperature excursions, the HA immunological activity can be affected. Single-radial immunodiffusion (SRID), the standard in vitro potency assay for IIVs, is believed to specifically detect immunologically active HA and has been applied to evaluate HA stability against stress. Here we report that transient low pH treatment and freeze/thaw cycles with HA in PBS abolish SRID-quantified in vitro potency for all HAs of multiple influenza strains. Raised temperature substantially decreases in vitro potency with more extensive HA structural changes. Chemical stress and mechanical stress moderately change SRID in vitro potency values in a strain-dependent manner. Trypsin digestion, which selectively degrades stressed HA, followed by RP-HPLC quantification as a candidate alternative in vitro potency assay yields results comparable to SRID. Mouse immunogenicity studies confirm that HA stressed by transient low pH treatment does not elicit functional antibodies in vivo, nor does it have a measureable SRID value. However, HA stressed by raised temperature elicits high titers of functional antibodies in vivo despite substantial loss of SRID in vitro potency. This discrepancy between SRID in vitro potency and vaccine immunogenicity suggests that SRID may not reliably indicate IIV potency under all conditions. Further efforts to develop alternate potency assays that can better predict in vivo immunogenicity should continue along with additional studies exploring HA conformation, SRID values and consequent immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Wen
- Seqirus, A CSL Company, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Yuhong Xie
- Seqirus, A CSL Company, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Annette Ferrari
- Seqirus, A CSL Company, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ethan C Settembre
- Seqirus, A CSL Company, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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185
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An overview of process intensification and thermo stabilization for upscaling of Peste des petits ruminants vaccines in view of global control and eradication. Virusdisease 2018; 29:285-296. [PMID: 30159362 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has been recognized as a globally distributed disease affecting the small ruminant population. The disease results in severe economic losses mainly to small land holders and low input farming systems. The control of PPR is mainly achieved through vaccination with available live attenuated vaccines. The thermo labile nature of PPR virus poses a major constraint in production of quality vaccines which often results in vaccine failures. The lack of quality vaccine production jeopardize the wide vaccination coverage especially in countries with poor infrastructure due to which PPR persists endemically. The vaccine production system may require augmentation to attain consistent and quality vaccines through efforts of process intensification integrated with suitable stabilizer formulations with appropriate freeze drying cycles for improved thermo tolerance. Manufacturing of live attenuated PPR vaccines during batch cultures might introduce defective interfering particles (DIPs) as a result of high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of inoculums, which has a huge impact on virus dynamics and yield. Accumulation of DIPs adversely affects the quality of the manufactured vaccines which can be avoided through use of appropriate MOI of virus inoculums and quality control of working seed viruses. Therefore, adherence to critical manufacturing standard operating procedures in vaccine production and ongoing efforts on development of thermo tolerant vaccine will help a long way in PPR control and eradication programme globally. The present review focuses on the way forward to achieve the objectives of quality vaccine production and easy upscaling to help the global PPR control and eradication by mass vaccination as an important tool.
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186
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Combined semi-empirical screening and design of experiments (DOE) approach to identify candidate formulations of a lyophilized live attenuated tetravalent viral vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2018; 36:3169-3179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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187
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Williams PD, Paixão G. On-farm storage of livestock vaccines may be a risk to vaccine efficacy: a study of the performance of on-farm refrigerators to maintain the correct storage temperature. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:136. [PMID: 29673345 PMCID: PMC5907741 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock vaccines (LV) are often stored on-farm, in a refrigerator (fridge), prior to use and little is documented about the storage conditions during this period. As the quality of a vaccine can be impaired by storage at an incorrect temperature, the present study aimed to evaluate the on-farm performance of farm fridges to maintain the correct storage temperature. From January to August 2014, temperature data loggers were placed on selected farms fridges used to store LV (n = 20) in South-West England. RESULTS Temperature recording data was available from 17 of the 20 farms. Fifty-nine percent of farm fridges had at least one temperature recording above 8 °C, 53% had at least one recording below 2 °C and 41% at or below 0 °C. Internal fridge temperatures attained 24 °C and dropped to - 12 °C as an absolute maximum and minimum respectively. Fridges tested spent an average of 16% of the total time recorded above 8 °C. Time of the year significantly influenced the percentage of time above 8 °C. External and internal temperatures were found to be positively correlated (p < 0.001). Statistical significant differences in internal and external temperatures were found between March and August. CONCLUSIONS The majority of fridges in this study would have failed to keep any stored LV within the recommended storage temperature range. If LV are going to be stored on-farm prior to use, then urgent improvements in this part of the cold-chain are required in order to insure vaccine efficacy is not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Williams
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ UK
| | - Gustavo Paixão
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU UK
- Present address: Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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188
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Wan Y, Hickey JM, Bird C, Witham K, Fahey P, Forster A, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Development of Stabilizing Formulations of a Trivalent Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in a Dried State for Delivery in the Nanopatch™ Microprojection Array. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1540-1551. [PMID: 29421219 PMCID: PMC5959271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide switch to inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs) is a key component of the overall strategy to achieve and maintain global polio eradication. To this end, new IPV vaccine delivery systems may enhance patient convenience and compliance. In this work, we examine Nanopatch™ (a solid, polymer microprojection array) which offers potential advantages over standard needle/syringe administration including intradermal delivery and reduced antigen doses. Using trivalent IPV (tIPV) and a purpose-built evaporative dry-down system, candidate tIPV formulations were developed to stabilize tIPV during the drying process and on storage. Identifying conditions to minimize tIPV potency losses during rehydration and potency testing was a critical first step. Various classes and types of pharmaceutical excipients (∼50 total) were then evaluated to mitigate potency losses (measured through D-antigen ELISAs for IPV1, IPV2, and IPV3) during drying and storage. Various concentrations and combinations of stabilizing additives were optimized in terms of tIPV potency retention, and 2 candidate tIPV formulations containing cyclodextrin and a reducing agent (e.g., glutathione), maintained ≥80% D-antigen potency during drying and subsequent storage for 4 weeks at 4°C, and ≥60% potency for 3 weeks at room temperature with the majority of losses occurring within the first day of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Christopher Bird
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Katey Witham
- Vaxxas Pty Ltd, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Fahey
- Vaxxas Pty Ltd, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Angus Forster
- Vaxxas Pty Ltd, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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189
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Abstract
Compared with biologics, vaccine potency assays represent a special challenge due to their unique compositions, multivalency, long life cycles and global distribution. Historically, vaccines were released using in vivo potency assays requiring immunization of dozens of animals. Modern vaccines use a variety of newer analytical tools including biochemical, cell-based and immunochemical methods to measure potency. The choice of analytics largely depends on the mechanism of action and ability to ensure lot-to-lot consistency. Live vaccines often require cell-based assays to ensure infectivity, whereas recombinant vaccine potency can be reliably monitored with immunoassays. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the relationship between mechanism of action and potency assay. A high-level decision tree is presented to assist with assay selection.
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190
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191
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Hibbs BF, Miller E, Shi J, Smith K, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT. Safety of vaccines that have been kept outside of recommended temperatures: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2008-2012. Vaccine 2017; 36:553-558. [PMID: 29248264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines should be stored and handled according to manufacturer specifications. Inadequate cold chain management can affect potency; but, limited data exist on adverse events (AE) following administration of vaccines kept outside of recommended temperatures. OBJECTIVE To describe reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) involving vaccines inappropriately stored outside of recommended temperatures and/or exposed to temperatures outside of manufacturer specifications for inappropriate amounts of time. METHODS We searched the VAERS database (analytic period 2008-2012) for reports describing vaccines kept outside of recommended temperatures. We analyzed reports by vaccine type, length outside of recommended temperature and type of temperature excursion, AE following receipt of potentially compromised vaccine, and reasons for cold chain breakdown. RESULTS We identified 476 reports of vaccines kept outside of recommended temperatures; 77% described cluster incidents involving multiple patients. The most commonly reported vaccines were quadrivalent human papillomavirus (n = 146, 30%), 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (n = 51, 11%), and measles, mumps, and rubella (n = 45, 9%). Length of time vaccines were kept outside of recommended temperatures ranged from 15 mins to 6 months (median 51 h). Most (n = 458, 96%) reports involved patients who were administered potentially compromised vaccines; AE were reported in 32 (7%), with local reactions (n = 21) most frequent. Two reports described multiple patients contracting diseases they were vaccinated against, indicating possible influenza vaccine failure. Lack of vigilance, inadequate training, and equipment failure were reasons cited for cold chain management breakdowns. CONCLUSIONS Our review does not indicate any substantial direct health risk from administration of vaccines kept outside of recommended temperatures. However, there are potential costs and risks, including vaccine wastage, possible decreased protection, and patient and parent inconvenience related to revaccination. Maintaining high vigilance, proper staff training, regular equipment maintenance, and having adequate auxiliary power are important components of comprehensive vaccine cold chain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth F Hibbs
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States.
| | - Elaine Miller
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Jing Shi
- HIV Incidence and Case Surveillance Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Kamesha Smith
- Flexcare Medical Staffing, Roseville, CA, United States
| | - Paige Lewis
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Tom T Shimabukuro
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
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192
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Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kokado H, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:382-386. [PMID: 29237998 PMCID: PMC5836781 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) vaccine has been widely used. However, the causative EI virus
(H3N8) undergoes continuous antigenic drift, and the vaccine strains must be periodically
reviewed and if necessary, updated to maintain vaccine efficacy against circulating
viruses. In 2016, the Japanese vaccine was updated by replacing the old viruses with the
Florida sub-lineage Clade (Fc) 2 virus, A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Y10). We investigated
the virus neutralization (VN) antibody response to Fc2 viruses currently circulating in
Europe, after booster or primary immunization with the new vaccine. These European viruses
have the amino acid substitution A144V or I179V of the hemagglutinin. In horses that had
previously received a primary course and bi-annual boosters with the old vaccine booster,
immunization with the updated vaccine increased the VN antibody levels against the
European Fc2 viruses as well as Y10. There were no significant differences in the VN
titers against Y10 and the Fc2 viruses with A144V or I179V substitution in horses that had
received a primary course of the updated vaccine. However, a mixed primary course where
the first dose was the old vaccine and the second dose was the updated vaccine, reduced VN
titers against the European viruses compared to that against Y10. In summary, the new
vaccine affords horses protective level of VN titers against the Fc2 viruses carrying
A144V or I179V substitution, but our results suggest that the combination of the old and
new vaccines for primary immunization would not be optimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Sarah Gildea
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
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193
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Lan NT, Kim HJ, Han HJ, Lee DC, Kang BK, Han SY, Moon H, Kim HJ. Stability of virus-like particles of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus in the aqueous state, and the vaccine potential of lyophilized particles. Biologicals 2017; 51:25-31. [PMID: 29174141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multi protein complexes mimicking the structural properties of the native virus. The development of freeze-dried formulations of such complex protein structures remains a challenge. Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) causes mass mortality in fish culture, and RGNNV VLPs have been suggested to be promising vaccine candidates. In the present study, the stability of RGNNV VLPs in the liquid state was investigated over a 4-week period, along with the influence of freeze-drying on VLP stability. RGNNV VLPs were completely degraded after one week at 37 °C followed by 3 weeks at ambient temperature, and they were partially degraded after 4 weeks at 4 °C. Therefore, the inherent stability of RGNNV VLP in an aqueous milieu is insufficient for long-term storage. When RGNNV VLPs were freeze-dried in the presence or absence of sugar stabilizers, sorbitol was found to improve VLP stability whereas mannitol reduced it. VLP preparations freeze-dried with sorbitol or without stabilizer were as immunogenic as control (non-freeze dried) VLPs, whereas VLPs freeze-dried in mannitol were less immunogenic. These results indicate that freeze-dried RGNNV VLPs have potential as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Lan
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Han
- Fish Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chan Lee
- Fish Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Bo Kyu Kang
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, 438 Jungbu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17066, South Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Han
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, 438 Jungbu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17066, South Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, 438 Jungbu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17066, South Korea
| | - Hong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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194
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Chandra D, Kumar D. A fuzzy MICMAC analysis for improving supply chain performance of basic vaccines in developing countries. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:263-281. [PMID: 29115165 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1403322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, demand to improve child immunization coverage globally, and the development of the latest vaccines and technology has made the vaccine market very complex. The rise in such complexities often gives birth to numerous issues in the vaccine supply chain, which are the primary cause of its poor performance. Figuring out the cause of the performance problem can help you decide how to address it. The goal of the present study is to identify and analyze important issues in the supply chain of basic vaccines required for child immunization in the developing countries. RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS Twenty-five key issues as various factors of the vaccine supply chain have been presented in this paper. Fuzzy MICMAC analysis has been carried out to classify the factors based on their driving and dependence power and to develop a hierarchy based model. Further, the findings have been discussed with the field experts to identify the critical factors. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Three factors: better demand forecast, communication between the supply chain members, and proper planning and scheduling have been identified as the critical factors of vaccine supply chain. These factors should be given special care to improve vaccine supply chain performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Chandra
- a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , India
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195
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Factors influencing the success of aerial rabies vaccination of foxes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14376. [PMID: 29085017 PMCID: PMC5662741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sylvatic rabies has been eradicated from most of Central Europe, but cases still occur in the Balkans. Oral rabies vaccination of foxes is an effective method for controlling the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of aerial vaccination campaigns conducted in Montenegro by identifying ecological, environmental and climatic factors that influenced the prevalence of antibodies to the rabies vaccine. To monitor the bait uptake and the serological responses to vaccination, foxes were shot by hunters. Of 175 shot foxes, 142 foxes (81.1%) had consumed baits. Of these only a total of 81 (57.0%) tested positive for rabies vaccine antibodies, possibly, due to the delayed uptake of bait in which the rabies vaccine was already inactivated. We found that low vaccination responses were associated with high fox density and bait delivery in open areas. In high fox density habitat, bait uptake might be delayed as other food and prey options for foxes are abundant. Similarly, delayed bait uptake probably occurred in open areas as such areas are less frequently used by foxes. The findings of this study suggest that efficacy of oral rabies vaccination by aerial delivery is associated with landscape features.
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196
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Toprani VM, Sahni N, Hickey JM, Robertson GA, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Development of a candidate stabilizing formulation for bulk storage of a double mutant heat labile toxin (dmLT) protein based adjuvant. Vaccine 2017; 35:5471-5480. [PMID: 28551040 PMCID: PMC5628956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the formulation design and development of a novel protein based adjuvant, a double mutant of heat labile toxin (dmLT), based on knowledge of the protein's structural integrity and physicochemical degradation pathways. Various classes of pharmaceutical excipients were screened for their stabilizing effect on dmLT during exposure to thermal and agitation stresses as monitored by high throughput analytical assays for dmLT degradation. Sucrose, phosphate, sodium chloride, methionine and polysorbate-80 were identified as potential stabilizers that protected dmLT against either conformational destabilization, aggregation/particle formation or chemical degradation (e.g., Met oxidation and Lys glycation). Different combinations and concentrations of the selected stabilizers were then evaluated to further optimize dmLT stability while maintaining pharmaceutically acceptable ranges of solution pH and osmolality. The effect of multiple freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the physical stability of candidate bulk formulations was also examined. Increasing the polysorbate-80 concentration to 0.1% in the lead candidate bulk formulation mitigated the loss of protein mass during FT. This formulation development study enabled the design of a new bulk formulation of the dmLT adjuvant and provides flexibility for future use in combination with a variety of different vaccine dosage forms with different antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal M Toprani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - George A Robertson
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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197
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Bastos RC, Corrêa MB, de Souza IM, da Silva MN, da Silva Gomes Pereira D, Martins FO, da Silva Faria C, Ano Bom APD, de Lourdes Leal M, Jessouroun E, da Silva JG, de Andrade Medronho R, da Silveira IAFB. Brazilian meningococcal C conjugate vaccine: physicochemical, immunological, and thermal stability characteristics. Glycoconj J 2017; 35:3-13. [PMID: 28929266 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is known to cause some instability in polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines and studies under stress conditions may be useful in determining whether short-term accidental exposure to undesired conditions can compromise product quality. In this study, we examined the structural stability of three industrial batches of Brazilian Meningococcal C conjugate bulk (MPCT) incubated at 4, 37, and 55 °C for 5 weeks. The effect of exposure to the storage temperatures was monitored by HPLC-SEC, CZE, CD and NMR techniques. The immunological significance of any physicochemical changes observed in MPCT was determined by SBA and ELISA assays of serum from immunized mice. Fluorescence emission spectra at 4 and 37 °C were similar among all samples and compatible with the native fold of the carrier protein. Fluorescence spectra of MPCT stored at 55 °C decreased in intensity and had a significant red-shift, indicating conformational changes. Far-UV CD spectra revealed a trend toward loss of structural conformation as storage temperature was increased to 55 °C. The NMR data showed modified signal intensity of the aromatic and aliphatic residues, mainly for samples incubated at 55 °C, suggesting a partial loss of tertiary structure. About 50% free saccharide content was found in bulks stored at 55 °C, but no difference was observed in the IgG or SBA titers. The present study showed physicochemical methods alone are insufficient to predict the biological activity of a MPCT conjugate vaccine without extensive validation against immunological data. However, they provide a sensitive means of detecting changes induced in a vaccine exposed to adverse environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Chagas Bastos
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marilza Batista Corrêa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Neto da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila da Silva Faria
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Leal
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ellen Jessouroun
- Programa de Vacinas Bacterianas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Godinho da Silva
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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198
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Structural Characterization and Physicochemical Stability Profile of a Double Mutant Heat Labile Toxin Protein Based Adjuvant. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3474-3485. [PMID: 28780391 PMCID: PMC5690273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel protein adjuvant double-mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, LT (R192G/L211A) or dmLT, is in preclinical and early clinical development with various vaccine candidates. Structural characterization and formulation development of dmLT will play a key role in its successful process development, scale-up/transfer, and commercial manufacturing. This work describes extensive analytical characterization of structural integrity and physicochemical stability profile of dmLT from a lyophilized clinical formulation. Reconstituted dmLT contained a heterogeneous mixture of intact holotoxin (AB5, ∼75%) and free B5 subunit (∼25%) as assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Intact mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed presence of Lys84 glycation near the native sugar-binding site in dmLT, and forced degradation studies using liquid chromatography-MS peptide mapping demonstrated specific Asn deamidation and Met oxidation sites. Using multiple biophysical measurements, dmLT was found most stable between pH 6.5 and 7.5 and at temperatures ≤50°C. In addition, soluble aggregates and particle formation were observed upon shaking stress. By identifying the physicochemical degradation pathways of dmLT using newly developed stability-indicating analytical methods from this study, we aim at developing more stable candidate formulations of dmLT that will minimize the formation of degradants and improve storage stability, as both a frozen bulk substance and eventually as a liquid final dosage form.
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199
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Wanyoike S, Ramirez Gonzalez A, Dolan SB, Garon J, Veira CL, Hampton LM, Chang Blanc D, Patel MM. Disposing of Excess Vaccines After the Withdrawal of Oral Polio Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S202-S208. [PMID: 28838168 PMCID: PMC5853297 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, waste management for national immunization programs was limited to sharps waste, empty vaccine vials, or vaccines that had expired or were no longer usable. However, because wild-type 2 poliovirus has been eradicated, the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization deemed that all countries must simultaneously cease use of the type 2 oral polio vaccine and recommended that all countries and territories using oral polio vaccine (OPV) "switch" from trivalent OPV (tOPV; types 1, 2, and 3 polioviruses) to bivalent OPV (bOPV; types 1 and 3 polioviruses) during a 2-week period in April 2016. Use of tOPV after the switch would risk outbreaks of paralysis related to type 2-circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2). To minimize risk of vaccine-derived polio countries using OPV were asked to dispose of all usable, unexpired tOPV after the switch to bOPV. In this paper, we review the rationale for tOPV disposal and describe the global guidelines provided to countries for the safe and appropriate disposal of tOPV. These guidelines gave countries flexibility in implementing this important task within the confines of their national regulations, capacities, and resources. Steps for appropriate disposal of tOPV included removal of all tOPV vials from the cold chain, placement in appropriate bags or containers, and disposal using a recommended approach (ie, autoclaving, boiling, chemical inactivation, incineration, or encapsulation) followed by burial or transportation to a designated waste facility. This experience with disposal of tOPV highlights the adaptability of national immunization programs to new procedures, and identifies gaps in waste management policies and strategies with regard to disposal of unused vaccines. The experience also provides a framework for future policies and for developing programmatic guidance for the ultimate disposal of all OPV after the eradication of polio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha B Dolan
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Julie Garon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine
- Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Lee M Hampton
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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200
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Lyophilized Drug Product Cake Appearance: What Is Acceptable? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1706-1721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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