151
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Kundu B, Kurland NE, Bano S, Patra C, Engel FB, Yadavalli VK, Kundu SC. Silk proteins for biomedical applications: Bioengineering perspectives. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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152
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Cha BG, Kwak HW, Park AR, Kim SH, Park SY, Kim HJ, Kim IS, Lee KH, Park YH. Structural characteristics and biological performance of silk fibroin nanofiber containing microalgae spirulina extract. Biopolymers 2014; 101:307-18. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Gyu Cha
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - A Reum Park
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Shin Hwan Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ick-Soo Kim
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology; Shinshu University; Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Ki Hoon Lee
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young Hwan Park
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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153
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Tanzi MC, Farè S. Adipose tissue engineering: state of the art, recent advances and innovative approaches. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:533-51. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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154
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Quantitative metabolic imaging using endogenous fluorescence to detect stem cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3432. [PMID: 24305550 PMCID: PMC3851884 DOI: 10.1038/srep03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-invasive high-resolution spatial mapping of cell metabolism within tissues could provide substantial advancements in assessing the efficacy of stem cell therapy and understanding tissue development. Here, using two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, we elucidate the relationships among endogenous cell fluorescence, cell redox state, and the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into adipogenic and osteoblastic lineages. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR, we evaluate the sensitivity of an optical redox ratio of FAD/(NADH + FAD) to metabolic changes associated with stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, we probe the underlying physiological mechanisms, which relate a decrease in the redox ratio to the onset of differentiation. Because traditional assessments of stem cells and engineered tissues are destructive, time consuming, and logistically intensive, the development and validation of a non-invasive, label-free approach to defining the spatiotemporal patterns of cell differentiation can offer a powerful tool for rapid, high-content characterization of cell and tissue cultures.
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155
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Açil Y, Zhang X, Nitsche T, Möller B, Gassling V, Wiltfang J, Gierloff M. Effects of different scaffolds on rat adipose tissue derived stroma cells. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:825-34. [PMID: 24411468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue derived stroma cells (ASC's) offer for many advantages for tissue engineering strategies over mesenchymal stroma cells from other sources and ideal carrier materials have to be identified for them. The aim of this study was to demonstrate and to compare the effects of three clinically established biomaterials on proliferation and metabolic activity of rat ASC's in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat adipose tissue derived stroma cells (ASC's) were isolated and differentiated into distinct lineages proved by lineage specific staining and gene expression analysis (RT-PCR). The biomaterials Bio-Gide(®), Tutodent(®) Membrane and Belotero(®) Soft were tested with rat ASC's for their biocompatibility using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cell vitality staining, cytotoxicity and proliferation tests (LDH, MTT, BrdU, WST-1). RESULTS The collagen membrane Bio-Gide(®) resulted in a significantly higher viability and proliferation (WST-1, BrdU) compared to Tutodent(®) Membrane. No significant difference was determined in the LDH and MTT test. The hyaluronic acid gel Belotero(®) Soft showed no cytotoxicity (LDH, FDA/PI) and had no negative effects on metabolic activity (WST-1, MTT) or cell proliferation (BrdU) of ASC's. CONCLUSION Our results indicate Bio-Gide(®) and Belotero(®) Soft as preferable carrier materials for ASC's. For the further establishment of ASC's-based treatment strategies, in vivo investigations on the tissue regeneration potential of these cell-biomaterial scaffolds should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Açil
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiacong Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Möller
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Volker Gassling
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Gierloff
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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156
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Prevalence of endogenous CD34+ adipose stem cells predicts human fat graft retention in a xenograft model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:845-858. [PMID: 23783061 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31829fe5b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat grafting is a promising technique for soft-tissue augmentation, although graft retention is highly unpredictable and factors that affect graft survival have not been well defined. Because of their capacity for differentiation and growth factor release, adipose-derived stem cells may have a key role in graft healing. The authors' objective was to determine whether biological properties of adipose-derived stem cells present within human fat would correlate with in vivo outcomes of graft volume retention. METHODS Lipoaspirate from eight human subjects was processed using a standardized centrifugation technique and then injected subcutaneously into the flanks of 6-week-old athymic nude mice. Graft masses and volumes were measured, and histologic evaluation, including CD31+ staining for vessels, was performed 8 weeks after transplantation. Stromal vascular fraction isolated at the time of harvest from each subject was analyzed for surface markers by multiparameter flow cytometry, and also assessed for proliferation, differentiation capacity, and normoxic/hypoxic vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. RESULTS Wide variation in percentage of CD34+ progenitors within the stromal vascular fraction was noted among subjects and averaged 21.3 ± 15 percent (mean ± SD). Proliferation rates and adipogenic potential among stromal vascular fraction cells demonstrated moderate interpatient variability. In mouse xenograft studies, retention volumes ranged from approximately 36 to 68 percent after 8 weeks, with an overall average of 52 ± 11 percent. A strong correlation (r = 0.78, slope = 0.76, p < 0.05) existed between stromal vascular fraction percentage of CD34+ progenitors and high graft retention. CONCLUSION Inherent biological differences in adipose tissue exist between patients. In particular, concentration of CD34+ progenitor cells within the stromal vascular fraction may be one of the factors used to predict human fat graft retention.
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157
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Chang KH, Liao HT, Chen JP. Preparation and characterization of gelatin/hyaluronic acid cryogels for adipose tissue engineering: in vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9012-26. [PMID: 23851171 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous elastic scaffolds containing gelatin (4% or 10%) and 0.25% hyaluronic acid (HA) were fabricated by cryogelation for application in adipose tissue engineering. These cryogels have interconnected pores (∼200 μm), high porosity (>90%) and a high degree of cross-linking (>99%). The higher gelatin concentration reduced the pore size, porosity and swelling ratio of the cryogel but improved its swelling kinetics. Compressive mechanical testing of cryogel samples demonstrated non-linear stress-strain behavior and hysteresis loops during loading-unloading cycles, but total recovery from large strains. The presence of more gelatin increased the elastic modulus, toughness and storage modulus and yielded a cryogel that was highly elastic, with a loss tangent equal to 0.03. Porcine adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were seeded in the cryogel scaffolds to assess their proliferation and differentiation. In vitro studies demonstrated a good proliferation rate and the adipogenic differentiation of the ADSCs in the cryogel scaffolds, as shown by their morphological change from a fibroblast-like shape to a spherical shape, decreased actin cytoskeleton content, growth arrest, secretion of the adipogenesis marker protein leptin, Oil Red O staining for triglycerides and expression of early (LPL and PPARγ) and late (aP2 and leptin) adipogenic marker genes. In vivo studies of ADSCs/cryogel constructs implanted in nude mice and pigs demonstrated adipose tissue and new capillary formation, the expression of PPARγ, leptin and CD31 in immunostained explants, and the continued expression of adipocyte-specific genes. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the gelatin/HA cryogel provided a structural and chemical environment that enabled cell attachment and proliferation and supported the biological functions and adipogenesis of the ADSCs.
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158
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Ferraro GA, De Francesco F, Nicoletti G, Paino F, Desiderio V, Tirino V, D'Andrea F. Human adipose CD34+ CD90+ stem cells and collagen scaffold constructs grafted in vivo fabricate loose connective and adipose tissues. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1039-49. [PMID: 23129214 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues are of great interest for a high number of diseases. Adult stem cells, instead, are more available, abundant and harvested with minimally invasive procedures. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent progenitors, able to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues. Human adult adipose tissue seems to be the most abundant source of MSCs and, due to its easy accessibility; it is able to give a considerable amount of stem cells. In this study, we selected MSCs co-expressing CD34 and CD90 from adipose tissue. This stem cell population displayed higher proliferative capacity than CD34(-) CD90(-) cells and was able to differentiate in vitro into adipocytes (PPARγ(+) and adiponectin(+)) and endothelial cells (CD31(+) VEGF(+) Flk1(+)). In addition, in methylcellulose without VEGF, it formed a vascular network. The aim of this study was to investigate differentiation potential of human adipose CD34(+) /CD90(+) stem cells loaded onto commercial collagen sponges already used in clinical practice (Gingistat) both in vitro and in vivo. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that human adult adipose and loose connective tissues can be obtained in vivo, highlighting that CD34(+) /CD90 ASCs are extremely useful for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ortopediche, Riabilitative, Traumatologiche e Plastico-Ricostruttive, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Italy
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159
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Chang T, Zimmerley MS, Quinn KP, Lamarre-Jouenne I, Kaplan DL, Beaurepaire E, Georgakoudi I. Non-invasive monitoring of cell metabolism and lipid production in 3D engineered human adipose tissues using label-free multiphoton microscopy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8607-16. [PMID: 23932290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear optical microscopy methods can characterize over time multiple functional properties of engineered tissues during development. Here, we demonstrate how the combined use of third-harmonic generation (THG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) imaging can provide direct quantitative biomarkers of adipogenic stem cell differentiation and metabolic state, respectively. Specifically, we imaged over nine weeks silk scaffolds embedded with human mesenchymal stem cells and exposed to either propagation (PM) or adipogenic differentiation media (AM). THG was employed to visualize the formation of lipid droplets. 2PEF was used to assess the metabolic state of the cells through the redox ratio defined based on the endogenous FAD and NADH fluorescence. The redox ratio of cells in the AM scaffold was significantly lower than that in the PM scaffold during week 5 and 9, and correlated with significant increases in lipid-to-cell volume ratio, and number and size of lipid droplets in the AM scaffold. These findings indicate that the decrease in redox ratio during adipogenic differentiation is associated with fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation. Our methods therefore enabled us to identify and measure dynamic correlations between lipid droplet formation and cell metabolic state, while providing insight on the spatial heterogeneity of the observed signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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160
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Wray LS, Tsioris K, Gi ES, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. Slowly degradable porous silk microfabricated scaffolds for vascularized tissue formation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:3404-3412. [PMID: 24058328 PMCID: PMC3775390 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201202926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is critical clinical demand for tissue-engineered (TE), three-dimensional (3D) constructs for tissue repair and organ replacements. Current efforts toward this goal are prone to necrosis at the core of larger constructs because of limited oxygen and nutrient diffusion. Therefore, critically sized 3D TE constructs demand an immediate vascular system for sustained tissue function upon implantation. To address this challenge the goal of this project was to develop a strategy to incorporate microchannels into a porous silk TE scaffold that could be fabricated reproducibly using microfabrication and soft lithography. Silk is a suitable biopolymer material for this application because it is mechanically robust, biocompatible, slowly degrades in vivo, and has been used in a variety of TE constructs. We report the fabrication of a silk-based TE scaffold that contains an embedded network of porous microchannels. Enclosed porous microchannels support endothelial lumen formation, a critical step toward development of the vascular niche, while the porous scaffold surrounding the microchannels supports tissue formation, demonstrated using human mesenchymal stem cells. This approach for fabricating vascularized TE constructs is advantageous compared to previous systems, which lack porosity and biodegradability or degrade too rapidly to sustain tissue structure and function. The broader impact of this research will enable the systemic study and development of complex, critically-sized engineered tissues, from regenerative medicine to in vitro tissue models of disease states.
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161
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Schiller ZA, Schiele NR, Sims JK, Lee K, Kuo CK. Adipogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells may be regulated via the cytoskeleton at physiological oxygen levels in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:79. [PMID: 23838354 PMCID: PMC3856610 DOI: 10.1186/scrt230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, which is excessive expansion of white adipose tissue, is a major risk factor for several serious health issues, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Efforts to combat obesity and related diseases require understanding the basic biology of adipogenesis. However, in vitro studies do not result in lipid composition and morphology that are typically seen in vivo, likely because the in vitro conditions are not truly representative of in vivo adipose tissue formation. In vitro, low oxygen tension and cytoskeletal tension have been shown to independently regulate adipogenesis, but in vivo, these two factors simultaneously influence differentiation. Methods The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of physiological oxygen tension on cytoskeletal tension-mediated adipogenesis. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were differentiated under both ambient (20%) and physiological (5%) oxygen conditions and treated with cytoskeletal inhibitors, cytochalasin D or blebbistatin. Adipogenesis was assessed on the basis of gene expression and adipocyte metabolic function. Results Adipose tissue metabolic markers (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and triglycerides) were significantly down-regulated by physiological oxygen levels. Reducing cytoskeletal tension through the use of chemical inhibitors, either cytochalasin D or blebbistatin, resulted in an up-regulation of adipogenic gene expression (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4)) and metabolic markers, regardless of oxygen levels. Cytochalasin D and blebbistatin treatment altered cytoskeletal organization and associated tension via different mechanisms; however, both conditions had similar effects on adipogenesis, suggesting that physiological oxygen-mediated regulation of adipogenesis in ASCs is modulated, in part, by cytoskeletal tension. Conclusions These results demonstrated that interactions between the cytoskeleton and oxygen tension influence adipogenic differentiation of ASCs.
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162
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Maghdouri-White Y, Elmore LW, Bowlin GL, Dréau D. Breast epithelial cell infiltration in enhanced electrospun silk scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E121-31. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yas Maghdouri-White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Charlotte NC USA
| | - Lynne W. Elmore
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Gary L. Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Didier Dréau
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Charlotte NC USA
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163
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Ni Y, Jiang Y, Wen J, Shao Z, Chen X, Sun S, Yu H, Li W. Construction of a functional silk-based biomaterial complex with immortalized chondrocytes in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1071-8. [PMID: 23625883 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of constructing a functional biomaterial complex with regenerated silk fibroin membrane and immortalized chondrocytes in vivo. Rat auricular chondrocytes (RACs) were transfected with the lentivirus vector pGC-FU-hTERT-3FLAG or pGC-FU-GFP-3FLAG, encoding the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or GFP gene. The effects of regenerated silk fibroin film on the adhesion, growth of immortalized chondrocytes and expression of collagen II in vitro were analyzed with immunofluorescent histochemistry. Immortalized RACs were transformed. Induction by nutrient medium promoted higher expression levels of collagen II in transformed chondrocytes. The regenerated silk fibroin film was not cytotoxic to immortalized chondrocytes and had no adverse influence on their adhesion. Collagen II expression was good in the immortalized chondrocytes in vivo. The construction of a silk-based biomaterial complex with immortalized chondrocytes may provide a feasible kind of functional biomaterial for the repair of cartilage defects in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusu Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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164
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Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Depolarization alters phenotype, maintains plasticity of predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1889-908. [PMID: 23738690 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0425.rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adult stem cell transplantation has been implemented as a therapy for tissue repair, it is limited by the availability of functional adult stem cells. A potential approach to generate stem and progenitor cells may be to modulate the differentiated status of somatic cells. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of how the differentiated phenotype of mature cells is regulated. We hypothesize that bioelectric signaling plays an important role in the maintenance of the differentiated state, as it is a functional regulator of the differentiation process in various cells and tissues. In this study, we asked whether the mature phenotype of osteoblasts and adipocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) could be altered by modulation of their membrane potential. hMSC-derived osteoblasts and adipocytes were depolarized by treatment with ouabain, a Na(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitor, or by treatment with high concentrations of extracellular K(+). To characterize the effect of voltage modulation on the differentiated state, the depolarized cells were evaluated for (1) the loss of differentiation markers; (2) the up-regulation of stemness markers and stem properties; and (3) differences in gene expression profiles in response to voltage modulation. hMSC-derived osteoblasts and adipocytes exhibited significant down-regulation of bone and fat tissue markers in response to depolarization, despite the presence of differentiation-inducing soluble factors, suggesting that bioelectric signaling overrides biochemical signaling in the maintenance of cell state. Suppression of the osteoblast or adipocyte phenotype was not accompanied by up-regulation of genes associated with the stem state. Thus, depolarization does not activate the stem cell genetic signature and, therefore, does not induce a full reprogramming event. However, after transdifferentiating the depolarized cells to evaluate for multi-lineage potential, depolarized osteoblasts demonstrated improved ability to achieve correct adipocyte morphology compared with nondepolarized osteoblasts. The present study thus demonstrates that depolarization reduces the differentiated phenotype of hMSC-derived cells and improves their transdifferentiation capacity, but does not restore a stem-like genetic profile. Through global transcript profiling of depolarized osteoblasts, we identified pathways that may mediate the effects of voltage signaling on cell state, which will require a detailed mechanistic inquiry in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sundelacruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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165
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Volume-stable adipose tissue formation by implantation of human adipose-derived stromal cells using solid free-form fabrication-based polymer scaffolds. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 70:98-102. [PMID: 22274147 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31822f9a81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of volume-stable adipose tissue is required for treatment of soft-tissue loss due to cancer, trauma, burns and for correctional cosmetic surgery. In this study, we hypothesized that transplantation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (hADSCs) using polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds fabricated with a solid free-form fabrication method would better maintain the volume of regenerated adipose tissues, as compared with the use of fibrin gel. Six weeks after implantation into the dorsal subcutaneous pockets of athymic mice, the volumes and adipose tissue areas of hADSC-PCL scaffold implants were significantly larger than those of hADSC-fibrin implants. In addition, the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes was more extensive in the hADSC-PCL scaffold implants.
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166
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Yu X, Gu Z, Wang Y, Wang H. New strategies in cord blood cells transplantation. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:865-74. [PMID: 23589409 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For patients lacking a human leucocyte antigen-matched donor, umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an ideal, alternative source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation purposes. UCB has many advantages over bone marrow or peripheral blood taken from volunteer donors. UCB is also an important source of other stem cells, including endothelial progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells, very small embryonic/epiblast-like (VSEL) stem cells, and unrestricted somatic stem cells, which are potentially suitable for regenerative medicine. However, a significant clinical problem is that the number of HSCs in one cord-blood unit is not enough for an adult transplantation. The development of new approaches including use of multiple donors, ex vivo expansion, increasing efficiency of homing and engraftment, retrieving more cells from the placenta and cord blood is of crucial importance for the delayed engraftment after UCB transplantation. In the future, UCB will emerge as a source of cells for cellular therapies associated with tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Blood Transfusion Research Institute, Wuxi Red Cross Blood Center, 109 Xinmin Road, Wuxi, 214021, China
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167
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Singh N, Rahatekar SS, Koziol KKK, Ng TS, Patil AJ, Mann S, Hollander AP, Kafienah W. Directing chondrogenesis of stem cells with specific blends of cellulose and silk. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1287-98. [PMID: 23534615 DOI: 10.1021/bm301762p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials that can stimulate stem cell differentiation without growth factor supplementation provide potent and cost-effective scaffolds for regenerative medicine. We hypothesize that a scaffold prepared from cellulose and silk blends can direct stem cell chondrogenic fate. We systematically prepared cellulose blends with silk at different compositions using an environmentally benign processing method based on ionic liquids as a common solvent. We tested the effect of blend compositions on the physical properties of the materials as well as on their ability to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) growth and chondrogenic differentiation. The stiffness and tensile strength of cellulose was significantly reduced by blending with silk. The characterized materials were tested using MSCs derived from four different patients. Growing MSCs on a specific blend combination of cellulose and silk in a 75:25 ratio significantly upregulated the chondrogenic marker genes SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen in the absence of specific growth factors. This chondrogenic effect was neither found with neat cellulose nor the cellulose/silk 50:50 blend composition. No adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation was detected on the blends, suggesting that the cellulose/silk 75:25 blend induced specific stem cell differentiation into the chondrogenic lineage without addition of the soluble growth factor TGF-β. The cellulose/silk blend we identified can be used both for in vitro tissue engineering and as an implantable device for stimulating endogenous stem cells to initiate cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Singh
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS), Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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168
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Yu X, Miao J, Xia W, Gu ZJ. Preferential expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34-positive cells on human leukemia inhibitory factor transgenic feeder cells cultured on regenerated silk fibroin film. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:964-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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169
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Huang SJ, Fu RH, Shyu WC, Liu SP, Jong GP, Chiu YW, Wu HS, Tsou YA, Cheng CW, Lin SZ. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation Potential. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:701-9. [PMID: 23068312 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the two main types of adipose tissues, white and brown adipose tissues, exert different physiological functions. White adipose tissue (WAT) is for storing energy, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is for energy consumption. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are abundant in WAT and BAT, have multipotent characteristics, and are easily extracted. ADSCs can be differentiated into several cell lineages, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes, and neuronal cells. Therefore, ADSC could be considered as a strategy for future regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jer Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ru-Huei Fu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gwo-Ping Jong
- Division of Cardiology, Armed Forces Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Wei Chiu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Emergency Department and Center of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Su Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-An Tsou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC
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170
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Comparison of in vivo adipogenic capabilities of two different extracellular matrix microparticle scaffolds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:174e-187e. [PMID: 23358012 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182789bb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix is an essential microenvironment for cell survival activity. The adipose tissue extract microparticle scaffolds from human adipose tissue and small intestine submucosa microparticle scaffolds from porcine jejunum were prepared. Their effects on the adipogenic capabilities of human adipose-derived stem cells were compared in vivo. METHODS A combination of physical and chemical methods was used to decellularize human fat and porcine jejunum. Expression of CD molecules on the adipose-derived stem cell surface was determined by flow cytometry. The stem cells were then cultured with the scaffold materials in vitro. The cell-scaffold complexes were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice, and samples were collected 4 and 8 weeks later. The adipogenic differentiation capabilities of adipose-derived stem cells were studied by histologic methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The authors observed high expression of CD90 and CD44; no expression of CD34, CD45, CD31, or CD106; and weak positive expression of CD49d on the extracted cells, which indicates that the cells were adipose-derived stem cells. The main constituent of the decellularized adipose tissue extract and small intestine submucosa microparticles was collagenous fiber, and the cells proliferated faster on the adipose tissue extract than on small intestine submucosa. Formation of adipocytes in the adipose tissue extract group was closer to that of normal human fat tissue compared with that of the small intestine submucosa group. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular matrix microparticle scaffolds could promote proliferation, adhesion, and adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. The role of the adipose tissue extract microparticle scaffold in promoting adipogenesis was stronger and more suitable as a vector in fatty tissue engineering.
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Abstract
Breast reconstruction is a type of surgery for women who have had a mastectomy, and involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic material to construct a natural-looking breast. Adipose tissue is the major contributor to the volume of the breast, whereas epithelial cells comprise the functional unit of the mammary gland. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can differentiate into both adipocytes and epithelial cells and can be acquired from autologous sources. ASCs are therefore an attractive candidate for clinical applications to repair or regenerate the breast. Here we review the current state of adipose tissue engineering methods, including the biomaterials used for adipose tissue engineering and the application of these techniques for mammary epithelial tissue engineering. Adipose tissue engineering combined with microfabrication approaches to engineer the epithelium represents a promising avenue to replicate the native structure of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA; Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA
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172
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Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Depolarization alters phenotype, maintains plasticity of pre-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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173
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Bellas E, Marra KG, Kaplan DL. Sustainable three-dimensional tissue model of human adipose tissue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:745-54. [PMID: 23373822 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for physiologically relevant sustainable human adipose tissue models is crucial for understanding tissue development, disease progression, in vitro drug development and soft tissue regeneration. The coculture of adipocytes differentiated from human adipose-derived stem cells, with endothelial cells, on porous silk protein matrices for at least 6 months is reported, while maintaining adipose-like outcomes. Cultures were assessed for structure and morphology (Oil Red O content and CD31 expression), metabolic functions (leptin, glycerol production, gene expression for GLUT4, and PPARγ) and cell replication (DNA content). The cocultures maintained size and shape over this extended period in static cultures, while increasing in diameter by 12.5% in spinner flask culture. Spinner flask cultures yielded improved adipose tissue outcomes overall, based on structure and function, when compared to the static cultures. This work establishes a tissue model system that can be applied to the development of chronic metabolic dysfunction systems associated with human adipose tissue, such as obesity and diabetes, due to the long term sustainable functions demonstrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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174
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Abstract
In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue. These stem cells, now known as adipose-derived stem cells or ADSCs, have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. As of today, thousands of research and clinical articles have been published using ASCs, describing their possible pluripotency in vitro, their uses in regenerative animal models, and their application to the clinic. This paper outlines the progress made in the ASC field since their initial description in 2001, describing their mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal potentials both in vitro and in vivo, their use in mediating inflammation and vascularization during tissue regeneration, and their potential for reprogramming into induced pluripotent cells.
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175
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Ward A, Quinn KP, Bellas E, Georgakoudi I, Kaplan DL. Noninvasive metabolic imaging of engineered 3D human adipose tissue in a perfusion bioreactor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55696. [PMID: 23405199 PMCID: PMC3566027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and economy of most in vitro human models used in research is limited by the lack of a physiologically-relevant three-dimensional perfused environment and the inability to noninvasively quantify the structural and biochemical characteristics of the tissue. The goal of this project was to develop a perfusion bioreactor system compatible with two-photon imaging to noninvasively assess tissue engineered human adipose tissue structure and function in vitro. Three-dimensional (3D) vascularized human adipose tissues were engineered in vitro, before being introduced to a perfusion environment and tracked over time by automated quantification of endogenous markers of metabolism using two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF). Depth-resolved image stacks were analyzed for redox ratio metabolic profiling and compared to prior analyses performed on 3D engineered adipose tissue in static culture. Traditional assessments with H&E staining were used to qualitatively measure extracellular matrix generation and cell density with respect to location within the tissue. The distribution of cells within the tissue and average cellular redox ratios were different between static and perfusion cultures, while the trends of decreased redox ratio and increased cellular proliferation with time in both static and perfusion cultures were similar. These results establish a basis for noninvasive optical tracking of tissue structure and function in vitro, which can be applied to future studies to assess tissue development or drug toxicity screening and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ward
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Silk proteins stimulate osteoblast differentiation by suppressing the Notch signaling pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. Nutr Res 2013; 33:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Phull MK, Eydmann T, Roxburgh J, Sharpe JR, Lawrence-Watt DJ, Phillips G, Martin Y. Novel macro-microporous gelatin scaffold fabricated by particulate leaching for soft tissue reconstruction with adipose-derived stem cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:461-467. [PMID: 23143193 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The restoration of body contours as shaped by adipose tissue remains a clinical challenge specifically in patients who have experienced loss of contour due to trauma, surgical removal of tumours or congenital abnormalities. We have developed a novel macro-microporous biomaterial for use in soft tissue re-bulking and augmentation. Alginate beads provided the pore template for the construct. Incorporation, and subsequent dissolution, of the beads within a 7 % (w/v) gelatin matrix, produced a highly porous scaffold with an average pore size of 2.01 ± 0.08 mm. The ability of this scaffold to support the in vitro growth and differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was then investigated. Histological analysis confirmed that the scaffold itself provided a suitable environment to support the growth of ADSCs on the scaffold walls. When delivered into the macropores in a fibrin hydrogel, ADSCs proliferated and filled the pores. In addition, ADSCs could readily be differentiated along the adipogenic lineage. These results therefore describe a novel scaffold that can support the proliferation and delivery of ADSCs. The scaffold is the first stage in developing a clinical alternative to current treatment methods for soft tissue reconstruction.
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178
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Bellas E, Panilaitis BJB, Glettig DL, Kirker-Head CA, Yoo JJ, Marra KG, Rubin JP, Kaplan DL. Sustained volume retention in vivo with adipocyte and lipoaspirate seeded silk scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2960-8. [PMID: 23374707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to soft tissue regeneration include the use of fat grafts, natural or synthetic biomaterials as filler materials. Fat grafts and natural biomaterials resorb too quickly to maintain tissue regeneration, while synthetic materials do not degrade or regenerate tissue. Here, we present a simple approach to volume stable filling of soft tissue defects. In this study, we combined lipoaspirate with a silk protein matrix in a subcutaneous rat model. Silk biomaterials can be tailored to fit a variety of needs, and here were processed silk biomaterials into a porous sponge format to allow for tissue ingrowth while remaining mechanically robust. Over an 18 month period, the lipoaspirate seeded silk protein matrix regenerated subcutaneous adipose tissue while maintaining the original implanted volume. A silk protein matrix alone was not sufficient to regenerate adipose tissue, but yielded a fibrous tissue, although implanted volume was maintained. This work presents a significant improvement to the standard approaches to filling soft tissue defects by matching biomaterial degradation and tissue regeneration profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bellas
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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179
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Lu Z, Roohani-Esfahani SI, Zreiqat H. Mimicking bone microenvironment for directing adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1202:161-71. [PMID: 24155231 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have become an increasingly interested cell source for the scientists in the fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. ASCs have already been used in a number of clinical trials, and some successful outcomes have been reported in bone tissue regeneration. Here we describe the protocols which mimic the factors in bone healing microenvironment, including inflammation burst, osteoblasts, and bone biomimetic scaffolds to direct ASCs into osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZuFu Lu
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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180
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Preda RC, Leisk G, Omenetto F, Kaplan DL. Bioengineered silk proteins to control cell and tissue functions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 996:19-41. [PMID: 23504416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-354-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silks are defined as protein polymers that are spun into fibers by some lepidoptera larvae such as silkworms, spiders, scorpions, mites, and flies. Silk proteins are usually produced within specialized glands in these animals after biosynthesis in epithelial cells that line the glands, followed by secretion into the lumen of the gland prior to spinning into fibers.The most comprehensively characterized silks are from the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) and from some spiders (Nephila clavipes and Araneus diadematus). Silkworm silk has been used commercially as biomedical sutures for decades and in textile production for centuries. Because of their impressive mechanical properties, silk proteins provide an important set of material options in the fields of controlled drug release, and for biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Silkworm silk from B. mori consists primarily of two protein components, fibroin, the structural protein of silk fibers, and sericins, the water-soluble glue-like proteins that bind the fibroin fibers together. Silk fibroin consists of heavy and light chain polypeptides linked by a disulfide bond. Fibroin is the protein of interest for biomedical materials and it has to be purified/extracted from the silkworm cocoon by removal of the sericin. Characteristics of silks, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, controllable degradation rates, and versatility to generate different material formats from gels to fibers and sponges, have attracted interest in the field of biomaterials. Cell culture and tissue formation using silk-based biomaterials have been pursued, where appropriate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation on or in silk biomaterials support the regeneration of tissues. The relative ease with which silk proteins can be processed into a variety of material morphologies, versatile chemical functionalization options, processing in water or solvent, and the related biological features of biocompatibility and enzymatic degradability make these proteins interesting candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucsanda C Preda
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Departments, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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181
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Jiang J, Papoutsakis ET. Stem-cell niche based comparative analysis of chemical and nano-mechanical material properties impacting ex vivo expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184458 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to self-renew with minimal or no differentiation and, when appropriately cued, to give rise to many types of progenitor and mature cells, is the basis for applications in regenerative and transfusion medicine, but also in drug discovery and in vitro toxicology. Inspired by the complex interactions between stem cells and their microenvironment, the so-called stem-cell niche, the properties of supporting biomaterials, including surface biochemistry, topography (type, size, organization, and geometry of nanostructures), and mechanical properties, have been identified as important determinants of stem-cell fate in vitro. 3D culture environments that could recapitulate the complexity of the in vivo stem-cell microenvironment could further expand the complexity and repertoire of engineered environments with exciting translational applications. Herein, the material aspects that affect the expansion and differentiation fate of adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), two powerful cell types that co-reside in the bone-marrow niche, but with distinct, sometime complementary, differentiation fates, properties, and translational applications, are examined. Although MSCs are adherent cells and, in contrast, HSPCs are non- or weakly adherent cells, both can sense and respond to material properties, including surface (bio)chemistry, ECM composition, topography, and matrix elasticity, possibly through similar molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Jiang
- Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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182
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Bellas E, Seiberg M, Garlick J, Kaplan DL. In vitro 3D full-thickness skin-equivalent tissue model using silk and collagen biomaterials. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1627-36. [PMID: 23161763 PMCID: PMC3724336 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to skin equivalents often only include the epidermis and dermis. Here, a full-thickness skin equivalent is described including epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, that could serve as an in vitro model for studying skin biology or as a platform for consumer product testing. The construct is easy to handle and is maintained for >14 d while expressing physiological morphologies of the epidermis and dermis, seen by keratin 10, collagens I and IV expression. The skin equivalent produces glycerol and leptin, markers of adipose metabolism. This work serves as a foundation for understanding a few necessary factors needed to develop a stable, functional model of full-thickness skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Miri Seiberg
- Johnson &Johnson Skin Research Center, Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc, Skillman, NJ
| | - Jonathan Garlick
- Sackler Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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183
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Abstract
Adipose tissue pathologies and defects have always represented a reconstructive challenge for plastic surgeons. In more recent years, several allogenic and alloplastic materials have been developed and used as fillers for soft tissue defects. However, their clinical use has been limited by further documented complications, such as foreign-body reactions potentially affecting function, degradation over time, and the risk for immunogenicity. Tissue-engineering strategies are thus being investigated to develop methods for generating adipose tissue. This paper will discuss the current state of the art in adipose tissue engineering techniques, exploring the biomaterials used, stem cells application, culture strategies, and current regulatory framework that are in use are here described and discussed.
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184
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Das S, Pati D, Tiwari N, Nisal A, Sen Gupta S. Synthesis of Silk Fibroin–Glycopolypeptide Conjugates and Their Recognition with Lectin. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3695-702. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301170u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Das
- Chemical
Engineering Division and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CReST, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Debasis Pati
- Chemical
Engineering Division and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CReST, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Neha Tiwari
- Chemical
Engineering Division and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CReST, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Anuya Nisal
- Chemical
Engineering Division and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CReST, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Chemical
Engineering Division and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CReST, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
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185
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Kaewsuwan S, Song SY, Kim JH, Sung JH. Mimicking the functional niche of adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1575-88. [PMID: 22953993 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A stem cell (SC) niche is defined as the microenvironment in which the adult SC resides and includes surrounding cells, low oxygen content and growth factor gradients. Crosstalk between SCs and their niche provides signals that keep SCs quiescent, or modulates their activation. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the characterization of niche conditions in the adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) in vivo environment, and introduces key signalling pathways and autocrine/paracrine regulators of ASCs. EXPERT OPINION Control of in vivo niche factors (such as low oxygen content, generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling) should increase ASC yields synergistically and reduce production costs. Additionally, the preconditioning of ASCs with these niche factors prior to transplantation might enhance their regenerative potential. ASC niche is complex, and there are components of the niche that we may not yet understand. Therefore, future research needs to focus on identifying the key regulatory factors of the ASC niche in vivo, and developing a novel method to mimic these niche factors for in vitro manipulation.
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186
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Hsu VM, Stransky CA, Bucky LP, Percec I. Fat grafting's past, present, and future: why adipose tissue is emerging as a critical link to the advancement of regenerative medicine. Aesthet Surg J 2012; 32:892-9. [PMID: 22942117 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x12455658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat grafting is a common reconstructive and aesthetic procedure with extensive clinical applications. Recently, significant strides have been made in investigating the biology behind the success of this procedure. Surgeons and scientists alike have advanced this field by innovating fat graft harvesting and injection techniques, expanding the use of adipose tissue and its stem cell components, and broadening our understanding of the viability of fat grafting at the molecular and cellular levels. The objectives of this review are to (1) discuss the clinical applications of fat grafting, (2) describe the cellular biology of fat and the optimization of fat graft preparation, (3) illustrate the significance of adipose-derived stem cells and the potentiality of fat cells, (4) highlight the clinical uses of adipose-derived stem cells, and (5) explore the current and future frontiers of the study of fat grafting. Although collaborative knowledge has increased exponentially, many of the biological mechanisms behind fat grafting are still unknown. Plastic surgeons are in a unique position to pioneer both the scientific and clinical frontiers of fat grafting and to ultimately further this technology for the benefit of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Hsu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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187
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Blaber SP, Webster RA, Hill CJ, Breen EJ, Kuah D, Vesey G, Herbert BR. Analysis of in vitro secretion profiles from adipose-derived cell populations. J Transl Med 2012; 10:172. [PMID: 22913454 PMCID: PMC3479070 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue is an attractive source of cells for therapeutic purposes because of the ease of harvest and the high frequency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Whilst it is clear that MSCs have significant therapeutic potential via their ability to secrete immuno-modulatory and trophic cytokines, the therapeutic use of mixed cell populations from the adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is becoming increasingly common. Methods In this study we have measured a panel of 27 cytokines and growth factors secreted by various combinations of human adipose-derived cell populations. These were 1. co-culture of freshly isolated SVF with adipocytes, 2. freshly isolated SVF cultured alone, 3. freshly isolated adipocytes alone and 4. adherent adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) at passage 2. In addition, we produced an ‘in silico’ dataset by combining the individual secretion profiles obtained from culturing the SVF with that of the adipocytes. This was compared to the secretion profile of co-cultured SVF and adipocytes. Two-tailed t-tests were performed on the secretion profiles obtained from the SVF, adipocytes, ADSCs and the ‘in silico’ dataset and compared to the secretion profiles obtained from the co-culture of the SVF with adipocytes. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically different. To assess the overall changes that may occur as a result of co-culture we compared the proteomes of SVF and SVF co-cultured with adipocytes using iTRAQ quantitative mass spectrometry. Results A co-culture of SVF and adipocytes results in a distinct secretion profile when compared to all other adipose-derived cell populations studied. This illustrates that cellular crosstalk during co-culture of the SVF with adipocytes modulates the production of cytokines by one or more cell types. No biologically relevant differences were detected in the proteomes of SVF cultured alone or co-cultured with adipocytes. Conclusions The use of mixed adipose cell populations does not appear to induce cellular stress and results in enhanced secretion profiles. Given the importance of secreted cytokines in cell therapy, the use of a mixed cell population such as the SVF with adipocytes may be considered as an alternative to MSCs or fresh SVF alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead P Blaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Office 256, Building E8C, Balaclava Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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188
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft-tissue repair is currently limited by the availability of autologous tissue sources and the absence of an ideal soft-tissue replacement comparable to native adipose tissue. Extracellular matrix-based biomaterials have demonstrated great potential as instructive scaffolds for regenerative medicine, mechanically and biochemically defined by the tissue of origin. As such, the distinctive high lipid content of adipose tissue requires unique processing conditions to generate a biocompatible scaffold for soft-tissue repair. METHODS Human adipose tissue was decellularized to obtain a matrix devoid of lipids and cells while preserving extracellular matrix architecture and bioactivity. To control degradation and volume persistence, the scaffold was cross-linked using hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. In vitro studies with human adipose-derived stem cells were used to assess cell viability and adipogenic differentiation on the biomaterial. In vivo biocompatibility and volume persistence were evaluated by subcutaneous implantation over 12 weeks in a small-animal model. RESULTS The scaffold provided a biocompatible matrix supporting the growth and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Cross-linking the matrix increased its resistance to enzymatic degradation. Subcutaneous implantation of the acellular adipose matrix in Sprague-Dawley rats showed minimal inflammatory reaction. Adipose tissue development and vascularization were observed in the implant, with host cells migrating into the matrix indicating the instructive potential of the matrix for guiding tissue remodeling and regeneration. CONCLUSIONS With its unique biological and mechanical properties, decellularized adipose extracellular matrix is a promising biomaterial scaffold that can potentially be used allogenically for the correction of soft-tissue defects.
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189
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Mathieu PS, Loboa EG. Cytoskeletal and focal adhesion influences on mesenchymal stem cell shape, mechanical properties, and differentiation down osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic pathways. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:436-44. [PMID: 22741572 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine and tissue-engineering applications. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and have been shown to differentiate down various lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and possibly neurons. The majority of approaches to control the MSC fate have been via the use of chemical factors in the form of growth factors within the culture medium. More recently, it has been understood that mechanical forces play a significant role in regulating MSC fate. We and others have shown that mechanical stimuli can control MSC lineage specification. The cytoskeleton is known to play a large role in mechanotransduction, and a growing number of studies are showing that it can also contribute to MSC differentiation. This review analyzes the significant contribution of actin and integrin distribution, and the smaller role of microtubules, in regulating MSC fate. Osteogenic differentiation is more prevalent in MSCs with a stiff, spread actin cytoskeleton and greater numbers of focal adhesions. Both adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation are encouraged when MSCs have a spherical morphology associated with a dispersed actin cytoskeleton with few focal adhesions. Different mechanical stimuli can be implemented to alter these cytoskeletal patterns and encourage MSC differentiation to the desired lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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190
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Isolation, expansion, and differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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191
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Florczyk SJ, Leung M, Jana S, Li Z, Bhattarai N, Huang JI, Hopper RA, Zhang M. Enhanced bone tissue formation by alginate gel-assisted cell seeding in porous ceramic scaffolds and sustained release of growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3408-15. [PMID: 22767533 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing cell seeding efficiency in a tissue engineering construct can enhance cellular activity and tissue formation in vivo. Here, we demonstrate the use of alginate gel as a secondary phase material in 3D porous β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds to improve cell seeding and provide controlled release of growth factors for bone tissue engineering. Cells were seeded in scaffolds in three ways: conventional seeding (CS), alginate gel-assisted seeding (GS), and alginate GS with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2, GSB). In vitro study with MG-63 cells showed that cell seeding efficiency and cell population 1 week after seeding were significantly elevated in GS and GSB samples compared to CS samples. The GSB system demonstrated a sustained, steady release of BMP-2 over 2 weeks. In vivo, scaffolds seeded with rat mesenchymal stem cells were implanted ectopically into Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. GS and GSB samples exhibited improved osteogenic activity, with the GSB samples inducing the greatest osteocalcin and osteoid deposition. This study suggests that the alginate gel-assisted cell seeding increases seeding efficiency and allows for sustained release of growth factors. The use of the secondary phase polymer bolsters bone formation in vivo and has the potential for improving outcome in other tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Florczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
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192
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Correia C, Bhumiratana S, Yan LP, Oliveira AL, Gimble JM, Rockwood D, Kaplan DL, Sousa RA, Reis RL, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Development of silk-based scaffolds for tissue engineering of bone from human adipose-derived stem cells. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2483-92. [PMID: 22421311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin is a potent alternative to other biodegradable biopolymers for bone tissue engineering (TE), because of its tunable architecture and mechanical properties, and its demonstrated ability to support bone formation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated a range of silk scaffolds for bone TE using human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), an attractive cell source for engineering autologous bone grafts. Our goal was to understand the effects of scaffold architecture and biomechanics and use this information to optimize silk scaffolds for bone TE applications. Silk scaffolds were fabricated using different solvents (aqueous vs. hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP)), pore sizes (250-500 μm vs. 500-1000 μm) and structures (lamellar vs. spherical pores). Four types of silk scaffolds combining the properties of interest were systematically compared with respect to bone tissue outcomes, with decellularized trabecular bone (DCB) included as a "gold standard". The scaffolds were seeded with hASCs and cultured for 7 weeks in osteogenic medium. Bone formation was evaluated by cell proliferation and differentiation, matrix production, calcification and mechanical properties. We observed that 400-600 μm porous HFIP-derived silk fibroin scaffold demonstrated the best bone tissue formation outcomes, as evidenced by increased bone protein production (osteopontin, collagen type I, bone sialoprotein), enhanced calcium deposition and total bone volume. On a direct comparison basis, alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) at week 2 and new calcium deposition at week 7 were comparable to the cells cultured in DCB. Yet, among the aqueous-based structures, the lamellar architecture induced increased AP activity and demonstrated higher equilibrium modulus than the spherical-pore scaffolds. Based on the collected data, we propose a conceptual model describing the effects of silk scaffold design on bone tissue formation.
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193
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Kim JH, Park CH, Lee OJ, Lee JM, Kim JW, Park YH, Ki CS. Preparation and in vivo degradation of controlled biodegradability of electrospun silk fibroin nanofiber mats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3287-95. [PMID: 22733605 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlled biodegradability of biomaterials is very important because different functionality and durability are required for various purposes and for specific tissues and organs. From this point of view, silk-based biomaterials have poor usability because of uncontrollable degradability, even though silk fibroin (SF) is highly biocompatible and a number of studies on silk biomaterials have been published to date. In this study, we prepared SF nanofiber mats that were recrystallized in different ways. These mats were fabricated by electrospinning with ethanol/propanol mixtures of various blend ratios, and their biodegradabilities in vitro and in vivo were evaluated using rats. As a result, we can suggest an established method to modulate the degradability of SF nanofibrous materials based on long-term (12 months) observations. In particular, we elucidated how the SF nanofibers are degraded and incorporated with surrounding tissue by observation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled SF nanofiber in vivo. Our findings suggest a method for controlling the degradation rate of SF for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heui Kim
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon
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194
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Qureshi AT, Terrell L, Monroe WT, Dasa V, Janes ME, Gimble JM, Hayes DJ. Antimicrobial biocompatible bioscaffolds for orthopaedic implants. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:386-95. [PMID: 22700366 DOI: 10.1002/term.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nationally, nearly 1.5 million patients in the USA suffer from ailments requiring bone grafts and hip and other joint replacements. Infections following internal fixation in orthopaedic trauma can cause osteomyelitis in 22-66% of cases and, if uncontrolled, the mortality rate can be as high as 2%. We characterize a procedure for the synthesis of antimicrobial and biocompatible poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly-ethyleneglycol (PEG) bioscaffolds designed to degrade and absorb at a controlled rate. The bioscaffold architecture aims to provide a suitable substrate for the controlled release of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to reduce bacterial growth and to aid the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) for tissue-engineering applications. The fabricated bioscaffolds were characterized by scanning transmission microscope (SEM) and it showed that the addition of tncreasing concentrations of SNPs results in the formation of dendritic porous channels perpendicular to the axis of precipitation. The antimicrobial properties of these porous bioscaffolds were tested according to a modified ISO 22196 standard across varying concentrations of biomass-mediated SNPs to determine an efficacious antimicrobial concentration. The bioscaffolds reduced the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli viable colony-forming units by 98.85% and 99.9%, respectively, at an antimicrobial SNPs concentration of 2000 ppm. Human ASCs were seeded on bioscaffolds and cultured in vitro for 20 days to study the effect of SNPs concentration on the viability of cells. SEM analysis and the metabolic activity-based fluorescent dye, AlamarBlue®, demonstrated the growth of cells on the efficacious antimicrobial bioscaffolds. The biocompatibility of in vitro leached silver, quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), proved non-cytotoxic when tested against hASCs, as evaluated by MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar T Qureshi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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195
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Lee OJ, Lee JM, Kim JH, Kim J, Kweon H, Jo YY, Park CH. Biodegradation behavior of silk fibroin membranes in repairing tympanic membrane perforations. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2018-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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196
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Ogushi Y, Sakai S, Kawakami K. Adipose tissue engineering using adipose-derived stem cells enclosed within an injectable carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrogel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:884-92. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogushi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kyushu University; 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineerin Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Koei Kawakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kyushu University; 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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197
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Kundu J, Mohapatra R, Kundu SC. Silk Fibroin/Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Blended Films for Biotechnological Applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:519-39. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x487864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Kundu
- a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Riti Mohapatra
- b Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - S. C. Kundu
- c Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
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198
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Venugopal B, Fernandez FB, Babu SS, Harikrishnan VS, Varma H, John A. Adipogenesis on biphasic calcium phosphate using rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1427-37. [PMID: 22374846 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Developing adipose tissue-engineered construct to mend soft tissue defects arising from traumatic injury, tumor resections, and maxillofacial abnormalities is of prime importance in plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures. It is apparent that the clinical outcome of classic techniques like adipose tissue transplantation is unpredictable, with graft resorption, lack of vascularization, and impaired functionality. In this prospective, the concept of tissue engineering was adopted to fabricate a combination product with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) toward the development of an adipose tissue construct. BCP, a combination of hydroxyapatite and α-tricalcium phosphate, was characterized for its physiochemical properties, and ASCs were characterized for their stemness. The cell-ceramic interactions were demonstrated in vitro, whereas adipogenesis was picturesquely depicted by Nile red-stained multilocular adipocyte-like cells. Subsequently, the three-dimensional cell-ceramic-engineered construct was implanted in the rat dorsal muscle for a period of 3 weeks to demonstrate the efficacy of the tissue construct in vivo. Interestingly, the histology of the postimplanted tissue construct revealed the distribution of chicken wire net-like fat cells within the vicinity of the construct. The efficacy of cell transplantation via the scaffold was traced using fluorescent in situ hybridization by labeling the Y chromosome. Thus, the ceramic-based construct may be a good option for reconstruction therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Venugopal
- Division of Implant Biology (TEM Laboratory), Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
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199
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Jung SR, Song NJ, Hwang HS, An JJ, Cho YJ, Kweon HY, Kang SW, Lee KG, Yoon K, Kim BJ, Nho CW, Choi SY, Park KW. Silk peptides inhibit adipocyte differentiation through modulation of the Notch pathway in C3H10T1/2 cells. Nutr Res 2012; 31:723-30. [PMID: 22024497 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silk protein is a biocompatible material that has been used in many biotechnological applications and exhibits body fat-lowering effects. Recent studies have shown that silk peptides increase expression of osteogenic markers in osteoblast-like cells. Because osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation from common mesenchymal progenitor cells are inverse processes and often regulated reciprocally, we hypothesized that silk peptides might suppress adipocyte differentiation. We therefore endeavored to evaluate the effects of silk peptides on adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. We find that silk peptides inhibit lipid accumulation and morphological differentiation in these cells. Molecular studies show that silk peptides block expression of adipocyte-specific genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and its targets, including aP2, Cd36, CCAAT enhancer binding proteinα. Silk peptides appear to inhibit adipogenesis by suppression of the Notch pathway, repressing the Notch target genes Hes-1 and Hey-1. In addition, these peptides inhibit endogenous Notch activation, as shown by a reduction in generation of Notch intracellular domain. N-[N-(3.5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butylester, compound E, and WPE-III-31C, which are all known Notch signaling inhibitors, block adipocyte differentiation to an extent similar to silk peptides. Together, our data demonstrate that silk peptides can modulate adipocyte differentiation through inhibition of the Notch signaling and further suggest potential future strategies for treating obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ra Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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200
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Wang X, Kaplan DL. Hormone-responsive 3D multicellular culture model of human breast tissue. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3411-20. [PMID: 22309836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A hormone-responsive 3D human tissue-like culture system was developed in which human primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were co-cultured with two types of predominant mammary stromal cells on silk protein scaffolds. Silk porous scaffolds with incorporated extracellular matrix provided a compatible environment for epithelial structure morphogenesis and differentiation. The presence of stromal cells promoted MEC proliferation, induced both alveolar and ductal morphogenesis and enhanced casein expression. In contrast, only alveolar structures were observed in monocultures. The alveolar structures generated from the heterotypic cultures in vitro exhibited proper polarity similar to human breast tissue in vivo. Consistent with their phenotypic appearance, more functional differentiation of epithelial cells was also observed in the heterotypic cultures, where casein-α and -β mRNA expression were increased significantly. Additionally, this 3D multicellular culture model displayed an estrogen-responsive physiologically relevant response, evidenced by enhanced cell proliferation, aberrant morphology, changes in gene expression profile and few polarized lumen structures after estrogen treatment. This culture system offers an excellent opportunity to explore the role of cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions during mammary gland development, the consequences of hormone receptor activation on MEC behavior and morphogenesis, as well as their alteration during neoplastic transformation in human breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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