151
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Matos ÂP, Teixeira MS, Corrêa FMPS, Machado MM, Werner RIS, Aguiar AC, Cubas ALV, Sant’Anna ES, Moecke EHS. DISRUPTION OF Nannochloropsis gaditana (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE) RIGID CELL WALL BY NON-THERMAL PLASMA PRIOR TO LIPID EXTRACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20190097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo P. Matos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elisa H. S. Moecke
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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152
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Yong TC, Chiu PH, Chen CH, Hung CH, Chen CNN. Disruption of thin- and thick-wall microalgae using high pressure gases: Effects of gas species, pressure and treatment duration on the extraction of proteins and carotenoids. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:502-507. [PMID: 31732260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Industrial scale microalgal cell disruption requires low cost, high efficiency and structural conservation of biomolecules for biorefinery. Many cultivated microalgae have thick walls and these walls are barriers for efficient cell disruption. Until recently, despite the high biodiversity of microalgae, little attention has been paid to thin-wall microalgal species in the natural environment for the production and recovery of valuable biomolecules. Instead of developing high power cell disruption devices, utilization of thin-wall species would be a better approach. The present paper describes a simple device that was assembled to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of biomolecule extraction from both thin- and thick-wall species as a proof of concept. This device was tested with high-pressure gases including N2, CO2 plus N2, and air as the disruption force. The highest nitrogen pressure, 110 bar, was not able to disrupt the thick-wall microalgal cells. On the other hand, the thin-wall species was disrupted to different degrees using different pressures and treatment durations. In the same treatment duration, higher nitrogen pressure gave better cell disruption efficiency than the lower pressure. However, in the same pressure, longer treatment duration did not give better efficiency than the shorter duration. High pressure CO2 treatments resulted in low soluble protein levels in the media. The best conditions to disrupt the thin-wall microalgal cells were 110 bar N2 or air for 1 min among these tests. In these conditions, not only were the disruption efficiencies high, but also the biomolecules were well preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Ching Yong
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Ho Chiu
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Chen
- Metal Industries Research and Development Centre, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hung
- Metal Industries Research and Development Centre, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
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153
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Mitra M, Mishra S. Multiproduct biorefinery from Arthrospira spp. towards zero waste: Current status and future trends. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121928. [PMID: 31399315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering the high- and low-value product perspectives, Arthrospira spp. are one of the most industrially exploited microalgae. However, currently, the biomass is being utilized for one specific product resulting in a steep upsurge in the overall production cost. Hence, to boost the economic viability of Arthrospira biorefinery process, every high- and low-value products from it ought to be valorized. Envisioning how costlier can be the multiproduct biorefinery concept owing to the downstream processing at an industrial scale, it is quite essential to look for new trends and encouraging solutions. This article intended to propose a sustainable biorefinery in the wake of the current understanding of the present constraints and challenges associated with Arthrospira biorefinery. The current review aimed at defining the future aspects of this biorefinery including integration and optimization of the culture strategy, and, implementation of new ingenious techniques to improve downstream processing (harvesting, extraction, fractionation, and purification).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusree Mitra
- Microalgae Group, Division of Biotechnology and Phycology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Microalgae Group, Division of Biotechnology and Phycology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, India.
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154
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Li S, Ji L, Shi Q, Wu H, Fan J. Advances in the production of bioactive substances from marine unicellular microalgae Porphyridium spp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:122048. [PMID: 31455551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Porphyridium spp. are a group of unicellular marine microalgae belonging to the Rhodophyta, which evolved over one billion years and are a source of a variety of natural active components. They can naturally and efficiently accumulate phycobilin, sulfated polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive substances. At present, numerous attempts have been made to explore the species Porphyridium spp., whereas mainly focused on cultivation methods, metabolism regulation and the function and application of bioactive products. There is a lack of systematic summary of the existing research conclusions. In this paper, we summarized the representative results related to culture and metabolism, analyzed and discussed the existing bottleneck restrictions for their large scale application, and proposed the potential industrial development and research direction in the future. This paper is expected to provide reference and thread for research and application of Porphyridium spp..
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qianwen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilization, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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155
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Akaberi S, Gusbeth C, Silve A, Senthilnathan DS, Navarro-López E, Molina-Grima E, Müller G, Frey W. Effect of pulsed electric field treatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins of Scenedesmus almeriensis. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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156
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High shear-assisted solvent extraction of lipid from wet biomass of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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157
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Khoo CG, Dasan YK, Lam MK, Lee KT. Algae biorefinery: Review on a broad spectrum of downstream processes and products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121964. [PMID: 31451339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Algae biomass comprises variety of biochemicals components such as carbohydrates, lipids and protein, which make them a feasible feedstock for biofuel production. However, high production cost mainly due to algae cultivation remains the main challenge in commercializing algae biofuels. Hence, extraction of other high value-added bioproducts from algae biomass is necessary to enhance the economic feasibility of algae biofuel production. This paper is aims to deliberate the recent developments of conventional technologies for algae biofuels production, such as biochemical and chemical conversion pathways, and extraction of a variety of bioproducts from algae biomass for various potential applications. Besides, life cycle evaluation studies on microalgae biorefinery are presented, focusing on case studies for various cultivation techniques, culture medium, harvesting, and dewatering techniques along with biofuel and bioenergy production pathways. Overall, the algae biorefinery provides new opportunities for valorisation of algae biomass for multiple products synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Gek Khoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yaleeni Kanna Dasan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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158
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Li Y, Lammi C, Boschin G, Arnoldi A, Aiello G. Recent Advances in Microalgae Peptides: Cardiovascular Health Benefits and Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11825-11838. [PMID: 31588750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is now great interest in food protein hydrolysates and food-derived peptides, because they may provide numerous health benefits. Among other foodstuffs, microalgae appear to be sustainable sources of proteins and bioactive peptides that can be exploited in foods and functional formulations. This review considers protein hydrolysates and individual peptides that may be relevant in cardiovascular disease prevention because they mimic the functions of mediators involved in pathologic processes that represent relevant risk factors for cardiovascular disease development, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative status. Some of these peptides are also multifunctional (i.e., they offer more than one benefit). Moreover, the most efficient techniques for protein extraction and hydrolyzation are commented on, as well as the best methodologies for high-throughput detection and quantification. Finally, current challenges and critical issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanna Boschin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Gilda Aiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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159
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Desai RK, Fernandez MS, Wijffels RH, Eppink MHM. Mild Fractionation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Components From Neochloris oleoabundans Using Ionic Liquids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:284. [PMID: 31709246 PMCID: PMC6824408 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising source for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for the food/feed and biofuel industry. To make microalgae production economically feasible, it is necessary to optimally use all produced compounds keeping full functionality. Therefore, biorefining of microalgae is the key to lower the cost of algal products using mild and effective processing techniques. In this article, we have tested the feasibility of aqueous solutions of imidazolium and phosponium ionic liquids to selectively milk the hydrophobic lipids from Neochloris oleoabundans biomass out of intact cells and recover after cell disruption the hydrophilic fraction containing proteins and carbohydrates. The results showed that the ionic liquid tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate (TBP SO4; Cyphos 108) is able to permeabilize fresh intact cells of N. oleoabundans for extracting 68% of total lipids out of the cells, whereas, after cell disruption, 80% of total proteins, and 77% of total carbohydrates could be obtained in aqueous buffers. This concept kept the recovered proteins in their native form without interacting with the ionic liquids that will denature the proteins. Selective biorefinery of different components from microalgae using ionic liquid TBP SO4 explains the novelty of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali K Desai
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michel H M Eppink
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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160
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Kavitha S, Schikaran M, Yukesh Kannah R, Gunasekaran M, Kumar G, Rajesh Banu J. Nanoparticle induced biological disintegration: A new phase separated pretreatment strategy on microalgal biomass for profitable biomethane recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121624. [PMID: 31203180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study involves the application of new phase separated biological pretreatment (PSBP) strategy on microalgal biomass using the nickel nanoparticle induced cellulase secreting bacterial disintegration. Particularly, interest was focussed on cell wall weakening (CWW) of microalgae biomass besides the cell disintegration (CD) and release of organics. During CWW, protein, carbohydrate, cellulose, hemicellulose and DNA were used as evaluation indexes. Similarly, during CD, soluble chemical oxygen demand was used as evaluation index to assess the disintegration effect. A higher CWW was achieved at nickel nanoparticle (Np) dosage of 0.004 g/g SS. During CD, a clear demarcation in biomass solubilisation was achieved by PSBP (36%) than the sole biological pretreatment -BP (24%). The biomethanogenesis test results showed that enhanced methane production of 411 mL/g COD was achieved by PSBP than BP. Energy analysis showed that a higher net energy production of 6.467 GJ/d was achieved by PSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Schikaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Gunasekaran
- Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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161
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Halim R, Hill DRA, Hanssen E, Webley PA, Martin GJO. Thermally coupled dark-anoxia incubation: A platform technology to induce auto-fermentation and thus cell-wall thinning in both nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-deplete Nannochloropsis slurries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121769. [PMID: 31323512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-deprived Nannochloropsis cells invested their fixed carbon into the accumulation of triacylglycerol and cell wall cellulose (thickness of N-replete cell walls = 27.8 ± 5.8, N-deplete cell walls = 51.0 ± 10.2 nm). In this study, the effect of nitrogen depletion on the ability of the cells to weaken their own cell walls via autolysis was investigated. Autolytic cell wall thinning was achieved in both N-replete and N-deplete biomass by incubating highly concentrated slurries in darkness at 38 °C. The incubation forced cells to anaerobically ferment their intracellular cellulose and resulted in 30-40% reduction in cell wall thickness for both biomass types. This wall depletion weakened the cells and increased the extent of cell rupture by mechanical force (from 42 to 78% for N-replete biomass, from 36 to 62% for N-deplete biomass). Importantly, autolysis did not adversely impact the amino acid content of protein-rich N-replete biomass or the fatty acid content of lipid-rich N-deplete biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Halim
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - David R A Hill
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Advanced Microscopy Unit, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Webley
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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162
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Yarnold J, Karan H, Oey M, Hankamer B. Microalgal Aquafeeds As Part of a Circular Bioeconomy. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:959-970. [PMID: 31285128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microalgae are unicellular plants, many of which are rich in protein, lipids, and bioactives and form an important part of the base of the natural aquatic food chain. Population growth, demand for high-quality protein, and depletion of wild fishstocks are forecast to increase aquacultural fish demand by 37% between 2016 and 2030. This review highlights the role of microalgae and recent advances that can support a sustainable 'circular' aquaculture industry. Microalgae-based feed supplements and recombinant therapeutic production offer significant opportunities to improve animal health, disease resistance, and yields. Critically, microalgae in biofloc, 'green water', nutrient remediation, and integrated multitrophic aquaculture technologies offer innovative solutions for economic and environmentally sustainable development in line with key UN Sustainability Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yarnold
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hakan Karan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Melanie Oey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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163
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Synergistic method for extraction of high purity Allophycocyanin from dry biomass of Arthrospira platensis and utilization of spent biomass for recovery of carotenoids. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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164
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Heo HY, Heo S, Lee JH. Comparative Techno-Economic Analysis of Transesterification Technologies for Microalgal Biodiesel Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Heo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Heo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay H. Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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165
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Yuan D, Zhao Q, Yan S, Tang SY, Zhang Y, Yun G, Nguyen NT, Zhang J, Li M, Li W. Sheathless separation of microalgae from bacteria using a simple straight channel based on viscoelastic microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2811-2821. [PMID: 31312819 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cells have been recognized as a promising sustainable resource to meet worldwide growing demands for renewable energy, food, livestock feed, water, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and materials. In order to ensure high-efficiency and high-quality production of biomass, biofuel, or bio-based products, purification procedures prior to the storage and cultivation of the microalgae from contaminated bacteria are of great importance. The present work proposed and developed a simple, sheathless, and efficient method to separate microalgae Chlorella from bacteria Bacillus Subtilis in a straight channel using the viscoelasticity of the medium. Microalgae and bacteria migrate to different lateral positions closer to the channel centre and channel walls respectively. Fluorescent microparticles with 1 μm and 5 μm diameters were first used to mimic the behaviours of bacteria and microalgae to optimize the separating conditions. Subsequently, size-based separation in Newtonian fluid and in viscoelastic fluid in straight channels with different aspect ratios was compared and demonstrated. Under the optimal condition, the removal ratio for 1 μm microparticles and separation efficiency for 5 μm particles can reach up to 98.28% and 93.85% respectively. For bacteria and microalgae cells separation, the removal ratio for bacteria and separation efficiency for microalgae cells is 92.69% and 100% respectively. This work demonstrated the continuous and sheathless separation of microalgae from bacteria for the first time by viscoelastic microfluidics. This technique can also be applied as an efficient and user-friendly method to separate mammalian cells or other kinds of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2122, Australia.
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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166
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Evaluation of disruption/permeabilization methodologies for Microcystis aeruginosa as alternatives to obtain high yields of microcystin release. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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167
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Bernaerts TM, Gheysen L, Foubert I, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM. Evaluating microalgal cell disruption upon ultra high pressure homogenization. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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168
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Choi YY, Patel AK, Hong ME, Chang WS, Sim SJ. Microalgae Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): An emerging sustainable bioprocess for reduced CO2 emission and biofuel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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169
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Sabri LS, Sultan AJ, Al-Dahhan MH. Investigating the cross-sectional gas holdup distribution in a split internal-loop photobioreactor during microalgae culturing using a sophisticated computed tomography (CT) technique. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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170
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Abstract
Oleaginous algae are nowadays of significance for industrial biotechnology applications and for the welfare of society. Tremendous efforts have been put into the development of economically feasible and effective downstream processing techniques in algae research. Currently, Liquid Biphasic Systems (LBSs) are receiving much attention from academia and industry for their potential as green and effective downstream processing methods. This article serves to review the applications of LBSs (LBS and Liquid Biphasic Flotation System (LBFS)) in the separation, recovery and purification of algae products, as well as their basic working principles. Moreover, cell disruptive technologies incorporated into LBSs in algae research are reported. This review provides insights into the downstream processing in algae industrial biotechnology which could be beneficial for algae biorefinement.
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171
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Koyande AK, Chew KW, Lim JW, Lee SY, Lam MK, Show PL. Optimization of protein extraction from Chlorella Vulgaris via novel sugaring-out assisted liquid biphasic electric flotation system. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:968-977. [PMID: 32624986 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae biomass has been consumed as animal feed, fish feed and in human diet due to its high nutritional value. In this experiment, microalgae specie of Chlorella Vulgaris FSP-E was utilized for protein extraction via simple sugaring-out assisted liquid biphasic electric flotation system. The external electric force provided to the two-phase system assists in disruption of rigid microalgae cell wall and releases the contents of microalgae cell. This experiment manipulates various parameters to optimize the set-up. The liquid biphasic electric flotation set-up is compared with a control liquid biphasic flotation experiment without the electric field supply. The optimized separation efficiency of the liquid biphasic electric flotation system was 73.999 ± 0.739% and protein recovery of 69.665 ± 0.862% compared with liquid biphasic flotation, the separation efficiency was 61.584 ± 0.360% and protein recovery was 48.779 ± 0.480%. The separation efficiency and protein recovery for 5 × time scaled-up system was observed at 52.871 ± 1.236% and 73.294 ± 0.701%. The integration of simultaneous cell-disruption and protein extraction ensures high yield of protein from microalgae. This integrated method for protein extraction from microalgae demonstrated its potential and further research can lead this technology to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurav Krishna Koyande
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Nottingham Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Mathematical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental & Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Perak Malaysia
| | - Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Perak Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Nottingham Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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172
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Lafarga T. Cultured Microalgae and Compounds Derived Thereof for Food Applications: Strain Selection and Cultivation, Drying, and Processing Strategies. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1655572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lafarga
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Postharvest Programme, Processed Fruits and Vegetables, Lleida, Spain
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173
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Scherer D, Krust D, Frey W, Mueller G, Nick P, Gusbeth C. Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted protein recovery from Chlorella vulgaris is mediated by an enzymatic process after cell death. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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174
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Suarez Garcia E, Lo C, Eppink M, Wijffels R, van den Berg C. Understanding mild cell disintegration of microalgae in bead mills for the release of biomolecules. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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175
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Abstract
Implementing microalgae biorefinery in arid environments requires utilization of strains that can grow at high temperatures (above 28 °C) and salinity levels (above 30 ppt). In this study, we investigate the newly isolated seawater strain, Synechococcus, native to the United Arab Emirates, and evaluate its value as a perspective organism for cultivation (for fuel and bio-products) in regions with freshwater scarcity. The strain displayed tolerance to a wide range of temperature (22–37 °C) and salinity (20–41 ppt), with maximum biomass concentration of 0.72 g L−1 and a maximum growth rate of 82 mg L−1 d−1 at 25 °C and 33 ppt salinity. Lipids accumulation reached up to 26% of dry weight in nitrogen-depleted conditions (with 1.8 mM of nitrates addition to the media), whereas protein content exceeded 50% dry weight. In this study, harvesting is investigated using three chemical agents: Ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide, and chitosan. Cell disruption is analyzed for four distinct treatments: Enzymatic, alkaline, ultrasonic, and hydrothermal. Among tested methods, flocculation with sodium hydroxide and ultrasonication were found to be the most efficient techniques for harvesting and cell disruption, respectively. The growth characteristics of the local strain and the potential to derive protein and lipids from it makes it a promising biomass in a biorefinery context.
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176
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Bai Y, Huo ZY, Wu YH, Hu HY. Efficient nanowire-assisted electroporation and cellular inclusion release of microalgal cells achieved by a low voltage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:191-196. [PMID: 30826679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A mild and low-energy cell disruption method with high efficiency has growing application potential in both the extraction of high-value microalgal products and the inactivation of microalgal cells. Conventional technologies available have disadvantages including high energy consumption, the use of chemicals and so on. Here, this study developed an efficient microalgal cell disruption method using the copper oxide nanowire (CuONW)-modified three-dimensional (3D) copper foam electrodes with a low applied voltage. Electrodes with nanowires synthesized at 400 °C, the optimal preparation temperature, achieved efficient microalgal cell electroporation. Microalgal cells were completely inactivated and disrupted at the voltage of 2 V with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed obvious electroporation damage on the cell surface upon electroporation-treatment (2 V, 30 s). The amount of released cellular inclusion increased significantly with prolonged HRT and the energy consumption of this technology was only 0.014 kWh/kg via the treatment of 2 V and 10 s. This study provided a novel, energy-efficient and chemical-free technique for both microalgal products extraction and cell inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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177
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Barkia I, Saari N, Manning SR. Microalgae for High-Value Products Towards Human Health and Nutrition. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E304. [PMID: 31137657 PMCID: PMC6562505 DOI: 10.3390/md17050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae represent a potential source of renewable nutrition and there is growing interest in algae-based dietary supplements in the form of whole biomass, e.g., Chlorella and Arthrospira, or purified extracts containing omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids. The commercial production of bioactive compounds from microalgae is currently challenged by the biorefinery process. This review focuses on the biochemical composition of microalgae, the complexities of mass cultivation, as well as potential therapeutic applications. The advantages of open and closed growth systems are discussed, including common problems encountered with large-scale growth systems. Several methods are used for the purification and isolation of bioactive compounds, and many products from microalgae have shown potential as antioxidants and treatments for hypertension, among other health conditions. However, there are many unknown algal metabolites and potential impurities that could cause harm, so more research is needed to characterize strains of interest, improve overall operation, and generate safe, functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Barkia
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Schonna R Manning
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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178
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Lee SY, Sankaran R, Chew KW, Tan CH, Krishnamoorthy R, Chu DT, Show PL. Waste to bioenergy: a review on the recent conversion technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42500-019-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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179
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Microalgal-Based Carbon Sequestration by Converting LNG-Fired Waste CO2 into Red Gold Astaxanthin: The Potential Applicability. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial approach of anthropogenic activities and CO2 sequestration is becoming a global research trend to alleviate the average global temperature. Although microalgae have been widely used to capture CO2 from industrial flue gas, the application of bioproducts was limited to bioenergy due to the controversy over the quality and safety of the products in the food and feed industry. Herein, the waste CO2 emitted from large point sources was directly captured using astaxanthin-hyperproducing microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. Astaxanthin production was successfully carried out using the hypochlorous acid water-based axenic culture process under highly contamination-prone outdoor conditions. Consequently, after 36 days of autotrophic induction, the productivity of biomass and astaxanthin of H. pluvialis (the mutant) reached 0.127 g L−1 day−1 and 5.47 mg L−1 day−1 under high summer temperatures, respectively, which was 38% and 48% higher than that of wild type cell. After grinding the wet astaxanthin-enriched biomass, the extract was successfully approved by compliance validation testing from Korea Food and Drug Administration. The assorted feed improved an immune system of the poultry without causing any side effects. The flue gas-based bioproducts could certainly be used for health functional food for animals in the future.
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180
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Günerken E, D'Hondt E, Eppink MH, Wijffels RH, Elst K. Disruption of microalgae with a novel continuous explosive decompression device. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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181
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He Y, Wang X, Wei H, Zhang J, Chen B, Chen F. Direct enzymatic ethanolysis of potential Nannochloropsis biomass for co-production of sustainable biodiesel and nutraceutical eicosapentaenoic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:78. [PMID: 30992715 PMCID: PMC6449970 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine microalga Nannochloropsis is a promising source for the production of renewable and sustainable biodiesel in replacement of depleting petroleum. Other than biodiesel, Nannochloropsis is a green and potential resource for the commercial production of nutraceutical eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). In recent studies, low-value biodiesel can be achieved by transesterification of Nannochloropsis biomass. However, it is undoubtedly wasteful to produce microalgal biodiesel containing EPA from nutritional and economical aspects. A new strategy was addressed and exploited to produce low-value bulky biodiesel along with EPA enrichment via enzymatic ethanolysis of Nannochloropsis biomass with a specific lipase. RESULTS Cellulase pretreatment on Nannochloropsis sp. biomass significantly improved the biodiesel conversion by direct ethanolysis with five enzymes from Candida antarctica (CALA and CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL), Rhizomucor miehei (RM), and Aspergillus oryzae (PLA). Among these five biocatalysts, CALA was the best suitable enzyme to yield high biodiesel conversion and effectively enrich EPA. After optimization, the maximum biodiesel conversion (46.53-48.57%) was attained by CALA at 8:1 ethanol/biomass ratio (v/w) in 10-15% water content with 10% lipase weight at 35 °C for 72 h. Meanwhile, EPA (60.81%) was highly enriched in microalgae NPLs (neutral lipids and polar lipids), increasing original EPA levels by 1.51-fold. Moreover, this process was re-evaluated with two Nannochloropsis species (IMET1 and Salina 537). Under the optimized conditions, the biodiesel conversions of IMET1 and Salina 537 by CALA were 63.41% and 54.33%, respectively. EPA contents of microalgal NPLs were 50.06% for IMET1 and 53.73% for Salina 537. CONCLUSION CALA was the potential biocatalyst to discriminate against EPA in the ethanolysis of Nannochloropsis biomass. The biodiesel conversion and EPA enrich efficiency of CALA were greatly dependent on lipidic class and fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis biomass. CALA-catalyzed ethanolysis with Nannochloropsis biomass was a promising approach for co-production of low-value biodiesel and high-value microalgae products rich in EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, 100081 China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Hehong Wei
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jianzhi Zhang
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Feng Chen
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
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182
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Mathiot C, Ponge P, Gallard B, Sassi JF, Delrue F, Le Moigne N. Microalgae starch-based bioplastics: Screening of ten strains and plasticization of unfractionated microalgae by extrusion. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:142-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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183
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Karan H, Funk C, Grabert M, Oey M, Hankamer B. Green Bioplastics as Part of a Circular Bioeconomy. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:237-249. [PMID: 30612789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of plastic waste is driving international demand for renewable plastics with superior qualities (e.g., full biodegradability to CO2 without harmful byproducts), as part of an expanding circular bioeconomy. Higher plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria can drive solar-driven processes for the production of feedstocks that can be used to produce a wide variety of biodegradable plastics, as well as bioplastic-based infrastructure that can act as a long-term carbon sink. The plastic types produced, their chemical synthesis, scaled-up biorefinery concepts (e.g., plant-based methane-to-bioplastic production and co-product streams), bioplastic properties, and uses are summarized, together with the current regulatory framework and the key barriers and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint first author
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Joint first author
| | - Martin Grabert
- Montroix Pty Ltd, PO Box 4394, Hawker ACT 2614, Australia
| | - Melanie Oey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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184
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Current Bottlenecks and Challenges of the Microalgal Biorefinery. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:242-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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185
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186
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Garoma T, Yazdi RE. Investigation of the disruption of algal biomass with chlorine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:18. [PMID: 30626334 PMCID: PMC6327449 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algal biofuel has a potential for reducing dependence on fossil fuel while curbing CO2 emissions. Despite these potential benefits, a scalable, sustainable, and commercially viable system has not yet been developed. One of the key barriers is the lack of viable methods for disrupting algal biomass for the separation and extraction of bioproducts. This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of using chlorine as an agent for algal biomass disruption. RESULTS Chlorine was an effective agent for disrupting algal cell, as demonstrated with cell viability and SEM analyses. For disruption studies conducted using algal suspension at 0.02% solids (0.2 g/L), 90% of the algal cells were disrupted in 6 min at 10 mg/L chlorine dose. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the estimated specific energy requirement, specific cost, and GWP for chlorine were lower than those of the existing methods. The energy requirement for chlorine was 3.73 MJ/ kg of dry algae disrupted, while the requirements for the existing methods ranged from 33 to 860 MJ/ kg of dry algae. The GWP for chlorine was 0.3 kg CO2-eq./kg dry algae, while for the existing methods it varied from 5.9 to 369.8 CO2-eq./kg dry algae. Despite these advantages, it was observed that residual chlorine reacted with and mineralized the cell contents, which is undesirable. CONCLUSIONS Future research efforts must be focused on eliminating or reducing the reaction of residual chlorine with cell contents. If this challenge is addressed, chlorine has a potential to be developed into an energy-efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable method for algal biomass disruption. This will in turn will overcome one of the technical bottlenecks, and ultimately increase algal biofuel production and reduce dependence on fossil fuel and curb CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Garoma
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Ramin E. Yazdi
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
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187
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Deriving Economic Value from Metabolites in Cyanobacteria. GRAND CHALLENGES IN ALGAE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25233-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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188
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Deng Y, Zhang T, Sharma BK, Nie H. Optimization and mechanism studies on cell disruption and phosphorus recovery from microalgae with magnesium modified hydrochar in assisted hydrothermal system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1140-1154. [PMID: 30235600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phosphorus (P) reserve state and its value, recovery of P from microalgae has become a popular topic. In this study, an integrated system of a hydrothermal process for microalgae cell disruption to release P and magnesium modified hydrochar adsorption to capture P was set up. Emission scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Three-Dimensional Excitation Emission matrix spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis were applied to evaluate the P release process from microalgae and found the optimal breaking-wall condition (P release 90.5%, hydrothermal digestion mixture of H2O2 and NaOH at 348 K). Parallel factor analysis showed there was a close relationship between P and humic-like substance. Hydrochar loaded with magnesium exhibited a strong affinity for P, with maximum capacity 89.61 mg/g at 318 K. The P adsorption fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to reveal the mechanism of hydrochar modification and adsorption. It showed that Mg is loaded on the surface of hydrochar by electrostatic attraction and electron transfer with the carboxylic acid. P absorption was reached through anion exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Deng
- Biomass Engineering Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Biomass Engineering Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, PO Box 875306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA.
| | - Brajendra K Sharma
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1 Hazelwood Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Haiyu Nie
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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189
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Karim A, Islam MA, Mohammad Faizal CK, Yousuf A, Howarth M, Dubey BN, Cheng CK, Rahman Khan MM. Enhanced Biohydrogen Production from Citrus Wastewater Using Anaerobic Sludge Pretreated by an Electroporation Technique. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abu Yousuf
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Martin Howarth
- National Centre of Excellence for Food Engineering (NCEFE), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - Bipro Nath Dubey
- National Centre of Excellence for Food Engineering (NCEFE), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, United Kingdom
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190
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Sabri LS, Sultan AJ, Al-Dahhan MH. Mapping of microalgae culturing via radioactive particle tracking. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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191
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Silve A, Kian CB, Papachristou I, Kubisch C, Nazarova N, Wüstner R, Leber K, Strässner R, Frey W. Incubation time after pulsed electric field treatment of microalgae enhances the efficiency of extraction processes and enables the reduction of specific treatment energy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:179-187. [PMID: 30172181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pre-treatment, applied on fresh microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides, induces spontaneous release of a substantial water fraction and enables subsequent lipid extraction using ethanol-hexane blends. In this study, fresh microalgae suspensions were treated with PEF and incubated under inert conditions. Incubation promotes the release of ions and carbohydrates and increases the yields of subsequent lipid extraction thus enabling a considerable reduction of PEF-treatment energy. With a 20 h incubation period at 25 °C, almost total lipid extraction is achieved with a specific PEF-treatment energy of only 0.25 MJ/kgDW. Incubation on ice remains beneficial but less efficient than at 25 °C. Additionally, incubating microalgae cells in suspension at 100gDW/L or in a dense paste, was almost equally efficient. Correlation between the different results suggests that spontaneous release of ions and carbohydrates facilitates more successful lipid extraction. A direct causality between the two phenomena remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Silve
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Chua Boon Kian
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christin Kubisch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Natalja Nazarova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wüstner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus Leber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ralf Strässner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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192
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193
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Zhang R, Parniakov O, Grimi N, Lebovka N, Marchal L, Vorobiev E. Emerging techniques for cell disruption and extraction of valuable bio-molecules of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:173-186. [PMID: 30470909 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae of Nannochloropsis sp. present valuable source of bio-molecules (pigments, lipids, proteins) that have nutritional potential for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Moreover, some species of Nannochloropsis are the promising sources of biofuels and excellent candidates for the replacement of classical biofuel crops. This review describes and compares the efficiency of different conventional and novel techniques that can be used for cell disruption and recovery of bio-molecules from Nannochloropsis sp. Classification of different extraction techniques includes chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and other physical methods. The detailed analysis of extraction efficiency assisted by pressure and temperature (subcritical and supercritical fluids, hydrothermal liquefaction), ultrasound, microwaves, and pulsed electric energy (pulsed electric fields and high voltage electrical discharges) is presented. The general discussion includes comparison between techniques, their effectiveness for cell disruption and selectivity of bio-molecules extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. The cost-effectiveness, benefits and limitations of different techniques are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Oleksii Parniakov
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nabil Grimi
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nikolai Lebovka
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.,Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry named after F. D. Ovcharenko, NAS of Ukraine, 42, blvr. Vernadskogo, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Luc Marchal
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, GEPEA, Université de Nantes, UMR6144, CRTT, Boulevard de l'Université, BP 406, 44602, Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Eugène Vorobiev
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
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194
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Gim GH, Kim SW. Optimization of Cell Disruption and Transesterification of Lipids from Botryococcus braunii LB572. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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195
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Howlader MS, Rai N, Todd French W. Improving the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms using different pretreatment techniques. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:743-755. [PMID: 30064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extraction directly from the wet oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production is preferred as it reduces the energy input for traditional processes which require extensive drying of the biomass prior to the extraction. The high water content (≥80% on cell dry weight) in the wet biomass hinders the extraction efficiency due to the mass transfer limitation. This limitation can be overcome by pretreating wet biomass prior to the lipid extraction using pressurized gas that can be used alone or combined with other pretreatments to disrupt the cell wall. In this review, an extensive discussion on different pretreatments and the subsequent lipid extraction using these pretreatments is presented. Furthermore, a detailed account of the cell disruption using pressurized gas (e.g., CO2) treatment for microbial cell lysing is also presented. Finally, a new technique on lipid extraction directly from wet biomass using the combination of pressurized CO2 and microwave pretreatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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196
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Suarez Garcia E, van Leeuwen J, Safi C, Sijtsma L, Eppink MHM, Wijffels RH, van den Berg C. Selective and energy efficient extraction of functional proteins from microalgae for food applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:197-203. [PMID: 30077880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of a single controlled bead milling step of the microalga Tetraselmis suecica resulted in a soluble fraction, rich in functional proteins. This was achieved by fine-tuning the processing time, thereby exploiting the difference in rates of protein and carbohydrate release during milling. Soluble proteins were extracted under mild conditions -room temperature, no addition of chemicals, pH 6.5-, with a yield of 22.5% and a specific energy consumption of 0.6 kWh kgDW-1, which is within the recommended minimum energy for an extraction step in a biorefinery process. The resulting protein extract contained 50.4% (DW) of proteins and 26.4% carbohydrates, showed light green color and displayed superior surface activity and gelation behavior compared to whey protein isolate. The proposed process is simple (only one bead milling step), scalable, and allows the mild extraction of functional proteins, making it interesting for industrial applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suarez Garcia
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J van Leeuwen
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Safi
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Sijtsma
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H M Eppink
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - C van den Berg
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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197
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The effect of high-intensity ultrasound on cell disruption and lipid extraction from high-solids viscous slurries of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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198
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Zinkoné TR, Gifuni I, Lavenant L, Pruvost J, Marchal L. Bead milling disruption kinetics of microalgae: Process modeling, optimization and application to biomolecules recovery from Chlorella sorokiniana. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:458-465. [PMID: 30036846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial development of microalgae biomass valorization relies on process optimization and controlled scale-up. Both need robust modeling: (i) for biomass production and (ii) for integrated processes in the downstream processing (DSP). Cell disruption and primary fractionation are key steps in DSP. In this study, a kinetic model, including microalgal cell size distribution, was developed for Chlorella sorokiniana disruption in continuous bead milling. Glass beads of 0.4 mm size at impeller tip velocity of 14 m.s-1 were used as optimal conditions for efficient cell disruption. These conditions allowed faster disruption of big cells than small ones. A modified expression of the Stress Number, including cell size effect, was then proposed and validated. Separation of starch, proteins and chlorophyll by mild centrifugation was studied as function of the disruption parameters. Low energy consumption conditions led to extreme comminution. An intermediate zone drew attention for allowing moderate energy consumption and efficient metabolites separation by centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Téné Rosine Zinkoné
- GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, University of Nantes, 37 bd de l'Université, 44602 Saint Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Imma Gifuni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio, 80, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jérémy Pruvost
- GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, University of Nantes, 37 bd de l'Université, 44602 Saint Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, University of Nantes, 37 bd de l'Université, 44602 Saint Nazaire Cedex, France.
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199
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He Y, Wu T, Wang X, Chen B, Chen F. Cost-effective biodiesel production from wet microalgal biomass by a novel two-step enzymatic process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:583-591. [PMID: 30138870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-step enzymatic process was firstly established to produce microalgae biodiesel using wet Chlorella biomass. In the first hydrolysis step, to reduce energy consumption and effectively disrupt microalgal cell wall, among cellulase, hemicellulase, papain, lysozyme and pectinase, the highest hydrolysis efficiency (67.52%) was obtained by cellulase at pH 5.0 with enzyme dosage of 200 U/g dry biomass at 40 °C for 12 h. In the second transesterification step, compared with liquid CAL-A/B from Candida antarctica and PLA from Aspergillus oryzae, liquid lipase TL from Thermomyces lanuginosus achieved the highest biodiesel conversion at 81.15:1 (v/w) ethanol/g TFAs ratio in 78-83% water content with 100 PLU/g TFAs lipase loading at 25 °C for 48 h. Moreover, similar results were obtained with three Chlorella species by this process. Overall, this two-step enzymatic process was a green, low-energy and efficient method for cost-effective biodiesel production using wet microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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200
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Application of high-voltage electrical discharges and high-pressure homogenization for recovery of intracellular compounds from microalgae Parachlorella kessleri. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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