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Kök M, Çekin Y, Çekin AH, Uyar S, Harmandar F, Şahintürk Y. The role of Blastocystis hominis in the activation of ulcerative colitis. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 30:40-46. [PMID: 30644363 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Several studies have shown that a change in microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, with the emergence in recent studies of differences according to the subtype of IBD and whether the disease is active or in remission, there has started to be research into the relationship between IBD and several microorganisms. Blastocystis hominis is primary among these organisms. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of B. hominis in the acute flare-up of ulcerative colitis (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 114 patients with UC were included in the study, with 52 in the active phase. The Mayo scoring system was used for the activity index. Patients determined with a flare-up agent other than B. hominis were excluded from the study. Fecal samples of the patients were examined by the polymerase chain reaction method for the presence of B. hominis. RESULTS B. hominis positivity was determined in 37 (34%) patients with UC. Of the patients, 17 (32.6%) were in the acute flare-up phase, and 20 (32.2%) were in remission (p=0.961). In 11 (64.7%) of the B. hominis positive patients, the disease severity was determined as mild-moderate (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that while there was no difference between the active and remission phases in respect of B. hominis presence, there was milder involvement in those determined with B. hominis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kök
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Çekin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Hilmi Çekin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Seyit Uyar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ferda Harmandar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yasin Şahintürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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152
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Pantazi E, Powell N. Group 3 ILCs: Peacekeepers or Troublemakers? What's Your Gut Telling You?! Front Immunol 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31024537 PMCID: PMC6460375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of interactions exists between the microbiome, the epithelium, and immune cells that reside along the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal immune system has been assigned with the difficult task of discriminating between commensal, harmless bacteria, and invading pathogens that translocate across the epithelial monolayer. Importantly, it is trained to maintain tolerance against commensals, and initiate protective immune responses against pathogens to secure intestinal homeostasis. Breakdown of this fine balance between the host and its intestinal microbiota can lead to intestinal inflammation and subsequently to development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A decade since their discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are now recognized as important regulators of intestinal homeostasis. ILC3s have emerged as a critical subset in the gut. They are the most phenotypically diverse ILC population and interact directly with numerous different cell types (haematopoietic and non-haematopoeitic), as well as interface with the bacterial flora. In addition to their contribution to intestinal pathogen immunity, they also mitigate against tissue damage occurring following acute injury, by facilitating tissue repair and regeneration, a key function in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, in chronic inflammation the tables are turned and ILC3s may acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the gut. Chronic ILC activation can lead to persistent inflammation contributing to IBD and/or colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of group 3 ILCs and their contributions to intestinal homeostasis and disease leading to novel therapeutic targets and clinical approaches that may inform novel treatment strategies for immune-mediated disorders, including IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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153
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Gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the development of murine transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1651-1663. [PMID: 29991496 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018018903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a syndrome of respiratory distress upon blood transfusion and is the leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities. Whether the gut microbiota plays any role in the development of TRALI is currently unknown. We observed that untreated barrier-free (BF) mice suffered from severe antibody-mediated acute lung injury, whereas the more sterile housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and gut flora-depleted BF mice were both protected from lung injury. The prevention of TRALI in the SPF mice and gut flora-depleted BF mice was associated with decreased plasma macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels as well as decreased pulmonary neutrophil accumulation. DNA sequencing of amplicons of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed a varying gastrointestinal bacterial composition between BF and SPF mice. BF fecal matter transferred into SPF mice significantly restored TRALI susceptibility in SPF mice. These data reveal a link between the gut flora composition and the development of antibody-mediated TRALI in mice. Assessment of gut microbial composition may help in TRALI risk assessment before transfusion.
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154
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Friedrich M, Pohin M, Powrie F. Cytokine Networks in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Immunity 2019; 50:992-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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155
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Cross talk between neutrophils and the microbiota. Blood 2019; 133:2168-2177. [PMID: 30898860 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-844555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of the host immunity by the induction, functional modulation, or suppression of local and systemic immune responses. In return, the host immune system restricts translocation and fine tunes the composition and distribution of the microbiota to maintain a beneficial symbiosis. This paradigm applies to neutrophils, a critical component of the innate immunity, allowing their production and function to be influenced by microbial components and metabolites derived from the microbiota, and engaging them in the process of microbiota containment and regulation. The cross talk between neutrophils and the microbiota adjusts the magnitude of neutrophil-mediated inflammation on challenge while preventing neutrophil responses against commensals under steady state. Here, we review the major molecular and cellular mediators of the interactions between neutrophils and the microbiota and discuss their interplay and contribution in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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156
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Hagihara Y, Yoshimatsu Y, Mikami Y, Takada Y, Mizuno S, Kanai T. Epigenetic regulation of T helper cells and intestinal pathogenicity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:379-399. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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157
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Intestinal Organoids as a Novel Complementary Model to Dissect Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8010645. [PMID: 31015842 PMCID: PMC6444246 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include colitis ulcerosa and Crohn's disease, besides the rare microscopic colitis. Both diseases show a long-lasting, relapsing-remitting, or even chronic active course with tremendous impact on quality of life. IBDs frequently cause disability, surgical interventions, and high costs; as in other autoimmune diseases, their prevalent occurrence at an early phase of life raises the burden on health care systems. Unfortunately, our understanding of the pathogenesis is still incomplete and treatment therefore largely focuses on suppressing the resulting excessive inflammation. One obstacle for deciphering the causative processes is the scarcity of models that parallel the development of the disease, since intestinal inflammation is mostly induced artificially; moreover, the intestinal epithelium, which strongly contributes to IBD pathogenesis, is difficult to assess. Recently, the development of intestinal epithelial organoids has overcome many of those problems. Here, we give an overview on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDs with reference to the limitations of previous well-established experimental models. We highlight the advantages and detriments of recent organoid-based experimental setups within the IBD field and suggest possible future applications.
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158
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Zhao G, Wei X, Wu J, Eichele DD, Lele SM, Yang L, Zhang F, Wang D. A Macromolecular Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor Prodrug Effectively Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Pharm Res 2019; 36:64. [PMID: 30859327 PMCID: PMC7433013 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tofacitinib (Tofa) has been approved for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC). To improve its therapeutic efficacy and limit dose-dependent toxicity, we developed a macromolecular prodrug of Tofa (P-Tofa). If the prodrug design improves the potency and duration of Tofa therapy, it would widen its therapeutic window, potentially leading to improved safety and better clinical management of UC. METHODS P-Tofa was synthesized by conjugating Tofa to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer via a cleavable carbamate linker. DSS-induced UC mouse model were treated with Tofa (daily oral gavage, from day 8), P-Tofa (single intravenous administration on day 8, dose equivalent to Tofa treatment) and saline. Healthy mice were used as a positive control. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using disease activity index (DAI), endoscopic score and end-point histology. The optical imaging, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to understand P-Tofa's working mechanism. RESULTS DAI results suggested that a single dose P-Tofa treatment was more efficacious than dose equivalent daily Tofa treatment. Endoscopic evaluation and histology analyses confirmed that while both P-Tofa and Tofa protected the colon, P-Tofa treated group was observed with better colon integrity with less tissue damage. Optical imaging, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry results showed that P-Tofa passively targeted the inflamed colon and being retained via cellular sequestration. CONCLUSIONS Single intravenous administration of P-Tofa was more effective than dose equivalent daily oral Tofa gavage in ameliorating DSS-induced colitis. This observed superior therapeutic efficacy may be attributed to P-Tofa's passive targeting to and retention by the inflamed colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Derrick D Eichele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology,, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Libin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA.
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Helmink BA, Khan MAW, Hermann A, Gopalakrishnan V, Wargo JA. The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy. Nat Med 2019; 25:377-388. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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160
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Lu H, Zhang L, Xiao J, Wu C, Zhang H, Chen Y, Hu Z, Lin W, Xie Q, Li H. Effect of feeding Chinese herb medicine ageratum-liquid on intestinal bacterial translocations induced by H9N2 AIV in mice. Virol J 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 30791956 PMCID: PMC6385471 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a low pathogenic influenza virus, avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AIV) often induces high morbidity in association with secondary bacterial infections in chickens or mammals. To explore this phenomenon, the relationship between intestinal microflora changes and bacterial translocations was studied post H9N2 AIV challenge and post AIV infection plus Ageratum-liquid treatment. Methods Illumina sequencing, histological examination and Neongreen-tagged bacteria were used in this study to research the microbiota composition, intestinal barrier, and bacterial translocation in six weeks of BALB/c mice. Results H9N2 AIV infection caused intestinal dysbacteriosis and mucosal barrier damages. Notably, the villus length was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) at 12 dpi and the crypt depth was significantly increased (p < 0.01) at 5 dpi and 12 dpi with infection, resulting in the mucosal regular villus-length/crypt-depth (V/C) was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) at 5 dpi and 12 dpi. Moreover, degeneration and dissolution of the mucosal epithelial cells, loose of the connective tissue and partial glandular atrophy were found in infection group, indicating that intestinal barrier function was weakened. Eventually, intestinal microbiota (Staphylococcus, E. coli, etc.) overrun the intestinal barrier and migrated to liver and lung tissues of the mice at 5 and 12 dpi. Furthermore, the bacteria transferred in mesentery tissue sites from intestine at 36 h through tracking the Neongreen-tagged bacteria. Then the Neongreen-tagged bacteria were isolated from liver at 48 h post intragastrical administration. Simultaneously, Ageratum-liquid could inhibit the intestinal microbiota disorder post H9N2 AIV challenge via the respiratory tract. In addition, this study also illustrated that Ageratum-liquid could effectively prevent intestinal bacterial translocation post H9N2 AIV infection in mice. Conclusion In this study, we report the discovery that H9N2 AIV infection could damage the ileal mucosal barrier and induce the disturbance of the intestinal flora in BALB/c mice resulting in translocation of intestinal bacteria. In addition, this study indicated that Ageratum-liquid can effectively prevent bacterial translocation following H9N2 infection. These findings are of important theoretical and practical significance in prevention and control of H9N2 AIV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1131-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Lu
- Guangdong experimental high school, Guangzhou, 510145, Gaungdong, China
| | - Luxuan Zhang
- Guangdong experimental high school, Guangzhou, 510145, Gaungdong, China
| | - Junfang Xiao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Che Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Yihu Chen
- Guangdong experimental high school, Guangzhou, 510145, Gaungdong, China
| | - Zhengyong Hu
- Guangdong experimental high school, Guangzhou, 510145, Gaungdong, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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161
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Kunz IGZ, Reed KJ, Metcalf JL, Hassel DM, Coleman RJ, Hess TM, Coleman SJ. Equine Fecal Microbiota Changes Associated With Anthelmintic Administration. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:98-106. [PMID: 31133326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis with disruptions having profound effects on the wellbeing of the host animal. Parasitic infection is a long-standing issue for the equine industry, and the use of anthelmintic drugs for parasite control has long been standard practice. The impact of anthelmintic treatment on the GIM in healthy horses is not well known. This study evaluated the hypothesis that anthelmintic administration will alter the equine fecal microbiota in horses without an observed helminth infection. Ten horses were treated with a single dose of QUEST PLUS (active ingredients: Moxidectin and Praziquantel) (Zoetis), and fecal samples were collected before and after treatment. Amplicon sequencing data were quality filtered, processed, and analyzed using QIIME2. Anthelmintic treatment corresponded with a small but significant decrease in alpha diversity (P-value < .05). Analysis of taxonomic abundances before and after treatment with DESeq2 identified 21 features that were significantly different after treatment (Padj-value < .05). Differences in beta diversity associated with treatment were not significant and potentially suggest factors unique to the individual may play an essential role in the specific responses observed. Overall, the present study does not indicate a broad, large-scale impact on the GIM after anthelmintic treatment. The results do, however, suggest the potential of individualized responses that are based instead on host factors. Identification of these factors and investigation of their impact on the host/microbiota relationship will contribute significantly to our understanding of the role of the microbiome in horse health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle G Z Kunz
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kailee J Reed
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jessica L Metcalf
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Robert J Coleman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Tanja M Hess
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Stephen J Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
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162
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Haas OA. Primary Immunodeficiency and Cancer Predisposition Revisited: Embedding Two Closely Related Concepts Into an Integrative Conceptual Framework. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3136. [PMID: 30809233 PMCID: PMC6379258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common understanding suggests that the normal function of a "healthy" immune system safe-guards and protects against the development of malignancies, whereas a genetically impaired one might increase the likelihood of their manifestation. This view is primarily based on and apparently supported by an increased incidence of such diseases in patients with specific forms of immunodeficiencies that are caused by high penetrant gene defects. As I will review and discuss herein, such constellations merely represent the tip of an iceberg. The overall situation is by far more varied and complex, especially if one takes into account the growing difficulties to define what actually constitutes an immunodeficiency and what defines a cancer predisposition. The enormous advances in genome sequencing, in bioinformatic analyses and in the functional in vitro and in vivo assessment of novel findings together with the availability of large databases provide us with a wealth of information that steadily increases the number of sequence variants that concur with clinically more or less recognizable immunological problems and their consequences. Since many of the newly identified hard-core defects are exceedingly rare, their tumor predisposing effect is difficult to ascertain. The analyses of large data sets, on the other hand, continuously supply us with low penetrant variants that, at least in statistical terms, are clearly tumor predisposing, although their specific relevance for the respective carriers still needs to be carefully assessed on an individual basis. Finally, defects and variants that affect the same gene families and pathways in both a constitutional and somatic setting underscore the fact that immunodeficiencies and cancer predisposition can be viewed as two closely related errors of development. Depending on the particular genetic and/or environmental context as well as the respective stage of development, the same changes can have either a neutral, predisposing and, in some instances, even a protective effect. To understand the interaction between the immune system, be it "normal" or "deficient" and tumor predisposition and development on a systemic level, one therefore needs to focus on the structure and dynamic functional organization of the entire immune system rather than on its isolated individual components alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar A. Haas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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163
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Abstract
Natural products have long played a pivotal role in the development of therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Traditionally, soil and marine environments have provided a rich reservoir from which diverse chemical scaffolds could be discovered. Recently, the human microbiome has been recognized as a promising niche from which secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential have begun to be isolated. In this Review, we address how the expansive history of identifying bacterial natural products in other environments is informing the approaches being brought to bear on the study of the human microbiota. We also touch on how these tools can lead to insights about microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions and help generate biological hypotheses that may lead to developments of new therapeutic modalities.
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164
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Shimizu J, Kubota T, Takada E, Takai K, Fujiwara N, Arimitsu N, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Relative abundance of Megamonas hypermegale and Butyrivibrio species decreased in the intestine and its possible association with the T cell aberration by metabolite alteration in patients with Behcet's disease (210 characters). Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:1437-1445. [PMID: 30628011 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-04419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously demonstrated that the phylum Actinobacteria, the family Lactobacillaceae, and the genus Bifidobacterium increased in relative abundance of gut microbiota in patients with Behcet's disease (BD). The phylum Firmicutes and the class Clostridia were predominant in the feces of normal individuals. The class Clostridia includes short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, important for the balance between regulatory T cells and helper T type 17 (Th17) cells. It is possible that the bacterial compositional alteration causes low intestinal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, leading to skewed immune functions in patients with BD. METHODS To test the hypothesis, we examined species composition and gene functions from the 16S rRNA data by utilizing PICRUSt software. RESULTS We have shown that relative abundance of Eggerthella lenta, Acidaminococcus species, Lactobacillus mucosae, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus iners, Streptococcus species, and Lactobacillus salivarius increased significantly in patients with BD. Relative abundance of Megamonas hypermegale, Butyrivibrio species, Streptococcus infantis, and Filifactor species increased significantly in normal individuals compared with BD patients. In the functional annotation analysis by PICRUSt, we found prevalent gene functions of the pentose phosphate pathway and the inosine monophosphate biosynthesis in patients with BD. The data suggested that BD gut microbes altered nucleic acid and fatty acid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These compositional and functional alterations of gut microbes may accompany unfavorable molecular exchanges between intestinal immunocompetent cells and gut microbes, and these interactions may have an association with the immune aberration in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kubota
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Erika Takada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Sueshige Wakisaka
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.
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Mueller C, Kwong Chung CKC, Faderl MR, Brasseit J, Zysset D. Helicobacter spp. in Experimental Models of Colitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:97-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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166
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Hrncir T, Hrncirova L, Kverka M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. The role of gut microbiota in intestinal and liver diseases. Lab Anim 2018; 53:271-280. [PMID: 30580671 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218818605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide incidence of many immune-mediated and metabolic diseases, including those of the intestines and liver, is steadily increasing. Gut microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these diseases as it mediates environmental changes to the intestinal immune system. Various environmental factors including diet, food additives and medication also trigger the compositional and functional alterations of microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, and this dysbiosis is closely associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the causal relationship remains unclear for the majority of these diseases. In this review, we discuss essential epidemiological data, known pathogenetic factors including those of genetic and environmental nature, while mainly focusing on the role of gut microbiota in the development of selected intestinal and liver diseases. Using specific examples, we also briefly describe some of the most widely-used animal models including gnotobiotic models and their contribution to the research of pathogenetic mechanisms of the host-microbiota relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hrncir
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Hrncirova
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic.,2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
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167
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Zhou L, Sonnenberg GF. Essential immunologic orchestrators of intestinal homeostasis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/20/eaao1605. [PMID: 29440266 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways that are essential to maintain a state of health in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, an organ that is densely colonized by both immune cells and trillions of microbes. Seminal studies in the 1990s identified that several cytokines, antigen-presentation molecules, and components of the T cell receptor were necessary to prevent the development of spontaneous intestinal inflammation in mice. Subsequent research revealed that these pathways orchestrate beneficial interactions with intestinal microbes, involve complex communication between innate and adaptive immune cells, and can be dysregulated in human inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we discuss how these early findings set the stage for numerous other advances and shaped our current knowledge of host-microbiota interactions and intestinal homeostasis in mammals. It is expected that continued investigation of these areas will define previously unknown immunologic mechanisms of tolerance and inflammation in the intestine that can be exploited to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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168
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Satta R, Pes GM, Rocchi C, Pes MC, Dore MP. Is probiotic use beneficial for skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 30:612-616. [PMID: 30244616 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1527998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are associated with extraintestinal manifestations including skin lesions. The intestinal microflora plays a key role in the development and course of IBD. Aim: To examine the efficacy of probiotics and the occurrence of skin lesions in patients with IBD. Methods: The occurrence of cutaneous lesions in IBD patients from Northern Sardinia was analyzed according to demographic, anthropometrics, clinical features, treatments, and probiotic use expressed as the ratio of disease duration under probiotic treatment and the total disease duration. Results: In 170 IBD patients (59.4% women; UC: 61.2%) at least one skin lesion was present (8.2%) at diagnosis and in 30.6% developed during the follow-up. Psoriasis, erythema nodosum, and pyoderma gangrenosum were the most frequent. An inverse trend was observed between probiotics use and skin lesions occurrence after adjusting for confounders, including conventional treatment for IBD. The risk of developing at least one skin lesion was 1.40 for probiotic use between 5-19% of disease duration and 0.3 for probiotic use > 50%. Body mass index, Crohn phenotype, marriage, and potency of IBD-treatment were significant predictors for developing skin lesions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that probiotics may be an additional tool in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Satta
- a Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Giovanni Mario Pes
- a Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Chiara Rocchi
- a Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pes
- a Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- a Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy.,b Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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169
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Alam A, Neish A. Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1539595. [PMID: 30404570 PMCID: PMC6389125 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1539595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine harbors a highly complex and abundant ensemble of bacteria that flourish in a nutrient-rich environment while profoundly influencing many aspects of host biology. The intestine coevolved with its resident microbes in a manner where the mucosa developed a barrier function to segregate the resident microbes from the rest of the body, and yet paradoxically, allowing integration of microbial signals for the host benefit. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of why the gut microbiota is key to the efficient development and maintenance of the intestinal barrier. We also highlighted how a destabilized equilibrium between gut microbiota and the host may eventuate in a wide range of intestinal diseases characterized by the disrupted intestinal barrier. Finally, the review delineated how microenvironmental changes in the injured mucosa result in an enrichment of a pro-regenerating consortium of bacteria, which augments mucosal wound repair and restoration of barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaqul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Andrew Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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170
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Mahalhal A, Williams JM, Johnson S, Ellaby N, Duckworth CA, Burkitt MD, Liu X, Hold GL, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM, Probert CS. Oral iron exacerbates colitis and influences the intestinal microbiome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202460. [PMID: 30308045 PMCID: PMC6181268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with anaemia and oral iron replacement to correct this can be problematic, intensifying inflammation and tissue damage. The intestinal microbiota also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD, and iron supplementation likely influences gut bacterial diversity in patients with IBD. Here, we assessed the impact of dietary iron, using chow diets containing either 100, 200 or 400 ppm, fed ad libitum to adult female C57BL/6 mice in the presence or absence of colitis induced using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), on (i) clinical and histological severity of acute DSS-induced colitis, and (ii) faecal microbial diversity, as assessed by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA. Increasing or decreasing dietary iron concentration from the standard 200 ppm exacerbated both clinical and histological severity of DSS-induced colitis. DSS-treated mice provided only half the standard levels of iron ad libitum (i.e. chow containing 100 ppm iron) lost more body weight than those receiving double the amount of standard iron (i.e. 400 ppm); p<0.01. Faecal calprotectin levels were significantly increased in the presence of colitis in those consuming 100 ppm iron at day 8 (5.94-fold) versus day-10 group (4.14-fold) (p<0.05), and for the 400 ppm day-8 group (8.17-fold) versus day-10 group (4.44-fold) (p<0.001). In the presence of colitis, dietary iron at 400 ppm resulted in a significant reduction in faecal abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and increase of Proteobacteria, changes which were not observed with lower dietary intake of iron at 100 ppm. Overall, altering dietary iron intake exacerbated DSS-induced colitis; increasing the iron content of the diet also led to changes in intestinal bacteria diversity and composition after colitis was induced with DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad Mahalhal
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Johnson
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Ellaby
- Department of Functional & Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Burkitt
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Functional & Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- Department of Medicine, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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171
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Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, Núñez G. Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 2018; 279:70-89. [PMID: 28856738 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. In addition to metabolic benefits, symbiotic bacteria provide the host with several functions that promote immune homeostasis, immune responses, and protection against pathogen colonization. The ability of symbiotic bacteria to inhibit pathogen colonization is mediated via several mechanisms including direct killing, competition for limited nutrients, and enhancement of immune responses. Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their replication in the presence of the gut microbiota. Perturbation of the gut microbiota structure by environmental and genetic factors increases the risk of pathogen infection, promotes the overgrowth of harmful pathobionts, and the development of inflammatory disease. Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pickard
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roberta Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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172
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of innate lymphocytes that are preferentially located at barrier surfaces. Barrier surfaces are in direct contact with complex microbial ecosystems, collectively referred to as the microbiota. It is now believed that the interplay of the microbiota with host components (i.e. epithelial cells and immune cells) promotes host fitness by regulating organ homeostasis, metabolism, and host defense against pathogens. In this review, we will give an overview of this multifaceted interplay between ILC and components of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Britanova
- Research Centre Immunotherapy and Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Microbiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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173
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Qiu B, Fan S, Ding H, Liu Z. Quinoa whole grain diet compromises the changes of gut microbiota and colonic colitis induced by dextran Sulfate sodium in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14916. [PMID: 30297695 PMCID: PMC6175902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of evidence highlights that the dysbiosis of gut microbiota is a critical factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that quinoa possesses potential prebiotic effects. The present study aims to examine the potential in using quinoa to ameliorate the dysbiosis and colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were fed either an AIN-93M diet or a quinoa-based diet, separately. Colitis was induced for 10 animals/dietary group with a 5-days exposure to 2.5% DSS. The clinical symptoms were monitored every other day, and the gut microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results indicated that consumption of quinoa lessened clinical symptoms as indicated by the reduced disease activity index and the degree of histological damage (P < 0.05). As expected, the DSS treatment induced significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota in mice on an AIN-93M diet. However, compared to mice fed the AIN-93M diet, the consumption of quinoa alleviated the DSS-induced dysbiosis remarkably, as indicated by increased species richness and diversity, decreased abnormal expansion of phylum Proteobacteria, and decreased overgrowth of genera Escherichia/Shigella and Peptoclostridium (P < 0.05). The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were less altered in mice fed with quinoa comparing to those mice fed the AIN-93M diet. In summary, the consumption of quinoa suppressed the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and alleviated clinical symptoms induced by DSS, indicating the potential to utilize quinoa as a dietary approach to improve intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Shandong Center of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.,Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.,School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Center of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Shandong Center of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China. .,College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA.
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174
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Porter RJ, Andrews C, Brice DP, Durum SK, McLean MH. Can We Target Endogenous Anti-inflammatory Responses as a Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2123-2134. [PMID: 30020451 PMCID: PMC6140439 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes chronic relapsing remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The prevalence of IBD is rising across the globe. Despite a growing therapeutic arsenal, current medical treatments are not universally effective, do not induce lasting remission in all, or are accompanied by short- and long-term adverse effects. Therefore, there is a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies for IBD. Current treatments for IBD mainly manipulate the immune system for therapeutic gain by inhibiting pro-inflammatory activity. There is a robust endogenous immunoregulatory capacity within the repertoire of both innate and adaptive immune responses. An alternative treatment strategy for IBD is to hijack and bolster this endogenous capability for therapeutic gain. This review explores this hypothesis and presents current evidence for this therapeutic direction in immune cell function, cytokine biology, and alternative mechanisms of immunoregulation such as microRNA, oligonucleotides, and the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross John Porter
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Paul Brice
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Kenneth Durum
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mairi Hall McLean
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Mairi H. McLean, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, AB25 2ZD. E-mail:
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175
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Zhu Z, Du X, Li P, Zhang X, Yang F, Cao W, Tian H, Zhang K, Liu X, Zheng H. Early Growth Response Gene-1 Suppresses Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Enhancing Type I Interferon Pathway Signal Transduction. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2326. [PMID: 30319594 PMCID: PMC6170816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional transcription factor that is implicated in viral infection. In this study, we observed that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection significantly triggered EGR1 expression. Overexpression of EGR1 suppressed FMDV replication in porcine cells, and knockdown of EGR1 considerably promoted FMDV replication. A previously reported FMDV mutant virus (with two amino acids mutations in SAP domain) that displays a strong type I interferon (IFN) induction activity was used in this study. We found that SAP mutant FMDV infection induced a higher expression of EGR1 than wildtype FMDV infection, and also triggered higher IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression than wildtype FMDV infection. This implied a link between EGR1 and type I IFN signaling. Further study showed that overexpression of EGR1 resulted in Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and NF-κB promoter activation. In addition, the SeV-induced ISGs expression was impaired in EGR1 knockdown cells. EGR1 upregulation promoted type I IFN signaling activation and suppressed FMDV and Seneca Valley virus replication. Suppression of the transcriptional activity of EGR1 did not affect its antiviral effect against FMDV. This study reveals a new mechanism evolved by EGR1 to enhance type I IFN signaling and suppress FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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176
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Overstreet A, LaTorre D, Abernathy-Close L, Murphy S, Rhee L, Boger A, Adlaka K, Iverson A, Bakke D, Weber C, Boone D. The JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib reduces inflammation in an ILC3-independent model of innate immune colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1454-1465. [PMID: 29988117 PMCID: PMC6162142 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms of IBD mediated by innate immunity are incompletely understood and there are limited models of spontaneous innate immune colitis to address this question. Here we describe a new robust model of colitis occurring in the absence of adaptive immunity. RAG1-deficient mice expressing TNFAIP3 in intestinal epithelial cells (TRAG mice) spontaneously developed 100% penetrant, early-onset colitis that was limited to the colon and dependent on intestinal microbes but was not transmissible to co-housed littermates. TRAG colitis was associated with increased mucosal numbers of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and depletion of ILC prevented colitis in TRAG mice. ILC depletion also therapeutically reversed established colitis in TRAG mice. The colitis in TRAG mice was not prevented by interbreeding to mice lacking group 3 ILC nor by depletion of TNF. Treatment with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib ameliorated colitis in TRAG mice. This new model of colitis, with its predictable onset and colon-specific inflammation, will have direct utility in developing a more complete understanding of innate immune mechanisms that can contribute to colitis and in pre-clinical studies for effects of therapeutic agents on innate immune-mediated IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Overstreet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - D.L. LaTorre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - L. Abernathy-Close
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - S.F. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - L. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A.M. Boger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - K.R. Adlaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - A.M. Iverson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - D.S. Bakke
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C.R. Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D.L. Boone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
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177
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Harrison CA, Laubitz D, Ohland CL, Midura-Kiela MT, Patil K, Besselsen DG, Jamwal DR, Jobin C, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. Microbial dysbiosis associated with impaired intestinal Na +/H + exchange accelerates and exacerbates colitis in ex-germ free mice. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1329-1341. [PMID: 29875400 PMCID: PMC6162102 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial Na+/H+ exchange facilitated by the apical NHE3 (Slc9a3) is a highly regulated process inhibited by intestinal pathogens and in inflammatory bowel diseases. NHE3-/- mice develop spontaneous, bacterially mediated colitis, and IBD-like dysbiosis. Disruption of epithelial Na+/H+ exchange in IBD may thus represent a host response contributing to the altered gut microbial ecology, and may play a pivotal role in modulating the severity of inflammation in a microbiome-dependent manner. To test whether microbiome fostered in an NHE3-deficient environment is able to drive mucosal immune responses affecting the onset or severity of colitis, we performed a series of cohousing experiments and fecal microbiome transplants into germ-free Rag-deficient or IL-10-/- mice. We determined that in the settings where the microbiome of NHE3-deficient mice was stably engrafted in the recipient host, it was able accelerate the onset and amplify severity of experimental colitis. NHE3-deficiency was characterized by the reduction in pH-sensitive butyrate-producing Firmicutes families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae (Clostridia clusters IV and XIVa), with an expansion of inflammation-associated Bacteroidaceae. We conclude that the microbiome fostered by impaired epithelial Na+/H+ exchange enhances the onset and severity of colitis through disruption of the gut microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Karuna Patil
- University Animal Care, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Deepa R Jamwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fayez K Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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178
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Sunkara T, Rawla P, Ofosu A, Gaduputi V. Fecal microbiota transplant - a new frontier in inflammatory bowel disease. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:321-328. [PMID: 30214266 PMCID: PMC6124474 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s176190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic multifactorial disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract and results from an aberrant immune response toward luminal antigens in genetically susceptible people. Most of the current therapies for IBD focus on the management of the inflammation by using corticosteroids, immune modulators, and more recently, monoclonal antibodies (biological therapy). Although these therapies provide benefit in most cases, there are still a significant number of patients who do not respond or become refractory over time, suggesting the need for alternative therapeutic options. In the last decade, it has been recognized that "dysbiosis," an imbalanced gut microbiota, is a key element in IBD suggesting microbiome-based therapies as an attractive approach. Recently, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has been successfully used for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection, and it is now under investigation for the treatment of IBD. Clinical trials data are still poor but strongly support a future introduction of FMT in therapy to manage IBD microbiome. More studies are needed to assess the optimal route of administration and the frequency of FMT, the best matched donor for each patient as well as the risks associated with FMT in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagore Sunkara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA, USA,
| | - Andrew Ofosu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinaya Gaduputi
- Division of Gastroenterology, SBH Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
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179
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Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Spirli C, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Animal models of cholestasis: An update on inflammatory cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:954-964. [PMID: 30398152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a frequent clinical condition initiating or complicating chronic liver diseases, particularly cholangiopathies, where the biliary epithelium is the primary target of the pathogenetic sequence. Until a few decades ago, understanding of cholestasis relied mostly on the experimental model of bile duct ligation in rodents. However, a simple model of biliary obstruction cannot reproduce the complex mechanisms and networks leading to cholestasis in cholangiopathies. These networks are underpinned by an intricate dysregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals involving besides cholangiocytes, multiple cell elements of both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, in the last years, a wide range of animal models of biliary injury have been developed, mostly in mice, following three main approaches, chemical induction, immunization and genetic manipulation. In this review, we will give an update of the animal models of the two main cholangiopathies, primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis, which have provided us with the most relevant insights into the pathogenesis of these still controversial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA
| | | | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Section of Digestive Disease, Liver Center, Yale University, Yale, USA.
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180
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Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081679. [PMID: 30087270 PMCID: PMC6121872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A microbial ecosystem in which bacteria no longer live in a mutualistic association is called dysbiotic. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a condition related with the pathogenesis of intestinal illnesses (irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease) and extra-intestinal illnesses (obesity, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular syndrome, allergy, and asthma). Dysbiosis status has been related to various important pathologies, and many therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the balance of the intestinal ecosystem have been implemented. These strategies include the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics; phage therapy; fecal transplantation; bacterial consortium transplantation; and a still poorly investigated approach based on predatory bacteria. This review discusses the various aspects of these strategies to counteract intestinal dysbiosis.
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181
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Goethel A, Croitoru K, Philpott DJ. The interplay between microbes and the immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol 2018; 596:3869-3882. [PMID: 29806140 DOI: 10.1113/jp275396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear but involves a complex interplay between genetic risk, environmental exposures, the immune system and the gut microbiota. Nearly two decades ago, the first susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, NOD2, was identified within the IBD 1 locus. Since then, over 230 genetic risk loci have been associated with IBD and yet NOD2 remains the strongest association to date. As an intracellular innate immune sensor of bacteria, investigations into host-microbe interactions, involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, have become of particular interest in understanding the pathogenesis of IBD. Advancements in sequencing technology have lead to the groundbreaking characterization of the gut microbiota and its role in health and disease. While an altered microbiome has been described for IBD, whether it is a cause or an effect of the intestinal inflammation has yet to be determined. Moreover, the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system adds to the multifaceted complexity of intestinal homeostasis. A better understanding of how host genetics, including NOD2, influence immune-microbe interactions and alter susceptibility to IBD is necessary in order to develop therapeutic and preventative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Goethel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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182
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Lo AC, Faye B, Gyan BA, Amoah LE. Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:387. [PMID: 29970128 PMCID: PMC6031113 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and causes severe disease especially among the poorest populations. It has been shown that an intestinal parasite (helminth), mixed intestinal helminth or Plasmodium parasite infection in a human induces a wide range of cytokine responses, including anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory cytokines. Although immunological interactions have been suggested to occur during a concurrent infection of helminths and Plasmodium parasites, different conclusions have been drawn on the influence this co-infection has on cytokine production. This review briefly discusses patterns of selected cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ) responses associated with infections caused by Plasmodium, intestinal parasites as well as a Plasmodium-helminth co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Colle Lo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,University Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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183
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Couturier-Maillard A, Froux N, Piotet-Morin J, Michaudel C, Brault L, Le Bérichel J, Sénéchal A, Robinet P, Chenuet P, Jejou S, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Iovanna J, Huber S, Chamaillard M, Quesniaux V, Sokol H, Chamaillard M, Ryffel B. Interleukin-22-deficiency and microbiota contribute to the exacerbation of Toxoplasma gondii-induced intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1181-1190. [PMID: 29728643 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii cysts (76 K strain) tachyzoites are released into the intestinal lumen and cross the epithelial barrier causing damage and acute intestinal inflammation in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Here we investigated the role of microbiota and IL-22 in T.gondii-induced small intestinal inflammation. Oral T.gondii infection in B6 mice causes inflammation with IFNγ and IL-22 production. In IL-22-deficient mice, T.gondii infection augments the Th1 driven inflammation. Deficiency in either IL-22bp, the soluble IL-22 receptor or Reg3γ, an IL-22-dependent antimicrobial lectin/peptide, did not reduce inflammation. Under germ-free conditions, T.gondii-induced inflammation was reduced in correlation with parasite load. But intestinal inflammation is still present in germ-free mice, at low level, in the lamina propria, independently of IL-22 expression. Exacerbated intestinal inflammation driven by absence of IL-22 appears to be independent of IL-22 deficiency associated-dysbiosis as similar inflammation was observed after fecal transplantation of IL-22-/- or WT microbiota to germ-free-WT mice. Our results suggest cooperation between parasite and intestinal microbiota in small intestine inflammation development and endogenous IL-22 seems to exert a protective role independently of its effect on the microbiota. In conclusion, IL-22 participates in T.gondii induced acute small intestinal inflammation independently of microbiota and Reg3γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Couturier-Maillard
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - N Froux
- CNRS UPS44 -TAAM, Orléans, France
| | - J Piotet-Morin
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - C Michaudel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - L Brault
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - J Le Bérichel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | | | - P Robinet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - P Chenuet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - S Jejou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 27 rue de Chaligny, 75005, Paris, France
| | - L Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J C Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Iovanna
- INSERM U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmette, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CNRS UMR 7258, Marseille, France
| | - S Huber
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | | | - Vfj Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France
| | - H Sokol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 27 rue de Chaligny, 75005, Paris, France
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - M Chamaillard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - B Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), CNRS and University of Orleans (UMR7355), Orléans, France.
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184
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Hamilton AL, Kamm MA, Ng SC, Morrison M. Proteus spp. as Putative Gastrointestinal Pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00085-17. [PMID: 29899011 PMCID: PMC6056842 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00085-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus species, members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, are usually considered commensals in the gut and are most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of urinary tract infections. However, the recent identification of Proteus spp. as potential pathogens in Crohn's disease recurrence after intestinal resection serves as a stimulus to examine their potential role as gut pathogens. Proteus species possess many virulence factors potentially relevant to gastrointestinal pathogenicity, including motility; adherence; the production of urease, hemolysins, and IgA proteases; and the ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. Gastrointestinal conditions that have been linked to Proteus include gastroenteritis (spontaneous and foodborne), nosocomial infections, appendicitis, colonization of devices such as nasogastric tubes, and Crohn's disease. The association of Proteus species with Crohn's disease was particularly strong. Proteus species are low-abundance commensals of the human gut that harbor significant pathogenic potential; further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hamilton
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A Kamm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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185
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Cellular Stress Responses and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7192646. [PMID: 30026758 PMCID: PMC6031203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7192646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progresses in the past two decades have greatly expanded our understanding of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an incurable disease with multifaceted and challenging clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of IBD involves multiple processes on the cellular level, which include the stress response signaling such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. Under physiological conditions, the stress responses play key roles in cell survival, mucosal barrier integrity, and immunomodulation. However, they can also cause energy depletion, trigger cell death and tissue injury, promote inflammatory response, and drive the progression of clinical disease. In recent years, gut microflora has emerged as an essential pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for IBD. Altered compositional and metabolic profiles of gut microbiota, termed dysbiosis, are associated with IBD. Recent studies, although limited, have shed light on how ER stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxic stress interact with gut microorganisms, a potential source of stress in the microenvironment of gastrointestinal tract. Our knowledge of cellular stress responses in intestinal homeostasis as well as their cross-talks with gut microbiome will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and probably open avenues for new therapies.
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186
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Sison-Mangus MP, Metzger CMJA, Ebert D. Host genotype-specific microbiota do not influence the susceptibility of D. magna to a bacterial pathogen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9407. [PMID: 29925845 PMCID: PMC6010447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbiota have been claimed to play a role in hosts' responses to parasitic infections, often protecting the hosts from infection. We tested for such a role in the crustacean Daphnia and the parasitic bacterium Pasteuria ramosa, a widely used model system for host-parasite interactions. We first determined the infection phenotype (i.e., resistotype) of eight clonal D. magna genotypes against four strains of P. ramosa by attachment test, followed by 16 S rDNA amplicon sequencing to determine if their genotype or their parasite resistotype influences the composition of their microbiome. We then reciprocally transplanted the microbiota of two host genotypes with opposite resistotypes to four P. ramosa isolates, followed by a reassessment of their resistotype after transplantation. We found significant differences in microbiome composition and structure between Daphnia genotypes and between Daphnia resistotypes to specific P. ramosa strains. Reciprocal microbiota exchange or making the Daphnia hosts bacteria-free, however, did not influence the resistotypes of the hosts. Thus, in contrary to what has been observed in some taxa, our results suggest that D. magna susceptibility to P. ramosa is strongly dictated by the genetic differences of the hosts and is still dependent on Daphnia's first line of immune defense against the esophageal attachment of P. ramosa, which appears to be uninfluenced by the host's microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou P Sison-Mangus
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - César M J A Metzger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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187
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Li X, Naser SA, Khaled A, Hu H, Li X. When old metagenomic data meet newly sequenced genomes, a case study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198773. [PMID: 29902201 PMCID: PMC6002052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dozens of computational methods are developed to identify species present in a metagenomic dataset. Many of these computational methods depend on available sequenced microbial species, which are still far from being representative. To see how newly sequenced genomes affect the analysis results, we re-analyzed a shotgun metagenomic dataset composed of twelve colitis free metagenomic samples and ten colitis-related metagenomic samples. Unexpectedly, we identified at least two new phyla that may relate to colitis development in patients, together with the phylum identified previously. Compared with the previously identified phylum that differed between the two types of samples, the differences associated with the two new phyla are statistically more significant. Moreover, the abundance of the two new phyla correlates more with the severity of colitis. Surprisingly, even by repeating the analyses implemented in the previous study, we found that at least one main conclusion in the previous study is not supported. Our study indicates the importance of re-analysis of the generated metagenomic datasets and the necessity of considering multiple updated tools in metagenomic studies. It also sheds light on the limitations of the popular tools used currently and the importance to infer the presence of taxa without relying upon available sequenced genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saleh A. Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Annette Khaled
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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188
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Imam T, Park S, Kaplan MH, Olson MR. Effector T Helper Cell Subsets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1212. [PMID: 29910812 PMCID: PMC5992276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a site of high immune challenge, as it must maintain a delicate balance between tolerating luminal contents and generating an immune response toward pathogens. CD4+ T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. Yet, CD4+ T cells are also known to be the main drivers of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when this balance is perturbed. Many subsets of CD4+ T cells have been identified as players in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation. Over the last few decades, understanding of how each subset of Th cells plays a role has dramatically increased. Simultaneously, this has allowed development of therapeutic innovation targeting specific molecules rather than broad immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review the emerging evidence of how each subset functions in promoting and sustaining the chronic inflammation that characterizes IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbeena Imam
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sungtae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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189
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Li H, Liu X, Chen F, Zuo K, Wu C, Yan Y, Chen W, Lin W, Xie Q. Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050270. [PMID: 29783653 PMCID: PMC5977263 DOI: 10.3390/v10050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses to the poultry industry due to the high mortality associated with secondary infections attributable to E. coli. This study tries to address the underlying secondary mechanisms after H9N2 AIV infection. Initially, nine day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to control (uninfected) and H9N2-infected groups, respectively. Using Illumina sequencing, histological examination, and quantitative real-time PCR, it was found that H9N2 AIV caused intestinal microbiota disorder, injury, and inflammatory damage to the intestinal mucosa. Notably, the genera Escherichia, especially E. coli, significantly increased (p < 0.01) at five days post-infection (dpi), while Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and other probiotic organisms were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin 3, and occludin), TFF2, and Muc2 were significantly reduced (p < 0.01), indicating the destruction of the intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions and the damage of mucin layer construction. Moreover, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-22, IFN-α, and IL-17A in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly upregulated, resulting in the inflammatory response and intestinal injury. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for observed gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea and secondary E. coli infection following H9N2 AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Feiyang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Che Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yiming Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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190
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our evolving understanding of how gut microbiota affects immune function and homeostasis has led many investigators to explore the potentially pathologic role of gut microbiota in autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the rapidly advancing field of microbiome research in systemic sclerosis (SSc), an incurable autoimmune disease with significant gastrointestinal morbidity and mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Recent reports have identified common perturbations in gut microbiota across different SSc cohorts. Compared with healthy controls, patients with SSc have decreased abundance of beneficial commensal genera (e.g. Faecalibacterium, Clostridium and Bacteroides) and increased abundance of pathbiont genera (e.g. Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Erwinia). Certain genera may protect against (e.g. Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus), or conversely exacerbate (e.g. Fusobacterium and Prevotella) gastrointestinal symptoms in SSc. These genera represent potential targets to avert or treat gastrointestinal dysfunction in SSc. SUMMARY Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in gut microbiota exist in the SSc disease state; however, future basic and clinical studies are needed to ascertain the mechanism by which these alterations perpetuate inflammation and fibrosis in SSc. Therapeutic trials are also needed to investigate whether dietary interventions or fecal transplantation can restore the gut microbial balance and improve health outcomes in SSc. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COR/A38.
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191
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Zhao Q, Elson CO. Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens. Immunology 2018; 154:28-37. [PMID: 29338074 PMCID: PMC5904715 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbiota mutualism has been established during long-term co-evolution. A diverse and rich gut microbiota plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the host immune system. Education of the adaptive immune compartment by gut microbiota antigens is important in establishing immune balance. In particular, a critical time frame immediately after birth provides a 'window of opportunity' for the development of lymphoid structures, differentiation and maturation of T and B cells and, most importantly, establishment of immune tolerance to gut commensals. Depending on the colonization niche, antigen type and metabolic property of different gut microbes, CD4 T-cell responses vary greatly, which results in differentiation into distinct subsets. As a consequence, certain bacteria elicit effector-like immune responses by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and interleukin-17A, whereas other bacteria favour the generation of regulatory CD4 T cells and provide help with gut homeostasis. The microbiota have profound effects on B cells also. Gut microbial exposure leads to a continuous diversification of B-cell repertoire and the production of T-dependent and -independent antibodies, especially IgA. These combined effects of the gut microbes provide an elegant educational process to the adaptive immune network. Contrariwise, failure of this process results in a reduced homeostasis with the gut microbiota, and an increased susceptibility to various immune disorders, both inside and outside the gut. With more definitive microbial-immune relations waiting to be discovered, modulation of the host gut microbiota has a promising future for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of MedicineThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of MedicineThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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192
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Dou J, Bennett MR. Synthetic Biology and the Gut Microbiome. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700159. [PMID: 28976641 PMCID: PMC5882594 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Functions performed by gastrointestinal microbes range from regulating metabolism to modulating immune and nervous system development. Scientists have attempted to exploit this importance through the development of engineered probiotics that are capable of producing and delivering small molecule therapeutics within the gut. However, existing synthetic probiotics are simplistic and fail to replicate the complexity and adaptability of native homeostatic mechanisms. In this review, the ways in which the tools and approaches of synthetic biology have been applied to improve the efficacy of therapeutic probiotics, and the ways in which they might be applied in the future is discussed. Simple devices, such as a bistable switches and integrase memory arrays, have been successfully implemented in the mammalian gut, and models for targeted delivery in this environment have also been developed. In the future, it will be necessary to introduce concepts such as logic-gating and biocontainment mechanisms into synthetic probiotics, as well as to expand the collection of relevant biosensors. Ideally, this will bring us closer to a reality in which engineered therapeutic microbes will be able to accurately diagnose and effectively respond to a variety of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dou
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
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193
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Korte SW, Franklin CL, Dorfmeyer RA, Ericsson AC. Effects of Fenbendazole-impregnated Feed and Topical Moxidectin during Quarantine on the Gut Microbiota of C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:229-235. [PMID: 29784074 PMCID: PMC5966229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To protect the biosecurity of research rodent colonies, research institutions frequently require a quarantine period for live animals transferred into their facilities. Quarantine practices often include antibiotic and antiparasitic treatment with drugs such as fenbendazole and macrolide lactones. The influence of these compounds on the resident gut microbiota of mice is unknown, and any effects might subsequently affect model reproducibility. To test the influence of standard quarantine procedures on the composition of the microbiota, C57BL/6 mice, purchased from 2 different commercial suppliers, were randomly assigned to treatment groups (n = 12) by vendor and treated with fenbendazole-supplemented feed, topical moxidectin, both treatments, or no treatment (control), according to our institution's standard treatment regimen and duration. Feces were collected on arrival, immediately after completing the 8-wk treatment, and at 2 and 4 wk after treatment. Fecal DNA was extracted, sequenced, and analyzed to compare the changes in the microbiota of treated and control groups. Although significant main effects of time and treatment and interactions between those variables were detected in comparisons of richness, α-diversity, and β-diversity, the effect sizes associated with any particular treatment were consistently much smaller than that associated with acclimation to a new facility in the absence of any quarantine treatments. This outcome, along with the visual evaluation of principal coordinate analysis based on multiple similarity indices, suggests that time or institution plays a larger role in alterations of the murine gut microbiota than do quarantine treatments on its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Korte
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Metagenomics Center, Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rebecca A Dorfmeyer
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;,
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194
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Swafford D, Shanmugam A, Ranganathan P, Hussein MS, Koni PA, Prasad PD, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Canonical Wnt Signaling in CD11c + APCs Regulates Microbiota-Induced Inflammation and Immune Cell Homeostasis in the Colon. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3259-3268. [PMID: 29602775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease-associated colon carcinogenesis. However, its role in shaping mucosal immune responses to commensals in the gut remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the importance of canonical Wnt signaling in CD11c+ APCs in controlling intestinal inflammation. Using a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, we demonstrated that canonical Wnt signaling in intestinal CD11c+ APCs controls intestinal inflammation by imparting an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Genetic deletion of Wnt coreceptors, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) in CD11c+ APCs in LRP5/6ΔCD11c mice, resulted in enhanced intestinal inflammation with increased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. This was due to microbiota-dependent increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of immune-regulatory factors such as IL-10, retinoic acid, and IDO. Mechanistically, loss of LRP5/6-mediated signaling in CD11c+ APCs resulted in altered microflora and T cell homeostasis. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that conditional activation of β-catenin in CD11c+ APCs in LRP5/6ΔCD11c mice resulted in reduced intestinal inflammation with decreased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. These results reveal a mechanism by which intestinal APCs control intestinal inflammation and immune homeostasis via the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Swafford
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | | | | | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
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195
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Bhatt B, Zeng P, Zhu H, Sivaprakasam S, Li S, Xiao H, Dong L, Shiao P, Kolhe R, Patel N, Li H, Levy-Bercowski D, Ganapathy V, Singh N. Gpr109a Limits Microbiota-Induced IL-23 Production To Constrain ILC3-Mediated Colonic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29514953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A set of coordinated interactions between gut microbiota and the immune cells surveilling the intestine play a key role in shaping local immune responses and intestinal health. Gpr109a is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed at a very high level on innate immune cells and previously shown to play a key role in the induction of colonic regulatory T cells. In this study, we show that Gpr109a-/-Rag1-/- mice exhibit spontaneous rectal prolapse and colonic inflammation, characterized by the presence of an elevated number of IL-17-producing Rorγt+ innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; ILC3). Genetic deletion of Rorγt alleviated the spontaneous colonic inflammation in Gpr109a-/-Rag1-/- mice. Gpr109a-deficient colonic dendritic cells produce higher amounts of IL-23 and thereby promote ILC3. Moreover, the depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment decreased IL-23 production, ILC3, and colonic inflammation in Gpr109a-/-Rag1-/- mice. The ceca of Gpr109a-/-Rag1-/- mice showed significantly increased colonization by members of Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Mogibacteriaceae, as well as IBD-associated microbiota such as Enterobacteriaceae and Mycoplasmataceae, compared with Rag1-/- mice, housed in a facility positive for Helicobacter and murine norovirus. Niacin, a Gpr109a agonist, suppressed both IL-23 production by colonic DCs and ILC3 number in a Gpr109a-dependent manner. Collectively, our data present a model suggesting that targeting Gpr109a will be potentially beneficial in the suppression of IL-23-mediated immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | - Siyi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lixin Dong
- College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Pamela Shiao
- College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | | | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
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196
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Rodriguez-Palacios A, Aladyshkina N, Ezeji JC, Erkkila HL, Conger M, Ward J, Webster J, Cominelli F. 'Cyclical Bias' in Microbiome Research Revealed by A Portable Germ-Free Housing System Using Nested Isolation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3801. [PMID: 29491439 PMCID: PMC5830500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-Free (GF) research has required highly technical pressurized HEPA-ventilation anchored systems for decades. Herein, we validated a GF system that can be easily implemented and portable using Nested Isolation (NesTiso). GF-standards can be achieved housing mice in non-HEPA-static cages, which only need to be nested 'one-cage-inside-another' resembling 'Russian dolls'. After 2 years of monitoring ~100,000 GF-mouse-days, NesTiso showed mice can be maintained GF for life (>1.3 years), with low animal daily-contamination-probability risk (1 every 867 days), allowing the expansion of GF research with unprecedented freedom and mobility. At the cage level, with 23,360 GF cage-days, the probability of having a cage contamination in NesTiso cages opened in biosafety hoods was statistically identical to that of opening cages inside (the 'gold standard') multi-cage pressurized GF isolators. When validating the benefits of using NesTiso in mouse microbiome research, our experiments unexpectedly revealed that the mouse fecal microbiota composition within the 'bedding material' of conventional SPF-cages suffers cyclical selection bias as moist/feces/diet/organic content ('soiledness') increases over time (e.g., favoring microbiome abundances of Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales; and cultivable Enterococcus faecalis over Lactobacillus murinus and Escherichia coli), which in turn cyclically influences the gut microbiome dynamics of caged mice. Culture 'co-streaking' assays showed that cohoused mice exhibiting different fecal microbiota/hemolytic profiles in clean bedding (high-within-cage individual diversity) 'cyclically and transiently appear identical' (less diverse) as bedding soiledness increases, and recurs. Strategies are proposed to minimize this novel functional form of cyclical bedding-dependent microbiome selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Natalia Aladyshkina
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jessica C Ezeji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hailey L Erkkila
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mathew Conger
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - John Ward
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Joshua Webster
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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197
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Chen Y, Xu C, Huang R, Song J, Li D, Xia M. Butyrate from pectin fermentation inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption and attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:175-182. [PMID: 29574331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the major products of dietary fiber fermentation by intestinal microflora, exert beneficial effects on pathogenesis of multiple metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether SCFAs from fermentation of pectin (PE), a soluble dietary fiber, prevent the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Male apoE-/- mice (8-week-old) were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HCD; 21% wt/wt fat, 0.15% wt/wt cholesterol) or HCD supplemented with 20% wt/wt PE (HCD+PE) alone or with antibiotics (HCD+PE + A) in drinking water for 12 weeks. Serum lipids and SCFAs concentrations, atherosclerotic lesion area, and intestinal morphology and function were measured. Caco-2 cells were treated with SCFAs to determine whether they affected the expression of genes involved in cholesterol absorption. HCD+PE-treated mice exhibited decreased serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduced atherosclerotic lesion area compared with HCD mice. These beneficial effects of PE were not observed in the HCD+PE+A group. Incubation of Caco-2 cells with butyrate, but not acetate and propionate, down-regulated the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 but up-regulated the ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 (ABCG5 and G8) at the mRNA level. Butyrate treatment also increased transcriptional activity of liver X receptor in Caco-2 cells. Our data suggest that butyrate from PE intestinal fermentation protects mice from the progression of diet-induced atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which dietary fiber may prevent the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
| | - Di Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China.
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198
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Burrello C, Garavaglia F, Cribiù FM, Ercoli G, Bosari S, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. Short-term Oral Antibiotics Treatment Promotes Inflammatory Activation of Colonic Invariant Natural Killer T and Conventional CD4 + T Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:21. [PMID: 29468162 PMCID: PMC5808298 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut mucosa is continuously exposed to a vast community of microorganisms, collectively defined as microbiota, establishing a mutualistic relationship with the host and contributing to shape the immune system. Gut microbiota is acquired at birth, and its composition is relatively stable during the entire adult life. Intestinal dysbiosis, defined as a microbial imbalance of gut bacterial communities, can be caused by several factors, including bacterial infections and antibiotic use, and has been associated with an increased risk to develop or exacerbate immune-mediated pathologies, such as allergic reactions, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Still, the mechanisms by which antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis may lead to development of mucosal inflammation are still matter of debate. To this end, we aimed to evaluate the impact of antibiotic treatment on phenotype and functions of intestinal immune cell populations, including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a subset of lipid-specific T cells profoundly influenced by alterations on the commensal microbiota. To this aim, a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics was administered for 2 weeks to otherwise healthy mice before re-colonization of the intestinal microbial community with oral gavage of eubiotic or dysbiotic mucosa-associated bacteria and luminal colonic content, followed or not by intestinal inflammation induction. Here. we showed that short-term antibiotic treatment alters frequency and functions of intestinal iNKT cells, even in the absence of intestinal inflammation. The presence of a dysbiotic microbiota after antibiotic treatment imprints colonic iNKT and CD4+ T cells toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype that collectively contributes to aggravate intestinal inflammation. Nonetheless, the inflammatory potential of the dysbiotic microbiota decreases over time opening the possibility to temporally intervene on the microbial composition to re-equilibrate dysbiosis, thus controlling concomitantly mucosal immune T cell activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Burrello
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Garavaglia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvia Milena Cribiù
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ercoli
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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199
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Bruce-Keller AJ, Salbaum JM, Berthoud HR. Harnessing Gut Microbes for Mental Health: Getting From Here to There. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:214-223. [PMID: 29031410 PMCID: PMC5859957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of interest in the study of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (gut microbiota) and their impact on host health and physiology. Accumulating data suggest that altered communication between gut microbiota and host systems could participate in disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune disorders as well as neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, anxiety, and major depressive disorders. The conceptual development of the microbiome-gut-brain axis has facilitated understanding of the complex and bidirectional networks between gastrointestinal microbiota and their host, highlighting potential mechanisms through which this environment influences central nervous system physiology. Communication pathways between gut microbiota and the central nervous system could include autonomic, neuroendocrine, enteric, and immune systems, with pathology resulting in disruption to neurotransmitter balance, increases in chronic inflammation, or exacerbated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. However, uncertainty remains regarding the generalizability of controlled animal studies to the more multifaceted pattern of human pathophysiology, especially with regard to the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric health. This narrative review summarizes current understanding of gut microbial influence over physiological function, with an emphasis on neurobehavioral and neurological impairment based on growing understanding of the gut-brain axis. Experimental and clinical data regarding means of therapeutic manipulation of gut microbiota as a novel treatment option for mental health are described, and important knowledge gaps are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadora J Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - J Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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200
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Liang D, Leung RKK, Guan W, Au WW. Involvement of gut microbiome in human health and disease: brief overview, knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29416567 PMCID: PMC5785832 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microbial community which resides inside our body and on our skin (the human microbiome) can perturb host energy metabolism and immunity, and thus significantly influence development of a variety of human diseases. Therefore, the field has attracted unprecedented attention in the last decade. Although a large amount of data has been generated, there are still many unanswered questions and no universal agreements on how microbiome affects human health have been agreed upon. Consequently, this review was written to provide an updated overview of the rapidly expanding field, with a focus on revealing knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Specifically, the review covered animal physiology, optimal microbiome standard, health intervention by manipulating microbiome, knowledge base building by text mining, microbiota community structure and its implications in human diseases and health monitoring by analyzing microbiome in the blood. The review should enhance interest in conducting novel microbiota investigations that will further improve health and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachao Liang
- Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, CUHK-BGI Innovation Institute of Trans-omics Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ross Ka-Kit Leung
- 2State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Wenda Guan
- 2State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - William W Au
- 3University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,4Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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