151
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Nguyen TA, Wu K, Pandey S, Lehr AW, Li Y, Bemben MA, Badger JD, Lauzon JL, Wang T, Zaghloul KA, Thurm A, Jain M, Lu W, Roche KW. A Cluster of Autism-Associated Variants on X-Linked NLGN4X Functionally Resemble NLGN4Y. Neuron 2020; 106:759-768.e7. [PMID: 32243781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in males; however, the etiology for this sex bias is not well understood. Many mutations on X-linked cell adhesion molecule NLGN4X result in ASD or intellectual disability. NLGN4X is part of an X-Y pair, with NLGN4Y sharing ∼97% sequence homology. Using biochemistry, electrophysiology, and imaging, we show that NLGN4Y displays severe deficits in maturation, surface expression, and synaptogenesis regulated by one amino acid difference with NLGN4X. Furthermore, we identify a cluster of ASD-associated mutations surrounding the critical amino acid in NLGN4X, and these mutations phenocopy NLGN4Y. We show that NLGN4Y cannot compensate for the functional deficits observed in ASD-associated NLGN4X mutations. Altogether, our data reveal a potential pathogenic mechanism for male bias in NLGN4X-associated ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien A Nguyen
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Kunwei Wu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander W Lehr
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Bemben
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John D Badger
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie L Lauzon
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tongguang Wang
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Department of Bone and OI, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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152
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Kim Y, Noh YW, Kim K, Yang E, Kim H, Kim E. IRSp53 Deletion in Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons and in Male and Female Mice Leads to Distinct Electrophysiological and Behavioral Phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32116566 PMCID: PMC7026675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IRSp53 (also known as BAIAP2) is an abundant excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). IRSp53 is expressed in different cell types across different brain regions, although it remains unclear how IRSp53 deletion in different cell types affects brain functions and behaviors in mice. Here, we deleted IRSp53 in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in mice and compared resulting phenotypes in males and females. IRSp53 deletion in excitatory neurons driven by Emx1 leads to strong social deficits and hyperactivity without affecting anxiety-like behavior, whereas IRSp53 deletion in inhibitory neurons driven by Viaat has minimal impacts on these behaviors in male mice. In female mice, excitatory neuronal IRSp53 deletion induces hyperactivity but moderate social deficits. Excitatory neuronal IRSp53 deletion in male mice induces an increased ratio of evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission (E/I ratio) in layer V pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whereas the same mutation does not alter the E/I ratio in female neurons. These results suggest that IRSp53 deletion in excitatory and inhibitory neurons and in male and female mice has distinct impacts on behaviors and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsik Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Woo Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyungdeok Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
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153
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Garr E, Delamater AR. Chemogenetic inhibition in the dorsal striatum reveals regional specificity of direct and indirect pathway control of action sequencing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107169. [PMID: 31972244 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animals engage in intricate action sequences that are constructed during instrumental learning. There is broad consensus that the basal ganglia play a crucial role in the formation and fluid performance of action sequences. To investigate the role of the basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action sequencing, we virally expressed Cre-dependent Gi-DREADDs in either the dorsomedial (DMS) or dorsolateral (DLS) striatum during and/or after action sequence learning in D1 and D2 Cre rats. Action sequence performance in D1 Cre rats was slowed down early in training when DREADDs were activated in the DMS, but sped up when activated in the DLS. Acquisition of the reinforced sequence was hindered when DREADDs were activated in the DLS of D2 Cre rats. Outcome devaluation tests conducted after training revealed that the goal-directed control of action sequence rates was immune to chemogenetic inhibition-rats suppressed the rate of sequence performance when rewards were devalued. Sequence initiation latencies were generally sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where DREADD activation was removed in D2 Cre rats that previously experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training. Sequence completion latencies were generally not sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where D1 Cre rats experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training and test. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect pathway originating from the DLS is part of a circuit involved in the effective reinforcement of action sequences, while the direct and indirect pathways originating from the DMS contribute to the goal-directed control of sequence completion and initiation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Garr
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States; Brooklyn College, City University of New York, United States.
| | - Andrew R Delamater
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States; Brooklyn College, City University of New York, United States
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154
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Liu J, Shelkar GP, Gandhi PJ, Gawande DY, Hoover A, Villalba RM, Pavuluri R, Smith Y, Dravid SM. Striatal glutamate delta-1 receptor regulates behavioral flexibility and thalamostriatal connectivity. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104746. [PMID: 31945419 PMCID: PMC7204410 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired behavioral flexibility and repetitive behavior is a common phenotype in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders, but the underlying synaptic mechanisms are poorly understood. The trans-synaptic glutamate delta (GluD)-Cerebellin 1-Neurexin complex, critical for synapse formation/maintenance, represents a vulnerable axis for neuropsychiatric diseases. We have previously found that GluD1 deletion results in reversal learning deficit and repetitive behavior. In this study, we show that selective ablation of GluD1 from the dorsal striatum impairs behavioral flexibility in a water T-maze task. We further found that striatal GluD1 is preferentially found in dendritic shafts, and more frequently associated with thalamic than cortical glutamatergic terminals suggesting localization to projections from the thalamic parafascicular nucleus (Pf). Conditional deletion of GluD1 from the striatum led to a selective loss of thalamic, but not cortical, terminals, and reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission. Optogenetic studies demonstrated functional changes at thalamostriatal synapses from the Pf, but no effect on the corticostriatal system, upon ablation of GluD1 in the dorsal striatum. These studies suggest a novel molecular mechanism by which genetic variations associated with neuropsychiatric disorders may impair behavioral flexibility, and reveal a unique principle by which GluD1 subunit regulates forebrain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Pauravi J Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Dinesh Y Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Andrew Hoover
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Dept. Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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155
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Lerner TN. Interfacing behavioral and neural circuit models for habit formation. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1031-1045. [PMID: 31916623 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Habits are an important mechanism by which organisms can automate the control of behavior to alleviate cognitive demand. However, transitions to habitual control are risky because they lead to inflexible responding in the face of change. The question of how the brain controls transitions into habit is thus an intriguing one. How do we regulate when our repeated actions become automated? When is it advantageous or disadvantageous to release actions from cognitive control? Decades of research have identified a variety of methods for eliciting habitual responding in animal models. Progress has also been made to understand which brain areas and neural circuits control transitions into habit. Here, I discuss existing research on behavioral and neural circuit models for habit formation (with an emphasis on striatal circuits), and discuss strategies for combining information from different paradigms and levels of analysis to prompt further progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Lerner
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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156
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Lieberman OJ, Frier MD, McGuirt AF, Griffey CJ, Rafikian E, Yang M, Yamamoto A, Borgkvist A, Santini E, Sulzer D. Cell-type-specific regulation of neuronal intrinsic excitability by macroautophagy. eLife 2020; 9:e50843. [PMID: 31913125 PMCID: PMC6984822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that contribute to action selection and reinforcement learning. The principal neurons of the striatum, spiny projection neurons of the direct (dSPN) and indirect (iSPN) pathways, maintain low intrinsic excitability, requiring convergent excitatory inputs to fire. Here, we examined the role of autophagy in mouse SPN physiology and animal behavior by generating conditional knockouts of Atg7 in either dSPNs or iSPNs. Loss of autophagy in either SPN population led to changes in motor learning but distinct effects on cellular physiology. dSPNs, but not iSPNs, required autophagy for normal dendritic structure and synaptic input. In contrast, iSPNs, but not dSPNs, were intrinsically hyperexcitable due to reduced function of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2. These findings define a novel mechanism by which autophagy regulates neuronal activity: control of intrinsic excitability via the regulation of potassium channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori J Lieberman
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Micah D Frier
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Avery F McGuirt
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Christopher J Griffey
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Rafikian
- Mouse NeuroBehavior Core, Institute for Genomic MedicineColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mu Yang
- Mouse NeuroBehavior Core, Institute for Genomic MedicineColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | - David Sulzer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Molecular TherapeuticsNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
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157
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Al-Ayadhi LY, Qasem HY, Alghamdi HAM, Elamin NE. Elevated Plasma X-Linked Neuroligin 4 Expression Is Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Med Princ Pract 2020; 29:480-485. [PMID: 32155636 PMCID: PMC7511674 DOI: 10.1159/000507081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we compared plasma levels of neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) in children with autism versus matched healthy controls to examine a possible correlation between plasma NLGN4 and degree of autism severity as well as social impairment in autistic patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 88 autistic patients aged 3-12 years and 33 age- and sex-matched controls aged 3-9 years were recruited. Plasma levels of NLGN4 were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to assess cognitive dysfunction and social impairment in autistic patients. RESULTS Plasma levels of NLGN4 were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in autistic children than in healthy controls. Despite alterations in the levels of NLGN4 in the subgroups of the autistic children, no correlation between plasma concentration of NLGN4 and cognitive problems or social impairment was observed (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Increased plasma concentrations of NLGN4 may play a role in the pathogenesis of autism, and it could be a valuable biomarker for autism. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate this finding and also to explore the potential links between NLGN4 and the features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Hanan Y Qasem
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nadra E Elamin
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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158
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Wang S, Tan N, Zhu X, Yao M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu Z. Sh3rf2 Haploinsufficiency Leads to Unilateral Neuronal Development Deficits and Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2963-2971.e6. [PMID: 30540932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) include a variety of developmental brain disorders with clinical findings implicating the dysfunction of the left hemisphere. Here, we generate mice lacking one copy of Sh3rf2, which was detected in ASD patients, to determine whether Sh3rf2 is involved in brain development and whether mutation of SH3RF2 is causative for ASD and the mechanisms linking it to ASD traits. We find that mice with Sh3rf2 haploinsufficiency display significant deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and hyperactivity and seizures. Disturbances in hippocampal dendritic spine development, aberrant composition of glutamatergic receptor subunits, and abnormal excitatory synaptic transmission were detected in heterozygous mutants. Remarkably, these defects are selectively unilateral. Our results support a notion that Sh3rf2 haploinsufficiency is a highly penetrant risk factor for ASD, with disease pathogenesis most likely resulting from deficits in synaptic function in the left hemisphere of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ningdong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Minghui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China.
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159
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Norris RHC, Churilov L, Hannan AJ, Nithianantharajah J. Mutations in neuroligin-3 in male mice impact behavioral flexibility but not relational memory in a touchscreen test of visual transitive inference. Mol Autism 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 31827744 PMCID: PMC6889473 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction including disrupted behavioral flexibility is central to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A cognitive measure that assesses relational memory, and the ability to flexibly assimilate and transfer learned information is transitive inference. Transitive inference is highly conserved across vertebrates and disrupted in cognitive disorders. Here, we examined how mutations in the synaptic cell-adhesion molecule neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) that have been documented in ASD impact relational memory and behavioral flexibility. We first refined a rodent touchscreen assay to measure visual transitive inference, then assessed two mouse models of Nlgn3 dysfunction (Nlgn3−/y and Nlgn3R451C). Deep analysis of touchscreen behavioral data at a trial level established we could measure trajectories in flexible responding and changes in processing speed as cognitive load increased. We show that gene mutations in Nlgn3 do not disrupt relational memory, but significantly impact flexible responding. Our study presents the first analysis of reaction times in a rodent transitive inference test, highlighting response latencies from the touchscreen system are useful indicators of processing demands or decision-making processes. These findings expand our understanding of how dysfunction of key components of synaptic signaling complexes impact distinct cognitive processes disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, and advance our approaches for dissecting rodent behavioral assays to provide greater insights into clinically relevant cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H C Norris
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- 2Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 245 Burgundy St, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia.,3Department of Medicine - Austin Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, 245 Burgundy St, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,4Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,5Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- 1Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria Australia.,4Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
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160
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Xu J, Du YL, Xu JW, Hu XG, Gu LF, Li XM, Hu PH, Liao TL, Xia QQ, Sun Q, Shi L, Luo JH, Xia J, Wang Z, Xu J. Neuroligin 3 Regulates Dendritic Outgrowth by Modulating Akt/mTOR Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:518. [PMID: 31849609 PMCID: PMC6896717 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLs) are a group of postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that function in synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission. Genetic defects in neuroligin 3 (NL3), a member of the NL protein family, are associated with autism. Studies in rodents have revealed that mutations of NL3 gene lead to increased growth and complexity in dendrites in the central nervous system. However, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. In our study, we found that deficiency of NL3 led to morphological changes of the pyramidal neurons in layer II/III somatosensory cortex in mice, including enlarged somata, elongated dendritic length, and increased dendritic complexity. Knockdown of NL3 in cultured rat neurons upregulated Akt/mTOR signaling, resulting in both increased protein synthesis and dendritic growth. Treating neurons with either rapamycin to inhibit the mTOR or LY294002 to inhibit the PI3K/Akt activity rescued the morphological abnormalities resulting from either NL3 knockdown or knockout (KO). In addition, we found that the hyperactivated Akt/mTOR signaling associated with NL3 defects was mediated by a reduction in phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) expression, and that MAGI-2, a scaffold protein, interacted with both NL3 and PTEN and could be a linker between NL3 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that NL3 regulates neuronal morphology, especially dendritic outgrowth, by modulating the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, probably via MAGI-2. Thereby, this study provides a new link between NL3 and neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Lan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Fan Gu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiu-Mao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Hong Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tai-Lin Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Junyu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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161
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Kosillo P, Doig NM, Ahmed KM, Agopyan-Miu AHCW, Wong CD, Conyers L, Threlfell S, Magill PJ, Bateup HS. Tsc1-mTORC1 signaling controls striatal dopamine release and cognitive flexibility. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5426. [PMID: 31780742 PMCID: PMC6882901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, which encode proteins that negatively regulate mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). TSC is associated with significant cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral problems, collectively termed TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TAND), and the cell types responsible for these manifestations are largely unknown. Here we use cell type-specific Tsc1 deletion to test whether dopamine neurons, which modulate cognitive, motivational, and affective behaviors, are involved in TAND. We show that loss of Tsc1 and constitutive activation of mTORC1 in dopamine neurons causes somatodendritic hypertrophy, reduces intrinsic excitability, alters axon terminal structure, and impairs striatal dopamine release. These perturbations lead to a selective deficit in cognitive flexibility, preventable by genetic reduction of the mTOR-binding protein Raptor. Our results establish a critical role for Tsc1-mTORC1 signaling in setting the functional properties of dopamine neurons, and indicate that dopaminergic dysfunction may contribute to cognitive inflexibility in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Kosillo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Natalie M Doig
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Kamran M Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Corinna D Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lisa Conyers
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Peter J Magill
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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162
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Duan ZRS, Che A, Chu P, Modol L, Bollmann Y, Babij R, Fetcho RN, Otsuka T, Fuccillo MV, Liston C, Pisapia DJ, Cossart R, De Marco García NV. GABAergic Restriction of Network Dynamics Regulates Interneuron Survival in the Developing Cortex. Neuron 2019; 105:75-92.e5. [PMID: 31780329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During neonatal development, sensory cortices generate spontaneous activity patterns shaped by both sensory experience and intrinsic influences. How these patterns contribute to the assembly of neuronal circuits is not clearly understood. Using longitudinal in vivo calcium imaging in un-anesthetized mouse pups, we show that spatially segregated functional assemblies composed of interneurons and pyramidal cells are prominent in the somatosensory cortex by postnatal day (P) 7. Both reduction of GABA release and synaptic inputs onto pyramidal cells erode the emergence of functional topography, leading to increased network synchrony. This aberrant pattern effectively blocks interneuron apoptosis, causing increased survival of parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons. Furthermore, the effect of GABA on apoptosis is mediated by inputs from medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived but not caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneurons. These findings indicate that immature MGE interneurons are fundamental for shaping GABA-driven activity patterns that balance the number of interneurons integrating into maturing cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ran S Duan
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alicia Che
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Philip Chu
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Laura Modol
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Bollmann
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Babij
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert N Fetcho
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Takumi Otsuka
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Conor Liston
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David J Pisapia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rosa Cossart
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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163
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Li W, Pozzo-Miller L. Dysfunction of the corticostriatal pathway in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:2130-2147. [PMID: 31758607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The corticostriatal pathway that carries sensory, motor, and limbic information to the striatum plays a critical role in motor control, action selection, and reward. Dysfunction of this pathway is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Corticostriatal synapses have unique features in their cortical origins and striatal targets. In this review, we first describe axonal growth and synaptogenesis in the corticostriatal pathway during development, and then summarize the current understanding of the molecular bases of synaptic transmission and plasticity at mature corticostriatal synapses. Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been implicated in axonal growth abnormalities, imbalance of the synaptic excitation/inhibition ratio, and altered long-term synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway. Here, we review a number of ASD-associated high-confidence genes, including FMR1, KMT2A, GRIN2B, SCN2A, NLGN1, NLGN3, MET, CNTNAP2, FOXP2, TSHZ3, SHANK3, PTEN, CHD8, MECP2, DYRK1A, RELN, FOXP1, SYNGAP1, and NRXN, and discuss their relevance to proper corticostriatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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164
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Maternal and early postnatal immune activation produce sex-specific effects on autism-like behaviors and neuroimmune function in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16928. [PMID: 31729416 PMCID: PMC6858355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a role for inflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental syndrome with higher prevalence in males than females. Here we examined the effects of early-life immune system activation (EIA)—comprising regimens of prenatal, early postnatal, or combined (“two-hit”) immune activation—on the core behavioral features of ASD (decreased social interaction, increased repetitive behavior, and aberrant communication) in C57BL/6J mice. We treated timed-pregnant mice with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on gestational day 12.5 to produce maternal immune activation (MIA). Some offspring also received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on postnatal day 9 to produce postnatal immune activation (PIA). EIA produced disruptions in social behavior and increases in repetitive behaviors that were larger in males than in females. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were altered in both sexes. Molecular studies revealed that EIA also produced prominent sex-specific changes in inflammation-related gene expression in the brain. Whereas both sexes showed increases in pro-inflammatory factors, as reflected by levels of mRNA and protein, expression of anti-inflammatory factors was decreased in males but increased in females. Our findings demonstrate that EIA can produce sex-specific behavioral effects and immune responses in the brain, and identify molecular processes that may contribute to resilience in females.
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165
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Evidence for a Contribution of the Nlgn3/Cyfip1/Fmr1 Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2019; 445:31-41. [PMID: 31705895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by heterogeneity both in their presentation and their genetic aetiology. In order to discover points of convergence common to different cases of ASD, attempts were made to identify the biological pathways genes associated with ASD contribute to. Many of these genes were found to play a role in neuronal and synaptic development and function. Among these genes are FMR1, CYFIP1 and NLGN3, all present at the synapse and reliably linked to ASD. In this review, we evaluate the evidence for the contribution of these genes to the same biological pathway responsible for the regulation of structural and physiological plasticity. Alterations in dendritic spine density and turnover, as well as long-term depression (LTD), were found in mouse models of mutations of all three genes. This overlap in the phenotypes associated with these mouse models likely arises from the molecular interaction between the protein products of FMR1, CYFIP1, and NLG3. A number of other proteins linked to ASD are also likely to participate in these pathways, resulting in further downstream effects. Overall, a synaptic pathway centered around FMR1, CYFIP1, and NLG3 is likely to contribute to the phenotypes associated with structural and physiological plasticity characteristic of ASD.
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166
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Benthall KN, Ong SL, Bateup HS. Corticostriatal Transmission Is Selectively Enhanced in Striatonigral Neurons with Postnatal Loss of Tsc1. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3197-3208. [PMID: 29898392 PMCID: PMC6089242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mTORC1 is a central signaling hub that integrates intra- and extracellular signals to regulate a variety of cellular metabolic processes. Mutations in regulators of mTORC1 lead to neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism, which is characterized by repetitive, inflexible behaviors. These behaviors may result from alterations in striatal circuits that control motor learning and habit formation. However, the consequences of mTORC1 dysregulation on striatal neuron function are largely unknown. To investigate this, we deleted the mTORC1 negative regulator Tsc1 from identified striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons and examined how cell-autonomous upregulation of mTORC1 activity affects their morphology and physiology. We find that loss of Tsc1 increases the excitability of striatonigral, but not striatopallidal, neurons and selectively enhances corticostriatal synaptic transmission. These findings highlight the critical role of mTORC1 in regulating striatal activity in a cell type- and input-specific manner, with implications for striatonigral pathway dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Benthall
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stacie L Ong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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167
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Schiavi S, Iezzi D, Manduca A, Leone S, Melancia F, Carbone C, Petrella M, Mannaioni G, Masi A, Trezza V. Reward-Related Behavioral, Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Changes in a Rat Model of Autism Based on Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:479. [PMID: 31708750 PMCID: PMC6824319 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) induces autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in humans and autistic-like behaviors in rodents, which makes it a good model to study the neural underpinnings of ASD. Rats prenatally exposed to VPA show profound deficits in the social domain. The altered social behavior displayed by VPA-exposed rats may be due to either a deficit in social reward processing or to a more general inability to properly understand and respond to social signals. To address this issue, we performed behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical experiments and tested the involvement of the brain reward system in the social dysfunctions displayed by rats prenatally exposed to VPA (500 mg/kg). We found that, compared to control animals, VPA-exposed rats showed reduced play responsiveness together with impaired sociability in the three-chamber test and altered social discrimination abilities. In addition, VPA-exposed rats showed altered expression of dopamine receptors together with inherent hyperexcitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, when tested for socially-induced conditioned place preference, locomotor response to amphetamine and sucrose preference, control and VPA-exposed rats performed similarly, indicating normal responses to social, drug and food rewards. On the basis of the results obtained, we hypothesize that social dysfunctions displayed by VPA-exposed rats are more likely caused by alterations in cognitive aspects of the social interaction, such as the interpretation and reciprocation of social stimuli and/or the ability to adjust the social behavior of the individual to the changing circumstances in the social and physical environment, rather than to inability to enjoy the pleasurable aspects of the social interaction. The observed neurochemical and electrophysiological alterations in the NAc may contribute to the inability of VPA-exposed rats to process and respond to social cues, or, alternatively, represent a compensatory mechanism towards VPA-induced neurodevelopmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schiavi
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Iezzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Melancia
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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168
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Yoo T, Cho H, Park H, Lee J, Kim E. Shank3 Exons 14-16 Deletion in Glutamatergic Neurons Leads to Social and Repetitive Behavioral Deficits Associated With Increased Cortical Layer 2/3 Neuronal Excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:458. [PMID: 31649512 PMCID: PMC6795689 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank3, an abundant excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein, has been associated with multiple brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). However, how cell type-specific Shank3 deletion affects disease-related neuronal and brain functions remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated the impacts of Shank3 deletion in glutamatergic neurons on synaptic and behavioral phenotypes in mice and compared results with those previously obtained from mice with global Shank3 mutation and GABAergic neuron-specific Shank3 mutation. Neuronal excitability was abnormally increased in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice with a glutamatergic Shank3 deletion, similar to results obtained in mice with a global Shank3 deletion. In addition, excitatory synaptic transmission was abnormally increased in layer 2/3 neurons in mice with a global, but not a glutamatergic, Shank3 deletion, suggesting that Shank3 in glutamatergic neurons are important for the increased neuronal excitability, but not for the increased excitatory synaptic transmission. Neither excitatory nor inhibitory synaptic transmission was altered in the dorsal striatum of Shank3-deficient glutamatergic neurons, a finding that contrasts with the decreased excitatory synaptic transmission in global and Shank3-deficient GABAergic neurons. Behaviorally, glutamatergic Shank3-deficient mice displayed abnormally increased direct social interaction and repetitive self-grooming, similar to global and GABAergic Shank3-deficient mice. These results suggest that glutamatergic and GABAergic Shank3 deletions lead to distinct synaptic and neuronal changes in cortical layer 2/3 and dorsal striatal neurons, but cause similar social and repetitive behavioral abnormalities likely through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heejin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Haram Park
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
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169
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Heterosynaptic GABA B Receptor Function within Feedforward Microcircuits Gates Glutamatergic Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Core. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9277-9293. [PMID: 31578230 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1395-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex circuit interactions within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) facilitate goal-directed behavior. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) mediate NAc output by projecting to functionally divergent brain regions, a property conferred, in part, by the differential projection patterns of D1- and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing MSNs. Glutamatergic afferents to the NAc direct MSN output by recruiting feedforward inhibitory microcircuits comprised of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (INs). Furthermore, the GABAB heteroreceptor (GABABR), a Gi/o-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor, is expressed at glutamatergic synapses throughout the mesolimbic network, yet its physiological context and synaptic mechanism within the NAc remains unknown. Here, we explored GABABR function at glutamatergic synapses within PV-IN-embedded microcircuits in the NAc core of male mice. We found that GABABR is expressed presynaptically and recruits a noncanonical signaling mechanism to reduce glutamatergic synaptic efficacy at D1(+) and D1(-) (putative D2) MSN subtypes. Furthermore, PV-INs, a robust source of neuronal GABA in the NAc, heterosynaptically target GABABR to selectively modulate glutamatergic transmission onto D1(+) MSNs. These findings elucidate a new mechanism of feedforward inhibition and refine mechanisms by which GABAB heteroreceptors modulate mesolimbic circuit function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) critically contributes to goal-directed behaviors. However, intrinsic microcircuit mechanisms governing the integration of these synapses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that parvalbumin-expressing interneurons within feedforward microcircuits heterosynaptically target GABAB heteroreceptors (GABABR) on glutamate terminals. Activation of presynaptically-expressed GABABR decreases glutamatergic synaptic strength by engaging a non-canonical signaling pathway that interferes with vesicular exocytotic release machinery. These findings offer mechanistic insight into the role of GABAB heteroreceptors within reward circuitry, elucidate a novel arm to feedforward inhibitory networks, and inform the growing use of GABABR-selective pharmacotherapy for various motivational disorders, including addiction, major depressive disorder, and autism (Cousins et al., 2002; Kahn et al., 2009; Jacobson et al., 2018; Stoppel et al., 2018; Pisansky et al., 2019).
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170
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Huang WC, Chen Y, Page DT. Genetic Suppression of mTOR Rescues Synaptic and Social Behavioral Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Pten Haploinsufficiency. Autism Res 2019; 12:1463-1471. [PMID: 31441226 PMCID: PMC7141489 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in PTEN, which encodes a negative regulator of the mTOR and β-catenin signaling pathways, cause macrocephaly/autism syndrome. However, the neurobiological substrates of the core symptoms of this syndrome are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the relationship between cerebral cortical overgrowth and social behavior deficits in conditional Pten heterozygous female mice (Pten cHet) using Emx1-Cre, which is expressed in cortical pyramidal neurons and a subset of glia. We found that conditional heterozygous mutation of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) suppresses Pten cHet cortical overgrowth, but not social behavioral deficits, whereas conditional heterozygous mutation of Mtor suppresses social behavioral deficits, but not cortical overgrowth. Neuronal activity in response to social cues and excitatory synapse markers are elevated in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of Pten cHet mice, and heterozygous mutation in Mtor, but not Ctnnb1, rescues these phenotypes. These findings indicate that macroscale cerebral cortical overgrowth and social behavioral phenotypes caused by Pten haploinsufficiency can be dissociated based on responsiveness to genetic suppression of Ctnnb1 or Mtor. Furthermore, neuronal connectivity appears to be one potential substrate for mTOR-mediated suppression of social behavioral deficits in Pten haploinsufficient mice. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1463-1471. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: A subgroup of individuals with autism display overgrowth of the head and the brain during development. Using a mouse model of an autism risk gene, Pten, that displays both brain overgrowth and social behavioral deficits, we show here that that these two symptoms can be dissociated. Reversal of social behavioral deficits in this model is associated with rescue of abnormal synaptic markers and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
- The Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California
| | - Youjun Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Damon T Page
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
- The Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California
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171
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Yang G, Shcheglovitov A. Probing disrupted neurodevelopment in autism using human stem cell-derived neurons and organoids: An outlook into future diagnostics and drug development. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:6-33. [PMID: 31398277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, repetitive or restrictive behaviors, and problems with speech. According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 68 children in the US is diagnosed with ASDs. Although ASD-related diagnostics and the knowledge of ASD-associated genetic abnormalities have improved in recent years, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways disrupted in ASD remains very limited. As a result, no specific therapies or medications are available for individuals with ASDs. In this review, we describe the neurodevelopmental processes that are likely affected in the brains of individuals with ASDs and discuss how patient-specific stem cell-derived neurons and organoids can be used for investigating these processes at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we propose a discovery pipeline to be used in the future for identifying the cellular and molecular deficits and developing novel personalized therapies for individuals with idiopathic ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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172
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Léna I, Mantegazza M. Na V1.2 haploinsufficiency in Scn2a knock-out mice causes an autistic-like phenotype attenuated with age. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12886. [PMID: 31501495 PMCID: PMC6733925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SCN2A gene, encoding the voltage gated sodium channel NaV1.2, have been associated to a wide spectrum of epileptic disorders ranging from benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures to early onset epileptic encephalopathies such as Ohtahara syndrome. These phenotypes may be caused by either gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations. More recently, loss-of-function SCN2A mutations have also been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without overt epileptic phenotypes. Heterozygous Scn2a knock-out mice (Scn2a+/−) may be a model of this phenotype. Because ASD develops in childhood, we performed a detailed behavioral characterization of Scn2a+/− mice comparing the juvenile/adolescent period of development and adulthood. We used tasks relevant to ASD and the different comorbidities frequently found in this disorder, such as anxiety or intellectual disability. Our data demonstrate that young Scn2a+/− mice display autistic-like phenotype associated to impaired memory and reduced reactivity to stressful stimuli. Interestingly, these dysfunctions are attenuated with age since adult mice show only communicative deficits. Considering the clinical data available on patients with loss-of-function SCN2A mutations, our results indicate that Scn2a+/− mice constitute an ASD model with construct and face validity during the juvenile/adolescent period of development. However, more information about the clinical features of adult carriers of SCN2A mutations is needed to evaluate comparatively the phenotype of adult Scn2a+/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Léna
- Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne - Sophia Antipolis, France. .,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne - Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne - Sophia Antipolis, France. .,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne - Sophia Antipolis, France. .,Inserm, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne - Sophia Antipolis, France.
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173
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Chandra R, Calarco CA, Lobo MK. Differential mitochondrial morphology in ventral striatal projection neuron subtypes. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1579-1589. [PMID: 31392754 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The two striatal projection neuron subtypes (medium spiny neurons- MSNs), those enriched in dopamine receptor 1 versus 2 (D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs), display dichotomous properties at the level of the transcriptome, projections, morphology, and electrophysiology. Recent work illustrates dichotomous mitochondrial length in NAc MSN subtype dendrites after cocaine self-administration, with a shift toward smaller mitochondria, due to enhanced fission, occurring in D1-MSN dendrites and a shift toward larger mitochondria in D2-MSN dendrites. However, to date there has been no comparison of mitochondrial morphological properties between MSN subtypes. In this study, we examine mitochondrial morphology in NAc D1-MSNs versus D2-MSNs. We observe an increase in the frequency of smaller length mitochondria in D2-MSN dendrites relative to D1-MSN dendrites, while D1-MSN dendrites display an increase in larger length mitochondria. The differences in mitochondrial length occur in both NAc core and shell, although to a greater extent in NAc core. Finally, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial fusion molecule, Opa1, is differentially expressed in NAc MSN subtypes, with D1-MSNs displaying higher expression of Opa1 ribosome-associated mRNA. The difference in Opa1 levels may account for the bias toward enhanced smaller mitochondria in D2-MSNs and enhanced larger mitochondria in D1-MSNs. Collectively, our study demonstrates differential mitochondrial size and a potential molecular mediator of these mitochondrial differences in NAc MSN subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cali A Calarco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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174
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Sestan N, State MW. Lost in Translation: Traversing the Complex Path from Genomics to Therapeutics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuron 2019; 100:406-423. [PMID: 30359605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the genomics of non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (nsASD) highlights rare, large-effect, germline, heterozygous de novo coding mutations. This distinguishes nsASD from later-onset psychiatric disorders where gene discovery efforts have predominantly yielded common alleles of small effect. These differences point to distinctive opportunities for clarifying the neurobiology of nsASD and developing novel treatments. We argue that the path ahead also presents key challenges, including distinguishing human pathophysiology from the potentially pleiotropic neurobiology mediated by established risk genes. We present our view of some of the conceptual limitations of traditional studies of model organisms, suggest a strategy focused on investigating the convergence of multiple nsASD genes, and propose that the detailed characterization of the molecular and cellular landscapes of developing human brain is essential to illuminate disease mechanisms. Finally, we address how recent advances are leading to novel strategies for therapeutics that target various points along the path from genes to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, Institute for Human Genetics, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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175
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Altered NMDAR signaling underlies autistic-like features in mouse models of CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2655. [PMID: 31201320 PMCID: PMC6572855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autistic features, and CDKL5-deficient mice exhibit a constellation of behavioral phenotypes reminiscent of the human disorder. We previously found that CDKL5 dysfunction in forebrain glutamatergic neurons results in deficits in learning and memory. However, the pathogenic origin of the autistic features of CDD remains unknown. Here, we find that selective loss of CDKL5 in GABAergic neurons leads to autistic-like phenotypes in mice accompanied by excessive glutamatergic transmission, hyperexcitability, and increased levels of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. Acute, low-dose inhibition of NMDAR signaling ameliorates autistic-like behaviors in GABAergic knockout mice, as well as a novel mouse model bearing a CDD-associated nonsense mutation, CDKL5 R59X, implicating the translational potential of this mechanism. Together, our findings suggest that enhanced NMDAR signaling and circuit hyperexcitability underlie autistic-like features in mouse models of CDD and provide a new therapeutic avenue to treat CDD-related symptoms. Mouse models of CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) recapitulate multiple clinical symptoms of CDD, such as intellectual disability and autism. Here, the authors show that selective loss of CDKL5 from GABAergic neurons leads to social deficits and stereotypic behaviors, which can be ameliorated through inhibition of NMDAR signaling.
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176
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Yennawar M, White RS, Jensen FE. AMPA Receptor Dysregulation and Therapeutic Interventions in a Mouse Model of CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4814-4828. [PMID: 30952813 PMCID: PMC6561688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2041-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) result in CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a rare disease marked by early-life seizures, autistic behaviors, and intellectual disability. Although mouse models of CDD exhibit dendritic instability and alterations in synaptic scaffolding proteins, studies of glutamate receptor levels and function are limited. Here we used a novel mouse model of CDD, the Cdkl5R59X knock-in mouse (R59X), to investigate changes in synaptic glutamate receptor subunits and functional consequences. Male mice were used for all experiments to avoid the confounding effects of X-inactivation that would be present in female heterozygous mice. We showed that adult male R59X mice recapitulated the behavioral outcomes observed in other mouse models of CDD, including social deficits and memory and learning impairments, and exhibited decreased latency to seizure upon pentylenetetrazol administration. Furthermore, we observed a specific increase in GluA2-lacking α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) in the adult R59X hippocampus, which is accompanied electrophysiologically by increased rectification ratio of AMPAR EPSCs and elevated early-phase long term potentiation (LTP). Finally, we showed that acute treatment with the GluA2-lacking AMPAR blocker IEM-1460 decreased AMPAR currents, and rescued social deficits, working memory impairments, and seizure behavior latency in R59X mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare disease marked by autistic-like behaviors, intellectual disability, and seizures. While synaptic dysfunction has been observed in mouse models of CDD, there is limited information on how synaptic alterations contribute to behavioral and functional changes in CDD. Here we reveal elevated hippocampal GluA2-lacking AMPAR expression in a novel mouse model of CDD that is accompanied by changes in synaptic AMPAR function and plasticity. We also show, for the first time, that acutely targeting GluA2-lacking AMPAR dysregulation rescues core synaptic and neurobehavioral deficits in CDD.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epileptic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Epileptic Syndromes/genetics
- Epileptic Syndromes/psychology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/genetics
- Female
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Humans
- Learning Disabilities/genetics
- Learning Disabilities/psychology
- Male
- Memory Disorders/genetics
- Memory Disorders/psychology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Mutation/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Psychomotor Performance
- Receptors, AMPA/deficiency
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, AMPA/genetics
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/physiopathology
- Social Behavior
- Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy
- Spasms, Infantile/genetics
- Spasms, Infantile/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel S White
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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177
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Verma V, Paul A, Amrapali Vishwanath A, Vaidya B, Clement JP. Understanding intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders from common mouse models: synapses to behaviour. Open Biol 2019; 9:180265. [PMID: 31185809 PMCID: PMC6597757 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal brain development is highly dependent on the timely coordinated actions of genetic and environmental processes, and an aberration can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of co-occurring NDDs that affect between 3% and 5% of the world population, thus presenting a great challenge to society. This problem calls for the need to understand the pathobiology of these disorders and to design new therapeutic strategies. One approach towards this has been the development of multiple analogous mouse models. This review discusses studies conducted in the mouse models of five major monogenic causes of ID and ASDs: Fmr1, Syngap1, Mecp2, Shank2/3 and Neuroligins/Neurnexins. These studies reveal that, despite having a diverse molecular origin, the effects of these mutations converge onto similar or related aetiological pathways, consequently giving rise to the typical phenotype of cognitive, social and emotional deficits that are characteristic of ID and ASDs. This convergence, therefore, highlights common pathological nodes that can be targeted for therapy. Other than conventional therapeutic strategies such as non-pharmacological corrective methods and symptomatic alleviation, multiple studies in mouse models have successfully proved the possibility of pharmacological and genetic therapy enabling functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Verma
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhik Paul
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Amrapali Vishwanath
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhupesh Vaidya
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
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178
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Kuo HY, Liu FC. Synaptic Wiring of Corticostriatal Circuits in Basal Ganglia: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0076-19.2019. [PMID: 31097624 PMCID: PMC6553570 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0076-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum is a key hub in the basal ganglia for processing neural information from the sensory, motor, and limbic cortices. The massive and diverse cortical inputs entering the striatum allow the basal ganglia to perform a repertoire of neurological functions ranging from basic level of motor control to high level of cognition. The heterogeneity of the corticostriatal circuits, however, also renders the system susceptible to a repertoire of neurological diseases. Clinical and animal model studies have indicated that defective development of the corticostriatal circuits is linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia. Importantly, many neuropsychiatric disease-risk genes have been found to form the molecular building blocks of the circuit wiring at the synaptic level. It is therefore imperative to understand how corticostriatal connectivity is established during development. Here, we review the construction during development of these corticostriatal circuits at the synaptic level, which should provide important insights into the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders related to the basal ganglia and help the development of appropriate therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ying Kuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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179
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Sharon G, Cruz NJ, Kang DW, Gandal MJ, Wang B, Kim YM, Zink EM, Casey CP, Taylor BC, Lane CJ, Bramer LM, Isern NG, Hoyt DW, Noecker C, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Borenstein E, Jansson JK, Knight R, Metz TO, Lois C, Geschwind DH, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Mazmanian SK. Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice. Cell 2019; 177:1600-1618.e17. [PMID: 31150625 PMCID: PMC6993574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) manifests as alterations in complex human behaviors including social communication and stereotypies. In addition to genetic risks, the gut microbiome differs between typically developing (TD) and ASD individuals, though it remains unclear whether the microbiome contributes to symptoms. We transplanted gut microbiota from human donors with ASD or TD controls into germ-free mice and reveal that colonization with ASD microbiota is sufficient to induce hallmark autistic behaviors. The brains of mice colonized with ASD microbiota display alternative splicing of ASD-relevant genes. Microbiome and metabolome profiles of mice harboring human microbiota predict that specific bacterial taxa and their metabolites modulate ASD behaviors. Indeed, treatment of an ASD mouse model with candidate microbial metabolites improves behavioral abnormalities and modulates neuronal excitability in the brain. We propose that the gut microbiota regulates behaviors in mice via production of neuroactive metabolites, suggesting that gut-brain connections contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sharon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Nikki Jamie Cruz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erika M Zink
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cameron P Casey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bryn C Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nancy G Isern
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David W Hoyt
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cecilia Noecker
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J Sweredoski
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Annie Moradian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elhanan Borenstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biongineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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180
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Hosie S, Ellis M, Swaminathan M, Ramalhosa F, Seger GO, Balasuriya GK, Gillberg C, Råstam M, Churilov L, McKeown SJ, Yalcinkaya N, Urvil P, Savidge T, Bell CA, Bodin O, Wood J, Franks AE, Bornstein JC, Hill-Yardin EL. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients and mice expressing the autism-associated R451C mutation in neuroligin-3. Autism Res 2019; 12:1043-1056. [PMID: 31119867 PMCID: PMC6606367 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems constitute an important comorbidity in many patients with autism. Multiple mutations in the neuroligin family of synaptic adhesion molecules are implicated in autism, however whether they are expressed and impact GI function via changes in the enteric nervous system is unknown. We report the GI symptoms of two brothers with autism and an R451C mutation in Nlgn3 encoding the synaptic adhesion protein, neuroligin-3. We confirm the presence of an array of synaptic genes in the murine GI tract and investigate the impact of impaired synaptic protein expression in mice carrying the human neuroligin-3 R451C missense mutation (NL3R451C ). Assessing in vivo gut dysfunction, we report faster small intestinal transit in NL3R451C compared to wild-type mice. Using an ex vivo colonic motility assay, we show increased sensitivity to GABAA receptor modulation in NL3R451C mice, a well-established Central Nervous System (CNS) feature associated with this mutation. We further show increased numbers of small intestine myenteric neurons in NL3R451C mice. Although we observed altered sensitivity to GABAA receptor modulators in the colon, there was no change in colonic neuronal numbers including the number of GABA-immunoreactive myenteric neurons. We further identified altered fecal microbial communities in NL3R451C mice. These results suggest that the R451C mutation affects small intestinal and colonic function and alter neuronal numbers in the small intestine as well as impact fecal microbes. Our findings identify a novel GI phenotype associated with the R451C mutation and highlight NL3R451C mice as a useful preclinical model of GI dysfunction in autism. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1043-1056. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism commonly experience gastrointestinal problems, however the cause is unknown. We report gut symptoms in patients with the autism-associated R451C mutation encoding the neuroligin-3 protein. We show that many of the genes implicated in autism are expressed in mouse gut. The neuroligin-3 R451C mutation alters the enteric nervous system, causes gastrointestinal dysfunction, and disrupts gut microbe populations in mice. Gut dysfunction in autism could be due to mutations that affect neuronal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hosie
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Melina Ellis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathusi Swaminathan
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fatima Ramalhosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gracia O Seger
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Råstam
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leonid Churilov
- School of Science Cluster, RMIT University, Melbourne City Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nalzi Yalcinkaya
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Petri Urvil
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tor Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolyn A Bell
- La Trobe University, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Oonagh Bodin
- La Trobe University, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jen Wood
- La Trobe University, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- La Trobe University, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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181
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DiCarlo GE, Aguilar JI, Matthies HJ, Harrison FE, Bundschuh KE, West A, Hashemi P, Herborg F, Rickhag M, Chen H, Gether U, Wallace MT, Galli A. Autism-linked dopamine transporter mutation alters striatal dopamine neurotransmission and dopamine-dependent behaviors. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3407-3419. [PMID: 31094705 DOI: 10.1172/jci127411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of synaptic dopamine (DA) content by the dopamine transporter (DAT) ensures the phasic nature of the DA signal, which underlies the ability of DA to encode reward prediction error, thereby driving motivation, attention, and behavioral learning. Disruptions to the DA system are implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, more recently, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). An ASD-associated de novo mutation in the SLC6A3 gene resulting in a threonine to methionine substitution at site 356 (DAT T356M) was recently identified and has been shown to drive persistent reverse transport of DA (i.e. anomalous DA efflux) in transfected cells and to drive hyperlocomotion in Drosophila melanogaster. A corresponding mutation in the leucine transporter, a DAT-homologous transporter, promotes an outward-facing transporter conformation upon substrate binding, a conformation possibly underlying anomalous dopamine efflux. Here we investigated in vivo the impact of this ASD-associated mutation on DA signaling and ASD-associated behaviors. We found that mice homozygous for this mutation display impaired striatal DA neurotransmission and altered DA-dependent behaviors that correspond with some of the behavioral phenotypes observed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny I Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Heinrich Jg Matthies
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Fiona E Harrison
- Vanderbilt University Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyle E Bundschuh
- Vanderbilt University Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa West
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Freja Herborg
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hao Chen
- DRI Biosciences Corp., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt University Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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182
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Nakamura K, Moorhouse AJ, Cheung DL, Eto K, Takeda I, Rozenbroek PW, Nabekura J. Overexpression of neuronal K +-Cl - co-transporter enhances dendritic spine plasticity and motor learning. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:453-463. [PMID: 30758780 PMCID: PMC10717839 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-00654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC2 maintains a low intracellular Cl- concentration and facilitates hyperpolarizing GABAA receptor responses. KCC2 also plays a separate role in stabilizing and enhancing dendritic spines in the developing nervous system. Using a conditional transgenic mouse strategy, we examined whether overexpression of KCC2 enhances dendritic spines in the adult nervous system and characterized the effects on spine dynamics in the motor cortex in vivo during rotarod training. Mice overexpressing KCC2 showed significantly increased spine density in the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons, measured in vivo using two-photon imaging. During modest accelerated rotarod training, mice overexpressing KCC2 displayed enhanced spine formation rates, greater balancing skill at higher rotarod speeds and a faster rate of learning in this ability. Our results demonstrate that KCC2 enhances spine density and dynamics in the adult nervous system and suggest that KCC2 may play a role in experience-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Nakamura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institutes for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Sokendai, Hayama, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Andrew John Moorhouse
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Dennis Lawrence Cheung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institutes for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takeda
- Division of Homeostatic Development, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institutes for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Paul Wiers Rozenbroek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institutes for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Sokendai, Hayama, 240-0193, Japan.
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183
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Fragopoulou AF, Qian Y, Heijtz RD, Forssberg H. Can Neonatal Systemic Inflammation and Hypoxia Yield a Cerebral Palsy-Like Phenotype in Periadolescent Mice? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6883-6900. [PMID: 30941732 PMCID: PMC6728419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common childhood-onset motor disabilities, attributed to injuries of the immature brain in the foetal or early postnatal period. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, rendering prevention and treatment strategies challenging. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model of CP for preclinical assessment of new interventions. For this purpose, we explored the impact of a double neonatal insult (i.e. systemic inflammation combined with hypoxia) on behavioural and cellular outcomes relevant to CP during the prepubertal to adolescent period of mice. Pups were subjected to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections from postnatal day (P) 3 to P6 followed by hypoxia at P7. Gene expression analysis at P6 revealed a strong inflammatory response in a brain region-dependent manner. A comprehensive battery of behavioural assessments performed between P24 and P47 showed impaired limb placement and coordination when walking on a horizontal ladder in both males and females. Exposed males also displayed impaired performance on a forelimb skilled reaching task, altered gait pattern and increased exploratory activity. Exposed females showed a reduction in grip strength and traits of anxiety-like behaviour. These behavioural alterations were not associated with gross morphological changes, white matter lesions or chronic inflammation in the brain. Our results indicate that the neonatal double-hit with LPS and hypoxia can induce subtle long-lasting deficits in motor learning and fine motor skills, which partly reflect the symptoms of children with CP who have mild gross and fine motor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,INSERM U1239, University of Rouen Normandy, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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184
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Abnormal repetitive behaviors in zebrafish and their relevance to human brain disorders. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:101-110. [PMID: 30926483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) are a prominent symptom of numerous human brain disorders and are commonly seen in rodent models as well. While rodent studies of ARBs continue to dominate the field, mounting evidence suggests that zebrafish (Danio rerio) also display ARB-like phenotypes and may therefore be a novel model organism for ARB research. In addition to clear practical research advantages as a model species, zebrafish share high genetic and physiological homology to humans and rodents, including multiple ARB-related genes and robust behaviors relevant to ARB. Here, we discuss a wide spectrum of stereotypic repetitive behaviors in zebrafish, data on their genetic and pharmacological modulation, and the overall translational relevance of fish ARBs to modeling human brain disorders. Overall, the zebrafish is rapidly emerging as a new promising model to study ARBs and their underlying mechanisms.
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185
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Song TJ, Lan XY, Wei MP, Zhai FJ, Boeckers TM, Wang JN, Yuan S, Jin MY, Xie YF, Dang WW, Zhang C, Schön M, Song PW, Qiu MH, Song YY, Han SP, Han JS, Zhang R. Altered Behaviors and Impaired Synaptic Function in a Novel Rat Model With a Complete Shank3 Deletion. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:111. [PMID: 30971895 PMCID: PMC6444209 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the Shank3 gene, which encodes a key postsynaptic density (PSD) protein at glutamatergic synapses, contribute to the genetic etiology of defined autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) and intellectual disabilities (ID). Although there are a series of genetic mouse models to study Shank3 gene in ASDs, there are few rat models with species-specific advantages. In this study, we established and characterized a novel rat model with a deletion spanning exons 11–21 of Shank3, leading to a complete loss of the major SHANK3 isoforms. Synaptic function and plasticity of Shank3-deficient rats were impaired detected by biochemical and electrophysiological analyses. Shank3-depleted rats showed impaired social memory but not impaired social interaction behaviors. In addition, impaired learning and memory, increased anxiety-like behavior, increased mechanical pain threshold and decreased thermal sensation were observed in Shank3-deficient rats. It is worth to note that Shank3-deficient rats had nearly normal levels of the endogenous social neurohormones oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). This new rat model will help to further investigate the etiology and assess potential therapeutic target and strategy for Shank3-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jia Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ying Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Fei Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Wen Dang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pei-Wen Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Hong Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Yue Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song-Ping Han
- Wuxi HANS Health Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Ji-Sheng Han
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
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186
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Wenzel HJ, Murray KD, Haify SN, Hunsaker MR, Schwartzer JJ, Kim K, La Spada AR, Sopher BL, Hagerman PJ, Raske C, Severijnen LAWFM, Willemsen R, Hukema RK, Berman RF. Astroglial-targeted expression of the fragile X CGG repeat premutation in mice yields RAN translation, motor deficits and possible evidence for cell-to-cell propagation of FXTAS pathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:27. [PMID: 30808398 PMCID: PMC6390634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragile X premutation is a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion between 55 and 200 repeats in the 5'-untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Human carriers of the premutation allele are at risk of developing the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Characteristic neuropathology associated with FXTAS includes intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astroglia. Previous studies recapitulated these histopathological features in neurons in a knock-in mouse model, but without significant astroglial pathology. To determine the role of astroglia in FXTAS, we generated a transgenic mouse line (Gfa2-CGG99-eGFP) that selectively expresses a 99-CGG repeat expansion linked to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter in astroglia throughout the brain, including cerebellar Bergmann glia. Behaviorally these mice displayed impaired motor performance on the ladder-rung test, but paradoxically better performance on the rotarod. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that CGG99-eGFP co-localized with GFAP and S-100ß, but not with NeuN, Iba1, or MBP, indicating that CGG99-eGFP expression is specific to astroglia. Ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions were found in eGFP-expressing glia throughout the brain. In addition, intracytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusions were found outside the nucleus in distal astrocyte processes. Intriguingly, intranuclear inclusions, in the absence of eGFP mRNA and eGFP fluorescence, were present in neurons of the hypothalamus and neocortex. Furthermore, intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and astrocytes displayed immunofluorescent labeling for the polyglycine peptide FMRpolyG, implicating FMRpolyG in the pathology found in Gfa2-CGG99 mice. Considered together, these results show that Gfa2-CGG99 expression in mice is sufficient to induce key features of FXTAS pathology, including formation of intranuclear inclusions, translation of FMRpolyG, and deficits in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jürgen Wenzel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saif N Haify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hunsaker
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jared J Schwartzer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, and the Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Raske
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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187
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Calahorro F, Keefe F, Dillon J, Holden-Dye L, O'Connor V. Neuroligin tuning of pharyngeal pumping reveals extrapharyngeal modulation of feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.189423. [PMID: 30559302 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The integration of distinct sensory modalities is essential for behavioural decision making. In C aenorhabditis elegans, this process is coordinated by neural circuits that integrate sensory cues from the environment to generate an appropriate behaviour at the appropriate output muscles. Food is a multimodal cue that impacts the microcircuits to modulate feeding and foraging drivers at the level of the pharyngeal and body wall muscle, respectively. When food triggers an upregulation in pharyngeal pumping, it allows the effective ingestion of food. Here, we show that a C elegans mutant in the single gene orthologous to human neuroligins, nlg-1, is defective in food-induced pumping. This was not due to an inability to sense food, as nlg-1 mutants were not defective in chemotaxis towards bacteria. In addition, we found that neuroligin is widely expressed in the nervous system, including AIY, ADE, ALA, URX and HSN neurons. Interestingly, despite the deficit in pharyngeal pumping, neuroligin was not expressed within the pharyngeal neuromuscular network, which suggests an extrapharyngeal regulation of this circuit. We resolved electrophysiologically the neuroligin contribution to the pharyngeal circuit by mimicking food-dependent pumping and found that the nlg-1 phenotype is similar to mutants impaired in GABAergic and/or glutamatergic signalling. We suggest that neuroligin organizes extrapharyngeal circuits that regulate the pharynx. These observations based on the molecular and cellular determinants of feeding are consistent with the emerging role of neuroligin in discretely impacting functional circuits underpinning complex behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calahorro
- Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesca Keefe
- Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - James Dillon
- Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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188
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Shou J, Tran A, Snyder N, Bleem E, Kim S. Distinct Roles of GluA2-lacking AMPA Receptor Expression in Dopamine D1 or D2 Receptor Neurons in Animal Behavior. Neuroscience 2019; 398:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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189
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Bachmann SO, Sledziowska M, Cross E, Kalbassi S, Waldron S, Chen F, Ranson A, Baudouin SJ. Behavioral training rescues motor deficits in Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:29. [PMID: 30664619 PMCID: PMC6341103 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions in the 15q11.2 region of the human genome are associated with neurobehavioral deficits, and motor development delay, as well as in some cases, symptoms of autism or schizophrenia. The cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1) is one of the four genes contained within this locus and has been associated with other genetic forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In mice, Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency leads to alteration of dendritic spine morphology and defects in synaptic plasticity, two pathophysiological hallmarks of mouse models of ASD. At the behavioral level, however, Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency leads to minor phenotypes, not directly relevant for 15q11.2 deletion syndrome or ASD. A fundamental question is whether neuronal phenotypes caused by the mutation of Cyfip1 are relevant for the human condition. Here, we describe a synaptic cluster of ASD-associated proteins centered on CYFIP1 and the adhesion protein Neuroligin-3. Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency in mice led to decreased dendritic spine density and stability associated with social behavior and motor learning phenotypes. Behavioral training early in development resulted in alleviating the motor learning deficits caused by Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency. Altogether, these data provide new insight into the neuronal and behavioral phenotypes caused by Cyfip1 mutation and proof-of-concept for the development of a behavioral therapy to treat phenotypes associated with 15q11.2 syndromes and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven O. Bachmann
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - Monika Sledziowska
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - Ellen Cross
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - Shireene Kalbassi
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - Sophie Waldron
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - Fangli Chen
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Adam Ranson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stéphane J. Baudouin
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales UK
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190
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Schob C, Morellini F, Ohana O, Bakota L, Hrynchak MV, Brandt R, Brockmann MD, Cichon N, Hartung H, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Kraus V, Scharf S, Herrmans-Borgmeyer I, Schweizer M, Kuhl D, Wöhr M, Vörckel KJ, Calzada-Wack J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Garner CC, Kreienkamp HJ, Kindler S. Cognitive impairment and autistic-like behaviour in SAPAP4-deficient mice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30664629 PMCID: PMC6341115 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, genetic variants of DLGAP1-4 have been linked with neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While these findings implicate the encoded postsynaptic proteins, SAPAP1-4, in the etiology of neuropsychiatric conditions, underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unknown. To assess the contribution of SAPAP4 to these disorders, we characterized SAPAP4-deficient mice. Our study reveals that the loss of SAPAP4 triggers profound behavioural abnormalities, including cognitive deficits combined with impaired vocal communication and social interaction, phenotypes reminiscent of ASD in humans. These behavioural alterations of SAPAP4-deficient mice are associated with dramatic changes in synapse morphology, function and plasticity, indicating that SAPAP4 is critical for the development of functional neuronal networks and that mutations in the corresponding human gene, DLGAP4, may cause deficits in social and cognitive functioning relevant to ASD-like neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schob
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ora Ohana
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mariya V Hrynchak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marco D Brockmann
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Cichon
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Hartung
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kraus
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Scharf
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Herrmans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology and Electron Microscopy, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Vörckel
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Craig C Garner
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), c/o Charité University Medical Centre, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kindler
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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191
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Molinaro A, Alessandrì MG, Putignano E, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Baroncelli L, Pizzorusso T. A Nervous System-Specific Model of Creatine Transporter Deficiency Recapitulates the Cognitive Endophenotype of the Disease: a Longitudinal Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:62. [PMID: 30635645 PMCID: PMC6329805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in creatine (Cr) transporter (CrT) gene lead to cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome-1 (CTD), an orphan neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with brain Cr deficiency, intellectual disability, seizures, movement and autistic-like behavioral disturbances, language and speech impairment. We have recently generated a murine model of CTD obtained by ubiquitous deletion of 5-7 exons in the CrT gene. These mice showed a marked Cr depletion, associated to early and progressive cognitive impairment, and autistic-like defects, thus resembling the key features of human CTD. Given the importance of extraneural dysfunctions in neurodevelopmental disorders, here we analyzed the specific role of neural Cr in the CTD phenotype. We induced the conditional deletion of Slc6a8 gene in neuronal and glial cells by crossing CrT floxed mice with the Nestin::Cre recombinase Tg (Nes-cre) 1Kln mouse. We report that nervous system-specific Cr depletion leads to a progressive cognitive regression starting in the adult age. No autistic-like features, including repetitive and stereotyped movements, routines and rituals, are present in this model. These results indicate that Cr depletion in the nervous system is a pivotal cause of the CTD pathological phenotype, in particular with regard to the cognitive domain, but extraneural actors also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Molinaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Alessandrì
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124, Pisa, Italy. .,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135, Florence, Italy
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192
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Hyman SE. The daunting polygenicity of mental illness: making a new map. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0031. [PMID: 29352030 PMCID: PMC5790829 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An epochal opportunity to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders has emerged from advances in genomic technology, new computational tools and the growth of international consortia committed to data sharing. The resulting large-scale, unbiased genetic studies have begun to yield new biological insights and with them the hope that a half century of stasis in psychiatric therapeutics will come to an end. Yet a sobering picture is coming into view; it reveals daunting genetic and phenotypic complexity portending enormous challenges for neurobiology. Successful exploitation of results from genetics will require eschewal of long-successful reductionist approaches to investigation of gene function, a commitment to supplanting much research now conducted in model organisms with human biology, and development of new experimental systems and computational models to analyse polygenic causal influences. In short, psychiatric neuroscience must develop a new scientific map to guide investigation through a polygenic terra incognita. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Hyman
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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193
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Schiavi S, Iezzi D, Manduca A, Leone S, Melancia F, Carbone C, Petrella M, Mannaioni G, Masi A, Trezza V. Reward-Related Behavioral, Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Changes in a Rat Model of Autism Based on Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:479. [PMID: 31708750 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00479/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) induces autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in humans and autistic-like behaviors in rodents, which makes it a good model to study the neural underpinnings of ASD. Rats prenatally exposed to VPA show profound deficits in the social domain. The altered social behavior displayed by VPA-exposed rats may be due to either a deficit in social reward processing or to a more general inability to properly understand and respond to social signals. To address this issue, we performed behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical experiments and tested the involvement of the brain reward system in the social dysfunctions displayed by rats prenatally exposed to VPA (500 mg/kg). We found that, compared to control animals, VPA-exposed rats showed reduced play responsiveness together with impaired sociability in the three-chamber test and altered social discrimination abilities. In addition, VPA-exposed rats showed altered expression of dopamine receptors together with inherent hyperexcitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, when tested for socially-induced conditioned place preference, locomotor response to amphetamine and sucrose preference, control and VPA-exposed rats performed similarly, indicating normal responses to social, drug and food rewards. On the basis of the results obtained, we hypothesize that social dysfunctions displayed by VPA-exposed rats are more likely caused by alterations in cognitive aspects of the social interaction, such as the interpretation and reciprocation of social stimuli and/or the ability to adjust the social behavior of the individual to the changing circumstances in the social and physical environment, rather than to inability to enjoy the pleasurable aspects of the social interaction. The observed neurochemical and electrophysiological alterations in the NAc may contribute to the inability of VPA-exposed rats to process and respond to social cues, or, alternatively, represent a compensatory mechanism towards VPA-induced neurodevelopmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schiavi
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Iezzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Melancia
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health -NEUROFARBA-, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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194
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Modi B, Pimpinella D, Pazienti A, Zacchi P, Cherubini E, Griguoli M. Possible Implication of the CA2 Hippocampal Circuit in Social Cognition Deficits Observed in the Neuroligin 3 Knock-Out Mouse, a Non-Syndromic Animal Model of Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:513. [PMID: 31379628 PMCID: PMC6659102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of neuro-developmental abnormalities with a strong genetic component, characterized by deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, impaired social interactions, and stereotyped behaviors. In a small percentage of cases, ASDs are associated with alterations of genes involved in synaptic function. Among these, relatively frequent are mutations/deletions of genes encoding for neuroligins (NLGs). NLGs are postsynaptic adhesion molecules that, interacting with their presynaptic partners neurexins, ensure the cross talk between pre- and postsynaptic specializations and synaptic stabilization, a condition needed for maintaining a proper excitatory/inhibitory balance within local neuronal circuits. We have focused on mice lacking NLG3 (NLG3 knock-out mice), animal models of a non-syndromic form of autism, which exhibit deficits in social behavior reminiscent of those found in ASDs. Among different brain areas involved in social cognition, the CA2 region of the hippocampus has recently emerged as a central structure for social memory processing. Here, in vivo recordings from anesthetized animals and ex vivo recordings from hippocampal slices have been used to assess the dynamics of neuronal signaling in the CA2 hippocampal area. In vivo experiments from NLG3-deficient mice revealed a selective impairment of spike-related slow wave activity in the CA2 area and a significant reduction in oscillatory activity in the theta and gamma frequencies range in both CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. These network effects were associated with an increased neuronal excitability in the CA2 hippocampal area. Ex vivo recordings from CA2 principal cells in slices obtained from NLG3 knock-out animals unveiled a strong excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in this region accompanied by a strong reduction of perisomatic inhibition mediated by CCK-containing GABAergic interneurons. These data clearly suggest that the selective alterations in network dynamics and GABAergic signaling observed in the CA2 hippocampal region of NLG3 knock-out mice may account for deficits in social memory reminiscent of those observed in autistic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Modi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Pimpinella
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pazienti
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy.,National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Cherubini
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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195
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French CA, Vinueza Veloz MF, Zhou K, Peter S, Fisher SE, Costa RM, De Zeeuw CI. Differential effects of Foxp2 disruption in distinct motor circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:447-462. [PMID: 30108312 PMCID: PMC6514880 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions of the FOXP2 gene cause a speech and language disorder involving difficulties in sequencing orofacial movements. FOXP2 is expressed in cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuits important for fine motor skills, and affected individuals show abnormalities in these brain regions. We selectively disrupted Foxp2 in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, striatum or cortex of mice and assessed the effects on skilled motor behaviour using an operant lever-pressing task. Foxp2 loss in each region impacted behaviour differently, with striatal and Purkinje cell disruptions affecting the variability and the speed of lever-press sequences, respectively. Mice lacking Foxp2 in Purkinje cells showed a prominent phenotype involving slowed lever pressing as well as deficits in skilled locomotion. In vivo recordings from Purkinje cells uncovered an increased simple spike firing rate and decreased modulation of firing during limb movements. This was caused by increased intrinsic excitability rather than changes in excitatory or inhibitory inputs. Our findings show that Foxp2 can modulate different aspects of motor behaviour in distinct brain regions, and uncover an unknown role for Foxp2 in the modulation of Purkinje cell activity that severely impacts skilled movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. French
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - María F. Vinueza Veloz
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.442230.3School of Medicine, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eThe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Saša Peter
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- 0000 0004 0501 3839grid.419550.cLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000000122931605grid.5590.9Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui M. Costa
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2153 6865grid.418101.dNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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196
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Amorim IS, Lach G, Gkogkas CG. The Role of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Genet 2018; 9:561. [PMID: 30532767 PMCID: PMC6265315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is a complex, multi-step and tightly regulated process. Translation initiation, the rate limiting step in protein synthesis, is dependent on the activity of eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E). eIF4E is the cap-binding protein which, in synergy with proteins such as the helicase eIF4A and the scaffolding protein eIF4G, binds to mRNA, allowing the recruitment of ribosomes and translation initiation. The function of eIF4E is tightly regulated in cells under normal physiological conditions and can be controlled by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, and by the binding of inhibitory proteins, including eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BPs) and CYFIP1. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of eIF4E in normal or aberrant function of the nervous system. In this mini-review, we will highlight the role of eIF4E function and regulation in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S Amorim
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gilliard Lach
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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197
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Synaptic structural protein dysfunction leads to altered excitation inhibition ratios in models of autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:207-214. [PMID: 30465851 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetics is believed to play a key role in the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and a plethora of potential candidate genes have been identified by genetic characterization of patients, their family members and controls. To make sense of this information investigators have searched for common pathways and downstream properties of neural networks that are regulated by these genes. For instance, several candidate genes encode synaptic proteins, and one hypothesis that has emerged is that disruption of the synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance would destabilize neural processing and lead to ASD phenotypes. Some compelling evidence for this has come from the analyses of mouse and culture models with defects in synaptic structural proteins, which influence several aspects of synapse biology and is the subject of this review. Remaining challenges include identifying the specifics that distinguish ASD from other psychiatric diseases and designing more direct tests of the E/I balance hypothesis.
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198
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MMP-1 overexpression selectively alters inhibition in D1 spiny projection neurons in the mouse nucleus accumbens core. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16230. [PMID: 30385861 PMCID: PMC6212422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and its ligand, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), are altered in several neurodegenerative diseases. PAR-1/MMP-1 signaling impacts neuronal activity in various brain regions, but their role in regulating synaptic physiology in the ventral striatum, which is implicated in motor function, is unknown. The ventral striatum contains two populations of GABAergic spiny projection neurons, D1 and D2 SPNs, which differ with respect to both synaptic inputs and projection targets. To evaluate the role of MMP-1/PAR-1 signaling in the regulation of ventral striatal synaptic function, we performed whole-cell recordings (WCR) from D1 and D2 SPNs in control mice, mice that overexpress MMP-1 (MMP-1OE), and MMP-1OE mice lacking PAR-1 (MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO). WCRs from MMP1-OE mice revealed an increase in spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic current (sIPSC), miniature IPSC, and miniature excitatory PSC frequency in D1 SPNs but not D2 SPNs. This alteration may be partially PAR-1 dependent, as it was not present in MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Morphological reconstruction of D1 SPNs revealed increased dendritic complexity in the MMP-1OE, but not MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Moreover, MMP-1OE mice exhibited blunted locomotor responses to amphetamine, a phenotype also observed in MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Our data suggest PAR-1 dependent and independent MMP-1 signaling may lead to alterations in striatal neuronal function.
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199
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Li Y, Shen M, Stockton ME, Zhao X. Hippocampal deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 165:106945. [PMID: 30321651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders result from impaired development or maturation of the central nervous system. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders; however, the exact causes are frequently complex and unclear. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders may have deficits with diverse manifestations, including challenges with sensory function, motor function, learning, memory, executive function, emotion, anxiety, and social ability. Although these functions are mediated by multiple brain regions, many of them are dependent on the hippocampus. Extensive research supports important roles of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and cognition. In addition, with its high levels of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and lifelong neurogenesis, the hippocampus is sensitive to experience and exposure and susceptible to disease and injury. In this review, we first summarize hippocampal deficits seen in several human neurodevelopmental disorders, and then discuss hippocampal impairment including hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits found in animal models of these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Minjie Shen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael E Stockton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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200
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Bariselli S, Fobbs WC, Creed MC, Kravitz AV. A competitive model for striatal action selection. Brain Res 2018; 1713:70-79. [PMID: 30300636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The direct and indirect pathway striatal medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs) have long been linked to action selection, but the precise roles of these neurons in this process remain unclear. Here, we review different models of striatal pathway function, focusing on the classic "go/no-go" model which posits that dMSNs facilitate movement while iMSNs inhibit movement, and the "complementary" model, which argues that dMSNs facilitate the selection of specific actions while iMSNs inhibit potentially conflicting actions. We discuss the merits and shortcomings of these models and propose a "competitive" model to explain the contribution of these two pathways to behavior. The "competitive" model argues that rather than inhibiting conflicting actions, iMSNs are tuned to the same actions that dMSNs facilitate, and the two populations "compete" to determine the animal's behavioral response. This model provides a theoretical explanation for how these pathways work together to select actions. In addition, it provides a link between action selection and behavioral reinforcement, via modulating synaptic strength at inputs onto dMSNs and iMSNs. Finally, this model makes predictions about how imbalances in the activity of these pathways may underlie behavioral traits associated with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the roles of these striatal pathways in action selection may help to clarify the neuronal mechanisms of decision-making under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bariselli
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - W C Fobbs
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - M C Creed
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Anesthesiology, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - A V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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