151
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Lange AW, Haitchi HM, LeCras TD, Sridharan A, Xu Y, Wert SE, James J, Udell N, Thurner PJ, Whitsett JA. Sox17 is required for normal pulmonary vascular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 387:109-20. [PMID: 24418654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-box containing transcription factor Sox17 is required for endoderm formation and vascular morphogenesis during embryonic development. In the lung, Sox17 is expressed in mesenchymal progenitors of the embryonic pulmonary vasculature and is restricted to vascular endothelial cells in the mature lung. Conditional deletion of Sox17 in splanchnic mesenchyme-derivatives using Dermo1-Cre resulted in substantial loss of Sox17 from developing pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and caused pulmonary vascular abnormalities before birth, including pulmonary vein varices, enlarged arteries, and decreased perfusion of the microvasculature. While survival of Dermo1-Cre;Sox17Δ/Δ mice (herein termed Sox17Δ/Δ) was unaffected at E18.5, most Sox17Δ/Δ mice died by 3 weeks of age. After birth, the density of the pulmonary microvasculature was decreased in association with alveolar simplification, biventricular cardiac hypertrophy, and valvular regurgitation. The severity of the postnatal cardiac phenotype was correlated with the severity of pulmonary vasculature abnormalities. Sox17 is required for normal formation of the pulmonary vasculature and postnatal cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Lange
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D LeCras
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Susan E Wert
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Jeanne James
- Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Nicholas Udell
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
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152
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A novel keratin18 promoter that drives reporter gene expression in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary system allows isolation of cell-type specific transcripts from zebrafish liver. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 14:62-8. [PMID: 24394404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heritable and acquired biliary disorders are an important cause of acute and chronic human liver disease. Biliary development and physiology have been studied extensively in rodent models and more recently, zebrafish have been used to uncover pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapies for these conditions. Here we report development of novel transgenic lines labeling the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary system of zebrafish larvae that can be used for lineage tracing and isolation of biliary-specific RNAs from mixed populations of liver cells. We show that GFP expression driven by a 4.4 kilobase promoter fragment from the zebrafish keratin18 (krt18) gene allows visualization of all components of the developing biliary system as early as 3 days post-fertilization. In addition, expression of a ribosomal fusion protein (EGFP-Rpl10a) in krt18:TRAP transgenic fish allows for enrichment of translated biliary cell mRNAs via translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP). Future studies utilizing these reagents will enhance our understanding of the morphologic and molecular processes involved in biliary development and disease.
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153
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Delgiorno KE, Hall JC, Takeuchi KK, Pan FC, Halbrook CJ, Washington MK, Olive KP, Spence JR, Sipos B, Wright CVE, Wells JM, Crawford HC. Identification and manipulation of biliary metaplasia in pancreatic tumors. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:233-44.e5. [PMID: 23999170 PMCID: PMC3870045 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metaplasias often have characteristics of developmentally related tissues. Pancreatic metaplastic ducts are usually associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The tuft cell is a chemosensory cell that responds to signals in the extracellular environment via effector molecules. Commonly found in the biliary tract, tuft cells are absent from normal murine pancreas. Using the aberrant appearance of tuft cells as an indicator, we tested if pancreatic metaplasia represents transdifferentiation to a biliary phenotype and what effect this has on pancreatic tumorigenesis. METHODS We analyzed pancreatic tissue and tumors that developed in mice that express an activated form of Kras (Kras(LSL-G12D/+);Ptf1a(Cre/+) mice). Normal bile duct, pancreatic duct, and tumor-associated metaplasias from the mice were analyzed for tuft cell and biliary progenitor markers, including SOX17, a transcription factor that regulates biliary development. We also analyzed pancreatic tissues from mice expressing transgenic SOX17 alone (ROSA(tTa/+);Ptf1(CreERTM/+);tetO-SOX17) or along with activated Kras (ROSAtT(a/+);Ptf1a(CreERTM/+);tetO-SOX17;Kras(LSL-G12D;+)). RESULTS Tuft cells were frequently found in areas of pancreatic metaplasia, decreased throughout tumor progression, and absent from invasive tumors. Analysis of the pancreatobiliary ductal systems of mice revealed tuft cells in the biliary tract but not the normal pancreatic duct. Analysis for biliary markers revealed expression of SOX17 in pancreatic metaplasia and tumors. Pancreas-specific overexpression of SOX17 led to ductal metaplasia along with inflammation and collagen deposition. Mice that overexpressed SOX17 along with Kras(G12D) had a greater degree of transformed tissue compared with mice expressing only Kras(G12D). Immunofluorescence analysis of human pancreatic tissue arrays revealed the presence of tuft cells in metaplasia and early-stage tumors, along with SOX17 expression, consistent with a biliary phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Expression of Kras(G12D) and SOX17 in mice induces development of metaplasias with a biliary phenotype containing tuft cells. Tuft cells express a number of tumorigenic factors that can alter the microenvironment. Expression of SOX17 induces pancreatitis and promotes Kras(G12D)-induced tumorigenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Delgiorno
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jason C Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James M Wells
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
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154
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Kopp JL, Sander M. New insights into the cell lineage of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: evidence for tumor stem cells in premalignant lesions? Gastroenterology 2014; 146:24-6. [PMID: 24275238 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janel L Kopp
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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155
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Sox9 plays multiple roles in the lung epithelium during branching morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4456-64. [PMID: 24191021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311847110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung branching morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that gives rise to the complex network of gas-exchanging units in the adult lung. Intricate regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk are critical to ensuring branching morphogenesis occurs properly. Here, we describe a role for the transcription factor Sox9 during lung branching morphogenesis. Sox9 is expressed at the distal tips of the branching epithelium in a highly dynamic manner as branching occurs and is down-regulated starting at embryonic day 16.5, concurrent with the onset of terminal differentiation of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells. Using epithelial-specific genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches, our results demonstrate that Sox9 controls multiple aspects of lung branching. Fine regulation of Sox9 levels is required to balance proliferation and differentiation of epithelial tip progenitor cells, and loss of Sox9 leads to direct and indirect cellular defects including extracellular matrix defects, cytoskeletal disorganization, and aberrant epithelial movement. Our evidence shows that unlike other endoderm-derived epithelial tissues, such as the intestine, Wnt/β-catenin signaling does not regulate Sox9 expression in the lung. We conclude that Sox9 collectively promotes proper branching morphogenesis by controlling the balance between proliferation and differentiation and regulating the extracellular matrix.
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156
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Engert S, Burtscher I, Kalali B, Gerhard M, Lickert H. The Sox17CreERT2 knock-in mouse line displays spatiotemporal activation of Cre recombinase in distinct Sox17 lineage progenitors. Genesis 2013; 51:793-802. [PMID: 24038996 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The HMG-box transcription factor Sox17 is essential for endoderm formation, vascular development, and definitive hematopoiesis. To investigate the fate of distinct Sox17-expressing progenitor cells in a spatiotemporal manner, we generated a hormone-inducible CreERT2 knock-in mouse line. By homologous recombination we fused a codon improved, ligand-dependent estrogen receptor Cre recombinase by an intervening viral T2A sequence for co-translational cleavage to the 3' coding region of Sox17. Induction of Cre activity by administration of tamoxifen at defined time points of early mouse development and subsequent genetic lineage tracing confirmed the inducibility and tissue specificity of Cre recombination. Furthermore, Cre activity could be selectively induced in extra-embryonic and embryonic endoderm lineages, the primitive gut tube, and in endothelial cells of the vascular system as well as in the hemogenic endothelium of the dorsal aorta. The Sox17CreERT2 mouse line therefore represents a new tool for genetic lineage tracing in a tissue-specific manner and in addition enables lineage-restricted functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Engert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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157
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Jennings RE, Berry AA, Kirkwood-Wilson R, Roberts NA, Hearn T, Salisbury RJ, Blaylock J, Piper Hanley K, Hanley NA. Development of the human pancreas from foregut to endocrine commitment. Diabetes 2013; 62:3514-22. [PMID: 23630303 PMCID: PMC3781486 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of human pancreas development underpins our interpretation and exploitation of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation toward a β-cell fate. However, almost no information exists on the early events of human pancreatic specification in the distal foregut, bud formation, and early development. Here, we have studied the expression profiles of key lineage-specific markers to understand differentiation and morphogenetic events during human pancreas development. The notochord was adjacent to the dorsal foregut endoderm during the fourth week of development before pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 detection. In contrast to the published data from mouse embryos, during human pancreas development, we detected only a single-phase of Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) expression and endocrine differentiation from approximately 8 weeks, before which Nirenberg and Kim homeobox 2.2 (NKX2.2) was not observed in the pancreatic progenitor cell population. In addition to revealing a number of disparities in timing between human and mouse development, these data, directly assembled from human tissue, allow combinations of transcription factors to define sequential stages and differentiating pancreatic cell types. The data are anticipated to provide a useful reference point for stem cell researchers looking to differentiate human PSCs in vitro toward the pancreatic β-cell so as to model human development or enable drug discovery and potential cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
- Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Andrew A. Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Rebecca Kirkwood-Wilson
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Neil A. Roberts
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Genetics, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, U.K
| | - Rachel J. Salisbury
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Jennifer Blaylock
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
- Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
- Corresponding author: Neil A. Hanley,
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158
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DiPaola F, Shivakumar P, Pfister J, Walters S, Sabla G, Bezerra JA. Identification of intramural epithelial networks linked to peribiliary glands that express progenitor cell markers and proliferate after injury in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:1486-1496. [PMID: 23703727 PMCID: PMC4067037 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peribiliary glands (PBGs) are clusters of epithelial cells residing in the submucosal compartment of extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs). Though their function is largely undefined, they may represent a stem cell niche. Here, we hypothesized that PBGs are populated by mature and undifferentiated cells capable of proliferation in pathological states. To address this hypothesis, we developed a novel whole-mount immunostaining assay that preserves the anatomical integrity of EHBDs coupled with confocal microscopy and found that PBGs populate the entire length of the extrahepatic biliary tract, except the gallbladder. Notably, in addition to the typical position of PBGs adjacent to the duct mucosa, PBGs elongate and form intricate intramural epithelial networks that communicate between different segments of the bile duct mucosa. Network formation begins where the cystic duct combines with hepatic ducts to form the common bile duct (CBD) and continues along the CBD. Cells of PBGs and the peribiliary network stain positively for α-tubulin, mucins, and chromogranin A, as well as for endoderm transcription factors SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 17 and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, and proliferate robustly subsequent to duct injury induced by virus infection and bile duct ligation. CONCLUSION PBGs form elaborate epithelial networks within the walls of EHBDs, contain cells of mature and immature phenotypes, and proliferate in response to bile duct injury. The anatomical organization of the epithelial network in tubules and the link with PBGs support an expanded cellular reservoir with the potential to restore the integrity and function of the bile duct mucosa in diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank DiPaola
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
| | - Janet Pfister
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
| | - Stephanie Walters
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
| | - Gregg Sabla
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
| | - Jorge A. Bezerra
- The Pediatric Liver Care Center and the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati; OH
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159
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Han Y, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Marzioni M, McDaniel K, Alvaro D, Venter J, Carpino G, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Franchitto A. Recent advances in the morphological and functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:549-65. [PMID: 23856906 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances related to the heterogeneity of different-sized bile ducts with regard to the morphological and phenotypical characteristics, and the differential secretory, apoptotic and proliferative responses of small and large cholangiocytes to gastrointestinal hormones/peptides, neuropeptides and toxins. We describe several in vivo and in vitro models used for evaluating biliary heterogeneity. Subsequently, we discuss the heterogeneous proliferative and apoptotic responses of small and large cholangiocytes to liver injury and the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of small into large (more differentiated) cholangiocytes. Following a discussion on the heterogeneity of stem/progenitor cells in the biliary epithelium, we outline the heterogeneity of bile ducts in human cholangiopathies. After a summary section, we discuss the future perspectives that will further advance the field of the functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, TX, USA
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160
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Lancman JJ, Zvenigorodsky N, Gates KP, Zhang D, Solomon K, Humphrey RK, Kuo T, Setiawan L, Verkade H, Chi YI, Jhala US, Wright CVE, Stainier DYR, Dong PDS. Specification of hepatopancreas progenitors in zebrafish by hnf1ba and wnt2bb. Development 2013; 140:2669-79. [PMID: 23720049 PMCID: PMC3678338 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the liver and ventral pancreas are thought to arise from a common multipotent progenitor pool, it is unclear whether these progenitors of the hepatopancreas system are specified by a common genetic mechanism. Efforts to determine the role of Hnf1b and Wnt signaling in this crucial process have been confounded by a combination of factors, including a narrow time frame for hepatopancreas specification, functional redundancy among Wnt ligands, and pleiotropic defects caused by either severe loss of Wnt signaling or Hnf1b function. Using a novel hypomorphic hnf1ba zebrafish mutant that exhibits pancreas hypoplasia, as observed in HNF1B monogenic diabetes, we show that hnf1ba plays essential roles in regulating β-cell number and pancreas specification, distinct from its function in regulating pancreas size and liver specification, respectively. By combining Hnf1ba partial loss of function with conditional loss of Wnt signaling, we uncover a crucial developmental window when these pathways synergize to specify the entire ventrally derived hepatopancreas progenitor population. Furthermore, our in vivo genetic studies demonstrate that hnf1ba generates a permissive domain for Wnt signaling activity in the foregut endoderm. Collectively, our findings provide a new model for HNF1B function, yield insight into pancreas and β-cell development, and suggest a new mechanism for hepatopancreatic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Lancman
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natasha Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Keith P. Gates
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keely Solomon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohan K. Humphrey
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Linda Setiawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heather Verkade
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Young-In Chi
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ulupi S. Jhala
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher V. E. Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P. Duc Si Dong
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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161
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Saito Y, Kojima T, Takahashi N. The septum transversum mesenchyme induces gall bladder development. Biol Open 2013; 2:779-88. [PMID: 23951403 PMCID: PMC3744069 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, gall bladder, and ventral pancreas are formed from the posterior region of the ventral foregut. After hepatic induction, Sox17+/Pdx1+ pancreatobiliary common progenitor cells differentiate into Sox17+/Pdx1- gall bladder progenitors and Sox17-/Pdx1+ ventral pancreatic progenitors, but the cell-extrinsic signals that regulate this differentiation process are unknown. This study shows that the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) grows in the posterior direction after E8.5, becoming adjacent to the presumptive gall bladder region, to induce gall bladder development. In this induction process, STM-derived BMP4 induces differentiation from common progenitor cells adjacent to the STM into gall bladder progenitor cells, by maintaining Sox17 expression and suppressing Pdx1 expression. Furthermore, the STM suppresses ectopic activation of the liver program in the posterior region of the ventral foregut following hepatic induction through an Fgf10/Fgfr2b/Sox9 signaling pathway. Thus, the STM plays pivotal roles in gall bladder development by both inductive and suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan ; RNA Company Limited , 7-25-7, Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-8661 , Japan
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162
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Liu J, Willet SG, Bankaitis ED, Xu Y, Wright CVE, Gu G. Non-parallel recombination limits Cre-LoxP-based reporters as precise indicators of conditional genetic manipulation. Genesis 2013; 51:436-42. [PMID: 23441020 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cre/LoxP-mediated recombination allows for conditional gene activation or inactivation. When combined with an independent lineage-tracing reporter allele, this technique traces the lineage of presumptive genetically modified Cre-expressing cells. Several studies have suggested that floxed alleles have differential sensitivities to Cre-mediated recombination, which raises concerns regarding utilization of Cre-reporters to monitor recombination of other floxed loci of interest. Here, we directly investigate the recombination correlation, at cellular resolution, between several floxed alleles induced by Cre-expressing mouse lines. The recombination correlation between different reporter alleles varied greatly in otherwise genetically identical cell types. The chromosomal location of floxed alleles, distance between LoxP sites, sequences flanking the LoxP sites, and the level of Cre activity per cell all likely contribute to observed variations in recombination correlation. These findings directly demonstrate that, due to non-parallel recombination events, commonly available Cre reporter mice cannot be reliably utilized, in all cases, to trace cells that have DNA recombination in independent-target floxed alleles, and that careful validation of recombination correlations are required for proper interpretation of studies designed to trace the lineage of genetically modified populations, especially in mosaic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Program of Developmental Biology, Stem Cell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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163
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Uemura M, Ozawa A, Nagata T, Kurasawa K, Tsunekawa N, Nobuhisa I, Taga T, Hara K, Kudo A, Kawakami H, Saijoh Y, Kurohmaru M, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y. Sox17 haploinsufficiency results in perinatal biliary atresia and hepatitis in C57BL/6 background mice. Development 2013; 140:639-48. [PMID: 23293295 DOI: 10.1242/dev.086702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital biliary atresia is an incurable disease of newborn infants, of unknown genetic causes, that results in congenital deformation of the gallbladder and biliary duct system. Here, we show that during mouse organogenesis, insufficient SOX17 expression in the gallbladder and bile duct epithelia results in congenital biliary atresia and subsequent acute 'embryonic hepatitis', leading to perinatal death in ~95% of the Sox17 heterozygote neonates in C57BL/6 (B6) background mice. During gallbladder and bile duct development, Sox17 was expressed at the distal edge of the gallbladder primordium. In the Sox17(+/-) B6 embryos, gallbladder epithelia were hypoplastic, and some were detached from the luminal wall, leading to bile duct stenosis or atresia. The shredding of the gallbladder epithelia is probably caused by cell-autonomous defects in proliferation and maintenance of the Sox17(+/-) gallbladder/bile duct epithelia. Our results suggest that Sox17 plays a dosage-dependent function in the morphogenesis and maturation of gallbladder and bile duct epithelia during the late-organogenic stages, highlighting a novel entry point to the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of human congenital biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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164
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Hickey RD, Galivo F, Schug J, Brehm MA, Haft A, Wang Y, Benedetti E, Gu G, Magnuson MA, Shultz LD, Lagasse E, Greiner DL, Kaestner KH, Grompe M. Generation of islet-like cells from mouse gall bladder by direct ex vivo reprogramming. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:503-15. [PMID: 23562832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement is an emerging therapy for type 1 diabetes. Pluripotent stem cells have received a lot of attention as a potential source of transplantable β-cells, but their ability to form teratomas poses significant risks. Here, we evaluated the potential of primary mouse gall bladder epithelial cells (GBCs) as targets for ex vivo genetic reprogramming to the β-cell fate. Conditions for robust expansion and genetic transduction of primary GBCs by adenoviral vectors were developed. Using a GFP reporter for insulin, conditions for reprogramming were then optimized. Global expression analysis by RNA-sequencing was used to quantitatively compare reprogrammed GBCs (rGBCs) to true β-cells, revealing both similarities and differences. Adenoviral-mediated expression of NEUROG3, Pdx1, and MafA in GBCs resulted in robust induction of pancreatic endocrine genes, including Ins1, Ins2, Neurod1, Nkx2-2 and Isl1. Furthermore, expression of GBC-specific genes was repressed, including Sox17 and Hes1. Reprogramming was also enhanced by addition of retinoic acid and inhibition of Notch signaling. Importantly, rGBCs were able to engraft long term in vivo and remained insulin-positive for 15weeks. We conclude that GBCs are a viable source for autologous cell replacement in diabetes, but that complete reprogramming will require further manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D Hickey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97203, USA
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165
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Hutchins AP, Choo SH, Mistri TK, Rahmani M, Woon CT, Keow Leng Ng C, Jauch R, Robson P. Co-Motif Discovery Identifies an Esrrb-Sox2-DNA Ternary Complex as a Mediator of Transcriptional Differences Between Mouse Embryonic and Epiblast Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:269-81. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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166
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Choi E, Kraus MRC, Lemaire LA, Yoshimoto M, Vemula S, Potter LA, Manduchi E, Stoeckert CJ, Grapin-Botton A, Magnuson MA. Dual lineage-specific expression of Sox17 during mouse embryogenesis. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2297-308. [PMID: 22865702 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sox17 is essential for both endoderm development and fetal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. While endoderm-derived organs are well known to originate from Sox17-expressing cells, it is less certain whether fetal HSCs also originate from Sox17-expressing cells. By generating a Sox17(GFPCre) allele and using it to assess the fate of Sox17-expressing cells during embryogenesis, we confirmed that both endodermal and a part of definitive hematopoietic cells are derived from Sox17-positive cells. Prior to E9.5, the expression of Sox17 is restricted to the endoderm lineage. However, at E9.5 Sox17 is expressed in the endothelial cells (ECs) at the para-aortic splanchnopleural region that contribute to the formation of HSCs at a later stage. The identification of two distinct progenitor cell populations that express Sox17 at E9.5 was confirmed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting together with RNA-Seq to determine the gene expression profiles of the two cell populations. Interestingly, this analysis revealed differences in the RNA processing of the Sox17 mRNA during embryogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate that Sox17 is expressed in progenitor cells derived from two different germ layers, further demonstrating the complex expression pattern of this gene and suggesting caution when using Sox17 as a lineage-specific marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Choi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0494, USA
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167
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Xie R, Everett LJ, Lim HW, Patel NA, Schug J, Kroon E, Kelly OG, Wang A, D'Amour KA, Robins AJ, Won KJ, Kaestner KH, Sander M. Dynamic chromatin remodeling mediated by polycomb proteins orchestrates pancreatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:224-37. [PMID: 23318056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development is characterized by dynamic changes in gene expression, yet the role of chromatin remodeling in these cellular transitions remains elusive. To address this question, we profiled the transcriptome and select chromatin modifications at defined stages during pancreatic endocrine differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. We identify removal of Polycomb group (PcG)-mediated repression on stage-specific genes as a key mechanism for the induction of developmental regulators. Furthermore, we discover that silencing of transitory genes during lineage progression associates with reinstatement of PcG-dependent repression. Significantly, in vivo- but not in vitro-differentiated endocrine cells exhibit close similarity to primary human islets in regard to transcriptome and chromatin structure. We further demonstrate that endocrine cells produced in vitro do not fully eliminate PcG-mediated repression on endocrine-specific genes, probably contributing to their malfunction. These studies reveal dynamic chromatin remodeling during developmental lineage progression and identify possible strategies for improving cell differentiation in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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168
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Finkbeiner SR, Spence JR. A gutsy task: generating intestinal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1176-84. [PMID: 23532718 PMCID: PMC3661082 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many significant advances in our understanding of intestine development, intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation have been made in recent years. These advances include novel techniques to culture primary human and mouse intestinal epithelium in three-dimensional matrices, and de novo generation of human intestinal tissue from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. This short review will focus on the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue, highlight novel uses of this tissue, and compare and contrast this system to primary intestinal epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R. Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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169
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Yang H, Lee S, Lee S, Kim K, Yang Y, Kim JH, Adams RH, Wells JM, Morrison SJ, Koh GY, Kim I. Sox17 promotes tumor angiogenesis and destabilizes tumor vessels in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:418-31. [PMID: 23241958 DOI: 10.1172/jci64547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the transcriptional regulation of tumor angiogenesis, and tumor ECs (tECs) remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied the expression pattern of the transcription factor Sox17 in the vasculature of murine and human tumors and investigated the function of Sox17 during tumor angiogenesis using Sox17 genetic mouse models. Sox17 was specifically expressed in tECs in a heterogeneous pattern; in particular, strong Sox17 expression distinguished tECs with high VEGFR2 expression. Whereas overexpression of Sox17 in tECs promoted tumor angiogenesis and vascular abnormalities, Sox17 deletion in tECs reduced tumor angiogenesis and normalized tumor vessels, inhibiting tumor growth. Tumor vessel normalization by Sox17 deletion was long lasting, improved anticancer drug delivery into tumors, and inhibited tumor metastasis. Sox17 promoted endothelial sprouting behavior and upregulated VEGFR2 expression in a cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, Sox17 increased the percentage of tumor-associated CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells within tumors. The vascular effects of Sox17 persisted throughout tumor growth. Interestingly, Sox17 expression specific to tECs was also observed in highly vascularized human glioblastoma samples. Our findings establish Sox17 as a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseul Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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170
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Afelik S, Jensen J. Notch signaling in the pancreas: patterning and cell fate specification. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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171
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Gandou C, Harada K, Sato Y, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma share similar histopathologies, immunophenotypes, and development-related molecules. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:811-21. [PMID: 23134772 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryologically, intrahepatic small bile ducts arise from hepatic progenitor cells via ductal plates, whereas the pancreato-extrahepatic biliary progenitor cells expressing the transcription factors PDX1 and HES1 are reportedly involved in the development of the extrahepatic biliary tract and ventral pancreas. The expression of cellular markers characteristic of the different anatomical levels of the biliary tree and pancreas, as well as PDX1 and HES1, was examined in cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (12 cases), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (21 cases), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (25 cases), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (18 cases). Anterior gradient protein-2 and S100P were frequently expressed in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, whereas neural cell adhesion molecule and luminal expression of epithelial membrane antigen were common in cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. PDX1 and HES1 were frequently and markedly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and, to a lesser degree, in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, although their expression was rare and mild in cholangiocarcinoma components in combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. The expression patterns of these molecules in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were intermediate between those in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma had a similar expression of mucin, immunophenotypes, as well as transcription factors. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma showed similar postoperative prognosis. In conclusion, the similar expression of phenotypes related to pancreatobiliary anatomy and embryology may in part explain why these 2 types of carcinoma present similar clinicopathologic features. Further studies on the carcinogenesis of these carcinomas based on their similarities are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Gandou
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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172
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Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in the human foetal biliary tree. J Hepatol 2012; 57:987-94. [PMID: 22820480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary tree, liver, and pancreas share a common embryological origin. We previously demonstrated the presence of stem/progenitor cells of endodermal origin in the adult human extrahepatic biliary tree. This study evaluated the human foetal biliary trees as sources of stem/progenitor cells of multiple endodermal-derived mature fates. METHODS Human foetal intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree tissues and isolated cells were tested for cytoplasmic and surface markers of stem cells and committed progenitors, as well as endodermal transcription factors requisite for a liver versus pancreatic fate. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential mature fates of differentiation. RESULTS Foetal biliary tree cells proliferated clonogenically for more than 1 month on plastic in a serum-free Kubota medium. After culture expansion, cells exhibited multipotency and could be restricted to certain lineages under defined microenvironments, including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islet cells. Transplantation of foetal biliary tree cells into the livers of immunodeficient mice resulted in effective engraftment and differentiation into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. CONCLUSIONS Foetal biliary trees contain multipotent stem/progenitor cells comparable with those in adults. These cells can be easily expanded and induced in vitro to differentiate into liver and pancreatic mature fates, and engrafted and differentiated into mature cells when transplanted in vivo. These findings further characterise the development of these stem/progenitor cell populations from foetuses to adults, which are thought to contribute to liver and pancreas organogenesis throughout life.
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173
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Sheaffer KL, Kaestner KH. Transcriptional networks in liver and intestinal development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a008284. [PMID: 22952394 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the gastrointestinal tract is a complex process that integrates signaling processes with downstream transcriptional responses. Here, we discuss the regionalization of the primitive gut and formation of the intestine and liver. Anterior-posterior position in the primitive gut is important for establishing regions that will become functional organs. Coordination of signaling between the epithelium and mesenchyme and downstream transcriptional responses is required for intestinal development and homeostasis. Liver development uses a complex transcriptional network that controls the establishment of organ domains, cell differentiation, and adult function. Discussion of these transcriptional mechanisms gives us insight into how the primitive gut, composed of simple endodermal cells, develops into multiple diverse cell types that are organized into complex mature organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L Sheaffer
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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174
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Seymour PA, Shih HP, Patel NA, Freude KK, Xie R, Lim CJ, Sander M. A Sox9/Fgf feed-forward loop maintains pancreatic organ identity. Development 2012; 139:3363-72. [PMID: 22874919 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
All mature pancreatic cell types arise from organ-specific multipotent progenitor cells. Although previous studies have identified cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues for progenitor cell expansion, it is unclear how these cues are integrated within the niche of the developing organ. Here, we present genetic evidence in mice that the transcription factor Sox9 forms the centerpiece of a gene regulatory network that is crucial for proper organ growth and maintenance of organ identity. We show that pancreatic progenitor-specific ablation of Sox9 during early pancreas development causes pancreas-to-liver cell fate conversion. Sox9 deficiency results in cell-autonomous loss of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr) 2b, which is required for transducing mesenchymal Fgf10 signals. Likewise, Fgf10 is required to maintain expression of Sox9 and Fgfr2 in epithelial progenitors, showing that Sox9, Fgfr2 and Fgf10 form a feed-forward expression loop in the early pancreatic organ niche. Mirroring Sox9 deficiency, perturbation of Fgfr signaling in pancreatic explants or genetic inactivation of Fgf10 also result in hepatic cell fate conversion. Combined with previous findings that Fgfr2b or Fgf10 are necessary for pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation, our results demonstrate that organ fate commitment and progenitor cell expansion are coordinately controlled by the activity of a Sox9/Fgf10/Fgfr2b feed-forward loop in the pancreatic niche. This self-promoting Sox9/Fgf10/Fgfr2b loop may regulate cell identity and organ size in a broad spectrum of developmental and regenerative contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Seymour
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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175
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Nostro MC, Keller G. Generation of beta cells from human pluripotent stem cells: Potential for regenerative medicine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:701-10. [PMID: 22750147 PMCID: PMC4400853 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The loss of beta cells in Type I diabetes ultimately leads to insulin dependence and major complications that are difficult to manage by insulin injections. Given the complications associated with long-term administration of insulin, cell-replacement therapy is now under consideration as an alternative treatment that may someday provide a cure for this disease. Over the past 10 years, islet transplantation trials have demonstrated that it is possible to replenish beta cell function in Type I diabetes patients and, at least temporarily, eliminate their dependency on insulin. While not yet optimal, the success of these trials has provided proof-of-principle that cell replacement therapy is a viable option for treating diabetes. Limited access to donor islets has launched a search for alternative source of beta cells for cell therapy purposes and focused the efforts of many investigators on the challenge of deriving such cells from human embryonic (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Over the past five years, significant advances have been made in understanding the signaling pathways that control lineage development from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and as a consequence, it is now possible to routinely generate insulin producing cells from both hESCs and hiPSCs. While these achievements are impressive, significant challenges do still exist, as the majority of insulin producing cells generated under these conditions are polyhormonal and non functional, likely reflecting the emergence of the polyhormonal population that is known to arise in the early embryo during the phase of pancreatic development known as the 'first transition'. Functional beta cells, which arise during the second phase or transition of pancreatic development have been generated from hESCs, however they are detected only following transplantation of progenitor stage cells into immunocompromised mice. With this success, our challenge now is to define the pathways that control the development and maturation of this second transition population from hPSCs, and establish conditions for the generation of functional beta cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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176
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A fate map of the murine pancreas buds reveals a multipotent ventral foregut organ progenitor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40707. [PMID: 22815796 PMCID: PMC3398925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive endoderm is the embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the thyroid, lung, liver and pancreas as well as the remainder of the gut tube. DiI fate mapping and whole embryo culture were used to determine the endodermal origin of the 9.5 days post coitum (dpc) dorsal and ventral pancreas buds. Our results demonstrate that the progenitors of each bud occupy distinct endodermal territories. Dorsal bud progenitors are located in the medial endoderm overlying somites 2–4 between the 2 and 11 somite stage (SS). The endoderm forming the ventral pancreas bud is found in 2 distinct regions. One territory originates from the left and right lateral endoderm caudal to the anterior intestinal portal by the 6 SS and the second domain is derived from the ventral midline of the endoderm lip (VMEL). Unlike the laterally located ventral foregut progenitors, the VMEL population harbors a multipotent progenitor that contributes to the thyroid bud, the rostral cap of the liver bud, ventral midline of the liver bud and the midline of the ventral pancreas bud in a temporally restricted manner. This data suggests that the midline of the 9.5 dpc thyroid, liver and ventral pancreas buds originates from the same progenitor population, demonstrating a developmental link between all three ventral foregut buds. Taken together, these data define the location of the dorsal and ventral pancreas progenitors in the prespecified endodermal sheet and should lead to insights into the inductive events required for pancreas specification.
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177
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Cheng X, Ying L, Lu L, Galvão AM, Mills JA, Lin HC, Kotton DN, Shen SS, Nostro MC, Choi JK, Weiss MJ, French DL, Gadue P. Self-renewing endodermal progenitor lines generated from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:371-84. [PMID: 22482503 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells for laboratory studies and cell-based therapies is hampered by their tumor-forming potential and limited ability to generate pure populations of differentiated cell types in vitro. To address these issues, we established endodermal progenitor (EP) cell lines from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Optimized growth conditions were established that allow near unlimited (>10(16)) EP cell self-renewal in which they display a morphology and gene expression pattern characteristic of definitive endoderm. Upon manipulation of their culture conditions in vitro or transplantation into mice, clonally derived EP cells differentiate into numerous endodermal lineages, including monohormonal glucose-responsive pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, and intestinal epithelia. Importantly, EP cells are nontumorigenic in vivo. Thus, EP cells represent a powerful tool to study endoderm specification and offer a potentially safe source of endodermal-derived tissues for transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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178
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Molecular pathways controlling pancreas induction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:656-62. [PMID: 22743233 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in generating pancreatic cell types from human pluripotent stem cells has depended on our knowledge of the developmental processes that regulate pancreas development in vivo. The developmental events between gastrulation and formation of the embryonic pancreatic primordia are both rapid and dynamic and studies in frog, fish, chick, and mouse have identified the molecular basis of how the pancreas develops from multipotent endoderm progenitors. Here, we review the current status of our understanding of molecular mechanisms that control endoderm formation, endoderm patterning, and pancreas specification and highlight how these discoveries have allowed for the development of robust methods to generate pancreatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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179
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Delous M, Yin C, Shin D, Ninov N, Debrito Carten J, Pan L, Ma TP, Farber SA, Moens CB, Stainier DYR. Sox9b is a key regulator of pancreaticobiliary ductal system development. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002754. [PMID: 22719264 PMCID: PMC3375260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreaticobiliary ductal system connects the liver and pancreas to the intestine. It is composed of the hepatopancreatic ductal (HPD) system as well as the intrahepatic biliary ducts and the intrapancreatic ducts. Despite its physiological importance, the development of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system remains poorly understood. The SRY-related transcription factor SOX9 is expressed in the mammalian pancreaticobiliary ductal system, but the perinatal lethality of Sox9 heterozygous mice makes loss-of-function analyses challenging. We turned to the zebrafish to assess the role of SOX9 in pancreaticobiliary ductal system development. We first show that zebrafish sox9b recapitulates the expression pattern of mouse Sox9 in the pancreaticobiliary ductal system and use a nonsense allele of sox9b, sox9bfh313, to dissect its function in the morphogenesis of this structure. Strikingly, sox9bfh313 homozygous mutants survive to adulthood and exhibit cholestasis associated with hepatic and pancreatic duct proliferation, cyst formation, and fibrosis. Analysis of sox9bfh313 mutant embryos and larvae reveals that the HPD cells appear to mis-differentiate towards hepatic and/or pancreatic fates, resulting in a dysmorphic structure. The intrahepatic biliary cells are specified but fail to assemble into a functional network. Similarly, intrapancreatic duct formation is severely impaired in sox9bfh313 mutants, while the embryonic endocrine and acinar compartments appear unaffected. The defects in the intrahepatic and intrapancreatic ducts of sox9bfh313 mutants worsen during larval and juvenile stages, prompting the adult phenotype. We further show that Sox9b interacts with Notch signaling to regulate intrahepatic biliary network formation: sox9b expression is positively regulated by Notch signaling, while Sox9b function is required to maintain Notch signaling in the intrahepatic biliary cells. Together, these data reveal key roles for SOX9 in the morphogenesis of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system, and they cast human Sox9 as a candidate gene for pancreaticobiliary duct malformation-related pathologies. The liver and pancreas function as exocrine glands that secrete bile and pancreatic juice, respectively, to aid the digestion and absorption of nutrients. These fluids reach the intestine via the pancreaticobiliary ductal system, a complex network of ducts. Despite its pivotal role, the development of this ductal system is poorly understood. We have discovered that the zebrafish transcription factor gene sox9b, like its mammalian ortholog, is specifically expressed in the pancreaticobiliary ductal system. The perinatal lethality of Sox9 heterozygous mice makes the analysis of SOX9 function challenging; thus, we turned to the zebrafish to analyze the role of SOX9 in pancreaticobiliary ductal system development. We found that zebrafish sox9b mutants, which survive to adulthood, display defects in the morphogenesis of this ductal network: the intrahepatic and intrapancreatic ducts fail to form a branched network, whereas the ducts connecting the liver and pancreas to the intestine are malformed. These ductal defects affect bile transport and lead to cholestasis in adult mutant fish. At the molecular level, Sox9b interacts with the Notch signaling pathway to regulate the development of the intrahepatic biliary network. Therefore, our work in zebrafish reveals a broad and complex role for SOX9 in pancreaticobiliary ductal system morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Delous
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (DYRS)
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Juliana Debrito Carten
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Embryology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luyuan Pan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taylur P. Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Farber
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Embryology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (DYRS)
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180
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Homeoprotein hhex-induced conversion of intestinal to ventral pancreatic precursors results in the formation of giant pancreata in Xenopus embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8594-9. [PMID: 22592794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206547109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver and ventral pancreas develop from neighboring territories within the endoderm of gastrulae. ventral pancreatic precursor 1 (vpp1) is a marker gene that is differentially expressed in a cell population within the dorsal endoderm in a pattern partially overlapping with that of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (hhex) during gastrulation. In tail bud embryos, vpp1 expression specifically demarcates two ventral pancreatic buds, whereas hhex expression is mainly restricted to the liver diverticulum. Ectopic expression of a critical dose of hhex led to a greatly enlarged vpp1-positive domain and, subsequently, to the formation of giant ventral pancreata, putatively by conversion of intestinal to ventral pancreatic precursor cells. Conversely, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of hhex resulted in a down-regulation of vpp1 expression and a specific loss of the ventral pancreas. Furthermore, titration of hhex with a dexamethasone-inducible hhex-VP16GR fusion construct suggested that endogenous hhex activity during gastrulation is essential for the formation of ventral pancreatic progenitor cells. These observations suggest that, beyond its role in liver development, hhex controls specification of a vpp1-positive endodermal cell population during gastrulation that is required for the formation of the ventral pancreas.
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181
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Zebrafish sox9b is crucial for hepatopancreatic duct development and pancreatic endocrine cell regeneration. Dev Biol 2012; 366:268-78. [PMID: 22537488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent zebrafish studies have shown that the late appearing pancreatic endocrine cells are derived from pancreatic ducts but the regulatory factors involved are still largely unknown. Here, we show that the zebrafish sox9b gene is expressed in pancreatic ducts where it labels the pancreatic Notch-responsive cells previously shown to be progenitors. Inactivation of sox9b disturbs duct formation and impairs regeneration of beta cells from these ducts in larvae. sox9b expression in the midtrunk endoderm appears at the junction of the hepatic and ventral pancreatic buds and, by the end of embryogenesis, labels the hepatopancreatic ductal system as well as the intrapancreatic and intrahepatic ducts. Ductal morphogenesis and differentiation are specifically disrupted in sox9b mutants, with the dysmorphic hepatopancreatic ducts containing misdifferentiated hepatocyte-like and pancreatic-like cells. We also show that maintenance of sox9b expression in the extrapancreatic and intrapancreatic ducts requires FGF and Notch activity, respectively, both pathways known to prevent excessive endocrine differentiation in these ducts. Furthermore, beta cell recovery after specific ablation is severely compromised in sox9b mutant larvae. Our data position sox9b as a key player in the generation of secondary endocrine cells deriving from pancreatic ducts in zebrafish.
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182
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Zong Y, Stanger BZ. Molecular mechanisms of liver and bile duct development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:643-55. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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183
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Wang P, McKnight KD, Wong DJ, Rodriguez RT, Sugiyama T, Gu X, Ghodasara A, Qu K, Chang HY, Kim SK. A molecular signature for purified definitive endoderm guides differentiation and isolation of endoderm from mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2273-87. [PMID: 22236333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic definitive endoderm (DE) generates the epithelial compartment of vital organs such as liver, pancreas, and intestine. However, purification of DE in mammals has not been achieved, limiting the molecular "definition" of endoderm, and hindering our understanding of DE development and attempts to produce endoderm from sources such as embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we describe purification of mouse DE using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mice harboring a transgene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) inserted into the Sox17 locus, which is expressed in the embryonic endoderm. Comparison of patterns of signaling pathway activation in native mouse DE and endoderm-like cells generated from ES cells produced novel culture modifications that generated Sox17-eGFP⁺ progeny whose gene expression resembled DE more closely than achieved with standard methods. These studies also produced new FACS methods for purifying DE from nontransgenic mice and mouse ES cell cultures. Parallel studies of a new human SOX17-eGFP ES cell line allowed analysis of endoderm differentiation in vitro, leading to culture modifications that enhanced expression of an endoderm-like signature. This work should accelerate our understanding of mechanisms regulating DE development in mice and humans, and guide further use of ES cells for tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Califorina, USA
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184
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Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, Mendel G, Alpini G, Gaudio E, Reid LM, Alvaro D. The biliary tree--a reservoir of multipotent stem cells. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:231-40. [PMID: 22371217 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biliary tree is composed of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, lined by mature epithelial cells called cholangiocytes, and contains peribiliary glands deep within the duct walls. Branch points, such as the cystic duct, perihilar and periampullar regions, contain high numbers of these glands. Peribiliary glands contain multipotent stem cells, which self-replicate and can differentiate into hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or pancreatic islets, depending on the microenvironment. Similar cells-presumably committed progenitor cells-are found in the gallbladder (which lacks peribiliary glands). The stem and progenitor cell characteristics indicate a common embryological origin for the liver, biliary tree and pancreas, which has implications for regenerative medicine as well as the pathophysiology and oncogenesis of midgut organs. This Perspectives article describes a hypothetical model of cell lineages starting in the duodenum and extending to the liver and pancreas, and thought to contribute to ongoing organogenesis throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
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185
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Abstract
The pancreas is characterized by a major component, an exocrine and ductal system involved in digestion, and a minor component, the endocrine islets represented by islet micro-organs that tightly regulate glucose homoeostasis. Pancreatic organogenesis is strictly co-ordinated by transcription factors that are expressed sequentially to yield functional islets capable of maintaining glucose homoeostasis. Angiogenesis and innervation complete islet development, equipping islets to respond to metabolic demands. Proper regulation of this triad of processes during development is critical for establishing functional islets.
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186
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Shin D, Weidinger G, Moon RT, Stainier DYR. Intrinsic and extrinsic modifiers of the regulative capacity of the developing liver. Mech Dev 2012; 128:525-35. [PMID: 22313811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish wnt2bb mutants initially fail to form a liver, but surprisingly the liver eventually forms in a majority of these embryos which then develop into fertile adults. This unexpected result raised the possibility that identifying the mechanisms of liver formation in wnt2bb mutants could provide insights into the poorly understood yet general principle of regulative development, a process by which some cells can change fate in order to compensate for a deficiency. Here, we identify two factors that underlie the regulative capacity of endodermal tissues: an intrinsic factor, Sox32, a transcription factor of the SoxF subfamily, and an extrinsic factor, Fgf10a. sox32 is expressed in the extrahepatic duct primordium which is not affected in wnt2bb mutants. Blocking Sox32 function prevented liver formation in most wnt2bb mutants. fgf10a, which is expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding non-hepatic endodermal cells, negatively impacts the regulative capacity of endodermal tissues. In Wnt/β-catenin signaling deficient embryos, in which the liver completely fails to form, the repression of Fgf10a function allowed liver formation. Altogether, these studies reveal that there is more than one way to form a liver, and provide molecular insights into the phenomenon of tissue plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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187
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Mastracci TL, Sussel L. The endocrine pancreas: insights into development, differentiation, and diabetes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:609-28. [PMID: 23799564 PMCID: PMC3420142 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the developing embryo, appropriate patterning of the endoderm fated to become pancreas requires the spatial and temporal coordination of soluble factors secreted by the surrounding tissues. Once pancreatic progenitor cells are specified in the developing gut tube epithelium, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, as well as a cascade of transcription factors, subsequently delineate three distinct lineages, including endocrine, exocrine, and ductal cells. Simultaneous morphological changes, including branching, vascularization, and proximal organ development, also influence the process of specification and differentiation. Decades of research using mouse genetics have uncovered many of the key factors involved in pancreatic cell fate decisions. When pancreas development or islet cell functions go awry, due to mutations in genes important for proper organogenesis and development, the result can lead to a common pancreatic affliction, diabetes mellitus. Current treatments for diabetes are adequate but not curative. Therefore, researchers are utilizing the current understanding of normal embryonic pancreas development in vivo, to direct embryonic stem cells toward a pancreatic fate with the goal of transplanting these in vitro generated 'islets' into patients. Mimicking development in vitro has proven difficult; however, significant progress has been made and the current differentiation protocols are becoming more efficient. The continued partnership between developmental biologists and stem cell researchers will guarantee that the in vitro generation of insulin-producing β cells is a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University
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188
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Carpino G, Cardinale V, Onori P, Franchitto A, Berloco PB, Rossi M, Wang Y, Semeraro R, Anceschi M, Brunelli R, Alvaro D, Reid LM, Gaudio E. Biliary tree stem/progenitor cells in glands of extrahepatic and intraheptic bile ducts: an anatomical in situ study yielding evidence of maturational lineages. J Anat 2011; 220:186-99. [PMID: 22136171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitors have been identified intrahepatically in the canals of Hering and extrahepatically in glands of the biliary tree. Glands of the biliary tree (peribiliary glands) are tubulo-alveolar glands with mucinous and serous acini, located deep within intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. We have shown that biliary tree stem/progenitors (BTSCs) are multipotent, giving rise in vitro and in vivo to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or pancreatic islets. Cells with the phenotype of BTSCs are located at the bottom of the peribiliary glands near the fibromuscular layer. They are phenotypically heterogeneous, expressing transcription factors as well as surface and cytoplasmic markers for stem/progenitors of liver (e.g. SOX9/17), pancreas (e.g. PDX1) and endoderm (e.g. SOX17, EpCAM, NCAM, CXCR4, Lgr5, OCT4) but not for mature markers (e.g. albumin, secretin receptor or insulin). Subpopulations co-expressing liver and pancreatic markers (e.g. PDX1(+)/SOX17(+)) are EpCAM(+/-), and are assumed to be the most primitive of the BTSC subpopulations. Their descendants undergo a maturational lineage process from the interior to the surface of ducts and vary in the mature cells generated: pancreatic cells in hepatopancreatic ducts, liver cells in large intrahepatic bile ducts, and bile duct cells along most of the biliary tree. We hypothesize that there is ongoing organogenesis throughout life, with BTSCs giving rise to hepatic stem cells in the canals of Hering and to committed progenitors within the pancreas. The BTSCs are likely to be central to normal tissue turnover and injury repair and to be key elements in the pathophysiology of liver, pancreas and biliary tree diseases, including oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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189
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Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, Cui CB, Gatto M, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Cantafora A, Wauthier E, Furth ME, Inverardi L, Dominguez-Bendala J, Ricordi C, Gerber D, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Reid L. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets. Hepatology 2011; 54:2159-72. [PMID: 21809358 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multipotent stem/progenitors are present in peribiliary glands of extrahepatic biliary trees from humans of all ages and in high numbers in hepato-pancreatic common duct, cystic duct, and hilum. They express endodermal transcription factors (e.g., Sox9, SOX17, FOXA2, PDX1, HES1, NGN3, PROX1) intranuclearly, stem/progenitor surface markers (EpCAM, NCAM, CD133, CXCR4), and sometimes weakly adult liver, bile duct, and pancreatic genes (albumin, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [CFTR], and insulin). They clonogenically expand on plastic and in serum-free medium, tailored for endodermal progenitors, remaining phenotypically stable as undifferentiated cells for months with a cell division initially every ≈36 hours and slowing to one every 2-3 days. Transfer into distinct culture conditions, each comprised of a specific mix of hormones and matrix components, yields either cords of hepatocytes (express albumin, CYP3A4, and transferrin), branching ducts of cholangiocytes (expressing anion exchanger-2-AE2 and CFTR), or regulatable C-peptide secreting neoislet-like clusters (expressing glucagon, insulin) and accompanied by changes in gene expression correlating with the adult fate. Transplantation into quiescent livers of immunocompromised mice results in functional human hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, whereas if into fat pads of streptozocin-induced diabetic mice, results in functional islets secreting glucose-regulatable human C-peptide. CONCLUSION The phenotypes and availability from all age donors suggest that these stem/progenitors have considerable potential for regenerative therapies of liver, bile duct, and pancreatic diseases including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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190
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Manohar R, Komori J, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Chandran UR, LaFramboise WA, Lagasse E. Identification and expansion of a unique stem cell population from adult mouse gallbladder. Hepatology 2011; 54:1830-41. [PMID: 21793026 PMCID: PMC3205206 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The identification of resident stem cells in the mouse gallbladder is, to date, unexplored. In addition, the relationship between adult gallbladder stem cells and intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) cells is not well understood. The aim of this study was to isolate stem cells from an adult mouse gallbladder and determine whether they were unique, compared to IHBD cells. By limiting dilution analyses and index sorts, we found that an EpCAM(+) CD49f(hi) epithelial cell subpopulation from primary gallbladder is enriched in colony-forming cells, compared to EpCAM(+) CD49f(lo) cells. EpCAM(+) CD49f(hi) cells expressed cluster of differentiation (CD)29, CD133, and stem cell antigen-1, but were negative for lineage markers CD31, CD45, and F4/80. Using a novel feeder cell-culture system, we observed long-term (>passage 20) and clonal expansion of the EpCAM(+) CD49f(hi) cells in vitro. In a matrigel differentiation assay, EpCAM(+) CD49f(+) cells expanding in vitro underwent organotypic morphogenesis forming ductular structures and cysts. These structures are similar to, and recapitulate a transport function of, primary gallbladder. EpCAM(+) CD49f(+) cells also engraft into the subcutaneous space of recipient mice. We compared primary gallbladder and IHBD cells by flow cytometry and found phenotypic differences in the expression of CD49f, CD49e, CD81, CD26, CD54, and CD166. In addition, oligonucleotide microarrays showed that the expanded EpCAM(+) CD49f(+) gallbladder cells and IHBD cells exhibit differences related to lipid and drug metabolism. Notable genes that were different are cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, Indian hedgehog, and solute carrier family genes. CONCLUSION We have isolated an epithelial cell population from primary mouse gallbladder with stem cell characteristics and found it to be unique, compared to IHBD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Manohar
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Junji Komori
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Lynda Guzik
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William A. LaFramboise
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Clinical Genomics Facility, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
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191
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Mauda-Havakuk M, Litichever N, Chernichovski E, Nakar O, Winkler E, Mazkereth R, Orenstein A, Bar-Meir E, Ravassard P, Meivar-Levy I, Ferber S. Ectopic PDX-1 expression directly reprograms human keratinocytes along pancreatic insulin-producing cells fate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26298. [PMID: 22028850 PMCID: PMC3196540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular differentiation and lineage commitment have previously been considered irreversible processes. However, recent studies have indicated that differentiated adult cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency and, in some cases, directly into alternate committed lineages. However, although pluripotent cells can be induced in numerous somatic cell sources, it was thought that inducing alternate committed lineages is primarily only possible in cells of developmentally related tissues. Here, we challenge this view and analyze whether direct adult cell reprogramming to alternate committed lineages can cross the boundaries of distinct developmental germ layers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We ectopically expressed non-integrating pancreatic differentiation factors in ectoderm-derived human keratinocytes to determine whether these factors could directly induce endoderm-derived pancreatic lineage and β-cell-like function. We found that PDX-1 and to a lesser extent other pancreatic transcription factors, could rapidly and specifically activate pancreatic lineage and β-cell-like functional characteristics in ectoderm-derived human keratinocytes. Human keratinocytes transdifferentiated along the β cell lineage produced processed and secreted insulin in response to elevated glucose concentrations. Using irreversible lineage tracing for KRT-5 promoter activity, we present supporting evidence that insulin-positive cells induced by ectopic PDX-1 expression are generated in ectoderm derived keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings constitute the first demonstration of human ectoderm cells to endoderm derived pancreatic cells transdifferentiation. The study represents a proof of concept which suggests that transcription factors induced reprogramming is wider and more general developmental process than initially considered. These results expanded the arsenal of adult cells that can be used as a cell source for generating functional endocrine pancreatic cells. Directly reprogramming somatic cells into alternate desired tissues has important implications in developing patient-specific, regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mauda-Havakuk
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Litichever
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ellad Chernichovski
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Odelia Nakar
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Winkler
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ram Mazkereth
- Albert Katz Department of Neonatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arie Orenstein
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eran Bar-Meir
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy group Centre de Recherche Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS795, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Irit Meivar-Levy
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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192
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Wang P, Rodriguez RT, Wang J, Ghodasara A, Kim SK. Targeting SOX17 in human embryonic stem cells creates unique strategies for isolating and analyzing developing endoderm. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:335-46. [PMID: 21362573 PMCID: PMC3063711 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can provide insights into development of inaccessible human tissues such as embryonic endoderm. Progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of methods for isolating endodermal cells and tracing fates of their differentiated progeny. By using homologous recombination in human ESCs, we inserted an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene into the SOX17 locus, a postulated marker of human endoderm. FACS purification and gene expression profiling confirmed that SOX17(+)-hESC progeny expressed endodermal markers and unveiled specific cell surface protein combinations that permitted FACS-based isolation of primitive gut tube endodermal cells produced from unmodified human ESCs and from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Differentiating SOX17(+) endodermal cells expressed markers of liver, pancreas, and intestinal epithelium in vitro and gave rise to endodermal progeny in vivo. Thus, prospective isolation, lineage tracing, and developmental studies of SOX17(+) hESC progeny have revealed fundamental aspects of human endodermal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ryan T. Rodriguez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amar Ghodasara
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Seung K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Medicine (Oncology Division), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Corresponding author Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Developmental Biology B300 Beckman Center 279 Campus Drive, Stanford CA, 94305-5329 T: 650-723-6230 F: 650-725-7739
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Abstract
Pancreas oganogenesis comprises a coordinated and highly complex interplay of signaling events and transcriptional networks that guide a step-wise process of organ development from early bud specification all the way to the final mature organ state. Extensive research on pancreas development over the last few years, largely driven by a translational potential for pancreatic diseases (diabetes, pancreatic cancer, and so on), is markedly advancing our knowledge of these processes. It is a tenable goal that we will one day have a clear, complete picture of the transcriptional and signaling codes that control the entire organogenetic process, allowing us to apply this knowledge in a therapeutic context, by generating replacement cells in vitro, or perhaps one day to the whole organ in vivo. This review summarizes findings in the past 5 years that we feel are amongst the most significant in contributing to the deeper understanding of pancreas development. Rather than try to cover all aspects comprehensively, we have chosen to highlight interesting new concepts, and to discuss provocatively some of the more controversial findings or proposals. At the end of the review, we include a perspective section on how the whole pancreas differentiation process might be able to be unwound in a regulated fashion, or redirected, and suggest linkages to the possible reprogramming of other pancreatic cell-types in vivo, and to the optimization of the forward-directed-differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), or induced pluripotential cells (iPSC), towards mature β-cells.
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Takayama K, Inamura M, Kawabata K, Tashiro K, Katayama K, Sakurai F, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. Efficient and directive generation of two distinct endoderm lineages from human ESCs and iPSCs by differentiation stage-specific SOX17 transduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21780. [PMID: 21760905 PMCID: PMC3131299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of methods for directive differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is important for regenerative medicine. Although Sry-related HMG box 17 (SOX17) overexpression in ESCs leads to differentiation of either extraembryonic or definitive endoderm cells, respectively, the mechanism of these distinct results remains unknown. Therefore, we utilized a transient adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression system to mimic the SOX17 expression pattern of embryogenesis. The number of alpha-fetoprotein-positive extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells was increased by transient SOX17 transduction in human ESC- and iPSC-derived primitive endoderm cells. In contrast, the number of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HEX)-positive definitive endoderm (DE) cells, which correspond to the anterior DE in vivo, was increased by transient adenovirus vector-mediated SOX17 expression in human ESC- and iPSC-derived mesendoderm cells. Moreover, hepatocyte-like cells were efficiently generated by sequential transduction of SOX17 and HEX. Our findings show that a stage-specific transduction of SOX17 in the primitive endoderm or mesendoderm promotes directive ExEn or DE differentiation by SOX17 transduction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Inamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Tashiro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutics and Medical Devices Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Kusuda Furue
- JCRB Cell Bank, Division of Bioresources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Processing, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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195
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Klinck R, Füchtbauer EM, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Serup P, Jensen JN, Jørgensen MC. A BAC transgenic Hes1-EGFP reporter reveals novel expression domains in mouse embryos. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 11:415-26. [PMID: 21745596 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the basic helix-loop-helix factor Hairy and Enhancer of Split-1 (Hes1) is required for normal development of a number of tissues during embryonic development. Depending on context, Hes1 may act as a Notch signalling effector which promotes the undifferentiated and proliferative state of progenitor cells, but increasing evidence also points to Notch independent regulation of Hes1 expression. Here we use high resolution confocal scanning of EGFP in a novel BAC transgenic mouse reporter line, Tg(Hes1-EGFP)(1Hri), to analyse Hes1 expression from embryonic day 7.0 (e7.0). Our data recapitulates some previous observations on Hes1 expression and suggests new, hitherto unrecognised expression domains including expression in the definitive endoderm at early somite stages before gut tube closure and thus preceding organogenesis. This mouse line will be a valuable tool for studies addressing the role of Hes1 in a number of different research areas including organ specification, development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Klinck
- Department of Beta Cell Regeneration, Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
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Criscimanna A, Zito G, Taddeo A, Richiusa P, Pitrone M, Morreale D, Lodato G, Pizzolanti G, Citarrella R, Galluzzo A, Giordano C. In vitro generation of pancreatic endocrine cells from human adult fibroblast-like limbal stem cells. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:73-90. [PMID: 21669045 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells might provide unlimited supply of transplantable cells for β-cell replacement therapy in diabetes. The human limbus is a highly specialized region hosting a well-recognized population of epithelial stem cells, which sustain the continuous renewal of the cornea, and the recently identified stromal fibroblast-like stem cells (f-LSCs), with apparent broader plasticity. However, the lack of specific molecular markers for the identification of the multipotent limbal subpopulation has so far limited the investigation of their differentiation potential. In this study we show that the human limbus contains uncommitted cells that could be potentially harnessed for the treatment of diabetes. Fourteen limbal biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing surgery for ocular diseases not involving the conjunctiva or corneal surface. We identified a subpopulation of f-LSCs characterized by robust proliferative capacity, expressing several pluripotent stem cell markers and exhibiting self-renewal ability. We then demonstrated the potential of f-LSCs to differentiate in vitro into functional insulin-secreting cells by developing a four-step differentiation protocol that efficiently directed f-LSCs towards the pancreatic endocrine cell fate. The expression of specific endodermal, pancreatic, islet, and β-cell markers, as well as functional properties of f-LSC-derived insulin-producing cells, were evaluated during differentiation. With our stage-specific approach, up to 77% of f-LSCs eventually differentiated into cells expressing insulin (also assessed as C-peptide) and exhibited phenotypic features of mature β-cells, such as expression of critical transcription factors and presence of secretory granules. Although insulin content was about 160-fold lower than what observed in adult islets, differentiated cells processed ∼98% of their proinsulin content, similar to mature β-cells. Moreover, they responded in vitro in a regulated manner to multiple secretory stimuli, including glucose. In conclusion, f-LSCs represent a possible relevant source of autologous, transplantable, insulin-producing cells that could be tested for the reversal of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Criscimanna
- Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Jiang W, Sui X, Zhang D, Liu M, Ding M, Shi Y, Deng H. CD24: A Novel Surface Marker for PDX1-Positive Pancreatic Progenitors Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:609-17. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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198
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Wnt5a expression in the hindgut of fetal rats with chemically induced anorectal malformations--studies in the ETU rat model. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:493-9. [PMID: 21212964 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-010-1125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wnt5a is involved in the initiating and patterning morphological adaptations of gut. However, its role remained unknown during terminal hindgut development in the normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) rat embryos. This study was designed to investigate the expression pattern of Wnt5a in the terminal hindgut in ARM rat embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethylenethiourea-induced ARM model was introduced to investigate the expression pattern of Wnt5a during terminal hindgut development using immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Immunostaining revealed that Wnt5a expression showed space-dependent changes in the developing terminal hindgut. On embryonic day 17 (E17) in normal embryos, the Wnt5a protein was initially expressed in the mesenchyme of the terminal hindgut. From E18 to 19, the positive staining cells gradually increased. The expression was detected mainly in the circular muscle and myenteric plexus of hindgut. In the ARM embryos, on E17, the Wnt5a protein was also expressed in the hindgut. However, from E18 to 19, the positive staining cells in the middle hindgut gradually increased but in the terminal hindgut decreased. In Western blot and RT-PCR, time-dependent changes of Wnt5a protein and mRNA expression were remarkable during the terminal hindgut development in normal and ARM embryos. CONCLUSION These data implied that the downregulation of Wnt5a at the time of hindgut neuromuscular development might partly be related to the maldevelopment of terminal hindgut in ARM.
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199
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Gracz AD, Magness ST. Sry-box (Sox) transcription factors in gastrointestinal physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G503-15. [PMID: 21292996 PMCID: PMC3302185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00489.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms underlying tissue maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract are critical for the proper function of the digestive system under normal physiological stress. The identification of transcription factors and related signal transduction pathways that regulate stem cell maintenance and lineage allocation is attractive from a clinical standpoint in that it may provide targets for novel cell- or drug-based therapies. Sox [sex-determining region Y (Sry) box-containing] factors are a family of transcription factors that are emerging as potent regulators of stem cell maintenance and cell fate decisions in multiple organ systems and might provide valuable insight toward the understanding of these processes in endodermally derived tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we focus on the known genetic functions of Sox factors and their roles in epithelial tissues of the esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, pancreas, and liver. Additionally, we discuss pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract that are associated with a dysregulation of Sox factors. Further study of Sox factors and their role in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology may lead to advances that facilitate control of tissue maintenance and development of advanced clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Gracz
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and ,2Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - S. T. Magness
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and
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Chen C, Chai J, Singh L, Kuo CY, Jin L, Feng T, Marzano S, Galeni S, Zhang N, Iacovino M, Qin L, Hara M, Stein R, Bromberg JS, Kyba M, Ku HT. Characterization of an in vitro differentiation assay for pancreatic-like cell development from murine embryonic stem cells: detailed gene expression analysis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:403-19. [PMID: 21395400 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cell technology may serve as a platform for the discovery of drugs to treat diseases such as diabetes. However, because of difficulties in establishing reliable ES cell differentiation methods and in creating cost-effective plating conditions for the high-throughput format, screening for molecules that regulate pancreatic beta cells and their immediate progenitors has been limited. A relatively simple and inexpensive differentiation protocol that allows efficient generation of insulin-expressing cells from murine ES cells was previously established in our laboratories. In this report, this system is characterized in greater detail to map developmental cell stages for future screening experiments. Our results show that sequential activation of multiple gene markers for undifferentiated ES cells, epiblast, definitive endoderm, foregut, and pancreatic lineages was found to follow the sequence of events that mimics pancreatic ontogeny. Cells that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein, driven by pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 or insulin 1 promoter, correctly expressed known beta cell lineage markers. Overexpression of Sox17, an endoderm fate-determining transcription factor, at a very early stage of differentiation (days 2-3) enhanced pancreatic gene expression. Overexpression of neurogenin3, an endocrine progenitor cell marker, induced glucagon expression at stages when pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 message was present (days 10-16). Forced expression (between days 16 and 25) of MafA, a pancreatic maturation factor, resulted in enhanced expression of insulin genes, glucose transporter 2 and glucokinase, and glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Day 20 cells implanted in vivo resulted in pancreatic-like cells. Together, our differentiation assay recapitulates the proceedings and behaviors of pancreatic development and will be valuable for future screening of beta cell effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chialin Chen
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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