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Lamin A/C augments Th1 differentiation and response against vaccinia virus and Leishmania major. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29311549 PMCID: PMC5849043 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ T-cells into functionally distinct T helper (Th) subsets is critical to immunity against pathogen infection. Little is known about the role of signals emanating from the nuclear envelope for T-cell differentiation. The nuclear envelope protein lamin A/C is induced in naive CD4+ T-cells upon antigen recognition and acts as a link between the nucleus and the plasma membrane during T-cell activation. Here we demonstrate that the absence of lamin A/C in naive T-cell reduces Th1 differentiation without affecting Th2 differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Rag1−/− mice reconstituted with Lmna−/−CD4+CD25− T-cells and infected with vaccinia virus show weaker Th1 responses and viral removal than mice reconstituted with wild-type T-cells. Th1 responses and pathogen clearance upon Leishmania major infection were similarly diminished in mice lacking lamin A/C in the complete immune system or selectively in T-cells. Lamin A/C mediates Th1 polarization by a mechanism involving T-bet and IFNγ production. Our results reveal a novel role for lamin A/C as key regulator of Th1 differentiation in response to viral and intracellular parasite infections.
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152
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Rezapour-Firouzi S, Shahabi S, Mohammadzadeh A, Tehrani AA, Kheradmand F, Mazloomi E. The potential effects of hemp seed/evening primrose oils on the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and interferon-gamma genes expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:523-532. [PMID: 30607150 PMCID: PMC6288989 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.245964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a fundamental role in the metabolism, growth, and regulation of the immune system. The interferon gamma (IFN-γ)derived from T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a prominent pro-inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Due to the exclusive role of rapamycin (RAPA) in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition, essentially Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of hemp seed/evening primrose oils (HSO/EPO) in comparison with RAPA administration in EAE. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of EPO/HSO supplement in comparison with RAPA, EAE was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice. The weight, clinical score, and histological findings were evaluated. Total mRNA was extracted from local lymph nodes and qRT-PCR was used for the purpose of the genes expression level of regulatory associated protein of TORC1 (RAPTOR) and IFN-γ. Our results indicated that the relative expression of RAPTOR and IFN-γ genes were significantly reduced in HSO/EPO, RAPA, and RAPA + HSO/EPO treated groups in comparison with the untreated group. Interestingly, histological findings have shown that the HSO/EPO treated group remarkably regenerated the myelin sheath, but this did not occur in the case of RAPA or combined RAPA and HSO/EPO treated groups. Our findings suggeste that HSO/HPO can be used as a potent immunomodulator and as a good candidate for re-myelination and downregulation of immune response for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezapour-Firouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Departement of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Asgar Tehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mazloomi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
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153
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Influence of the Novel ATP-Competitive Dual mTORC1/2 Inhibitor AZD2014 on Immune Cell Populations and Heart Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2017; 101:2830-2840. [PMID: 28885497 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how new-generation adenosine triphosphate-competitive mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitors affect immunity and allograft rejection. METHODS mTOR complex (C) 1 and 2 signaling in dendritic cells and T cells was analyzed by Western blotting, whereas immune cell populations in normal and heart allograft recipient mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Alloreactive T cell proliferation was quantified in mixed leukocyte reaction; intracellular cytokine production and serum antidonor IgG levels were determined by flow analysis and immunofluorescence staining used to detect IgG in allografts. RESULTS The novel target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor AZD2014 impaired dendritic cell differentiation and T cell proliferation in vitro and depressed immune cells and allospecific T cell responses in vivo. A 9-day course of AZD2014 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, twice daily) or rapamycin (RAPA) (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily) prolonged median heart allograft survival time significantly (25 days for AZD2014, 100 days for RAPA, 9.5 days for control). Like RAPA, AZD2014 suppressed graft mononuclear cell infiltration, increased regulatory T cell to effector memory T cell ratios and reduced T follicular helper and B cells 7 days posttransplant. By 21 days (10 days after drug withdrawal), however, T follicular helper and B cells and donor-specific IgG1 and IgG2c antibody titers were significantly lower in RAPA-treated compared with AZD2014-treated mice. Elevated regulatory T cell to effector memory T cell ratios were maintained after RAPA, but not AZD2014 withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Immunomodulatory effects of AZD2014, unlike those of RAPA, were not sustained after drug withdrawal, possibly reflecting distinct pharmacokinetics or/and inhibitory effects of AZD2014 on mTORC2.
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154
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Essig K, Hu D, Guimaraes JC, Alterauge D, Edelmann S, Raj T, Kranich J, Behrens G, Heiseke A, Floess S, Klein J, Maiser A, Marschall S, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Leonhardt H, Calkhoven CF, Noessner E, Brocker T, Huehn J, Krug AB, Zavolan M, Baumjohann D, Heissmeyer V. Roquin Suppresses the PI3K-mTOR Signaling Pathway to Inhibit T Helper Cell Differentiation and Conversion of Treg to Tfr Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:1067-1082.e12. [PMID: 29246441 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Roquin proteins preclude spontaneous T cell activation and aberrant differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Here we showed that deletion of Roquin-encoding alleles specifically in regulatory T (Treg) cells also caused the activation of conventional T cells. Roquin-deficient Treg cells downregulated CD25, acquired a follicular Treg (Tfr) cell phenotype, and suppressed germinal center reactions but could not protect from colitis. Roquin inhibited the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway by upregulation of Pten through interfering with miR-17∼92 binding to an overlapping cis-element in the Pten 3' UTR, and downregulated the Foxo1-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Loss of Roquin enhanced Akt-mTOR signaling and protein synthesis, whereas inhibition of PI3K or mTOR in Roquin-deficient T cells corrected enhanced Tfh and Th17 or reduced iTreg cell differentiation. Thereby, Roquin-mediated control of PI3K-mTOR signaling prevents autoimmunity by restraining activation and differentiation of conventional T cells and specialization of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Essig
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Joao C Guimaraes
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephanie Edelmann
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Timsse Raj
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gesine Behrens
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiseke
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juliane Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Maiser
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising 85353, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising 85353, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Immunoanalytics Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany.
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155
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mTOR signaling in immune cells and its implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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157
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Vaeth M, Maus M, Klein-Hessling S, Freinkman E, Yang J, Eckstein M, Cameron S, Turvey SE, Serfling E, Berberich-Siebelt F, Possemato R, Feske S. Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry Controls Clonal Expansion of T Cells through Metabolic Reprogramming. Immunity 2017; 47:664-679.e6. [PMID: 29030115 PMCID: PMC5683398 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is the main Ca2+ influx pathway in lymphocytes and is essential for T cell function and adaptive immunity. SOCE is mediated by Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels that are activated by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 and STIM2. SOCE regulates many Ca2+-dependent signaling molecules, including calcineurin, and inhibition of SOCE or calcineurin impairs antigen-dependent T cell proliferation. We here report that SOCE and calcineurin regulate cell cycle entry of quiescent T cells by controlling glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. SOCE directs the metabolic reprogramming of naive T cells by regulating the expression of glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and metabolic regulators through the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and the PI3K-AKT kinase-mTOR nutrient-sensing pathway. We propose that SOCE controls a critical "metabolic checkpoint" at which T cells assess adequate nutrient supply to support clonal expansion and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mate Maus
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Scott Cameron
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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158
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Yong CS, Abba Moussa D, Cretenet G, Kinet S, Dardalhon V, Taylor N. Metabolic orchestration of T lineage differentiation and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3104-3118. [PMID: 28901530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells are stimulated by the engagement of antigen, cytokine, pathogen, and hormone receptors. While research performed over many years has focused on deciphering the molecular components of these pathways, recent data underscore the importance of the metabolic environment in conditioning responses to receptor engagement. The ability of T cells to undergo a massive proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to receptor signals requires alterations to their bioenergetic homeostasis, allowing them to meet new energetic and biosynthetic demands. The metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells is regulated not only by changes in intracellular nutrient uptake and utilization but also by nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the extracellular environment. Notably, the extracellular environment can be profoundly altered by pathological conditions such as infections and tumors, thereby perturbing the metabolism and function of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. This review highlights the interplay between diverse metabolic networks and the transcriptional/epigenetic states that condition T-cell differentiation, comparing the metabolic features of T lymphocytes with other immune cells. We further address recent discoveries in the metabolic pathways that govern T-cell function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Yong
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Naomi Taylor
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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159
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Chen H, Zhang L, Wang P, Su H, Wang W, Chu Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhao Y. mTORC2 controls Th9 polarization and allergic airway inflammation. Allergy 2017; 72:1510-1520. [PMID: 28273354 DOI: 10.1111/all.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper type 9 (Th9) cells, a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. However, it remains unknown whether mTORC2 regulates Th9 differentiation or function during allergic inflammation. METHODS T-cell-specific Rictor-deficient mice, a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and a mouse model of adoptive transfer of induced Th9 cells, were used to address the roles of mTORC2 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. The in vitro Th9 induction, multiple colors flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and Western blots were used to investigate the molecular effects of mTORC2 in Th9 induction. RESULTS The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th9 cells was significantly diminished in the absence of Rictor, the core component of mTORC2. Using a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced by OVA sensitization, T-cell-specific Rictor-deficient mice show much less severe allergic airway inflammation characterized by decreased pathological alterations and fibrosis of the lungs, which was accompanied with reduced Th9 differentiation and infiltration. Importantly, the isolated Rictor-deficient Th9 cells mediate less severe allergic pathogenesis upon adoptive transfer. Rictor deficiency impairs Th9 cell differentiation by reducing IRF4 expression rather than affecting Foxo1/Foxo3a transcriptional activity, which is likely due to decreased Akt and/or STAT6 activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncover a novel role of mTORC2 in Th9 cell differentiation and may have important implications for therapeutic intervention of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Chen
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - P. Wang
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Su
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Urology; Beijing Chaoyang Hospital; Capital Medical University; Chaoyang District Beijing China
| | - Z. Chu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine; Ministry of Health; Beijing China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science; Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine; Ministry of Health; Beijing China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Urology; Beijing Chaoyang Hospital; Capital Medical University; Chaoyang District Beijing China
| | - Y. Zhao
- Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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160
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Besnard E, Hakre S, Kampmann M, Lim HW, Hosmane NN, Martin A, Bassik MC, Verschueren E, Battivelli E, Chan J, Svensson JP, Gramatica A, Conrad RJ, Ott M, Greene WC, Krogan NJ, Siliciano RF, Weissman JS, Verdin E. The mTOR Complex Controls HIV Latency. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:785-797. [PMID: 27978436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A population of CD4 T lymphocytes harboring latent HIV genomes can persist in patients on antiretroviral therapy, posing a barrier to HIV eradication. To examine cellular complexes controlling HIV latency, we conducted a genome-wide screen with a pooled ultracomplex shRNA library and in vitro system modeling HIV latency and identified the mTOR complex as a modulator of HIV latency. Knockdown of mTOR complex subunits or pharmacological inhibition of mTOR activity suppresses reversal of latency in various HIV-1 latency models and HIV-infected patient cells. mTOR inhibitors suppress HIV transcription both through the viral transactivator Tat and via Tat-independent mechanisms. This inhibition occurs at least in part via blocking the phosphorylation of CDK9, a p-TEFb complex member that serves as a cofactor for Tat-mediated transcription. The control of HIV latency by mTOR signaling identifies a pathway that may have significant therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Besnard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shweta Hakre
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hyung W Lim
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nina N Hosmane
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alyssa Martin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - J Peter Svensson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ryan J Conrad
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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161
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Jang SW, Hwang SS, Kim HS, Lee KO, Kim MK, Lee W, Kim K, Lee GR. Casein kinase 2 is a critical determinant of the balance of Th17 and Treg cell differentiation. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e375. [PMID: 28883547 PMCID: PMC5628272 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells promote inflammatory reactions, whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit them. Thus, the Th17/Treg cell balance is critically important in inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this balance are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a critical determinant of the Th17/Treg cell balance. Both the inhibition of CK2 with a specific pharmacological inhibitor, CX-4945, and its small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown suppressed Th17 cell differentiation but reciprocally induced Treg cell differentiation in vitro. Moreover, CX-4945 ameliorated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reduced Th17 cell infiltration into the central nervous system. Mechanistically, CX-4945 inhibited the IL-6/STAT3 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Thus, CK2 has a crucial role in regulating the Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo Seok Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keoung Oh Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonyong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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162
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Marçais A, Marotel M, Degouve S, Koenig A, Fauteux-Daniel S, Drouillard A, Schlums H, Viel S, Besson L, Allatif O, Bléry M, Vivier E, Bryceson Y, Thaunat O, Walzer T. High mTOR activity is a hallmark of reactive natural killer cells and amplifies early signaling through activating receptors. eLife 2017; 6:26423. [PMID: 28875936 PMCID: PMC5628014 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cell education is the process through which chronic engagement of inhibitory NK cell receptors by self MHC-I molecules preserves cellular responsiveness. The molecular mechanisms responsible for NK cell education remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse NK cell education is associated with a higher basal activity of the mTOR/Akt pathway, commensurate to the number of educating receptors. This higher activity was dependent on the SHP-1 phosphatase and essential for the improved responsiveness of reactive NK cells. Upon stimulation, the mTOR/Akt pathway amplified signaling through activating NK cell receptors by enhancing calcium flux and LFA-1 integrin activation. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR resulted in a proportional decrease in NK cell reactivity. Reciprocally, acute cytokine stimulation restored reactivity of hyporesponsive NK cells through mTOR activation. These results demonstrate that mTOR acts as a molecular rheostat of NK cell reactivity controlled by educating receptors and uncover how cytokine stimulation overcomes NK cell education. The cells of the immune system patrol the body to detect and destroy harmful microbes and diseased cells. Natural killer cells are immune cells with a natural capacity to kill infected or cancerous cells, as their name suggests. Importantly, they do so while sparing the surrounding healthy cells. As natural killer cells mature they go through an “education” process to learn to distinguish between normal and abnormal cells. During education, the natural killer cells interact continuously with nearby healthy cells. However, it remains unknown how these interactions change the natural killer cells, or how these changes control their killing activity. Marçais et al. now show that a protein called mTOR is essential to the education of natural killer cells. Comparing natural killer cells that had or had not completed the education process revealed that mTOR is more active in the educated cells. Moreover, inhibiting the activity of mTOR caused educated natural killer cells to lose their ability to identify diseased cells, while stimulating mTOR activity in uneducated natural killer cells mimicked the education process, allowing them to recognize and eliminate diseased host cells. Certain nutrients are known to control the activity of mTOR, which suggests these nutrients could also affect how natural killer cells develop. In addition, manipulating the activity of mTOR could be used to control the response of natural killer cells to diseased host cells, and so could form part of treatments for cancer and infectious diseases. However, given that mTOR plays numerous roles within different body cells, any potential therapies that are developed would need to be able to manipulate mTOR specifically in natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Degouve
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Alice Koenig
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Annabelle Drouillard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Besson
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | | | - Eric Vivier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Yenan Bryceson
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gades Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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163
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Boothby M, Rickert RC. Metabolic Regulation of the Immune Humoral Response. Immunity 2017; 46:743-755. [PMID: 28514675 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Productive humoral responses require that naive B cells and their differentiated progeny move among distinct micro-environments. In this review, we discuss how studies are beginning to address the nature of these niches as well as the interplay between cellular signaling, metabolic programming, and adaptation to the locale. Recent work adds evidence to the expectation that B cells at distinct stages of development or functional subsets are influenced by the altered profiles of nutrients and metabolic by-products that distinguish these sites. Moreover, emerging findings reveal a cross-talk among the external milieu, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors that direct B cell fate in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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164
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Jones RG, Pearce EJ. MenTORing Immunity: mTOR Signaling in the Development and Function of Tissue-Resident Immune Cells. Immunity 2017; 46:730-742. [PMID: 28514674 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells must balance survival in peripheral tissues with the capacity to respond rapidly upon infection or tissue damage, and in turn couple these responses with intrinsic metabolic control and conditions in the tissue microenvironment. The serine/threonine kinase mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central integrator of extracellular and intracellular growth signals and cellular metabolism and plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the function of mTOR signaling in the differentiation and function of tissue-resident immune cells, with focus on the role of mTOR as a metabolic sensor and its impact on metabolic regulation in innate and adaptive immune cells. We also discuss the impact of metabolic constraints in tissues on immune homeostasis and disease, and how manipulating mTOR activity with drugs such as rapamycin can modulate immunity in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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165
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Huang SCC, Smith AM, Everts B, Colonna M, Pearce EL, Schilling JD, Pearce EJ. Metabolic Reprogramming Mediated by the mTORC2-IRF4 Signaling Axis Is Essential for Macrophage Alternative Activation. Immunity 2017; 45:817-830. [PMID: 27760338 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage activation status is intrinsically linked to metabolic remodeling. Macrophages stimulated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) to become alternatively (or, M2) activated increase fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation; these metabolic changes are critical for M2 activation. Enhanced glucose utilization is also characteristic of the M2 metabolic signature. Here, we found that increased glucose utilization is essential for M2 activation. Increased glucose metabolism in IL-4-stimulated macrophages required the activation of the mTORC2 pathway, and loss of mTORC2 in macrophages suppressed tumor growth and decreased immunity to a parasitic nematode. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) was implicated as a contributing upstream activator of mTORC2 in a pathway that involved PI3K and AKT. mTORC2 operated in parallel with the IL-4Rα-Stat6 pathway to facilitate increased glycolysis during M2 activation via the induction of the transcription factor IRF4. IRF4 expression required both mTORC2 and Stat6 pathways, providing an underlying mechanism to explain how glucose utilization is increased to support M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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166
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Zhi X, Xue F, Chen W, Liang C, Liu H, Ma T, Xia X, Hu L, Bai X, Liang T. OSI-027 modulates acute graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation in a rat model. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1186-1198. [PMID: 28590550 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its rarity (1%-2%), acute graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation (LT-aGVHD) has a high mortality rate (85%). A gradual decrease in regulatory T cells (Tregs) correlates with disease progression in a rat LT-GVHD model, and treatments which increase Tregs exert therapeutic effects on LT-aGVHD. In this study, LT-aGVHD model rats were treated with rapamycin (RAPA), OSI-027, or an equal quantity of vehicle. Rats treated with OSI-027 survived longer (>100 days) than those in the RAPA (70 ± 8 days) or control (24 ± 3 days) groups. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the Treg ratios in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the OSI-027 group were higher than those in the RAPA or control groups. The proportions of donor-derived lymphocytes in the OSI-027 group were lower than those in the RAPA or control groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of skin tissue demonstrated less severe lymphocyte infiltration in the OSI-027 group than that in the RAPA or control groups. In vitro, OSI-027 induced differentiation of CD4+ CD25- T cells into CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box P3+ Tregs. Furthermore, injection of OSI-027-induced donor-derived CD4+ CD25+ T cells into the peripheral blood of LT-aGVHD model rats prevented LT-aGVHD. Thus, OSI-027 is implicated as a novel method for the treatment of LT-aGVHD. Liver Transplantation 23 1186-1198 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Deparment of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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167
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Verykokakis M, Kee BL. Applying the TOR(C)QUE in iNKT cells: A new twist in an old tale. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:454-457. [PMID: 28295259 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein controls the machinery necessary for T-cell activation, differentiation, and memory formation, as a component of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, which function both downstream and upstream of AKT. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T-cell subset that exist in a primed state, capable of rapid activation, and produce large quantities of cytokines. iNKT-cell effector differentiation is dependent on the mTORC1 complex; however, the requirements for mTORC2 in iNKT cells have been controversial. In this issue, Sklarz et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 516-526] provide a careful analysis of the requirements for the mTORC2 component Rictor in iNKT cells, providing a new twist in this unfolding tale. The authors demonstrate that Rictor is required for iNKT-cell proliferation and survival during the key stage of intrathymic expansion and that Rictor supports the development of NKT17 cells, an effector subset which depends on the transcription factor RORγt and produces interleukin (IL)-17, in both the thymus and the lung. IL-4-producing NKT2 cells develop in the absence of Rictor but the cytotoxic potential of iNKT cells is Rictor-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Verykokakis
- Biological Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming,", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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168
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Ma CA, Stinson JR, Zhang Y, Abbott JK, Weinreich MA, Hauk PJ, Reynolds PR, Lyons JJ, Nelson CG, Ruffo E, Dorjbal B, Glauzy S, Yamakawa N, Arjunaraja S, Voss K, Stoddard J, Niemela J, Zhang Y, Rosenzweig SD, McElwee JJ, DiMaggio T, Matthews HF, Jones N, Stone KD, Palma A, Oleastro M, Prieto E, Bernasconi AR, Dubra G, Danielian S, Zaiat J, Marti MA, Kim B, Cooper MA, Romberg N, Meffre E, Gelfand EW, Snow AL, Milner JD. Germline hypomorphic CARD11 mutations in severe atopic disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1192-1201. [PMID: 28628108 PMCID: PMC5664152 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Few monogenic causes for severe manifestations of common allergic diseases have been identified. Through next-generation sequencing on a cohort of patients with severe atopic dermatitis with and without comorbid infections, we found eight individuals, from four families, with novel heterozygous mutations in CARD11, which encodes a scaffolding protein involved in lymphocyte receptor signaling. Disease improved over time in most patients. Transfection of mutant CARD11 expression constructs into T cell lines demonstrated both loss-of-function and dominant-interfering activity upon antigen receptor-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Patient T cells had similar defects, as well as low production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The mTORC1 and IFN-γ production defects were partially rescued by supplementation with glutamine, which requires CARD11 for import into T cells. Our findings indicate that a single hypomorphic mutation in CARD11 can cause potentially correctable cellular defects that lead to atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi A Ma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan K Abbott
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael A Weinreich
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pia J Hauk
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celeste G Nelson
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Batsukh Dorjbal
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natsuko Yamakawa
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Swadhinya Arjunaraja
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Human Immunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua J McElwee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas DiMaggio
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Human Immunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nina Jones
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly D Stone
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alejandro Palma
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Oleastro
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emma Prieto
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea R Bernasconi
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Danielian
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Zaiat
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Servicio de Immunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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169
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Pelgrom LR, Everts B. Metabolic control of type 2 immunity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1266-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard R. Pelgrom
- Department of Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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170
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Abstract
A major goal of immunosuppressive therapies is to harness immune tolerance mechanisms so as to minimize unwanted side effects associated with protracted immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody blockade of lymphocyte coreceptor and costimulatory pathways in mice has demonstrated the principle that both naive and primed immune systems can be reprogrammed toward immunological tolerance. Such tolerance can involve the amplification of activity of regulatory T cells, and is maintained through continuous recruitment of such cells through processes of infectious tolerance. We propose that regulatory T cells create around them microenvironments that are anti-inflammatory and endowed with enhanced protection against destructive damage. This acquired immune privilege involves the decommissioning of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immune systems. Evidence is presented that nutrient sensing by immune cells acting through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway provides one route by which the immune system can be directed toward noninflammatory and regulatory behavior at the expense of destructive functions. Therapeutic control of immune cells so as to harness metabolic routes favoring dominant regulatory mechanisms has offered a new direction for immunosuppressive therapy, whereby short-term treatment may be sufficient for long-term benefit or even cure.
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171
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Park S, Sim H, Kim HI, Jeong D, Wu G, Cho SY, Lee YS, Kwon HJ, Lee K. CD11b regulates antibody class switching via induction of AID. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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172
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Zeng H, Chi H. mTOR signaling in the differentiation and function of regulatory and effector T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:103-111. [PMID: 28535458 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates environmental signals and cellular metabolism to regulate T cell development, activation and differentiation. Recent studies reveal the importance of exquisite control of mTOR activity for proper T cell function, and detailed molecular mechanisms that regulate mTOR signaling in different T cell subsets. Here, we review the latest advances in our understanding of the mTOR pathway and its regulation in the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells and effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Patel CH, Powell JD. Targeting T cell metabolism to regulate T cell activation, differentiation and function in disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:82-88. [PMID: 28521236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in T cell activation, differentiation and function. To this end, cellular metabolism not only meets the energetic demands of T cells but also provides critical substrates for their growth and function. Furthermore, metabolites themselves are emerging as key regulators of immune responses. As the details of how metabolic reprogramming regulates immune function are revealed, new potential targets for modulating immune responses have emerged. Indeed, the distinct metabolic demands of different T cell subsets make them exquisitely sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of metabolism. In this review, we will describe the emerging strategies whereby targeting metabolism can shape the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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174
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Miao Y, Bhushan J, Dani A, Vig M. Na + influx via Orai1 inhibits intracellular ATP-induced mTORC2 signaling to disrupt CD4 T cell gene expression and differentiation. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28492364 PMCID: PMC5459575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell effector functions require sustained calcium influx. However, the signaling and phenotypic consequences of non-specific sodium permeation via calcium channels remain unknown. α-SNAP is a crucial component of Orai1 channels, and its depletion disrupts the functional assembly of Orai1 multimers. Here we show that α-SNAP hypomorph, hydrocephalus with hopping gait, Napahyh/hyh mice harbor significant defects in CD4 T cell gene expression and Foxp3 regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation induced rapid sodium influx in Napahyh/hyh CD4 T cells, which reduced intracellular ATP, [ATP]i. Depletion of [ATP]i inhibited mTORC2 dependent NFκB activation in Napahyh/hyh cells but ablation of Orai1 restored it. Remarkably, TCR stimulation in the presence of monensin phenocopied the defects in Napahyh/hyh signaling and Treg differentiation, but not IL-2 expression. Thus, non-specific sodium influx via bonafide calcium channels disrupts unexpected signaling nodes and may provide mechanistic insights into some divergent phenotypes associated with Orai1 function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25155.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Miao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Jaya Bhushan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Adish Dani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Monika Vig
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
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175
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Kim LC, Cook RS, Chen J. mTORC1 and mTORC2 in cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2017; 36:2191-2201. [PMID: 27748764 PMCID: PMC5393956 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial signaling node that integrates environmental cues to regulate cell survival, proliferation and metabolism, and is often deregulated in human cancer. mTOR kinase acts in two functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2), whose activities and substrate specificities are regulated by complex co-factors. Deregulation of this centralized signaling pathway has been associated with a variety of human diseases including diabetes, neurodegeneration and cancer. Although mTORC1 signaling has been extensively studied in cancer, recent discoveries indicate a subset of human cancers harboring amplifications in mTORC2-specific genes as the only actionable genomic alterations, suggesting a distinct role for mTORC2 in cancer as well. This review will summarize recent advances in dissecting the relative contributions of mTORC1 versus mTORC2 in cancer, their role in tumor-associated blood vessels and tumor immunity, and provide an update on mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rebecca S. Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
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176
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Bi X, Li F, Liu S, Jin Y, Zhang X, Yang T, Dai Y, Li X, Zhao AZ. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1757-1771. [PMID: 28375156 DOI: 10.1172/jci87388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the benefit of insulin, blockade of autoimmune attack and regeneration of pancreatic islets are ultimate goals for the complete cure of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Long-term consumption of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to suppress inflammatory processes, making these fatty acids candidates for the prevention and amelioration of autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored the preventative and therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFAs on T1D. In NOD mice, dietary intervention with ω-3 PUFAs sharply reduced the incidence of T1D, modulated the differentiation of Th cells and Tregs, and decreased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α. ω-3 PUFAs exerted similar effects on the differentiation of CD4+ T cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The regulation of CD4+ T cell differentiation was mediated at least in part through ω-3 PUFA eicosanoid derivatives and by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition. Importantly, therapeutic intervention in NOD mice through nutritional supplementation or lentivirus-mediated expression of an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase, mfat-1, normalized blood glucose and insulin levels for at least 182 days, blocked the development of autoimmunity, prevented lymphocyte infiltration into regenerated islets, and sharply elevated the expression of the β cell markers pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) and paired box 4 (Pax4). The findings suggest that ω-3 PUFAs could potentially serve as a therapeutic modality for T1D.
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177
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Endo Y, Yokote K, Nakayama T. The obesity-related pathology and Th17 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1231-1245. [PMID: 27757507 PMCID: PMC11107749 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation associated with obesity plays a major role in the development of metabolic diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Among Th subsets, Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, steroid-resistant asthma, and multiple sclerosis. Accumulating data suggest that reciprocal interactions between the metabolic systems and immune system play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases. We herein outline the developing principles in the control of T cell differentiation and function via their cellular metabolism. Also discussed are recent findings that changes in the intracellular metabolism, including fatty acid metabolism, affect the Th17 cell function in obese individuals. Finally, we will also highlight the unique molecular mechanism involved in the activation of retinoid-related orphan receptor-gamma-t (RORγt) by intracellular metabolism and discuss a new therapeutic approach for treating autoimmune disorders through the inhibition of RORγt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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178
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mTOR Inhibition by Everolimus Does Not Impair Closure of Punch Biopsy Wounds in Renal Transplant Patients. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e147. [PMID: 28405603 PMCID: PMC5381740 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are approved to prevent allograft rejection and control malignancy. Unfortunately, they are associated with adverse effects, such as wound healing complications that detract from more extensive use. There is a lack of prospective wound healing studies to monitor patients treated with mTOR inhibitors, such as everolimus or sirolimus, especially in nondiabetics. Methods Patients receiving everolimus with standard immunosuppressant therapy or standard immunosuppressant therapy without everolimus were administered 3-mm skin biopsy punch wounds in the left scapular region. Homeostatic gene expression was examined in the skin obtained from the biopsy and wound surface area was examined on day 7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined for cytokine production. Results There are no significant changes in autophagy related 13, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, IL-2, kruppel-like factor 4, and TGFB1 gene expression in the skin suggesting that there is little impact of everolimus on these genes within nonwounded skin. Peripheral blood T cells are more sensitive to cell death in everolimus-treated patients, but they retain the ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines required for efficient wound repair. Importantly, there is no delay in the closure of biopsy wounds in patients receiving everolimus as compared to those not receiving mTOR inhibition. Conclusions Everolimus treatment is not associated with impaired closure of skin biopsy wounds in kidney transplant recipients. These data highlight the importance of exploring whether larger surgical wounds would show a similar result and how other factors, such as diabetes, impact wound healing complications associated with mTOR suppression.
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179
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mTOR Promotes Antiviral Humoral Immunity by Differentially Regulating CD4 Helper T Cell and B Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01653-16. [PMID: 27974559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01653-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR has important roles in regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, but whether and how mTOR modulates humoral immune responses have yet to be fully understood. To address this issue, we examined the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, on B cell and CD4 T cell responses during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Rapamycin treatment resulted in suppression of virus-specific B cell responses by inhibiting proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells. In contrast, the number of memory CD4 T cells was increased in rapamycin-treated mice. However, the drug treatment caused a striking bias of CD4 T cell differentiation into Th1 cells and substantially impaired formation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which are essential for humoral immunity. Further experiments in which mTOR signaling was modulated by RNA interference (RNAi) revealed that B cells were the primary target cells of rapamycin for the impaired humoral immunity and that reduced Tfh formation in rapamycin-treated mice was due to lower GC B cell responses that are essential for Tfh generation. Additionally, we found that rapamycin had minimal effects on B cell responses activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which stimulates B cells in an antigen-independent manner, suggesting that rapamycin specifically inhibits B cell responses induced by B cell receptor stimulation with antigen. Together, these findings demonstrate that mTOR signals play an essential role in antigen-specific humoral immune responses by differentially regulating B cell and CD4 T cell responses during acute viral infection and that rapamycin treatment alters the interplay of immune cell subsets involved in antiviral humoral immunity. IMPORTANCE mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase involved in a variety of cellular activities. Although its specific inhibitor, rapamycin, is currently used as an immunosuppressive drug in transplant patients, it has been reported that rapamycin can also stimulate pathogen-specific cellular immunity in certain circumstances. However, whether and how mTOR regulates humoral immunity are not well understood. Here we found that rapamycin treatment predominantly inhibited GC B cell responses during viral infection and that this led to biased helper CD4 T cell differentiation as well as impaired antibody responses. These findings suggest that inhibition of B cell responses by rapamycin may play an important role in regulation of allograft-specific antibody responses to prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients. Our results also show that consideration of antibody responses is required in cases where rapamycin is used to stimulate vaccine-induced immunity.
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180
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Sklarz T, Guan P, Gohil M, Cotton RM, Ge MQ, Haczku A, Das R, Jordan MS. mTORC2 regulates multiple aspects of NKT-cell development and function. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:516-526. [PMID: 28078715 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by rapidly secreting cytokines and lysing targets following TCR recognition of lipid antigens. Based on their ability to secrete IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A, iNKT-cells are classified as NKT-1, NKT-2, and NKT-17 subsets, respectively. The molecular pathways regulating iNKT-cell fate are not fully defined. Recent studies implicate Rictor, a required component of mTORC2, in the development of select iNKT-cell subsets, however these reports are conflicting. To resolve these questions, we used Rictorfl/fl CD4cre+ mice and found that Rictor is required for NKT-17 cell development and normal iNKT-cell cytolytic function. Conversely, Rictor is not absolutely required for IL-4 and IFN-γ production as peripheral iNKT-cells make copious amounts of these cytokines. Overall iNKT-cell numbers are dramatically reduced in the absence of Rictor. We provide data indicating Rictor regulates cell survival as well as proliferation of developing and mature iNKT-cells. Thus, mTORC2 regulates multiple aspects of iNKT-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammarah Sklarz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peng Guan
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mercy Gohil
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renee M Cotton
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moyar Q Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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181
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Mao M, Qian Y, Sun J. Morphine Suppresses T helper Lymphocyte Differentiation to Th1 Type Through PI3K/AKT Pathway. Inflammation 2017; 39:813-21. [PMID: 26883517 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of morphine on T helper lymphocyte differentiation and PI3K/AKT pathway mechanism, CD4+ lymphocytes were treated by phorbol-myristate-acetate (25 ng/ml) (PMA) plus ionomycin (1 μg/ml) in the presence of various concentrations of morphine (25, 50, 100, 200 ng/ml) for 4 h. Th1 and Th2 subsets, supernatant cytokines, and PI3K, AKT, and protein kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) levels were detected. The Th1 cell percentage, Th1-derived cytokines, and ratio of Th1/Th2 decreased in the presence of morphine in a concentration-dependent manner. However, Th2 cell percentage kept stable after morphine treatment. The phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT decreased, but the phosphorylation of PKC-θ did not change in the presence of morphine. The decreased percentage of Th1 cells and ratio of Th1/Th2 was recovered by naloxone concentration-dependently. Morphine can inhibit the differentiation of Th1 lymphocytes and decrease the ratio of Th1/Th2 via the pathway of PI3K/AKT. The effect can be inhibited by naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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182
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Miyata S, Kurachi M, Sakurai N, Yanagawa Y, Ishizaki Y, Mikuni M, Fukuda M. Gene expression alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex and blood cells in a mouse model of depression during menopause. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00219. [PMID: 28054037 PMCID: PMC5198744 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in women than in men, and this may be due to the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during the menopausal transition. We studied the biological alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is a region that is highly implicated in the neurobiology of MDD, and the blood cells (BCs) of ovariectomized (OVX) mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), which represents a mouse model of depression during menopause. Main methods The mPFC and the BCs were obtained from the same individuals. Gene expression levels were analyzed by microarray. The data were used for the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the Gene Ontology analysis. Key findings The gene expression alterations (GEAs) induced by OVX were mainly associated with ribosomal and mitochondrial functions in both the mPFC and the BCs. Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) was identified as a possible upstream regulator of the OVX-induced GEAs in both tissues. The CMS-induced GEAs were associated with retinoic acid receptor signaling, inflammatory cytokines and post-synaptic density in the mPFC, but not in the BCs. Significance OVX and CMS independently affect biological pathways in the mPFC, which is involved in the development of the depression-like phenotype. Because a subset of the OVX-induced GEAs in the mPFC also occurred in the BCs, the GEAs in the BCs might be a useful probe to predict biological pathways in the corresponding brain tissue under specific conditions such as OVX in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kurachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakurai
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mikuni
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Notch regulates Th17 differentiation and controls trafficking of IL-17 and metabolic regulators within Th17 cells in a context-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39117. [PMID: 27974744 PMCID: PMC5156918 DOI: 10.1038/srep39117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play critical roles in host defense and autoimmunity. Emerging data support a role for Notch signaling in Th17 cell differentiation but whether it is a positive or negative regulator remains unclear. We report here that T cell-specific deletion of Notch receptors enhances Th17 cell differentiation in the gut, with a corresponding increase in IL-17 secretion. An increase in Th17 cell frequency was similarly observed following immunization of T cell specific Notch mutant mice with OVA/CFA. However, in this setting, Th17 cytokine secretion was impaired, and increased intracellular retention of IL-17 was observed. Intracellular IL-17 co-localized with the CD71 iron transporter in the draining lymph node of both control and Notch-deficient Th17 cells. Immunization induced CD71 surface expression in control, but not in Notch-deficient Th17 cells, revealing defective CD71 intracellular transport in absence of Notch signaling. Moreover, Notch receptor deficient Th17 cells had impaired mTORC2 activity. These data reveal a context-dependent impact of Notch on vesicular transport during high metabolic demand suggesting a role for Notch signaling in the bridging of T cell metabolic demands and effector functions. Collectively, our findings indicate a prominent regulatory role for Notch signaling in the fine-tuning of Th17 cell differentiation and effector function.
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Abstract
Activation of the PI3K pathway is central to a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In these contexts, AKT is classically considered the de facto mediator of PI3K-dependent signaling. However, in recent years, accumulating data point to the existence of additional effectors of PI3K activity, parallel to and independent of AKT, that play critical and unique roles in mediating different developmental, homeostatic, and pathological processes. In this review, I summarize and discuss our current understanding of the function of the serine/threonine kinase SGK1 as a downstream effector of PI3K, and try to separate targets and pathways validated as uniquely SGK1-dependent from those shared with AKT.
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185
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Bae MJ, Lim S, Lee DS, Ko KR, Lee W, Kim S. Water soluble extracts from Actinidia arguta, PG102, attenuates house dust mite-induced murine atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the mTOR pathway with Treg generation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:96-106. [PMID: 27496579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Actinidia arguta is widespread in northeastern Asia, being found in Siberia, Korea, Japan, and northern China. These fruits have been documented to regulate the uncontrolled heat of body resulting in various allergic diseases in the Korean traditional medicine. PG102, a water-soluble extract from an edible fruit, A. arguta, has been previously shown to control various factors involved in allergic pathogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated whether PG102 prevents chronic allergic reactions via the generation of Tregs, which play a preventive role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In dust mite extract-induced chronic atopic dermatitis, orally administered PG102 inhibited symptoms of dermatitis, including ear swelling and erythema, and decreased lymphocyte infiltration into the inflamed region. Moreover, PG102 reduced inflammatory T cell responses and increased the expression levels of Foxp3 and other Treg-related genes. PG102 treatment enhanced the induction of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs from naive CD4+CD62L+ T cells, probably via the inhibition of mTOR activation and the phosphorylation of STAT5 rather than using the TGF-β signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PG102 may have potential as an orally active immunosuppressor for preventing chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Bae
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonung Lim
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Ryang Ko
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Lee
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; ViroMed Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea.
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186
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Liu J, Wei S, Liu L, Shan F, Zhao Y, Shen G. The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in immune phenotype and Th1/Th2 balance of dendritic cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:245-252. [PMID: 27473784 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response of dendritic cells derived from monocytes (Mo-DCs) in the porcine peripheral blood following infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Viral load assays indicated that PRRSV efficiently infected Mo-DCs but failed to replicate, whereas PRRSV infection of Mo-DCs decreased the expression of SLA-I, SLA-II, CD80 and CD40 compared with those of mock Mo-DCs. Furthermore, we analyzed the cytokine profiles using quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Results indicated apparent changes in IL-10 and IL-12 p40 expression but not in IFN-γ and TNF-α among Mo-DCs infected with PRRSV and uninfected Mo-DCs. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis of the altered Mo-DCs together with IL-4 and GM-CSF induction for 7days revealed the typical morphology and phenotype with 91.73% purity before infection with PRRSV. Overall, our data demonstrate that PRRSV impaired the normal antigen presentation of Mo-DCs and led to inadequate adaptive immune response by down-regulating the expression of SLA-I,SLA-II, CD80 and CD40. Enhanced Th2 -type cytokine IL-10 secretion and reduced Th1-type cytokines IL-12p40,IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion results in Th1/Th2 imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Shu Wei
- The Preventive Center of Animal Disease of LiaoNing Province, No.95, Renhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, Basic School of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 92, North Second Road, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Guoshun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China.
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187
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Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Okamoto Y. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 35:53-84. [PMID: 27912316 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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188
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Deng W, Yang J, Lin X, Shin J, Gao J, Zhong XP. Essential Role of mTORC1 in Self-Renewal of Murine Alveolar Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:492-504. [PMID: 27881705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMϕ) have the capacity of local self-renewal through adult life; however, mechanisms that regulate AMϕ self-renewal remain poorly understood. We found that myeloid-specific deletion of Raptor, an essential component of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1, resulted in a marked decrease of this population of cells accompanying altered phenotypic features and impaired phagocytosis activity. We demonstrated further that Raptor/mTORC1 deficiency did not affect AMϕ development, but compromised its proliferative activity at cell cycle entry in the steady-state as well as in the context of repopulation in irradiation chimeras. Mechanically, mTORC1 confers AMϕ optimal responsiveness to GM-CSF-induced proliferation. Thus, our results demonstrate an essential role of mTORC1 for AMϕ homeostasis by regulating proliferative renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Deng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jialong Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xingguang Lin
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China;
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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189
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Phan AT, Doedens AL, Palazon A, Tyrakis PA, Cheung KP, Johnson RS, Goldrath AW. Constitutive Glycolytic Metabolism Supports CD8 + T Cell Effector Memory Differentiation during Viral Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:1024-1037. [PMID: 27836431 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive metabolic changes accompany T cell activation, including a switch to glycolytic energy production and increased biosynthesis. Recent studies suggest that subsequent return to reliance on oxidative phosphorylation and increasing spare respiratory capacity are essential for the differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, we found that constitutive glycolytic metabolism and suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in CD8+ T cells, achieved by conditional deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor regulator Vhl, accelerated CD8+ memory cell differentiation during viral infection. Despite sustained glycolysis, CD8+ memory cells emerged that upregulated key memory-associated cytokine receptors and transcription factors and showed a heightened response to secondary challenge. In addition, increased glycolysis not only permitted memory formation, but it also favored the formation of long-lived effector-memory CD8+ T cells. These data redefine the role of cellular metabolism in memory cell differentiation, showing that reliance on glycolytic metabolism does not hinder formation of a protective memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Phan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew L Doedens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asis Palazon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK
| | - Petros A Tyrakis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK
| | - Kitty P Cheung
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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190
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Metabolic pathways in T cell activation and lineage differentiation. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:514-524. [PMID: 27825556 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism support the concept that fundamental processes in T cell biology, such as TCR-mediated activation and T helper lineage differentiation, are closely linked to changes in the cellular metabolic programs. Although the major task of the intermediate metabolism is to provide the cell with a constant supply of energy and molecular precursors for the production of biomolecules, the dynamic regulation of metabolic pathways also plays an active role in shaping T cell responses. Key metabolic processes such as glycolysis, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism are now recognized as crucial players in T cell activation and differentiation, and their modulation can differentially affect the development of T helper cell lineages. In this review, we describe the diverse metabolic processes that T cells engage during their life cycle from naïve towards effector and memory T cells. We consider in particular how the cellular metabolism may actively support the function of T cells in their different states. Moreover, we discuss how molecular regulators such as mTOR or AMPK link environmental changes to adaptations in the cellular metabolism and elucidate the consequences on T cell differentiation and function.
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191
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Wang T, Lu Y, Polk A, Chowdhury P, Murga-Zamalloa C, Fujiwara H, Suemori K, Beyersdorf N, Hristov AC, Lim MS, Bailey NG, Wilcox RA. T-cell Receptor Signaling Activates an ITK/NF-κB/GATA-3 axis in T-cell Lymphomas Facilitating Resistance to Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2506-2515. [PMID: 27780854 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: T-cell lymphomas are a molecularly heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) that account for a disproportionate number of NHL disease-related deaths due to their inherent and acquired resistance to standard multiagent chemotherapy regimens. Despite their molecular heterogeneity and frequent loss of various T cell-specific receptors, the T-cell antigen receptor is retained in the majority of these lymphomas. As T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement activates a number of signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate T-cell growth and survival, we examined the TCR's role in mediating resistance to chemotherapy.Experimental Design: Genetic and pharmacologic strategies were utilized to determine the contribution of tyrosine kinases and transcription factors activated in conventional T cells following TCR engagement in acquired chemotherapy resistance in primary T-cell lymphoma cells and patient-derived cell lines.Results: Here, we report that TCR signaling activates a signaling axis that includes ITK, NF-κB, and GATA-3 and promotes chemotherapy resistance.Conclusions: These observations have significant therapeutic implications, as pharmacologic inhibition of ITK prevented the activation of this signaling axis and overcame chemotherapy resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2506-15. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Piperidines
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Avery Polk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pinki Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Murga-Zamalloa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suemori
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Hristov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathanael G Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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192
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Herrero-Sánchez MC, Rodríguez-Serrano C, Almeida J, San Segundo L, Inogés S, Santos-Briz Á, García-Briñón J, Corchete LA, San Miguel JF, Del Cañizo C, Blanco B. Targeting of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit T cell activation and prevent graft-versus-host disease development. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:113. [PMID: 27765055 PMCID: PMC5072323 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains the major obstacle to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, despite of the immunosuppressive regimens administered to control T cell alloreactivity. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is crucial in T cell activation and function and, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic target to prevent GvHD development. Recently, numerous PI3K inhibitors have been developed for cancer therapy. However, few studies have explored their immunosuppressive effect. METHODS The effects of a selective PI3K inhibitor (BKM120) and a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ235) on human T cell proliferation, expression of activation-related molecules, and phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins were analyzed. Besides, the ability of BEZ235 to prevent GvHD development in mice was evaluated. RESULTS Simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and mTOR was efficient at lower concentrations than PI3K specific targeting. Importantly, BEZ235 prevented naïve T cell activation and induced tolerance of alloreactive T cells, while maintaining an adequate response against cytomegalovirus, more efficiently than BKM120. Finally, BEZ235 treatment significantly improved the survival and decreased the GvHD development in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results support the use of PI3K inhibitors to control T cell responses and show the potential utility of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 in GvHD prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Carmen Herrero-Sánchez
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Concepción Rodríguez-Serrano
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julia Almeida
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Servicio de Citometría, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura San Segundo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana Inogés
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángel Santos-Briz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Briñón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Corchete
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús F San Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Consuelo Del Cañizo
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Blanco
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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193
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Park S, Sim H, Lee K. Rapamycin-resistant and torin-sensitive mTOR signaling promotes the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells. BMB Rep 2016; 49:63-8. [PMID: 26497580 PMCID: PMC4914215 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.1.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mTOR is essential for the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) signaling pathway, and regulates the development and function of immune cells. Aberrant activation of mTOR signaling pathway is associated with many cancers including leukemia. Here, we report the contributions of mTOR signaling to growth of human leukemic cell lines and mouse T-cell acute leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Torin, an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, was found to have both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on U-937, THP-1, and RPMI-8226 cells, but not on Jurkat or K-562 cells. All cells were relatively resistant to rapamycin even with suppressed activity of mTOR complex 1. Growth of T-ALL cells induced by Notch1 was profoundly affected by torin partially due to increased expression of Bcl2l11 and Bbc3. Of note, activation of Akt or knockdown of FoxO1 mitigated the effect of mTOR inhibition on T-ALL cells. Our data provide insight on the effect of mTOR inhibitors on the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells, thus further improving our understanding on cell-context-dependent impacts of mTOR signaling. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 63-68]
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyunsub Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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194
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Lin X, Yang J, Wang J, Huang H, Wang HX, Chen P, Wang S, Pan Y, Qiu YR, Taylor GA, Vallance BA, Gao J, Zhong XP. mTOR is critical for intestinal T-cell homeostasis and resistance to Citrobacter rodentium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34939. [PMID: 27731345 PMCID: PMC5059740 DOI: 10.1038/srep34939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells play an important role in promoting mucosal immunity against pathogens, but the mechanistic basis for their homeostasis in the intestine is still poorly understood. We report here that T-cell-specific deletion of mTOR results in dramatically decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers in the lamina propria of both small and large intestines under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. These defects result in defective host resistance against a murine enteropathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, leading to the death of the animals. We further demonstrated that mTOR deficiency reduces the generation of gut-homing effector T-cells in both mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches without obviously affecting expression of gut-homing molecules on those effector T-cells. Using mice with T-cell-specific ablation of Raptor/mTORC1 or Rictor/mTORC2, we revealed that both mTORC1 and, to a lesser extent, mTORC2 contribute to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell accumulation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Additionally, mTORC1 but not mTORC2 plays an important role regulating the proliferative renewal of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the intestines. Our data thus reveal that mTOR is crucial for T-cell accumulation in the GI tract and for establishing local adaptive immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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195
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Kurebayashi Y, Baba Y, Minowa A, Nadya NA, Azuma M, Yoshimura A, Koyasu S, Nagai S. TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Akt and Foxo transcription factors negatively regulates induced regulatory T cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:114-119. [PMID: 27697523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pivotal cytokine in the differentiation of regulatory T cells, and Foxo transcription factors positively regulate this process. On the other hand, the function of Foxo transcription factors is negatively regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling, which is activated by TGF-β in many types of cells; yet the role of TGF-β in Akt activity and its downstream substrates in CD4+ T cells, including Foxo transcription factors, remains to be determined. Herein, we demonstrate that TGF-β selectively induces Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 but not at Thr308 in a class IA PI3K-dependent manner in CD4+ T cells, resulting in the phosphorylation and inhibition of Foxo transcription factors and negatively regulating the differentiation of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). These observations reveal a novel negative regulatory mechanism involving Akt and Foxo transcription factors induced by TGF-β in the iTreg differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kurebayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Baba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Minowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Niken Adiba Nadya
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Cell System, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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196
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Yang J, Lin X, Pan Y, Wang J, Chen P, Huang H, Xue HH, Gao J, Zhong XP. Critical roles of mTOR Complex 1 and 2 for T follicular helper cell differentiation and germinal center responses. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27690224 PMCID: PMC5063587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play critical roles for germinal center responses and effective humoral immunity. We report here that mTOR in CD4 T cells is essential for Tfh differentiation. In Mtorf/f-Cd4Cre mice, both constitutive and inducible Tfh differentiation is severely impaired, leading to defective germinal center B cell formation and antibody production. Moreover, both mTORC1 and mTORC2 contribute to Tfh and GC B cell development but may do so via distinct mechanisms. mTORC1 mainly promotes CD4 T cell proliferation to reach the cell divisions necessary for Tfh differentiation, while Rictor/mTORC2 regulates Tfh differentiation by promoting Akt activation and TCF1 expression without grossly influencing T cell proliferation. Together, our results reveal crucial but distinct roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in CD4 T cells during Tfh differentiation and germinal center responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17936.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jinli Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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197
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Prevention of allograft rejection in heart transplantation through concurrent gene silencing of TLR and Kinase signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33869. [PMID: 27659428 PMCID: PMC5034230 DOI: 10.1038/srep33869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as initiators and conductors responsible for both innate and adaptive immune responses in organ transplantation. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the most critical signaling kinases that affects broad aspects of cellular functions including metabolism, growth, and survival. Recipients (BALB/c) were treated with MyD88, TRIF and mTOR siRNA vectors, 3 and 7 days prior to heart transplantation and 7, 14 and 21 days after transplantation. After siRNA treatment, recipients received a fully MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 heart. Treatment with mTOR siRNA significantly prolonged allograft survival in heart transplantation. Moreover, the combination of mTOR siRNA with MyD88 and TRIF siRNA further extended the allograft survival; Flow cytometric analysis showed an upregulation of FoxP3 expression in spleen lymphocytes and a concurrent downregulation of CD40, CD86 expression, upregulation of PD-L1 expression in splenic dendritic cells in MyD88, TRIF and mTOR treated mice. There is significantly upregulated T cell exhaustion in T cells isolated from tolerant recipients. This study is the first demonstration of preventing immune rejection of allogeneic heart grafts through concurrent gene silencing of TLR and kinase signaling pathways, highlighting the therapeutic potential of siRNA in clinical transplantation.
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198
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Singh Y, Zhou Y, Shi X, Zhang S, Umbach AT, Salker MS, Lang KS, Lang F. Alkaline Cytosolic pH and High Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1 (NHE1) Activity in Th9 Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23662-23671. [PMID: 27629415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper 9 (Th9) cells are a newly discovered Th cell subset that produce the pleiotropic cytokine IL-9. Th9 cells can protect against tumors and provide resistance against helminth infections. Given their pivotal role in the adaptive immune system, understanding Th9 cell development and the regulation of IL-9 production could open novel immunotherapeutic opportunities. The Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1; gene name Slc9α1)) is critically important for regulating intracellular pH (pHi), cell volume, migration, and cell survival. The pHi influences cytokine secretion, activities of membrane-associated enzymes, ion transport, and other effector signaling molecules such as ATP and Ca2+ levels. However, whether NHE1 regulates Th9 cell development or IL-9 secretion has not yet been defined. The present study explored the role of NHE1 in Th9 cell development and function. Th cell subsets were characterized by flow cytometry and pHi was measured using 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) dye. NHE1 functional activity was estimated from the rate of realkalinization following an ammonium pulse. Surprisingly, in Th9 cells pHi and NHE1 activity were significantly higher than in all other Th cell subsets (Th1/Th2/Th17 and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs)). NHE1 transcript levels and protein abundance were significantly higher in Th9 cells than in other Th cell subsets. Inhibition of NHE1 by siRNA-NHE1 or with cariporide in Th9 cells down-regulated IL-9 and ATP production. NHE1 activity, Th9 cell development, and IL-9 production were further blunted by pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase Akt1/Akt2. Our findings reveal that Akt1/Akt2 control of NHE1 could be an important physiological regulator of Th9 cell differentiation, IL-9 secretion, and ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Singh
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany,
| | - Yuetao Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,the Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China, and
| | - Anja T Umbach
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S Salker
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- the Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany,
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199
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Microfilariae of Brugia malayi Inhibit the mTOR Pathway and Induce Autophagy in Human Dendritic Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2463-72. [PMID: 27297394 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00174-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation is a hallmark of patent filarial infection, including suppression of antigen-presenting cell function and downmodulation of filarial antigen-specific T cell responses. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been implicated in immune regulation, not only by suppressing T cell responses but also by regulating autophagy (through mTOR sensing amino acid availability). Global proteomic analysis (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) of microfilaria (mf)-exposed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) indicated that multiple components of the mTOR signaling pathway, including mTOR, eIF4A, and eIF4E, are downregulated by mf, suggesting that mf target this pathway for immune modulation in DC. Utilizing Western blot analysis, we demonstrate that similar to rapamycin (a known mTOR inhibitor), mf downregulate the phosphorylation of mTOR and its regulatory proteins, p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1, a process essential for DC protein synthesis. As active mTOR signaling regulates autophagy, we examined whether mf exposure alters autophagy-associated processes. mf-induced autophagy was reflected in marked upregulation of phosphorylated Beclin 1, known to play an important role in both autophagosome formation and autolysosome fusion, in induction of LC3II, a marker of autophagosome formation, and in induced degradation of p62, a ubiquitin-binding protein that aggregates protein in autophagosomes and is degraded upon autophagy that was reduced significantly by mf exposure and by rapamycin. Together, these results suggest that Brugia malayi mf employ mechanisms of metabolic modulation in DC to influence the regulation of the host immune response by downregulating mTOR signaling, resulting in increased autophagy. Whether this is a result of the parasite-secreted rapamycin homolog is currently under study.
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200
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Roles of mTOR complexes in the kidney: implications for renal disease and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:587-609. [PMID: 27477490 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway has a central role in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth and proliferation. Studies involving selective gene targeting of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in renal cell populations and/or pharmacologic mTOR inhibition have revealed important roles of mTOR in podocyte homeostasis and tubular transport. Important advances have also been made in understanding the role of mTOR in renal injury, polycystic kidney disease and glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Novel insights into the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the regulation of immune cell homeostasis and function are helping to improve understanding of the complex effects of mTOR targeting on immune responses, including those that impact both de novo renal disease and renal allograft outcomes. Extensive experience in clinical renal transplantation has resulted in successful conversion of patients from calcineurin inhibitors to mTOR inhibitors at various times post-transplantation, with excellent long-term graft function. Widespread use of this practice has, however, been limited owing to mTOR-inhibitor- related toxicities. Unique attributes of mTOR inhibitors include reduced rates of squamous cell carcinoma and cytomegalovirus infection compared to other regimens. As understanding of the mechanisms by which mTORC1 and mTORC2 drive the pathogenesis of renal disease progresses, clinical studies of mTOR pathway targeting will enable testing of evolving hypotheses.
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