151
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Salar U, Nizamani A, Arshad F, Khan KM, Fakhri MI, Perveen S, Ahmed N, Choudhary MI. Bis-coumarins; non-cytotoxic selective urease inhibitors and antiglycation agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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152
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Xu M, Ross JL, Valdez L, Sen A. Direct Single Molecule Imaging of Enhanced Enzyme Diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:128101. [PMID: 31633990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental results have shown that enzymes can diffuse faster when they are in the presence of their reactants (substrate). This faster diffusion has been termed enhanced diffusion. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which has been employed as the only method to make these measurements, relies on analyzing the fluctuations in fluorescence intensity to measure the diffusion coefficient of particles. Recently, artifacts in FCS measurements due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions have been evaluated, calling prior enhanced diffusion results into question. It behooves us to adopt complementary and direct methods to measure the mobility of enzymes. Herein, we use a technique of direct single molecule imaging to observe the diffusion of individual enzymes in solution. This technique is less sensitive to intensity fluctuations and deduces the diffusion coefficient directly based on the trajectory of the enzyme. Our measurements recapitulate that enzyme diffusion is enhanced in the presence of its substrate and find that the relative increase in diffusion of a single enzyme is even higher than those previously reported using FCS. We also use this complementary method to test if the total enzyme concentration affects the relative increase in diffusion and if the enzyme oligomerization state changes during its catalytic turnover. We find that the diffusion increase is independent of the total concentration of enzymes and the presence of substrate does not change the oligomerization state of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Lyanne Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 18602, USA
| | - Aysuman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 18602, USA
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153
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Modelling Bacteria-Inspired Dynamics with Networks of Interacting Chemicals. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:life9030063. [PMID: 31362385 PMCID: PMC6789575 DOI: 10.3390/life9030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to understanding how life-like properties emerge involves building synthetic cellular systems that mimic certain dynamical features of living cells such as bacteria. Here, we developed a model of a reaction network in a cellular system inspired by the ability of bacteria to form a biofilm in response to increasing cell density. Our aim was to determine the role of chemical feedback in the dynamics. The feedback was applied through the enzymatic rate dependence on pH, as pH is an important parameter that controls the rates of processes in cells. We found that a switch in pH can be used to drive base-catalyzed gelation or precipitation of a substance in the external solution. A critical density of cells was required for gelation that was essentially independent of the pH-driven feedback. However, the cell pH reached a higher maximum as a result of the appearance of pH oscillations with feedback. Thus, we conclude that while feedback may not play a vital role in some density-dependent behavior in cellular systems, it nevertheless can be exploited to activate internally regulated cell processes at low cell densities.
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154
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Lisboa Gonçalves B, Oliveira Monteiro S, Cargnelutti R, Rosa de Menezes Vicenti J. trans-Bis(dimethyl sulfoxide-κ O)bis(3-nitrobenzohydroxamato-κ 2
O, O′)zinc(II). IUCRDATA 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314619010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Single crystals of the title complex, [Zn(C7H5N2O4)2(C2H6OS)2] or [Zn(NBZH)2(DMSO)2], were isolated from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution containing [Zn(NBZH)2]·2H2O (NBZH = 3-nitrobenzohydroxamate anion). The asymmetric unit comprises of one O,O′-chelating NBZH anion, one O-bound DMSO ligand and one zinc(II) cation localized on an inversion centre. The three-dimensional crystal packing includes N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonding, as well as O...H and H...H contacts identified by Hirshfeld isosurface analysis.
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155
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Abstract
Maturation of urease involves post-translational insertion of nickel ions to form an active site with a carbamylated lysine ligand and is assisted by urease accessory proteins UreD, UreE, UreF and UreG. Here, we review our current understandings on how these urease accessory proteins facilitate the urease maturation. The urease maturation pathway involves the transfer of Ni2+ from UreE → UreG → UreF/UreD → urease. To avoid the release of the toxic metal to the cytoplasm, Ni2+ is transferred from one urease accessory protein to another through specific protein–protein interactions. One central theme depicts the role of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding/hydrolysis in regulating the binding/release of nickel ions and the formation of the protein complexes. The urease and [NiFe]-hydrogenase maturation pathways cross-talk with each other as UreE receives Ni2+ from hydrogenase maturation factor HypA. Finally, the druggability of the urease maturation pathway is reviewed.
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156
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Baker DR, Lundgren CA. Expansion of the urea electrocatalytic oxidation window by adsorbed nickel ions. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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157
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Khan YM, Munir H, Anwar Z. Optimization of process variables for enhanced production of urease by indigenous Aspergillus niger strains through response surface methodology. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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158
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Li Y, Xu L, Duan M, Wu J, Wang Y, Dong K, Han M, You Z. An acetohydroxamate-coordinated oxidovanadium(V) complex derived from pyridinohydrazone ligand with urease inhibitory activity. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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159
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Erfkamp J, Guenther M, Gerlach G. Enzyme-Functionalized Piezoresistive Hydrogel Biosensors for the Detection of Urea. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132858. [PMID: 31252618 PMCID: PMC6651757 DOI: 10.3390/s19132858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urea is used in a wide variety of industrial applications such as the production of fertilizers. Furthermore, urea as a metabolic product is an important indicator in biomedical diagnostics. For these applications, reliable urea sensors are essential. In this work, we present a novel hydrogel-based biosensor for the detection of urea. The hydrolysis of urea by the enzyme urease leads to an alkaline pH change, which is detected with a pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid-co-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrogel. For this purpose, the enzyme is physically entrapped during polymerization. This enzyme-hydrogel system shows a large sensitivity in the range from 1 mmol/L up to 20 mmol/L urea with a high long-term stability over at least eight weeks. Furthermore, this urea-sensitive hydrogel is highly selective to urea in comparison to similar species like thiourea or N-methylurea. For sensory applications, the swelling pressure of this hydrogel system is transformed via a piezoresistive pressure sensor into a measurable output voltage. In this way, the basic principle of hydrogel-based piezoresistive urea biosensors was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erfkamp
- Solid-State Electronics Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Margarita Guenther
- Solid-State Electronics Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Gerlach
- Solid-State Electronics Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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160
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Chang CM, Prabhu GRD, Tseng CM, Urban PL. Temporal Analysis of Conformers in the Course of pH Scan Directed by Urea–Urease Reaction—A “Protein Clock”. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8814-8819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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161
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Bishai WR, Timmins GS. Potential for breath test diagnosis of urease positive pathogens in lung infections. J Breath Res 2019; 13:032002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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162
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Islam M, Khan A, Shehzad MT, Hameed A, Ahmed N, Halim SA, Khiat M, Anwar MU, Hussain J, Csuk R, Shafiq Z, Al-Harrasi A. Synthesis and characterization of new thiosemicarbazones, as potent urease inhibitors: In vitro and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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163
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Zambare NM, Lauchnor EG, Gerlach R. Controlling the Distribution of Microbially Precipitated Calcium Carbonate in Radial Flow Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5916-5925. [PMID: 31008588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterially driven reactions such as ureolysis can induce calcium carbonate precipitation, a well-studied process called microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). MICP is of interest in subsurface applications such as sealing leaks around wells. For effective field deployment, it is important to study MICP under radial flow conditions, which are relevant to near-well environments. In this study, a laboratory-scale radial flow reactor of 23 cm diameter, with a 1 mm glass bead monolayer serving as a porous medium, was used to investigate the effects of fluid flow rates and calcium concentrations on the mass and distribution of MICP by the ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii. Experiments were performed at hydraulic residence times of 14, 7, and 3.5 min and calcium to urea molar ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1. The total amount of CaCO3 precipitated in the reactor increased with increasing residence time and with decreasing Ca2+ to urea molar ratios. Increased bacterial attachment and increased CaCO3 precipitation were observed with distance from the center inlet of the reactor in all experiments. More uniform calcium distribution was achieved at lower flow rates. The relationship between reaction and transport rate (i.e., the Damköhler number) is identified as a useful parameter for the prediction of MICP in radial flow environments.
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164
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Krausfeldt LE, Farmer AT, Castro Gonzalez HF, Zepernick BN, Campagna SR, Wilhelm SW. Urea Is Both a Carbon and Nitrogen Source for Microcystis aeruginosa: Tracking 13C Incorporation at Bloom pH Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1064. [PMID: 31164875 PMCID: PMC6536089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer has increased over the past two decades, with urea itself being readily detected at high concentrations in many lakes. Urea has been linked to cyanobacterial blooms as it is a readily assimilated nitrogen (N) - source for cyanobacteria that possess the enzyme urease. We tested the hypothesis that urea may also act as a carbon (C) source to supplemental growth requirements during the alkaline conditions created by dense cyanobacterial blooms, when concentrations of dissolved CO2 are vanishingly low. High rates of photosynthesis markedly reduce dissolved CO2 concentrations and drive up pH. This was observed in Lake Erie during the largest bloom on record (2015) over long periods (months) and short periods (days) of time, suggesting blooms experience periods of CO2-limitation on a seasonal and daily basis. We used 13C-urea to demonstrate that axenic cultures of the model toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa NIES843, assimilated C at varying environmentally relevant pH conditions directly into a spectrum of metabolic pools during urea hydrolysis. Primarily, 13C from urea was assimilated into central C metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways, including those important for the production of the hepatotoxin, microcystin, and incorporation into these pathways was at a higher percentage during growth at higher pH. This corresponded to increased growth rates on urea as the sole N source with increasing pH. We propose this ability to incorporate C from urea represents yet another competitive advantage for this cyanobacterium during dense algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Krausfeldt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Abigail T. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Brittany N. Zepernick
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Steven W. Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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165
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Menteşe E, Emirik M, Sökmen BB. Design, molecular docking and synthesis of novel 5,6-dichloro-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as potential urease enzyme inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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166
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Gholivand K, Pooyan M, Mohammadpanah F, Pirastefar F, Junk PC, Wang J, Ebrahimi Valmoozi AA, Mani-Varnosfaderani A. Synthesis, crystal structure and biological evaluation of new phosphoramide derivatives as urease inhibitors using docking, QSAR and kinetic studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:482-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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167
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Catechol-based inhibitors of bacterial urease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1085-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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168
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Natural urease inhibitors from Aloe vera resin and Lycium shawii and their structural-activity relationship and molecular docking study. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102955. [PMID: 31054431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bio-assay guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of Aloe vera resin and Lycium shawii stem successively afforded twenty three compounds; fourteen (1-14) from A. vera and nine (15-23) from L. shawii. All these compounds were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques viz., 1H, 13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, and COSY, and NEOSY, ESI-MS and compared with the reported literature. These compounds were assessed for their potential as urease inhibitors targeted in peptic ulcer. Among crude extracts and fractions of A. vera resin, n-butanol fraction (23.5 ± 1.7 μg·mL-1) showed the most potent urease inhibition followed by methanol (30.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL) and ethyl acetate (31.7 ± 0.5 μg·mL-1). In case of L. shawii, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest urease activity (41.0 ± 1.4 μg/mL) trailed by dichloromethane (55.2 ± 1.5 μg/mL) fraction. Among the isolates, compounds 7, 11 and 23 were found to be excellent urease inhibitors with IC50 values of 14.5 ± 0.90 µM, (16.7 ± 0.16 µM) and 14.0 ± 0.8 µM, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the urease enzyme inhibitory activity of the said compounds excluding compound 18. In addition, the urease activity of different fractions of L. shawii stem was also reported for the first time. The molecular docking studies showed that all the active compounds well accommodate in the active site of the urease enzyme by interacting with key amino acids.
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169
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Boyer TH, Saetta D. Opportunities for Building-Scale Urine Diversion and Challenges for Implementation. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:886-895. [PMID: 30908003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urine diversion (i.e., urine source separation) has been proposed as a more sustainable solution for water conversation, nutrient removal and recovery, and pharmaceutical sequestration. As wastewater regulations become more stringent, wastewater treatment plants reach capacity, and water resources become more strained, the benefits of urine diversion become more appealing. By using nonwater urinals and urine-diverting toilets, urine diversion systems seek to collect undiluted human urine for nutrient recovery and pharmaceutical sequestration. Urine is a unique, nutrient-rich waste stream that constitutes an overall low volume of waste entering a wastewater treatment plant. If urine is separated at the building-scale, various technologies can be used to recover nutrients and sequester pharmaceuticals at their most concentrated location. However, the implementation of urine diversion requires a paradigm shift from conventional comingling of wastewater and centralized treatment to source separation and decentralized treatment. This Account proposes a vision for building-scale implementation of urine diversion with the goal of clarifying the opportunities and challenges in this context. The main components of urine, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and pharmaceuticals, are major drivers for technology development and system implementation. Stepping back, the benefits from water conservation and effects on wastewater treatment are an extension of the system boundary that can impact the sustainability of adjacent systems. However, major challenges have been identified in the literature as hurdles for widespread implementation of urine diversion. Challenges include the comparison of recovering nutrients at the wastewater plant versus at the source, the collection and storage of urine, the ability to recover nutrients and sequester pharmaceuticals, and the overall environmental and economic impacts of urine diversion systems. While these challenges exist, studies have been conducted to address some of the underlying research questions. As more research is conducted, the vision of a seamless urine diversion system with building-wide plumbing and storage comes closer to reality. As such, the application of urine diversion systems will benefit from technology development and research to fill gaps that have been identified. It is important to classify urine diversion systems as a process and not a product. This has implications for the way these systems are evaluated, as their impact on peripheral systems can be of benefit to different stakeholders. In the same light, new research areas, such as cyber-physical systems, reverse logistics, and sustainability transitions, can be applied to urine diversion as approaches for ensuring a robust process for widespread implementation. However, established technologies should be constantly reassessed and enhanced by newer techniques. For example, membrane distillation, eutectic freeze concentration, and solar evaporation should be considered for nutrient recovery and volume reduction because they offer benefits over conventional technologies. Finally, the human behavior component of urine diversion cannot be ignored, as negative user acceptance and improper maintenance of these systems can have a detrimental impact on their future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treavor H. Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Daniella Saetta
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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170
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Mazzei L, Wenzel MN, Cianci M, Palombo M, Casini A, Ciurli S. Inhibition Mechanism of Urease by Au(III) Compounds Unveiled by X-ray Diffraction Analysis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:564-570. [PMID: 30996797 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nickel-dependent enzyme urease is a virulence factor for a large number of critical human pathogens, making this enzyme a potential target of therapeutics for the treatment of resistant bacterial infections. In the search for novel urease inhibitors, five selected coordination and organometallic Au(III) compounds containing N∧N or C∧N and C∧N∧N ligands were tested for their inhibitory effects against Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) urease. The results showed potent inhibition effects with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The 2.14 Å resolution crystal structure of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease inhibited by the most effective Au(III) compound [Au(PbImMe)Cl2]PF6 (PbImMe = 1-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzimidazole) reveals the presence of two Au ions bound to the conserved triad αCys322/αHis323/αMet367. The binding of the Au ions to these residues blocks the movement of a flap, located at the edge of the active site channel and essential for enzyme catalysis, completely obliterating the catalytic activity of urease. Overall, the obtained results constitute the basis for the design of new gold complexes as selective urease inhibitors with future antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzei
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margot N. Wenzel
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
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171
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Addar L, Bensouici C, Si Ahmed Zennia S, Boudjenah Haroun S, Mati A. Antioxidant, tyrosinase and urease inhibitory activities of camel αS-casein and its hydrolysate fractions. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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172
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Spectroscopic and mechanistic analysis of the interaction between Jack bean urease and polypseudorotaxane fabricated with bis-thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) and α-cyclodextrin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:276-287. [PMID: 30623815 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled polypseudorotaxanes (PPRXs) fabricated with α-cyclodextrin and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or its thiolated derivatives were candidate functional materials for enzyme soft-immobilization, encapsulation and controlled-release. The study of their interaction with Jack bean urease (JBU) indicated that they inconspicuously influenced the activity and stability of JBU during long storage, up to 30 days. The macro-species were inaccessible to JBU's active site and the steric effect might play a significant role in the stabilization of JBU, when compared with the small-molecular sulfhydryl inhibitor thioglycolic acid. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra analyses revealed that thiolated PEG400-(SH)2 and its assembly PPRX400(SH) brought in perturbations to certain α-helical or β-sheet domains of JBU, making JBU's conformation more flexible. The resulting partial unfolding of domains exposed several hydrophobic clusters and varied JBU's surface hydrophobicity. It also rendered the chromophores more hydrophilic and more bared to the polar environment, leading to the typical bathochromic-shift and quenching in intrinsic and synchronous fluorescence spectra. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity profile of JBU was depicted by fluorescent probe monitoring and the unique "hydrophobic cave" motif was proposed by analyzing JBU's structural data from the Protein Data Bank. It should be pointed out that conformational variations mainly occurred at the surface region of JBU, while the buried active bi-nickel center was not markedly influenced by the macro-species. The results demonstrated that the PPRXs might act as a proper carrier for JBU encapsulation or soft-immobilization.
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173
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Saetta D, Padda A, Li X, Leyva C, Mirchandani PB, Boscovic D, Boyer TH. Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Urea Hydrolysis in Cyber-Enabled Nonwater Urinal System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3187-3197. [PMID: 30793897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research used a cyber-physical system (CPS) to monitor and control the extent of urea hydrolysis in nonwater urinals. Real-time pH and conductivity data were used to control urea hydrolysis inhibition under realistic restroom conditions with acetic acid addition. Variable urination frequencies and urination volumes were used to compare three conditions that affect the progression of urea hydrolysis. Mechanistic and conceptual models were created to evaluate the factors that influence the progression of urea hydrolysis in nonwater urinals. It was found that low urination volumes at low frequencies created ideal conditions for urea hydrolysis to progress. Alternatively, high urination volumes at high frequencies created pseudo-inhibitory conditions because it did not allow for sufficient reaction time or mixing with older urine in the urinal trap. The CPS was used to control urea hydrolysis inhibition by two logics: (1) reactively responding to a pH threshold and (2) predictively responding to past measurements using four lasso regression models. Results from the control logic experiments showed that acid was added once per hour under low use conditions and once in a 4 h experiment for high use conditions. The CPS allowed for full control of urine chemistry in the nonwater urinal, reducing the conditions (i.e., clogging and malodor) that have led to the removal of nonwater urinals in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Saetta
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 873005, Tempe , Arizona 85287-3005 , United States
| | - Arsh Padda
- School of Computer Information and Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 878809, Tempe , Arizona 85287-8809 , United States
| | - Xiushuang Li
- School of Computer Information and Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 878809, Tempe , Arizona 85287-8809 , United States
| | - Carlos Leyva
- ASU Future H2O Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development Arizona State University P.O. Box 877205, Tempe , Arizona 85287-7205 , United States
| | - Pitu B Mirchandani
- School of Computer Information and Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 878809, Tempe , Arizona 85287-8809 , United States
| | - Dragan Boscovic
- School of Computer Information and Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 878809, Tempe , Arizona 85287-8809 , United States
- CEO of VizLore LLC SkySong, Suite 200 1365 N. Scottsdale Road , Scottsdale Arizona 85257 , United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE) Arizona State University P.O. Box 873005, Tempe , Arizona 85287-3005 , United States
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174
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Bracco LF, Levin GJ, Urtasun N, Navarro del Cañizo AA, Wolman FJ, Miranda MV, Cascone O. Covalent immobilization of soybean seed hull urease on chitosan mini-spheres and the impact on their properties. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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175
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Markovic VM, Bánsági T, McKenzie D, Mai A, Pojman JA, Taylor AF. Influence of reaction-induced convection on quorum sensing in enzyme-loaded agarose beads. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:033130. [PMID: 30927847 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In theory, groups of enzyme-loaded particles producing an acid or base may show complex behavior including dynamical quorum sensing, the appearance of synchronized oscillations above a critical number or density of particles. Here, experiments were performed with the enzyme urease loaded into mm-sized agarose beads and placed in a solution of urea, resulting in an increase in pH. This behavior was found to be dependent upon the number of beads present in the array; however, reaction-induced convection occurred and plumes of high pH developed that extended to the walls of the reactor. The convection resulted in the motion of the mm-sized particles and conversion of the solution to high pH. Simulations in a simple model of the beads demonstrated the suppression of dynamical quorum sensing in the presence of flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Markovic
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Dennel McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Anthony Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Annette F Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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176
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Mazzei L, Cianci M, Contaldo U, Ciurli S. Insights into Urease Inhibition by N-( n-Butyl) Phosphoric Triamide through an Integrated Structural and Kinetic Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2127-2138. [PMID: 30735374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nickel-dependent enzyme urease represents a negative element for the efficiency of soil nitrogen fertilization as well as a virulence factor for a large number of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The development of ever more efficient urease inhibitors demands knowledge of their modes of action at the molecular level. N-( n-Butyl)-phosphoric triamide (NBPTO) is the oxo-derivative of N-( n-butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), which is extensively employed in agriculture to increase the efficiency of urea-based fertilizers. The 1.45 Å resolution structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex obtained upon incubation of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease (SPU) with NBPTO shows the presence of diamido phosphoric acid (DAP), generated upon enzymatic hydrolysis of NBPTO with the release of n-butyl amine. DAP is bound in a tridentate binding mode to the two Ni(II) ions in the active site of urease via two O atoms and an amide NH2 group, whereas the second amide group of DAP points away from the metal center into the active-site channel. The mobile flap modulating the size of the active-site cavity is found in a disordered closed-open conformation. A kinetic characterization of the NBPTO-based inhibition of both bacterial (SPU) and plant ( Canavalia ensiformis or jack bean, JBU) ureases, carried out by calorimetric measurements, indicates the occurrence of a reversible slow-inhibition mode of action. The latter is characterized by a very small value of the equilibrium dissociation constant of the urease-DAP complex caused, in turn, by the large rate constant for the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. The much greater capability of NBPTO to inhibit urease, as compared with that of NBPT, is thus not caused by the presence of a P═O moiety versus a P═S moiety, as previously suggested, but rather by the readiness of NBPTO to react with urease without the need to convert one of the P-NH2 amide moieties to its P-OH acid derivative, as in the case of NBPT. The latter process is indeed characterized by a very small equilibrium constant that reduces drastically the concentration of the active form of the inhibitor in the case of NBPT. This indicates that high-efficiency phosphoramide-based urease inhibitors must have at least one O atom bound to the central P atom in order for the molecule to efficiently and rapidly bind to the dinickel center of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzei
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences , Polytechnic University of Marche , 60121 Ancona , Italy
| | - Umberto Contaldo
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy
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177
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Yarahmadi S, Azadbakht A, Derikvand RM. Hybrid synthetic receptor composed of molecularly imprinted polydopamine and aptamers for impedimetric biosensing of urea. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:71. [PMID: 30627876 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical aptamer-based method is described for highly specific sensing of urea. Urea-imprinted polydopamine was obtained by electropolymerization of dopamine (DA). The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) also contains DNA aptamers on gold nanoparticles decorated with a carbon nanotube network (AuNP/CNT). The material was placed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). After removal of urea from the MIP cavities, the GCE display double recognition capability which makes it superior to conventional MIP-only or aptamer-only based assays. On exposure of the modified electrode to urea, the interfacial charge transfer of the redox probe hexacyanoferrate is traced, typically measured at a peak voltage of 0.22 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The change in charge transfer resistance depends on the urea concentration. The assay has a 900 fM detection limit, and response is the linear up to 500 nM urea concentrations. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Yarahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Azadbakht
- Department of Chemistry, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Reza Mir Derikvand
- Department of Plant Breeding, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
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178
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Zhou C, Bhinderwala F, Lehman MK, Thomas VC, Chaudhari SS, Yamada KJ, Foster KW, Powers R, Kielian T, Fey PD. Urease is an essential component of the acid response network of Staphylococcus aureus and is required for a persistent murine kidney infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007538. [PMID: 30608981 PMCID: PMC6343930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes acute and chronic infections resulting in significant morbidity. Urease, an enzyme that generates NH3 and CO2 from urea, is key to pH homeostasis in bacterial pathogens under acidic stress and nitrogen limitation. However, the function of urease in S. aureus niche colonization and nitrogen metabolism has not been extensively studied. We discovered that urease is essential for pH homeostasis and viability in urea-rich environments under weak acid stress. The regulation of urease transcription by CcpA, Agr, and CodY was identified in this study, implying a complex network that controls urease expression in response to changes in metabolic flux. In addition, it was determined that the endogenous urea derived from arginine is not a significant contributor to the intracellular nitrogen pool in non-acidic conditions. Furthermore, we found that during a murine chronic renal infection, urease facilitates S. aureus persistence by promoting bacterial fitness in the low-pH, urea-rich kidney. Overall, our study establishes that urease in S. aureus is not only a primary component of the acid response network but also an important factor required for persistent murine renal infections. Urease has been reported to be crucial to bacteria in environmental adaptation, virulence, and defense against host immunity. Although the function of urease in S. aureus is not clear, recent evidence suggests that urease is important for acid resistance in various niches. Our study deciphered a function of S. aureus urease both in laboratory conditions and during host colonization. Furthermore, we uncovered the major components of the regulatory system that fine-tunes the expression of urease. Collectively, this study established the dual function of urease which serves as a significant part of the S. aureus acid response while also serving as an enzyme required for persistent kidney infections and potential subsequent staphylococcal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fatema Bhinderwala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - McKenzie K. Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vinai C. Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sujata S. Chaudhari
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kelsey J. Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kirk W. Foster
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Fopase R, Nayak S, Mohanta M, Kale P, Balasubramanian P. Inhibition Assays of Urease for Detecting Trivalent Chromium in Drinking Water. SPRINGER TRANSACTIONS IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1202-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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180
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Braga TC, Silva TF, Maciel TMS, da Silva ECD, da Silva-Júnior EF, Modolo LV, Figueiredo IM, Santos JCC, de Aquino TM, de Fátima Â. Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of dihydropyrimidin(thi)one Biginelli adducts and investigation of their mechanism of urease inhibition. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three out of twenty-six synthesized Biginelli adducts were identified as potent competitive urease inhibitors.
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181
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Yang L, Liu X, Zhou N, Tian Y. Characteristics of refold acid urease immobilized covalently by graphene oxide-chitosan composite beads. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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182
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Uprety B, Arderne C, Bernal I. Catalytic Cleavage of the Amide Bond in Urea Using a Cobalt(III) Amino-Based Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Uprety
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Charmaine Arderne
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ivan Bernal
- Molecular Sciences Institute; School of Chemistry; University of the Witwatersrand; 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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183
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Fan X, Yin C, Yan G, Cui P, Shen Q, Wang Q, Chen H, Zhang N, Ye M, Zhao Y, Li T, Liang Y. The contrasting effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on N 2O emissions in arable soils differing in pH are underlain by complex microbial mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:155-167. [PMID: 29894875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), has been proposed to reduce synthetic fertilizer-N losses, including nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. However, the response of N2O emission to NBPT amendment is inconsistent across soils and associated microbial mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we performed a meta-analysis of the effects of NBPT on N2O emissions and found NBPT significantly reduced N2O emissions in alkaline soils whereas no obvious effects exhibited in acid soils. Based on the finding of meta-analysis that pH was a key modifier in regulating the effect of NBPT on N2O emissions, we selected two arable soils differing in pH and conducted a microcosm study. In conjunction with measurement of N2O emission, community structure and abundance of functional guilds were assessed using T-RFLP and qPCR. Our results showed NBPT retarded urea hydrolysis and inhibited nitrification, but stimulated N2O emission in alkaline soil, whereas it exhibited no remarkable effects in acid soil, thereby only partly confirming the results of meta-analysis. Abundances of AOB and ureC-containing bacteria decreased, while abundance of AOA increased in both soils with NBPT addition. For acid soil, N2O emissions were significantly correlated with both abundances and community structures of AOA and ureC-containing bacteria, as well as abundance of AOB; for alkaline soil, abundances and community structures of AOB were correlated with N2O emission, as well as community structures of ureC-containing bacteria and archaea, indicating an inconsistent response pattern of community traits of N2O emissions-related functional guilds to NBPT between alkaline soil and acid soil. Our findings suggest that (i) efficacy of NBPT in N2O emission was mainly influenced by soil pH and (ii) variable effects of NBPT on N2O emission might originate not only from the direct effect of NBPT on community traits of urease-positive microbes, but from the indirect effect on ammonia oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guochao Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peiyuan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mujun Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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184
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Liu Y, Dai Q, Jin X, Dong X, Peng J, Wu M, Liang N, Pan B, Xing B. Negative Impacts of Biochars on Urease Activity: High pH, Heavy Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, or Free Radicals? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12740-12747. [PMID: 30350570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although biochars show promise for soil remediation, their negative impacts have not been systematically assessed. This study investigated the effects of corn cob biochars on urease-mediated urea hydrolysis and attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying those effects. The results showed that biochars inhibited urease activity (indicated by the NH4+ generation). Released heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons explained the 20% inhibition of urease activity in biochar supernatants (200 °C) but could not explain the 70% inhibition in particle systems (400 °C). The levels of protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine, common oxidative damagers of urease, were high in particle systems but very low in biochar supernatants. The electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensity reached its highest level in the 400 °C biochar and decreased in the 500 °C biochar, possibly due to the decomposition of organic molecules. The observed inhibition of urease activity may be the result of oxidative reactions with free radicals on the biochar surface or oxidative reactions with reactive oxygen species promoted by free radicals. We suggest that these potential hazards be evaluated further to gauge the relevance of these findings to field conditions and to assist in the development of safe and sustainable application schemes for biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Qunying Dai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xiuqi Jin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xudong Dong
- Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Juan Peng
- Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Min Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Ni Liang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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185
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Ntatsopoulos V, Macegoniuk K, Mucha A, Vassiliou S, Berlicki Ł. Structural exploration of cinnamate-based phosphonic acids as inhibitors of bacterial ureases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:307-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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186
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Abstract
Catalysis and mobility of reactants in fluid are normally thought to be decoupled. Violating this classical paradigm, this paper presents the catalyst laws of motion. Comparing experimental data to the theory presented here, we conclude that part of the free energy released by chemical reaction is channeled into driving catalysts to execute wormlike trajectories by piconewton forces performing work of a few kBT against fluid viscosity, where the rotational diffusion rate dictates the trajectory persistence length. This active motion agitates the fluid medium and produces antichemotaxis, the migration of catalyst down the gradient of the reactant concentration. Alternative explanations of enhanced catalyst mobility are examined critically. Using a microscopic theory to analyze experiments, we demonstrate that enzymes are active matter. Superresolution fluorescence measurements—performed across four orders of magnitude of substrate concentration, with emphasis on the biologically relevant regime around or below the Michaelis–Menten constant—show that catalysis boosts the motion of enzymes to be superdiffusive for a few microseconds, enhancing their effective diffusivity over longer timescales. Occurring at the catalytic turnover rate, these fast ballistic leaps maintain direction over a duration limited by rotational diffusion, driving enzymes to execute wormlike trajectories by piconewton forces performing work of a few kBT against viscosity. The boosts are more frequent at high substrate concentrations, biasing the trajectories toward substrate-poor regions, thus exhibiting antichemotaxis, demonstrated here experimentally over a wide range of aqueous concentrations. Alternative noncatalytic, passive mechanisms that predict chemotaxis, cross-diffusion, and phoresis, are critically analyzed. We examine the physical interpretation of our findings, speculate on the underlying mechanism, and discuss the avenues they open with biological and technological implications. These findings violate the classical paradigm that chemical reaction and motility are distinct processes, and suggest reaction–motion coupling as a general principle of catalysis.
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187
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Li C, Zhao Q, Gao T, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liang B, Wei Z, Liu C, Ma F. The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on replant disease in apple. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12523. [PMID: 30230015 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin mediates many physiological processes in plants. The problem of apple replant disease is unsolved. Our study objectives were to evaluate the regulatory effect of melatonin on plant resistance to this challenge and investigate the preliminary mechanism by which melatonin helps alleviate the effects of this disease. Two-year-old trees of "Fuji" apple (Malus domestica), grafted onto rootstock M.26, were grown in "replant" soil for 6 months in the absence or presence of a 200 μmol/L melatonin supplement. The addition of melatonin to the soil significantly increased the rates of plant growth and net photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentrations under replant conditions. This molecule elevated the levels of K in leaves and roots and enhanced the activity of soil enzymes. Such supplementation also changed the composition of the bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. We concluded that the application of melatonin to a replant soil can protect their chloroplasts from oxidative damage and release the apple root from membrane damage, and also lead to increased soil enzyme activity and soil quality while altering the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. These changes can then promote seedling growth, stimulate photosynthesis, and elevate K levels, thereby alleviating the effects of apple replant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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188
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Recent Advances in the Electro-Oxidation of Urea for Direct Urea Fuel Cell and Urea Electrolysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:42. [PMID: 30367274 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent advances in urea electro-oxidation. Urea sources are abundant from human urine, urea-containing wastewater, and industrial urea, thus becoming an attractive option as anodic fuel for the application in direct urea fuel cells (DUFCs). Besides, as a hydrogen-rich chemical fuel, urea can also be electrolyzed to produce hydrogen for energy storage in the near future. The exact mechanisms of urea decomposition are pretty different in alkaline or neutral mediums and are separately discussed in detail. More importantly, the development of anodic electro-catalysts is of great significance for improving the electrochemical performance of both DUFCs and urea electrolysis cells, which is systematically summarized in our review. Challenges and prospects on the future development of urea electro-oxidation are particularly proposed.
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189
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Kozioł A, Macegoniuk K, Grela E, Grabowiecka A, Biernat M, Lochyński S. Synthesis of terpenoid oxo derivatives with antiureolytic activity. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:51-58. [PMID: 30350237 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Urease is an important virulence factor for a variety of pathogenic bacteria strains such as Helicobacter pylori, which colonizes human gastric mucosa, and Proteus sp., responsible for urinary tract infections. Specific inhibition of urease activity could be a promising adjuvant strategy for eradication of these pathogens. Due to the interesting antiureolytic activity of carvone and the scant information regarding the inhibitory properties of corresponding monoterpenes, we decided to study selected monoterpenic ketones and their oxygen derivatives. Several monoterpenes and their terpenoid oxygen derivatives were evaluated in vitro against Sporosarcina pasteurii urease. The most effective inhibitors-derivatives of β-cyclocitral (ester 10 and bromolactone 14)-were described with [Formula: see text] of 46.7 µM and 45.8 µM, respectively. Active inhibitors of native urease were tested against H. pylori and Proteus mirabilis whole cells. Here, the most active inhibitor, 14, was characterized with IC50 values of 0.32 mM and 0.61 mM for P. mirabilis and H. pylori, respectively. The antibacterial activity of a few tested inhibitors was also observed. Compound 14 limited the growth of E. coli ([Formula: see text]= 250 μg/mL). Interestingly, 10 was the only compound that was effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It had a [Formula: see text] of 150 μg/mL against E. coli and S. aureus. In the presented study a group of novel antiureolytic compounds was characterised. Besides carvone stereoisomers, these are the only terpenoid urease inhibitors described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kozioł
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.,Institute of Cosmetology, Wrocław College of Physiotherapy, Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Macegoniuk
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Grela
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Biernat
- Department and Clinic of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wrocław Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanisław Lochyński
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland. .,Institute of Cosmetology, Wrocław College of Physiotherapy, Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wrocław, Poland.
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190
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Bharti S, Choudhary M, Mohan B, Sharma SR, Ahmad K. Syntheses, crystal structures, DFT, molecular docking and inhibition studies of jack been urease by nickel (II) and copper (II) Schiff base complexes. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2018.1503679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulakshna Bharti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Bharti Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - S. R. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - K. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
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191
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Bano B, Kanwal, Khan KM, Lodhi A, Salar U, Begum F, Ali M, Taha M, Perveen S. Synthesis, in vitro urease inhibitory activity, and molecular docking studies of thiourea and urea derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:129-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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192
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Simha P, Senecal J, Nordin A, Lalander C, Vinnerås B. Alkaline dehydration of anion-exchanged human urine: Volume reduction, nutrient recovery and process optimisation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:325-336. [PMID: 29890480 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In urine-separating sanitation systems, bacterial urease enzymes can hydrolyse urea to ammonia during the pipe transport and storage of urine. The present study investigated whether it was possible to reduce the urine volume without losing the nitrogen as ammonia. A method for stabilising the urine prior to dehydration was developed. Briefly, fresh human urine was stabilised by passage through an anion-exchanger, added to an alkaline media (wood ash or alkalised biochar), and dehydrated. Urine dehydration was investigated at three temperatures: 40, 45 and 50 °C. The influence of various factors affecting the dehydration process was modelled and the rate of urine dehydration was optimised. Results indicated that 75% (v/v) of the urine has to pass through the ion-exchanger for alkaline stabilisation of urine to occur. At all investigated temperatures, the dehydrator accomplished >90% volume reduction of ion-exchanged urine, > 70% N retention and 100% recovery of P and K. To realise high degree of nutrient valorisation, this study proposes combining source-separation of human urine with alkaline dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Simha
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University, Nádor utca 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jenna Senecal
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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193
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Benzylidine indane-1,3-diones: As novel urease inhibitors; synthesis, in vitro, and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:658-671. [PMID: 30253339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current study deals with the evaluation of indane-1,3-dione based compounds as new class of urease inhibitors. For that purpose, benzylidine indane-1,3-diones (1-30) were synthesized and fully characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including EI-MS, HREI-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR. All synthetic molecules 1-30 were evaluated for urease inhibitory activity and showed good to moderate inhibitory potential within the range of (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.3-257.05 ± 0.7 µM) as compared to the standard acetohydroxamic acid (IC50 = 27.0 ± 0.5 µM). Compound 1 (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.3 µM) was found to be most potent inhibitor amongst all derivatives. The key binding interactions of most active compounds within the enzyme pocket were evaluated through in silico studies.
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194
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Mahajan PG, Dige NC, Vanjare BD, Raza H, Hassan M, Seo SY, Hong SK, Lee KH. Synthesis and Studies of Fluorescein Based Derivatives for their Optical Properties, Urease Inhibition and Molecular Docking. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1305-1315. [PMID: 30220013 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we design and synthesized new fluorescein based derivatives by insitu formation of fluorescein ester and further treated with corresponding hydrazide and amine to yield respective compounds i.e. FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4. The spectral purity and characterization was done by using IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopies. The synthesized derivatives were examined for their photophysical properties by using variety of organic solvents and results were discussed in details. The structural diversity of synthesized compounds motivate us to evaluate these compounds for urease inhibition. The compound FB3 (IC50 = 0.0456 μM) shows 100 fold more active against Jack bean urease than standard drug thiourea (IC50 = 4.7455 μM). Other synthesized compounds showed potent activity. Free radical percentage scavenging assay further supported the capacity of compounds to urease inhibition. While, molecular docking simulations helps to examine the molecular interactions of active compounds FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4 within the binding site of urease enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nilam C Dige
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416004, India
| | - Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Karp Hong
- Division of Bio and Health Sciences, Mokwon University, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea.
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195
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Rego YF, Queiroz MP, Brito TO, Carvalho PG, de Queiroz VT, de Fátima Â, Macedo Jr. F. A review on the development of urease inhibitors as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria. J Adv Res 2018; 13:69-100. [PMID: 30094084 PMCID: PMC6077150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureases are enzymes that hydrolyze urea into ammonium and carbon dioxide. They have received considerable attention due to their impacts on living organism health, since the urease activity in microorganisms, particularly in bacteria, are potential causes and/or factors contributing to the persistence of some pathogen infections. This review compiles examples of the most potent antiurease organic substances. Emphasis was given to systematic screening studies on the inhibitory activity of rationally designed series of compounds with the corresponding SAR considerations. Ureases of Canavalia ensiformis, the usual model in antiureolytic studies, are emphasized. Although the active site of this class of hydrolases is conserved among bacteria and vegetal ureases, the same is not observerd for allosteric site. Therefore, inhibitors acting by participating in interactions with the allosteric site are more susceptible to a potential lack of association among their inhibitory profile for different ureases. The information about the inhibitory activity of different classes of compounds can be usefull to guide the development of new urease inhibitors that may be used in future in small molecular therapy against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri F. Rego
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P. Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago O. Brito
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila G. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vagner T. de Queiroz
- Departamento de Química e Física, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Macedo Jr.
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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196
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Kafarski P, Talma M. Recent advances in design of new urease inhibitors: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 13:101-112. [PMID: 30094085 PMCID: PMC6077125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease is a nickel-dependent metalloenzyme found in plants, some bacteria, and fungi. Bacterial enzyme is of special importance since it has been demonstrated as a potent virulence factor for some species. Especially it is central to Helicobacter pylori metabolism and virulence being necessary for its colonization of the gastric mucosa, and is a potent immunogen that elicits a vigorous immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that efforts to design, synthesize and evaluate of new inhibitors of urease are and active field of medicinal chemistry. In this paper recent advances on this field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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197
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Kappaun K, Piovesan AR, Carlini CR, Ligabue-Braun R. Ureases: Historical aspects, catalytic, and non-catalytic properties - A review. J Adv Res 2018; 13:3-17. [PMID: 30094078 PMCID: PMC6077230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) is a nickel-containing enzyme produced by plants, fungi, and bacteria that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbamate. Urease is of historical importance in Biochemistry as it was the first enzyme ever to be crystallized (1926). Finding nickel in urease's active site (1975) was the first indication of a biological role for this metal. In this review, historical and structural features, kinetics aspects, activation of the metallocenter and inhibitors of the urea hydrolyzing activity of ureases are discussed. The review also deals with the non-enzymatic biological properties, whose discovery 40 years ago started a new chapter in the study of ureases. Well recognized as virulence factors due to the production of ammonia and alkalinization in diseases by urease-positive microorganisms, ureases have pro-inflammatory, endocytosis-inducing and neurotoxic activities that do not require ureolysis. Particularly relevant in plants, ureases exert insecticidal and fungitoxic effects. Data on the jack bean urease and on jaburetox, a recombinant urease-derived peptide, have indicated that interactions with cell membrane lipids may be the basis of the non-enzymatic biological properties of ureases. Altogether, with this review we wanted to invite the readers to take a second look at ureases, very versatile proteins that happen also to catalyze the breakdown of urea into ammonia and carbamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Kappaun
- Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Prédio 63, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Regina Piovesan
- Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Prédio 63, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Prédio 63, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90610-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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198
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Yang YS, Su MM, Zhang XP, Liu QX, He ZX, Xu C, Zhu HL. Developing potential Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitors from novel oxoindoline derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3182-3186. [PMID: 30170940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
By recruiting the important moiety from Shikonin, a series of novel oxoindoline derivatives S1-S20 have been synthesized for inhibiting H. pylori urease. The most potent compound S18 displayed better activity (IC50 = 0.71 μM; MIC = 0.48 μM) than the positive controls AHA (IC50 = 17.2 μM) and Metronidazole (MIC = 31.3 μM). With low cytotoxicity, it showed considerable potential for further development. Docking simulation revealed the possible binding pattern of this series. 3D QSAR model was built to discuss SAR and give useful hints for future modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mi-Mi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi-Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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199
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Wang P, Zhao S, Nan X, Jin D, Wang J. Influence of hydrolysis rate of urea on ruminal bacterial diversity level and cellulolytic bacteria abundance in vitro. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5475. [PMID: 30128212 PMCID: PMC6100864 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of urea hydrolysis rate on ruminal bacterial diversity level and cellulolytic bacteria abundance in vitro. To control urea hydrolysis rate, urea and urease inhibitor (acetohydroxamic acid, AHA) were supplemented to a 2 × 2 factorial design, with urea supplemented at 0 or 20 g/kg dry matter (DM) of substrate, and AHA equivalent to 0 or 450 mg/kg DM of substrate. Ruminal fluid was collected from three Chinese Holstein dairy cows, fed a TMR, and incubated at 39 °C for 12 h after the addition of urea and AHA. Rumen fermentation parameters, which indicated the rate of ammonia formation (including ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and urea-nitrogen concentrations, urease activity, and microbial crude protein) were measured by chemical analysis. Bacterial diversity was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria abundance was detected by quantitative PCR. Results showed that AHA addition significantly decreased the rate of ammonia formation when urea was supplemented. Urea and AHA supplementation significantly increased the bacterial community diversity level according to the Shannon-Weiner index of 16S DGGE images. Furthermore, ruminal bacterial profiles were separated by ammonia release rate when urea was supplemented, according to the DGGE and hierarchical cluster analysis. Urea supplementation reduced the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, such as Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Butyrivibrio fibrosolvens, but inhibition of urea hydrolysis by AHA addition alleviated the reductions during the early period of incubation. In conclusion, slow release of ammonia induced by urease inhibitor influenced the ruminal bacterial diversity level and lessened the inhibition of total bacteria growth at the incubation of 12 h and F. succinogenes during the early period of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Jin
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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200
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Bliem C, Piccinini E, Knoll W, Azzaroni O. Enzyme Multilayers on Graphene-Based FETs for Biosensing Applications. Methods Enzymol 2018; 609:23-46. [PMID: 30244792 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors represent a powerful tool for real-time measurement of a variety of analytes of much significance to different areas, ranging from clinical diagnostics to food technology. Point-of-care devices which can be used at patient bedside or for online monitoring of critical parameters are of great importance in clinical daily routine. In this work, portable, low-cost electrochemical sensors for a fast and reliable detection of the clinically relevant analyte urea have been developed. The intrinsic pH sensitivity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) was exploited to monitor the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea. The functionalization of the sensor platform using the layer-by-layer technique is especially advantageous for the immobilization of the biorecognition element provided that this approach preserves the enzyme integrity as well as the rGO surface. The great selectivity of the enzyme (urease) combined with the high sensitivity of rGO-based FETs result in the construction of urea biosensors with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1μM and a linear range up to 1mM. Quantification of Cu2+ with a LOD down to 10nM was performed by taking advantage of the specific inhibition of urease in the presence of heavy metals. These versatile biosensors offer great possibilities for further development of highly sensitive enzyme-based FETs for real-time, label-free detection of a wide variety of clinically relevant analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bliem
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Esteban Piccinini
- INIFTA Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)-Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- INIFTA Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)-Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
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