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The Evolution of Ketosis: Potential Impact on Clinical Conditions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173613. [PMID: 36079870 PMCID: PMC9459968 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are small compounds derived from fatty acids that behave as an alternative mitochondrial energy source when insulin levels are low, such as during fasting or strenuous exercise. In addition to the metabolic function of ketone bodies, they also have several signaling functions separate from energy production. In this perspective, we review the main current data referring to ketone bodies in correlation with nutrition and metabolic pathways as well as to the signaling functions and the potential impact on clinical conditions. Data were selected following eligibility criteria accordingly to the reviewed topic. We used a set of electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences (WOS), Cochrane Library) for a systematic search until July 2022 using MeSH keywords/terms (i.e., ketone bodies, BHB, acetoacetate, inflammation, antioxidant, etc.). The literature data reported in this review need confirmation with consistent clinical trials that might validate the results obtained in in vitro and in vivo in animal models. However, the data on exogenous ketone consumption and the effect on the ketone bodies’ brain uptake and metabolism might spur the research to define the acute and chronic effects of ketone bodies in humans and pursue the possible implication in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Therefore, additional studies are required to examine the potential systemic and metabolic consequences of ketone bodies.
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152
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Xie Y, Hu H, Liu M, Zhou T, Cheng X, Huang W, Cao L. The role and mechanism of histone lactylation in health and diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:949252. [PMID: 36081996 PMCID: PMC9445422 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.949252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether under anaerobic or aerobic conditions, glycolysis results in production of lactate. Increasing evidence suggests that lactate serves as a multifunctional signaling molecule that develops non-metabolic activities in addition to serving as a key metabolite to link glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Histone posttranslational modification patterns (HPTMs) are essential epigenetic processes controlling a variety of biological activities. Proteomics based on mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to progressively reveal new HPTMs. Recent discoveries of histone lactylation modification mediated by lactate and subsequent research demonstrating its involvement in cancer, inflammation, lung fibrosis, and other conditions suggest that it plays a significant role in immune regulation and homeostasis maintenance. This review provides a brief overview of the complicated control of histone lactylation modification in both pathological and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxia Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Ling Cao, http://
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Ling Cao, http://
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153
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Ketogenic diet administration to mice after a high-fat-diet regimen promotes weight loss, glycemic normalization and induces adaptations of ketogenic pathways in liver and kidney. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101578. [PMID: 35995402 PMCID: PMC9460189 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by very limited dietary carbohydrate intake and used as nutritional treatment for GLUT1-deficiency syndromes and pharmacologically refractory epilepsy, may promote weight loss and improve metabolic fitness, potentially alleviating the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Here, we have studied the effects of administration of a ketogenic diet in mice previously rendered obese by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) and submitted to surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus to mimic osteoarthritis. Methods 6-weeks old mice were fed an HFD for 10 weeks and then switched to a chow diet (CD), KD or maintained on a HFD for 8 weeks. Glycemia, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), body weight and fat mass were compared among groups. In liver and kidney, protein expression and histone post-translational modifications were assessed by Western blot, and gene expression by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Results After a 10 weeks HDF feeding, administration for 8 weeks of a KD or CD induced a comparable weight loss and decrease in fat mass, with better glycemic normalization in the KD group. Histone β-hydroxybutyrylation, but not histone acetylation, was increased in the liver and kidney of mice fed the KD and the rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme HMGCS2 was upregulated – at the gene and protein level – in liver and, to an even greater extent, in kidney. KD-induced HMGCS2 overexpression may be dependent on FGF21, whose gene expression was increased by KD in liver. Conclusions Over a period of 8 weeks, KD is more effective than a chow diet to induce metabolic normalization. Besides acting as a fuel molecule, BHB may exert its metabolic effects through modulation of the epigenome - via histone β-hydroxybutyrylation - and extensive transcriptional modulation in liver and kidney. In mice fed a high fat diet, the dietary switch to a ketogenic diet causes weight loss and loss of fat mass. Glycemic normalization is superior than observed in mice fed a chow diet. Ketogenic diet induces mild ketosis, and β-hydroxybutyrylation on histone H3 lysines. Upregulation of rate limiting ketogenic protein HMGCS2 is observed in kidney. Ketogenic diet may be a transitory nutritional intervention to favor weight loss.
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154
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Zhang D, Tang J, Xu Y, Huang X, Wang Y, Jin X, Wu G, Liu P. Global crotonylome reveals hypoxia-mediated lamin A crotonylation regulated by HDAC6 in liver cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:717. [PMID: 35977926 PMCID: PMC9385620 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation is a recently discovered post-translation modification involved in transcription regulation, cell signal transduction, and other processes. Scientists have identified several crotonylases and decrotonylases of histones, including P300/CBP, HDACs, and SIRTs. However, the regulation of non-histone protein crotonylation remains unclear. In the current study, we verified that crotonylation was upregulated in hypoxia and promoted liver cancer cell growth. We performed TMT-labeled quantitative lysine crotonylome analysis in 12 pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent liver tissue and identified 3,793 lysine crotonylation sites in 1,428 proteins. We showed that crotonylation of lamin A at the site of K265/270 maintains its subcellular position, promotes liver cancer cell proliferation, and prevents cellular senescence. Our data indicate that HDAC6 is the decrotonylase of lamin A and downregulated in response to hypoxia, resulting in lamin A K265/270cr. Taken together, our study reveals the lamin A crotonylation in liver cancer progression and fills the research gap in non-histone protein crotonylation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jing Tang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Yunhong Xu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Xiaoju Huang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Yilin Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Xin Jin
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Gang Wu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Pian Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
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155
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Tang H, Zhan Z, Zhang Y, Huang X. Propionylation of lysine, a new mechanism of short-chain fatty acids affecting bacterial virulence. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:5773-5784. [PMID: 36105019 PMCID: PMC9452321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is a major component of short-chain fatty acids produced by Bacteroidetes spp. Lysine propionylation is a novel type of protein regulatory posttranslational modification that is widespread in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as in cellular processes, it affects DNA binding affinity, protein stability, and enzyme activity. In this review of published literature, we provide evidence that the level of propionyl modification is influenced by the concentration of PA and the PA metabolic intermediate (propionyl-CoA) and discuss the possibility of PA affecting enteropathogenic bacterial virulence. The understanding of propionyl modification is helpful to better understand the mechanism of PA-producing Bacteroidetes affecting the virulence of pathogenic intestinal bacteria. It may provide novel choices for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyang Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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156
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Cheng X, Zhou T, He Y, Xie Y, Xu Y, Huang W. The role and mechanism of butyrate in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961536. [PMID: 36016798 PMCID: PMC9396028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of the end-stage renal disease and is a major burden on the healthcare system. The current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the progression of DKD recognizes the involvement of oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and fibrosis. Several circulating metabolites that are the end products of the fermentation process, released by the gut microbiota, are known to be associated with systemic immune-inflammatory responses and kidney injury. This phenomenon has been recognized as the “gut–kidney axis.” Butyrate is produced predominantly by gut microbiota fermentation of dietary fiber and undigested carbohydrates. In addition to its important role as a fuel for colonic epithelial cells, butyrate has been demonstrated to ameliorate obesity, diabetes, and kidney diseases via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). It also acts as an epigenetic regulator by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC), up-regulation of miRNAs, or induction of the histone butyrylation and autophagy processes. This review aims to outline the existing literature on the treatment of DKD by butyrate in animal models and cell culture experiments, and to explore the protective effects of butyrate on DKD and the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Tingting Zhou,
| | - Yanqiu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Yumei Xie
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xu,
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Wei Huang,
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Epigenome Modulation Induced by Ketogenic Diets. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153245. [PMID: 35956421 PMCID: PMC9370515 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KD) are dietary strategies low in carbohydrates, normal in protein, and high, normal, or reduced in fat with or without (Very Low-Calories Ketogenic Diet, VLCKD) a reduced caloric intake. KDs have been shown to be useful in the treatment of obesity, metabolic diseases and related disorders, neurological diseases, and various pathological conditions such as cancer, nonalcoholic liver disease, and chronic pain. Several studies have investigated the intracellular metabolic pathways that contribute to the beneficial effects of these diets. Although epigenetic changes are among the most important determinants of an organism’s ability to adapt to environmental changes, data on the epigenetic changes associated with these dietary pathways are still limited. This review provides an overview of the major epigenetic changes associated with KDs.
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158
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Zhang N, Zhang L, Li L, Geng J, Zhao L, Ren Y, Dong Z, Chen F. Global Profiling of 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in Common Wheat. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:688-701. [PMID: 33581340 PMCID: PMC9880814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a novel post-translational modification (PTM), lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is considered to regulate gene transcriptional activities in eukaryotic cells; however, the functions of Khib-modified proteins in plants remain unknown. Here, we report that Khib is an evolutionarily-conserved PTM in wheat and its progenitors. A total of 3348 Khib sites on 1074 proteins are identified in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using affinity purification and mass spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome. Bioinformatic data indicate that Khib-modified proteins participate in a wide variety of biological and metabolic pathways. Immunoprecipitation confirms that Khib-modified proteins are present endogenously. A comparison of Khib and other main PTMs shows that Khib-modified proteins are simultaneously modified by multiple PTMs. Using mutagenesis experiments and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that Khib on K206 of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a key regulatory modification for its enzymatic activity, and mutation on K206 affects the interactions of PGK with its substrates. Furthermore, Khib modification of low-molecular-weight proteins is a response to the deacetylase inhibitors nicotinamide and trichostatin. This study provides evidence to promote our current understanding of Khib in wheat plants, including the cooperation between Khib and its metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lingran Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Linjie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junyou Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhongdong Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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159
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Ketone Bodies and SIRT1, Synergic Epigenetic Regulators for Metabolic Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153145. [PMID: 35956321 PMCID: PMC9370141 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KBs) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) have received increasing attention over the past two decades given their pivotal function in a variety of biological contexts, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, inflammation, metabolism, neurological and cardiovascular physiology, and cancer. As a consequence, the modulation of KBs and SIRT1 is considered a promising therapeutic option for many diseases. The direct regulation of gene expression can occur in vivo through histone modifications mediated by both SIRT1 and KBs during fasting or low-carbohydrate diets, and dietary metabolites may contribute to epigenetic regulation, leading to greater genomic plasticity. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the epigenetic interactions between KBs and SIRT1, with a particular glance at their central, synergistic roles for metabolic health.
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160
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Ren C, Wu Q, Xiao R, Ji Y, Yang X, Zhang Z, Qin H, Ma JA, Xuan W. Expanding the Scope of Genetically Encoded Lysine PTMs with Lactylation, β-Hydroxybutyrylation and Lipoylation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200302. [PMID: 35906721 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring on lysine residues, especially diverse forms of acylations, have seen rapid growth over the past two decades. Among them, lactylation and β-hydroxybutyrylation of lysine side-chains are newly identified histone marks and their implications in physiology and diseases have aroused broad research interest. Meanwhile, lysine lipoylation is highly conserved in diverse organisms and well known for the pivotal role in central metabolic pathways, and recent findings in the proteomic profiling of protein lipoylation have nonetheless suggested a pressing need for an extensive investigation. For both basic and applied research, it is highly necessary to prepare PTM-bearing proteins particularly in a site-specific manner. Herein, we use genetic code expansion to site-specifically generate these lysine PTMs, including lactylation, β-hydroxybutyrylation and lipoylation in proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells. Notably using strategies including activity-based selection, screening and rational design, unique pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase variants were successfully evolved for each of the three non-canonical amino acids and enable efficient production of recombinant proteins, thus holding promise to benefit relevant studies. Through encoding these ncAAs, we examined the deacylase activities of mammalian sirtuins to these modifications, and importantly unfold lipoamidase activity of several sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Ren
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Qifan Wu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Ruotong Xiao
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, chemistry, CHINA
| | - Yanli Ji
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Tianjin University, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Weimin Xuan
- Tianjin University, School of Life Sciences, 92 Weijing Road, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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Whatley EG, Truong TT, Wilhelm D, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. β-hydroxybutyrate reduces blastocyst viability via trophectoderm-mediated metabolic aberrations in mice. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1994-2011. [PMID: 35856159 PMCID: PMC9433850 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the effect of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) on preimplantation mouse embryo development, metabolism, epigenetics and post-transfer viability? SUMMARY ANSWER In vitro βOHB exposure at ketogenic diet (KD)-relevant serum concentrations significantly impaired preimplantation mouse embryo development, induced aberrant glycolytic metabolism and reduced post-transfer fetal viability in a sex-specific manner. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A maternal KD in humans elevates gamete and offspring βOHB exposure during conception and gestation, and in rodents is associated with an increased time to pregnancy, and altered offspring organogenesis, post-natal growth and behaviour, suggesting a developmental programming effect. In vitro exposure to βOHB at supraphysiological concentrations (8–80 mM) perturbs preimplantation mouse embryo development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A mouse model of embryo development and viability was utilized for this laboratory-based study. Embryo culture media were supplemented with βOHB at KD-relevant concentrations, and the developmental competence, physiology, epigenetic state and post-transfer viability of in vitro cultured βOHB-exposed embryos was assessed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Mouse embryos were cultured in vitro with or without βOHB at concentrations representing serum levels during pregnancy (0.1 mM), standard diet consumption (0.25 mM), KD consumption (2 mM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (4 mM). The impact of βOHB exposure on embryo development (blastocyst formation rate, morphokinetics and blastocyst total, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cell number), physiology (redox state, βOHB metabolism, glycolytic metabolism), epigenetic state (histone 3 lysine 27 β-hydroxybutyrylation, H3K27bhb) and post-transfer viability (implantation rate, fetal and placental development) was assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All βOHB concentrations tested slowed embryo development (P < 0.05), and βOHB at KD-relevant serum levels (2 mM) delayed morphokinetic development, beginning at syngamy (P < 0.05). Compared with unexposed controls, βOHB exposure reduced blastocyst total and TE cell number (≥0.25 mM; P < 0.05), reduced blastocyst glucose consumption (2 mM; P < 0.01) and increased lactate production (0.25 mM; P < 0.05) and glycolytic flux (0.25 and 2 mM; P < 0.01). Consumption of βOHB by embryos, mediated via monocarboxylate transporters, was detected throughout preimplantation development. Supraphysiological (20 mM; P < 0.001), but not physiological (0.25–4 mM) βOHB elevated H3K27bhb levels. Preimplantation βOHB exposure at serum KD levels (2 mM) reduced post-transfer viability. Implantation and fetal development rates of βOHB-treated embryos were 50% lower than controls (P < 0.05), and resultant fetuses had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.01) and placental diameter (P < 0.05). A strong sex-specific effect of βOHB was detected, whereby female fetuses from βOHB-treated embryos weighed less (P < 0.05), had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.05), and tended to have accelerated ear development (P < 0.08) compared with female control fetuses. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study only assessed embryo development, physiology and viability in a mouse model utilizing in vitro βOHB exposure; the impact of in vivo exposure was not assessed. The concentrations of βOHB utilized were modelled on blood/serum levels as the true oviduct and uterine concentrations are currently unknown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings indicate that the development, physiology and viability of mouse embryos is detrimentally impacted by preimplantation exposure to βOHB within a physiological range. Maternal diets which increase βOHB levels, such as a KD, may affect preimplantation embryo development and may therefore impair subsequent viability and long-term health. Consequently, our initial observations warrant follow-up studies in larger human populations. Furthermore, analysis of βOHB concentrations within human and rodent oviduct and uterine fluid under different nutritional states is also required. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by the University of Melbourne and the Norma Hilda Schuster (nee Swift) Scholarship. The authors have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Whatley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Diabetic Kidney Disease Partially via Histone Butyrylation Modification. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7643322. [PMID: 35909658 PMCID: PMC9329006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7643322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis are the important pathophysiologic processes in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is induced by epigenetics, especially histone posttranslational modification (HPTMs). Recent reports highlighted that butyrate, one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) primarily originated from the fermentation of dietary fiber in the gut, attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in the prevention and treatment of DKD; however, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Histone lysine butyrylation (Kbu), a novel histone modification marker induced by butyrate, has been found to be involved in the regulation of pathophysiological processes. To reveal the mechanisms of butyrate-induced histone (Kbu), in the prevention and treatment of DKD, both DKD models in vivo and in vitro were treated with sodium butyrate (NaB). Our results confirmed that exogenous NaB improved the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism, prevented proteinuria and renal failure, and inhibited renal inflammation and fibrosis. Meanwhile, NaB also induced histone Kbu and H3K9 butyrylation (H3K9bu) in vivo and in vitro; however, inhibition of histone Kbu with the histone modification enzyme p300 inhibitor A485 reversed the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis effects of NaB. In conclusion, our data reveal that NaB antagonizes renal inflammatory and fibrosis injury and attenuates DKD possibly via histone Kbu, suggesting that butyrate-induced histone Kbu or H3K9bu may be an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis and treatment of DKD.
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163
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Wu MS, Li XJ, Liu CY, Xu Q, Huang JQ, Gu S, Chen JX. Effects of Histone Modification in Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1261-1277. [PMID: 34551699 PMCID: PMC9881074 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210922150043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disease associated with many factors; specifically, environmental, genetic, psychological, and biological factors play critical roles. Recent studies have demonstrated that histone modification may occur in the human brain in response to severely stressful events, resulting in transcriptional changes and the development of MDD. In this review, we discuss five different histone modifications, histone methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, histone crotonylation and histone β-hydroxybutyrylation, and their relationships with MDD. The utility of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) for MDD treatment is also discussed. As a large number of MDD patients in China have been treated with traditional Chineses medicine (TCM), we also discuss some TCM therapies, such as Xiaoyaosan (XYS), and their effects on histone modification. In summary, targeting histone modification may be a new strategy for elucidating the mechanism of MDD and a new direction for MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Si Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Chen-Yue Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China;
| | - Qiuyue Xu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China;
| | - Jun-Qing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Simeng Gu
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; E-mail:
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164
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Sehrawat P, Shobhawat R, Kumar A. Catching Nucleosome by Its Decorated Tails Determines Its Functional States. Front Genet 2022; 13:903923. [PMID: 35910215 PMCID: PMC9329655 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.903923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental packaging unit of chromatin, i.e., nucleosome, consists of ∼147 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of the core histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, in two copies each. DNA packaged in nucleosomes must be accessible to various machineries, including replication, transcription, and DNA damage repair, implicating the dynamic nature of chromatin even in its compact state. As the tails protrude out of the nucleosome, they are easily accessible to various chromatin-modifying machineries and undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs), thus playing a critical role in epigenetic regulation. PTMs can regulate chromatin states via charge modulation on histones, affecting interaction with various chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) and DNA. With technological advancement, the list of PTMs is ever-growing along with their writers, readers, and erasers, expanding the complexity of an already intricate epigenetic field. In this review, we discuss how some of the specific PTMs on flexible histone tails affect the nucleosomal structure and regulate the accessibility of chromatin from a mechanistic standpoint and provide structural insights into some newly identified PTM–reader interaction.
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165
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Sangalli JR, Nociti RP, Del Collado M, Sampaio RV, da Silveira JC, Perecin F, Smith LC, Ross PJ, Meirelles FV. Characterization of histone lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation in bovine tissues, cells, and cumulus-oocyte complexes. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:375-398. [PMID: 35802460 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Besides their canonical roles as energy sources, short-chain fatty acids act as metabolic regulators of gene expression through histone posttranslational modifications. Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) causes a novel epigenetic modification, histone lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb), which is associated with genes upregulated in starvation-responsive metabolic pathways. Dairy cows increase BHB in early lactation, and the effects of this increase on cellular epigenomes are unknown. We searched for and identified that Kbhb is present in bovine tissues in vivo and confirmed that this epigenetic mark is responsive to BHB in bovine and human fibroblasts cultured in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Maturation of cumulus-oocyte complexes with high concentrations of BHB did not affect the competence to complete meiotic maturation or to develop until the blastocyst stage. BHB treatment strongly induced H3K9bhb in cumulus cells, but faintly in oocytes. RNA-seq analysis in cumulus cells indicated that BHB treatment altered the expression of 345 genes. The downregulated genes were mainly involved in glycolysis and ribosome assembly pathways, while the upregulated genes were involved in mitochondrial metabolism and oocyte development. The genes and pathways altered by BHB will provide entry points to carry out functional experiments aiming to mitigate metabolic disorders and improve fertility in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano R Sangalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ricardo Perecin Nociti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maite Del Collado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vilar Sampaio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juliano C da Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Charles Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Flávio V Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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166
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Zhou Y, Yang L, Liu X, Wang H. Lactylation may be a Novel Posttranslational Modification in Inflammation in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926802. [PMID: 35721121 PMCID: PMC9202888 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia remains the most common cause of acute neonatal brain injury and is associated with a high death rate and long-term neurological abnormalities such as memory and cognitive deficits and dyskinesia. Hypoxia-ischemia triggers an inflammatory cascade in the brain that is amplified by the activation of immune cells and the influx of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma in response to cellular injury. Thus, acute cerebral hypoxic-ischemic inflammation is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of newborn hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Lactate is a glycolysis end product that can regulate inflammation through histone lactylation, a unique posttranslational modification that was identified in recent studies. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent improvements in our understanding of microglia-mediated hypoxic-ischemic inflammation and to further discuss how histone lactylation regulates inflammation by affecting macrophage activation. These findings may suggest that epigenetic reprogramming-associated lactate input is linked to disease outcomes such as acute neonatal brain injury pathogenesis and the therapeutic effects of drugs and other strategies in relieving neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Therefore, improving our knowledge of the reciprocal relationships between histone lactylation and inflammation could lead to the development of new immunomodulatory therapies for brain damage in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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167
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Chen J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu Z, Yuan H, Pang X, Liu Y, Tao W, Chen X, Zhang P, Chen GQ. Mechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:94. [PMID: 35725651 PMCID: PMC9208164 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy is an increasingly global health problem affecting millions, there is a lack of clinical drugs or effective therapy. Excessive loss of muscle mass is the typical characteristic of muscle atrophy, manifesting as muscle weakness accompanied by impaired metabolism of protein and nucleotide. (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), one of the main components of the ketone body, has been reported to be effective for the obvious hemodynamic effects in atrophic cardiomyocytes and exerts beneficial metabolic reprogramming effects in healthy muscle. This study aims to exploit how the 3HB exerts therapeutic effects for treating muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb unloaded mice. RESULTS Anabolism/catabolism balance of muscle protein was maintained with 3HB via the Akt/FoxO3a and the mTOR/4E-BP1 pathways; protein homeostasis of 3HB regulation includes pathways of ubiquitin-proteasomal, autophagic-lysosomal, responses of unfolded-proteins, heat shock and anti-oxidation. Metabolomic analysis revealed the effect of 3HB decreased purine degradation and reduced the uric acid in atrophied muscles; enhanced utilization from glutamine to glutamate also provides evidence for the promotion of 3HB during the synthesis of proteins and nucleotides. CONCLUSIONS 3HB significantly inhibits the loss of muscle weights, myofiber sizes and myofiber diameters in hindlimb unloaded mouse model; it facilitates positive balance of proteins and nucleotides with enhanced accumulation of glutamate and decreased uric acid in wasting muscles, revealing effectiveness for treating muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zihua Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zonghan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Huimei Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiangsheng Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yaxuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wuchen Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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168
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Nishitani S, Fukuhara A, Tomita I, Kume S, Shin J, Okuno Y, Otsuki M, Maegawa H, Shimomura I. Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate enhances adipocyte function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10080. [PMID: 35710581 PMCID: PMC9203800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies, including 3HBA, are endogenous products of fatty acid oxidation, and Hmgcs2 is the first rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis. From database analysis and in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that adipose tissue and adipocytes express Hmgcs2, and that adipocytes produce and secrete 3HBA. Treatment with 3HBA enhanced the gene expression levels of the antioxidative stress factors, PPARγ, and lipogenic factors in adipose tissue in vivo and in adipocytes in vitro, accompanied by reduced ROS levels. Knockdown of endogenous Hmgcs2 in adipocytes markedly decreased 3HBA levels in adipocytes and decreased the gene expression levels of the antioxidative stress factors, PPARγ, and lipogenic factors with increased ROS levels. Conversely, overexpression of Hmgcs2 in adipocytes increased 3HBA secretion from adipocytes and enhanced the gene expression levels of the antioxidative stress factors, PPARγ, and lipogenic factors. These results demonstrate that 3HBA plays significant roles in enhancing the physiological function of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nishitani
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Departments of Lifestyle Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Departments of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Issei Tomita
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jihoon Shin
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Departments of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okuno
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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169
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Qi J, Gan L, Fang J, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo H, Cai D, Cui H, Gou L, Deng J, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual Function Molecular and Immunological Barrier Function Regulator. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805881. [PMID: 35784364 PMCID: PMC9243231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are crucial intermediate metabolites widely associated with treating metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that ketone bodies may act as immunoregulators in humans and animals to attenuate pathological inflammation through multiple strategies. Although the clues are scattered and untrimmed, the elevation of these ketone bodies in the circulation system and tissues induced by ketogenic diets was reported to affect the immunological barriers, an important part of innate immunity. Therefore, beta-hydroxybutyrate, a key ketone body, might also play a vital role in regulating the barrier immune systems. In this review, we retrospected the endogenous ketogenesis in animals and the dual roles of ketone bodies as energy carriers and signal molecules focusing on beta-hydroxybutyrate. In addition, the research regarding the effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on the function of the immunological barrier, mainly on the microbiota, chemical, and physical barriers of the mucosa, were outlined and discussed. As an inducible endogenous metabolic small molecule, beta-hydroxybutyrate deserves delicate investigations focusing on its immunometabolic efficacy. Comprehending the connection between ketone bodies and the barrier immunological function and its underlining mechanisms may help exploit individualised approaches to treat various mucosa or skin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicai Zuo,
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170
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Wei S, Binbin L, Yuan W, Zhong Z, Donghai L, Caihua H. β-Hydroxybutyrate in Cardiovascular Diseases : A Minor Metabolite of Great Expectations. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823602. [PMID: 35769904 PMCID: PMC9234267 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in therapies, cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are still the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Previous studies have shown that metabolic perturbations in cardiac energy metabolism are closely associated with the progression of CVDs. As expected, metabolic interventions can be applied to alleviate metabolic impairments and, therefore, can be used to develop therapeutic strategies for CVDs. β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) was once known to be a harmful and toxic metabolite leading to ketoacidosis in diabetes. However, the minor metabolite is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional molecular marker in CVDs. Although the protective role of β-HB in cardiovascular disease is controversial, increasing evidence from experimental and clinical research has shown that β-HB can be a “super fuel” and a signaling metabolite with beneficial effects on vascular and cardiac dysfunction. The tremendous potential of β-HB in the treatment of CVDs has attracted many interests of researchers. This study reviews the research progress of β-HB in CVDs and aims to provide a theoretical basis for exploiting the potential of β-HB in cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Wei
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and Health, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liu Binbin
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wu Yuan
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhang Zhong
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Donghai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Huang Caihua, ; Lin Donghai,
| | - Huang Caihua
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and Health, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Huang Caihua, ; Lin Donghai,
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171
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Zhou R, Xie F, Liu K, Zhou X, Chen X, Chen J, Xi S, Huang Z, Rong X. Cross talk between acetylation and methylation regulators reveals histone modifier expression patterns posing prognostic and therapeutic implications on patients with colon cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:70. [PMID: 35606881 PMCID: PMC9128235 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in histone modifications have been reported to be related to tumorigenicity and tumor progression. However, whether histone modification can aid the classification of patients or influence clinical behavior in patients with colon cancer remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate histone modifier expression patterns using the unsupervised clustering of the transcriptomic expressions of 88 histone acetylation and methylation regulators. Results In this study, by consensus clustering analysis based on the transcriptome data of 88 histone modification regulators, we identified four distinct expression patterns of histone modifiers associated with different prognoses, intrinsic fluorouracil sensitivities, biological pathways, and tumor microenvironment characteristics among 1372 colon cancer samples. In these four clusters, the HMC4 cluster represented a stroma activation phenotype characterized by both the worst prognosis and lowest response rates to fluorouracil treatment. Then, we established a scoring scheme comprising 155 genes designated as “HM_score” by using the Boruta algorithm to distinguish colon cancer patients within the HMC4 cluster. Patients with a high HM_score were considered to have high stromal pathway activation, high stromal fraction, and an unfavorable prognosis. Further analyses indicated that a high HM_score also correlated with reduced therapeutic benefits from fluorouracil chemotherapy. Moreover, through CRISPR library screening, ZEB2 was found to be a critical driver gene that mediates fluorouracil resistance, which is associated with histone modifier expression patterns. Conclusions This study highlights that characterizing histone modifier expression patterns may help better understand the epigenetic mechanisms underlying tumor heterogeneity in patients with colon cancer and provide more personalized therapeutic strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01290-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Xie
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuncai Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuee Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyan Xi
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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172
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Moreno-Yruela C, Bæk M, Monda F, Olsen CA. Chiral Posttranslational Modification to Lysine ε-Amino Groups. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1456-1466. [PMID: 35500056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe sophistication of proteomic analysis has revealed that protein lysine residues are posttranslationally modified by a variety of acyl groups. Protein lysine acetylation regulates metabolism, gene expression, and microtubule formation and has been extensively studied; however, the understanding of the biological significance of other acyl posttranslational modifications (PTMs) is still in its infancy. The acylation of lysine residues is mediated either by acyltransferase "writer" enzymes or by nonenzymatic mechanisms and hydrolase enzymes, termed "erasers", that cleave various acyl PTMs to reverse the modified state. We have studied the human lysine deacylase enzymes, comprising the 11 Zn2+-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) and the 7 NAD+-consuming sirtuins (SIRTs), over the past decade. We have thus developed selective inhibitors and molecular probes and have studied the acyl substrate scope of each enzyme using chemically synthesized peptide substrates and photo-cross-linking probes. Recently, we have turned our attention to PTMs containing a stereogenic center, such as ε-N-β-hydroxybutyryllysine (Kbhb) and ε-N-lactyllysine (Kla), that each comprise a pair of mirror image stereoisomers as modifications. Both modifications are found on histones, where they affect gene transcription in response to specific metabolic states, and they are found on cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation (Kbhb) and glycolysis (Kla), respectively. Thus, chiral modifications to lysine side chains give rise to two distinct diastereomeric products, with separate metabolic origins and potentially different activities exhibited by writer and eraser enzymes. Lysine l-lactylation originates from l-lactate, a major energy carrier produced from pyruvate after glycolysis, and it is highly induced by metabolic states such as the Warburg effect. l-Lactate can possibly be activated by acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetases and transferred to lysine residues by histone acetyltransferases such as p300. d-Lactylation, on the other hand, arises primarily from a nonenzymatic reaction with d-lactylglutathione, an intermediate in the glyoxalase pathway. In addition to their distinct origin, we found that both K(l-la) and K(d-la) modifications are erased by HDACs with different catalytic efficiencies. Also, K(l-bhb) and K(d-bhb) arise from different metabolites but depend on interconnected metabolic pathways, and the two stereoisomers of ε-N-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryllysine (Khmg) originate from a single precursor that may then be regulated differently by eraser enzymes. Distinguishing between the individual stereoisomers of PTMs is therefore of crucial importance. In the present Account, we will (1) revisit the long-standing evidence for the distinct production and dynamics of enantiomeric forms of chiral metabolites that serve as ε-N-acyllysine PTMs and (2) highlight the outstanding questions that arise from the recent literature on chiral lysine PTMs resulting from these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moreno-Yruela
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bæk
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabrizio Monda
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kawakami R, Sunaga H, Iso T, Kaneko R, Koitabashi N, Obokata M, Harada T, Matsui H, Yokoyama T, Kurabayashi M. Ketone body and FGF21 coordinately regulate fasting-induced oxidative stress response in the heart. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7338. [PMID: 35513524 PMCID: PMC9072431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) have been proposed to mediate systemic metabolic response to fasting. However, it remains elusive about the signaling elicited by ketone and FGF21 in the heart. Stimulation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with βOHB and FGF21 induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PGC1α expression along with the phosphorylation of LKB1 and AMPK. βOHB and FGF21 induced transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE)-containing genes through an activation of PPARα. Additionally, βOHB and FGF21 induced the expression of Nrf2, a master regulator for oxidative stress response, and catalase and Ucp2 genes. We evaluated the oxidative stress response gene expression after 24 h fast in global Fgf21-null (Fgf21-/-) mice, cardiomyocyte-specific FGF21-null (cmFgf21-/-) mice, wild-type (WT), and Fgf21fl/fl littermates. Fgf21-/- mice but not cmFgf21-/- mice had unexpectedly higher serum βOHB levels, and higher expression levels of PPARα and oxidative stress response genes than WT mice or Fgf21fl/fl littermates. Notably, expression levels of oxidative stress response genes were significantly correlated with serum βOHB and PGC1α levels in both WT and Fgf21-/- mice. These findings suggest that fasting-induced βOHB and circulating FGF21 coordinately regulate oxidative stress response gene expression in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sunaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Ashikaga University, 268-1 Omae-machi, Ashikaga, Tochigi, 326-8558, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Osaka University, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimichi Koitabashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tomonari Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kurabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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174
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Sato T, Sassone-Corsi P. Nutrition, metabolism, and epigenetics: pathways of circadian reprogramming. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52412. [PMID: 35412705 PMCID: PMC9066069 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake profoundly affects systemic physiology. A large body of evidence has indicated a link between food intake and circadian rhythms, and ~24-h cycles are deemed essential for adapting internal homeostasis to the external environment. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock, a molecular system remarkably conserved throughout evolution. The circadian clock controls the cyclic expression of numerous genes, a regulatory program common to all mammalian cells, which may lead to various metabolic and physiological disturbances if hindered. Although the circadian clock regulates multiple metabolic pathways, metabolic states also provide feedback on the molecular clock. Therefore, a remarkable feature is reprogramming by nutritional challenges, such as a high-fat diet, fasting, ketogenic diet, and caloric restriction. In addition, various factors such as energy balance, histone modifications, and nuclear receptor activity are involved in the remodeling of the clock. Herein, we review the interaction of dietary components with the circadian system and illustrate the relationships linking the molecular clock to metabolism and critical roles in the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sato
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, INSERM U1233, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, INSERM U1233, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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175
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Pyo S, Kim J, Hwang J, Heo JH, Kim K, Cho SR. Environmental Enrichment and Estrogen Upregulate Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Underlying Functional Improvement. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:869799. [PMID: 35592114 PMCID: PMC9113201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.869799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a promising therapeutic strategy in improving metabolic and neuronal responses, especially due to its non-invasive nature. However, the exact mechanism underlying the sex-differential effects remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of EE on metabolism, body composition, and behavioral phenotype based on sex. Long-term exposure to EE for 8 weeks induced metabolic changes and fat reduction. In response to the change in metabolism, the level of βHB were influenced by sex and EE possibly in accordance to the phases of estrogen cycle. The expression of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, EE resulted in a significant increase in the level of βHB and a significant reduction in HDAC, consequently enhancing BDNF expression. Moreover, EE exerted significant effects on motor and cognitive behaviors, indicating a significant functional improvement in female mice under the condition that asserts the influence of estrogen cycle. Using an ovariectomized mice model, the effects of EE and estrogen treatment proved the hypothesis that EE upregulates β-hydroxybutyrate and BDNF underlying functional improvement in female mice. The above findings demonstrate that long-term exposure to EE can possibly alter metabolism by increasing the level of βHB, regulate the expression of βHB-related proteins, and improve behavioral function as reflected by motor and cognitive presentation following the changes in estrogen level. This finding may lead to a marked improvement in metabolism and neuroplasticity by EE and estrogen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonil Pyo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Heo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungri Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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176
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Toyobe M, Yakushiji F. Synthetic modifications of histones and their functional evaluation. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200197. [PMID: 35489041 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Post-transrational modifications (PTMs) of histones play a key role in epigenetic regulation. Unraveling the roles of each epigenetic mark can provide new insights into their biological mechanisms. On the other hand, it is generally difficult to prepare homogeneously-modified histones/nucleosomes to investigate their specific functions. Therefore, synthetic approaches to acquire precisely mimicked histones/nucleosomes are in great demand, and further development of this research field is anticipated. In this review, synthetic strategies to modify histones/nucleosomes, including cysteine modifications, transformations of dehydroalanine residues and lysine acylation using a catalyst system, are cited. In addition, the functional evaluation of synthetically modified histones/nucleosomes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Toyobe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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177
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Wang H, Yang L, Liu M, Luo J. Protein post-translational modifications in the regulation of cancer hallmarks. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 30:529-547. [PMID: 35393571 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, the major mechanism of protein function regulation, play important roles in regulating a variety of cellular physiological and pathological processes. Although the classical PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and methylation, have been well studied, the emergence of many new modifications, such as succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, introduces a new layer to protein regulation, leaving much more to be explored and wide application prospects. In this review, we will provide a broad overview of the significant roles of PTMs in regulating human cancer hallmarks through selecting a diverse set of examples, and update the current advances in the therapeutic implications of these PTMs in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Liqian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
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178
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Muroski JM, Fu JY, Nguyen HH, Wofford NQ, Mouttaki H, James KL, McInerney MJ, Gunsalus RP, Loo JA, Ogorzalek Loo RR. The Acyl-Proteome of Syntrophus aciditrophicus Reveals Metabolic Relationships in Benzoate Degradation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100215. [PMID: 35189333 PMCID: PMC8942843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntrophus aciditrophicus is a model syntrophic bacterium that degrades fatty and aromatic acids into acetate, CO2, formate, and H2 that are utilized by methanogens and other hydrogen-consuming microbes. S. aciditrophicus benzoate degradation proceeds by a multistep pathway with many intermediate reactive acyl-coenzyme A species (RACS) that can potentially Nε-acylate lysine residues. Herein, we describe the identification and characterization of acyl-lysine modifications that correspond to RACS in the benzoate degradation pathway. The amounts of modified peptides are sufficient to analyze the post-translational modifications without antibody enrichment, enabling a range of acylations located, presumably, on the most extensively acylated proteins throughout the proteome to be studied. Seven types of acyl modifications were identified, six of which correspond directly to RACS that are intermediates in the benzoate degradation pathway including 3-hydroxypimeloylation, a modification first identified in this system. Indeed, benzoate-degrading enzymes are heavily represented among the acylated proteins. A total of 125 sites were identified in 60 proteins. Functional deacylase enzymes are present in the proteome, indicating a potential regulatory system/mechanism by which S. aciditrophicus modulates acylation. Uniquely, Nε-acyl-lysine RACS are highly abundant in these syntrophic bacteria, raising the compelling possibility that post-translational modifications modulate benzoate degradation in this and potentially other, syntrophic bacteria. Our results outline candidates for further study of how acylations impact syntrophic consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Muroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janine Y Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Neil Q Wofford
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Housna Mouttaki
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kimberly L James
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael J McInerney
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert P Gunsalus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel R Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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179
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Pickel L, Iliuta IA, Scholey J, Pei Y, Sung HK. Dietary Interventions in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:652-666. [PMID: 34755831 PMCID: PMC8970828 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the progressive growth of renal cysts, leading to the loss of functional nephrons. Recommendations for individuals with ADPKD to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle are largely similar to those for the general population. However, recent evidence from preclinical models suggests that more tightly specified dietary regimens, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and ketogenic diets, hold promise to slow disease progression, and the results of ongoing human clinical trials are eagerly awaited. These dietary interventions directly influence nutrient signaling and substrate availability in the cystic kidney, while also conferring systemic metabolic benefits. The present review focuses on the importance of local and systemic metabolism in ADPKD and summarizes current evidence for dietary interventions to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioan-Andrei Iliuta
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Scholey
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - York Pei
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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180
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Venable AH, Lee LE, Feola K, Santoyo J, Broomfield T, Huen SC. Fasting-induced renal HMGCS2 expression does not contribute to circulating ketones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F460-F467. [PMID: 35224990 PMCID: PMC9076412 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in ketogenesis. The liver expresses high levels of HMGCS2 constitutively as the main ketogenic organ. It has been suggested that the kidney could be ketogenic as HMGCS2 is expressed in the kidney during fasting and diabetic conditions. However, definitive proof of the capacity for the kidney to produce ketones is lacking. We demonstrate that during fasting, HMGCS2 expression is induced in the proximal tubule of the kidney and is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha dependent. Mice with kidney-specific Hmgcs2 deletion show a minor, likely physiologically insignificant, decrease in circulating ketones during fasting. Conversely, liver-specific Hmgcs2 knockout mice exhibit a complete loss of fasting ketosis. Together, these findings indicate renal HMGCS2 does not significantly contribute to global ketone production, and during fasting, the increase in circulating ketones is solely dependent on hepatic HMGCS2. Proximal tubule HMGCS2 serves functions other than systemic ketone provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Venable
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Elizabeth Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Feola
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - John Santoyo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tatyana Broomfield
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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181
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Pardo JC, Ruiz de Porras V, Gil J, Font A, Puig-Domingo M, Jordà M. Lipid Metabolism and Epigenetics Crosstalk in Prostate Cancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:851. [PMID: 35215499 PMCID: PMC8874497 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant neoplasm in men in the Western world. Localized low-risk PCa has an excellent prognosis thanks to effective local treatments; however, despite the incorporation of new therapeutic strategies, metastatic PCa remains incurable mainly due to disease heterogeneity and the development of resistance to therapy. The mechanisms underlying PCa progression and therapy resistance are multiple and include metabolic reprogramming, especially in relation to lipid metabolism, as well as epigenetic remodelling, both of which enable cancer cells to adapt to dynamic changes in the tumour. Interestingly, metabolism and epigenetics are interconnected. Metabolism can regulate epigenetics through the direct influence of metabolites on epigenetic processes, while epigenetics can control metabolism by directly or indirectly regulating the expression of metabolic genes. Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest an association between a high-fat diet, which can alter the availability of metabolites, and PCa progression. Here, we review the alterations of lipid metabolism and epigenetics in PCa, before focusing on the mechanisms that connect them. We also discuss the influence of diet in this scenario. This information may help to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as targetable vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Pardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.F.)
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.G.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Joan Gil
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.G.); (M.P.-D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, CIBERER U747, ISCIII, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Font
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.P.); (A.F.)
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.G.); (M.P.-D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Ctra. Can Ruti-Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.G.); (M.P.-D.)
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182
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Wang ZA, Whedon SD, Wu M, Wang S, Brown EA, Anmangandla A, Regan L, Lee K, Du J, Hong JY, Fairall L, Kay T, Lin H, Zhao Y, Schwabe JWR, Cole PA. Histone H2B Deacylation Selectivity: Exploring Chromatin's Dark Matter with an Engineered Sortase. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3360-3364. [PMID: 35175758 PMCID: PMC8895396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method to produce histone H2B by semisynthesis with an engineered sortase transpeptidase. N-Terminal tail site-specifically modified acetylated, lactylated, and β-hydroxybutyrylated histone H2Bs were incorporated into nucleosomes and investigated as substrates of histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes and sirtuins. A wide range of rates and site-specificities were observed by these enzyme forms suggesting distinct biological roles in regulating chromatin structure and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng A Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Samuel D Whedon
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mingxuan Wu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Siyu Wang
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Brown
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ananya Anmangandla
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Liam Regan
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Kwangwoon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jianfeng Du
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Louise Fairall
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor Kay
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yingming Zhao
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmcology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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183
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Lassak J, Sieber A, Hellwig M. Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology. Biol Chem 2022; 403:819-858. [PMID: 35172419 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alina Sieber
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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184
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Murakami M, Tognini P. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Bioactive Properties of a Ketogenic Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040782. [PMID: 35215432 PMCID: PMC8879219 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Recent studies have shown that a ketogenic diet not only pronouncedly shifts the cellular metabolism to pseudo-starvation, but also exerts a variety of physiological functions on various organs through metabolites that act as energy substrates, signaling molecules, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of a ketogenic diet and speculate on the significance of these functions in the context of the epigenome and microbiome. Unraveling the molecular basis of the bioactive effects of a ketogenic diet should provide solid evidence for its clinical application in a variety of diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Tognini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale, Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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185
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Mank MM, Reed LF, Walton CJ, Barup MLT, Ather JL, Poynter ME. Therapeutic ketosis decreases methacholine hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of inherent obese asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L243-L257. [PMID: 34936508 PMCID: PMC8782644 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese asthmatics tend to have severe, poorly controlled disease and exhibit methacholine hyperresponsiveness manifesting in proximal airway narrowing and distal lung tissue collapsibility. Substantial weight loss in obese asthmatics or in mouse models of the condition decreases methacholine hyperresponsiveness. Ketone bodies are rapidly elevated during weight loss, coinciding with or preceding relief from asthma-related comorbidities. As ketone bodies may exert numerous potentially therapeutic effects, augmenting their systemic concentrations is being targeted for the treatment of several conditions. Circulating ketone body levels can be increased by feeding a ketogenic diet or by providing a ketone ester dietary supplement, which we hypothesized would exert protective effects in mouse models of inherent obese asthma. Weight loss induced by feeding a low-fat diet to mice previously fed a high-fat diet was preceded by increased urine and blood levels of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Feeding a ketogenic diet for 3 wk to high-fat diet-fed obese mice or genetically obese db/db mice increased BHB concentrations and decreased methacholine hyperresponsiveness without substantially decreasing body weight. Acute ketone ester administration decreased methacholine responsiveness of normal mice, and dietary ketone ester supplementation of high-fat diet-fed mice decreased methacholine hyperresponsiveness. Ketone ester supplementation also transiently induced an "antiobesogenic" gut microbiome with a decreased Fermicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Dietary interventions to increase systemic BHB concentrations could provide symptom relief for obese asthmatics without the need for the substantial weight loss required of patients to elicit benefits to their asthma through bariatric surgery or other diet or lifestyle alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine M Mank
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Leah F Reed
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Camille J Walton
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Madison L T Barup
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jennifer L Ather
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
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186
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Moreno-Yruela C, Zhang D, Wei W, Bæk M, Liu W, Gao J, Danková D, Nielsen AL, Bolding JE, Yang L, Jameson ST, Wong J, Olsen CA, Zhao Y. Class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are histone lysine delactylases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi6696. [PMID: 35044827 PMCID: PMC8769552 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysine L-lactylation [K(L-la)] is a newly discovered histone mark stimulated under conditions of high glycolysis, such as the Warburg effect. K(L-la) is associated with functions that are different from the widely studied histone acetylation. While K(L-la) can be introduced by the acetyltransferase p300, histone delactylases enzymes remained unknown. Here, we report the systematic evaluation of zinc- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) for their ability to cleave ε-N-L-lactyllysine marks. Our screens identified HDAC1–3 and SIRT1–3 as delactylases in vitro. HDAC1–3 show robust activity toward not only K(L-la) but also K(D-la) and diverse short-chain acyl modifications. We further confirmed the de-L-lactylase activity of HDACs 1 and 3 in cells. Together, these data suggest that histone lactylation is installed and removed by regulatory enzymes as opposed to spontaneous chemical reactivity. Our results therefore represent an important step toward full characterization of this pathway’s regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moreno-Yruela
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Di Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Michael Bæk
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jinjun Gao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniela Danková
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander L. Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie E. Bolding
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lu Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Samuel T. Jameson
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiemin Wong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Yingming Zhao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (C.A.O.)
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187
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang M, Tang M, Lin Y, Liu Q. Epigenetic Modifications and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Biochemical Perspective. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:177-184. [PMID: 35000390 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylations in living cells are methyl groups attached to amino acids, DNA, RNA, and so on. However, their biochemical roles have not been fully defined. A theory has been postulated that methylation leads to hyperconjugation, and the electron-donating feature weakens a nearby chemical bond, which increases the bond length of C4-N4 of 5-methylcytosine, therefore weakening the C4-N4 bond and resulting in stronger protonation or hydrogen bonding of the N4 nitrogen atom. Protonation can give rise to the generation of mutagenic and carcinogenic strong acids such as HCl, which are also capable of solubilizing stressful, insoluble, and stiff salts. Insoluble and rigid salts such as calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate were recently proposed as a primary cause of some neurodegenerative disorders. Protonation of nitrogen atoms in 5-methylcytosine enhances the interaction with negatively charged phosphate groups and contributes to the formation of compact heterochromatin. The electronegativity of the oxygen atoms in the modifications of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine or 5-formylcytosine can shorten the lengths of adjacent bonds with no increase of cation affinity in N4. The carboxyl group in 5-carboxylcytosine is a weak acid capable of antagonizing mutagenic HCl and modestly helping solubilize insoluble salts. Electron delocalization of the methyl group in N4-methylcytosine results in a lower affinity of N4 to cations. The positive charge at N3 in the resonance structure of 3-methylcytosine is lessened by the electron-donating attribute of the methyl group attached to the N3 atom, consequently reducing acid formation. The electron delocalization of three methyl groups decreases the positive charge in the amino nitrogen in the side group of lysine 4 in histone H3, weakening interactions with phosphate groups and consequently activating gene expression. The carbonyl oxygen in 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine draws protons and accumulates HCl, accounting for its moderate mutation propensity and potential capacity to solubilize stiff salts. The biochemical insight will further our understanding on the crosstalk of genetics and epigenetics in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Minji Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Minhang Campus, 3663 Zhongshan Rd North, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Man Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiuyun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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188
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Shvedunova M, Akhtar A. Modulation of cellular processes by histone and non-histone protein acetylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:329-349. [PMID: 35042977 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a widespread and versatile protein post-translational modification. Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases catalyse the addition or removal, respectively, of acetyl groups at both histone and non-histone targets. In this Review, we discuss several features of acetylation and deacetylation, including their diversity of targets, rapid turnover, exquisite sensitivity to the concentrations of the cofactors acetyl-CoA, acyl-CoA and NAD+, and tight interplay with metabolism. Histone acetylation and non-histone protein acetylation influence a myriad of cellular and physiological processes, including transcription, phase separation, autophagy, mitosis, differentiation and neural function. The activity of lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases can, in turn, be regulated by metabolic states, diet and specific small molecules. Histone acetylation has also recently been shown to mediate cellular memory. These features enable acetylation to integrate the cellular state with transcriptional output and cell-fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shvedunova
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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189
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Huo M, Zhang J, Huang W, Wang Y. Interplay Among Metabolism, Epigenetic Modifications, and Gene Expression in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:793428. [PMID: 35004688 PMCID: PMC8740611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.793428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications and metabolism are two fundamental biological processes. During tumorigenesis and cancer development both epigenetic and metabolic alterations occur and are often intertwined together. Epigenetic modifications contribute to metabolic reprogramming by modifying the transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes, which is crucial for glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Metabolites provide substrates for epigenetic modifications, including histone modification (methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation), DNA and RNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. Simultaneously, some metabolites can also serve as substrates for nonhistone post-translational modifications that have an impact on the development of tumors. And metabolic enzymes also regulate epigenetic modifications independent of their metabolites. In addition, metabolites produced by gut microbiota influence host metabolism. Understanding the crosstalk among metabolism, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression in cancer may help researchers explore the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression to metastasis, thereby provide strategies for the prevention and therapy of cancer. In this review, we summarize the progress in the understanding of the interactions between cancer metabolism and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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190
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Griffiths RC, Smith FR, Long JE, Scott D, Williams HEL, Oldham NJ, Layfield R, Mitchell NJ. Site-Selective Installation of N ϵ -Modified Sidechains into Peptide and Protein Scaffolds via Visible-Light-Mediated Desulfurative C-C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110223. [PMID: 34713958 PMCID: PMC9299887 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) enhance the repertoire of protein function and mediate or influence the activity of many cellular processes. The preparation of site-specifically and homogeneously modified proteins, to apply as tools to understand the biological role of PTMs, is a challenging task. Herein, we describe a visible-light-mediated desulfurative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond forming reaction that enables the site-selective installation of Nϵ -modified sidechains into peptides and proteins of interest. Rapid, operationally simple, and tolerant to ambient atmosphere, we demonstrate the installation of a range of lysine (Lys) PTMs into model peptide systems and showcase the potential of this technology by site-selectively installing an Nϵ Ac sidechain into recombinantly expressed ubiquitin (Ub).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys C. Griffiths
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Frances R. Smith
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Jed E. Long
- Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Daniel Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2UHUK
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Neil J. Oldham
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2UHUK
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191
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Griffiths RC, Smith FR, Long JE, Scott D, Williams HEL, Oldham NJ, Layfield R, Mitchell NJ. Site‐Selective Installation of N
ϵ
‐Modified Sidechains into Peptide and Protein Scaffolds via Visible‐Light‐Mediated Desulfurative C–C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys C. Griffiths
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Frances R. Smith
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jed E. Long
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Daniel Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Neil J. Oldham
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH UK
| | - Nicholas J. Mitchell
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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192
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Du R, Liu G, Huang H. 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylome in Mouse Liver Expands the Roles of Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation Pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 57:116634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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193
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Mondal P, Tiwary N, Sengupta A, Dhang S, Roy S, Das C. Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Glucose Metabolic Pathways by the Chromatin Effectors During Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:269-336. [PMID: 36301498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism plays a vital role in regulating cellular homeostasis as it acts as the central axis for energy metabolism, alteration in which may lead to serious consequences like metabolic disorders to life-threatening diseases like cancer. Malignant cells, on the other hand, help in tumor progression through abrupt cell proliferation by adapting to the changed metabolic milieu. Metabolic intermediates also vary from normal cells to cancerous ones to help the tumor manifestation. However, metabolic reprogramming is an important phenomenon of cells through which they try to maintain the balance between normal and carcinogenic outcomes. In this process, transcription factors and chromatin modifiers play an essential role to modify the chromatin landscape of important genes related directly or indirectly to metabolism. Our chapter surmises the importance of glucose metabolism and the role of metabolic intermediates in the cell. Also, we summarize the influence of histone effectors in reprogramming the cancer cell metabolism. An interesting aspect of this chapter includes the detailed methods to detect the aberrant metabolic flux, which can be instrumental for the therapeutic regimen of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Niharika Tiwary
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Sinjini Dhang
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.
- Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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194
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Histone lysine methacrylation is a dynamic post-translational modification regulated by HAT1 and SIRT2. Cell Discov 2021; 7:122. [PMID: 34961760 PMCID: PMC8712513 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine crotonylation is a posttranslational modification with demonstrated functions in transcriptional regulation. Here we report the discovery of a new type of histone posttranslational modification, lysine methacrylation (Kmea), corresponding to a structural isomer of crotonyllysine. We validate the identity of this modification using diverse chemical approaches and further confirm the occurrence of this type of histone mark by pan specific and site-specific anti-methacryllysine antibodies. In total, we identify 27 Kmea modified histone sites in HeLa cells using affinity enrichment with a pan Kmea antibody and mass spectrometry. Subsequent biochemical studies show that histone Kmea is a dynamic mark, which is controlled by HAT1 as a methacryltransferase and SIRT2 as a de-methacrylase. Altogether, these investigations uncover a new type of enzyme-catalyzed histone modification and suggest that methacrylyl-CoA generating metabolism is part of a growing number of epigenome-associated metabolic pathways.
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195
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Physiological Ovarian Aging Is Associated with Altered Expression of Post-Translational Modifications in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010002. [PMID: 35008428 PMCID: PMC8744712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been confirmed to be involved in multiple female reproductive events, but their role in physiological ovarian aging is far from elucidated. In this study, mice aged 3, 12 or 17 months (3M, 12M, 17M) were selected as physiological ovarian aging models. The expression of female reproductive function-related genes, the global profiles of PTMs, and the level of histone modifications and related regulatory enzymes were examined during physiological ovarian aging in the mice by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. The results showed that the global protein expression of Kbhb (lysineβ-hydroxybutyryllysine), Khib (lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyryllysine), Kglu (lysineglutaryllysine), Kmal (lysinemalonyllysine), Ksucc (lysinesuccinyllysine), Kcr (lysinecrotonyllysine), Kbu (lysinebutyryllysine), Kpr (lysinepropionyllysine), SUMO1 (SUMO1 modification), ub (ubiquitination), P-Typ (phosphorylation), and 3-nitro-Tyr (nitro-tyrosine) increased significantly as mice aged. Moreover, the modification level of Kme2 (lysinedi-methyllysine) and Kac (lysineacetyllysine) was the highest in the 3M mice and the lowest in 12M mice. In addition, only trimethylation of histone lysine was up-regulated progressively and significantly with increasing age (p < 0.001), H4 ubiquitination was obviously higher in the 12M and 17M mice than 3M (p < 0.001), whereas the modification of Kpr (lysinepropionylation) and O-GlcNA in 17M was significantly decreased compared with the level in 3M mice (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the expression levels of the TIP60, P300, PRDM9, KMT5B, and KMT5C genes encoding PTM regulators were up-regulated in 17M compared to 3M female mice (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that altered related regulatory enzymes and PTMs are associated with physiological ovarian aging in mice, which is expected to provide useful insights for the delay of ovarian aging and the diagnosis and treatment of female infertility.
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Li W, Li F, Zhang X, Lin HK, Xu C. Insights into the post-translational modification and its emerging role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:422. [PMID: 34924561 PMCID: PMC8685280 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important manifestation of tumor heterogeneity is the dynamic change of tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity. This depends not only on the tumor cells themselves in the microenvironment where the infiltrating immune cells and matrix together forming an antitumor and/or pro-tumor network. TME has resulted in novel therapeutic interventions as a place beyond tumor beds. The malignant cancer cells, tumor infiltrate immune cells, angiogenic vascular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, and the released factors including intracellular metabolites, hormonal signals and inflammatory mediators all contribute actively to cancer progression. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is often regarded as a degradative mechanism in protein destruction or turnover to maintain physiological homeostasis. Advances in quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics, and nuclease-based gene editing are now paving the global ways for exploring PTMs. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the PTM area and speculate on their importance as a critical functional readout for the regulation of TME. A wealth of information has been emerging to prove useful in the search for conventional therapies and the development of global therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Li
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine (Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment), Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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197
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Gough SM, Casella A, Ortega KJ, Hackam AS. Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies. Front Nutr 2021; 8:782657. [PMID: 34888340 PMCID: PMC8650112 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.782657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for decades as a non-pharmacologic approach to treat metabolic disorders and refractory pediatric epilepsy. In recent years, enthusiasm for the KD has increased in the scientific community due to evidence that the diet reduces pathology and improves various outcome measures in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, glaucoma, spinal cord injury, retinal degenerations, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials also suggest that the KD improved quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the major ketone bodies BHB and ACA have potential neuroprotective properties and are now known to have direct effects on specific inflammatory proteins, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, epigenetic modifications and the composition of the gut microbiome. Neuroprotective benefits of the KD are likely due to a combination of these cellular processes and other potential mechanisms that are yet to be confirmed experimentally. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current evidence for the effectiveness of the KD in humans and preclinical models of various neurological disorders, describes molecular mechanisms that may contribute to its beneficial effects, and highlights key controversies and current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Gough
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alicia Casella
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kristen Jasmin Ortega
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Abigail S Hackam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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198
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Khanal J, Tayara H, Zou Q, To Chong K. DeepCap-Kcr: accurate identification and investigation of protein lysine crotonylation sites based on capsule network. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6457166. [PMID: 34882222 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a posttranslational modification widely detected in histone and nonhistone proteins. It plays a vital role in human disease progression and various cellular processes, including cell cycle, cell organization, chromatin remodeling and a key mechanism to increase proteomic diversity. Thus, accurate information on such sites is beneficial for both drug development and basic research. Existing computational methods can be improved to more effectively identify Kcr sites in proteins. In this study, we proposed a deep learning model, DeepCap-Kcr, a capsule network (CapsNet) based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) for robust prediction of Kcr sites on histone and nonhistone proteins (mammals). The proposed model outperformed the existing CNN architecture Deep-Kcr and other well-established tools in most cases and provided promising outcomes for practical use; in particular, the proposed model characterized the internal hierarchical representation as well as the important features from multiple levels of abstraction automatically learned from a small number of samples. The trained model was well generalized in other species (papaya). Moreover, we showed the features and properties generated by the internal capsule layer that can explore the internal data distribution related to biological significance (as a motif detector). The source code and data are freely available at https://github.com/Jhabindra-bioinfo/DeepCap-Kcr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhabindra Khanal
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Hilal Tayara
- School of international Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Kil To Chong
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.,Advances Electronics and Information Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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199
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Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med 2021; 19:313. [PMID: 34879839 PMCID: PMC8656040 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During starvation, fasting, or a diet containing little digestible carbohydrates, the circulating insulin levels are decreased. This promotes lipolysis, and the breakdown of fat becomes the major source of energy. The hepatic energy metabolism is regulated so that under these circumstances, ketone bodies are generated from β-oxidation of fatty acids and secreted as ancillary fuel, in addition to gluconeogenesis. Increased plasma levels of ketone bodies thus indicate a dietary shortage of carbohydrates. Ketone bodies not only serve as fuel but also promote resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress, and there is a decrease in anabolic insulin-dependent energy expenditure. It has been suggested that the beneficial non-metabolic actions of ketone bodies on organ functions are mediated by them acting as a ligand to specific cellular targets. We propose here a major role of a different pathway initiated by the induction of oxidative stress in the mitochondria during increased ketolysis. Oxidative stress induced by ketone body metabolism is beneficial in the long term because it initiates an adaptive (hormetic) response characterized by the activation of the master regulators of cell-protective mechanism, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuins, and AMP-activated kinase. This results in resolving oxidative stress, by the upregulation of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, improved mitochondrial function and growth, DNA repair, and autophagy. In the heart, the adaptive response to enhanced ketolysis improves resistance to damage after ischemic insults or to cardiotoxic actions of doxorubicin. Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may also exert their cardioprotective action via increasing ketone body levels and ketolysis. We conclude that the increased synthesis and use of ketone bodies as ancillary fuel during periods of deficient food supply and low insulin levels causes oxidative stress in the mitochondria and that the latter initiates a protective (hormetic) response which allows cells to cope with increased oxidative stress and lower energy availability. KEYWORDS: Ketogenic diet, Ketone bodies, Beta hydroxybutyrate, Insulin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Cardiovascular disease, SGLT2, Hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martin Röhling
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Nanette C Schloot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
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200
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Han M, Deng H, Wu F, Liu G, Chen GQ. Lysine β-Hydroxybutyrylation Improves Stability of COVID-19 Antibody. Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:454-463. [PMID: 34879647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) is a small molecule produced as a ketone body in mammalian animals. It has been found that 3HB provides not only energy for a body, it also participates in cell signal transduction events as a signal molecule. This study focuses on investigation of 3HB immunomodulatory mechanisms. Proteomic analysis indicates a new post-translational modification of β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) on antibodies. Because of the low level of Kbhb antibodies and the associated difficulty in purifying them, simulated Kbhb antibody was produced using chemical modification in vitro. The chemically modified Kbhb antibody was shown to improve the stability of antibodies to protease and heat treatments. Furthermore, Kbhb of antibodies stabilizes the antibodies in plasma. As a remarkable example, COVID-19 neutralizing antibody B38 produced by 293T cells was Kbhb modified and stabilized in vivo, providing a strategy for the possibility of extending the protection effects of COVID-19 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Han
- Protein and Chemistry Platform, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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