151
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Vanderauwera J, Wouters J, Vandermosten M, Ghesquière P. Early dynamics of white matter deficits in children developing dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 27:69-77. [PMID: 28823983 PMCID: PMC6987857 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural anomalies have been demonstrated in dyslexia. Recent studies in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia and in pre-readers developing poor reading suggest that these anomalies might be a cause of their reading impairment. Our study goes one step further by exploring the neurodevelopmental trajectory of white matter anomalies in pre-readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia (n=61) of whom a strictly selected sample develops dyslexia later on (n=15). We collected longitudinal diffusion MRI and behavioural data until grade 3. The results provide evidence that children with dyslexia exhibit pre-reading white matter anomalies in left and right long segment of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), with predictive power of the left segment above traditional cognitive measures and familial risk. Whereas white matter differences in the left AF seem most strongly related to the development of dyslexia, differences in the left IFOF and in the right AF seem driven by both familial risk and later reading ability. Moreover, differences in the left AF appeared to be dynamic. This study supports and expands recent insights into the neural basis of dyslexia, pointing towards pre-reading anomalies related to dyslexia, as well as underpinning the dynamic character of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan Wouters
- Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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152
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Dodson CK, Travis KE, Ben-Shachar M, Feldman HM. White matter microstructure of 6-year old children born preterm and full term. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:268-275. [PMID: 28840098 PMCID: PMC5558468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM We previously observed a complex pattern of differences in white matter (WM) microstructure between preterm-born (PT) and full-term-born (FT) children and adolescents age 9-17 years. The aim of this study was to determine if the same differences exist as early as age 6 years. METHOD We obtained diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans in children born PT at age 6 years (n = 20; 11 males) and FT (n = 38; 14 males), using two scanning protocols: 30 diffusion directions (b = 1000 s/mm2) and 96 diffusion directions (b = 2500 s/mm2). We used deterministic tractography and analyzed fractional anisotropy (FA) along bilateral cerebral WM pathways that demonstrated differences in the older sample. RESULTS Compared to the FT group, the PT group showed (1) significantly decreased FA in the uncinate fasciculi and forceps major and (2) significantly increased FA in the right anterior thalamic radiation, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi, and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. This pattern of group differences resembles findings in the previous study of older PT and FT participants. Group differences were similar across dMRI acquisition protocols. INTERPRETATION The underlying neurobiology driving the pattern of PT-FT differences in FA is present as early as age 6 years. Generalization across dMRI acquisition protocols demonstrates the robustness of group differences in FA. Future studies will use quantitative neuroimaging techniques to understand the tissue properties that give rise to this consistent pattern of WM differences after PT birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory K Dodson
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road X119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine E Travis
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road X119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Heidi M Feldman
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road X119, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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153
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Ramus F, Altarelli I, Jednoróg K, Zhao J, Scotto di Covella L. Neuroanatomy of developmental dyslexia: Pitfalls and promise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:434-452. [PMID: 28797557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into the neuroanatomical bases of developmental dyslexia have now spanned more than 40 years, starting with the post-mortem examination of a few individual brains in the 60s and 70s, and exploding in the 90s with the widespread use of MRI. The time is now ripe to reappraise the considerable amount of data gathered with MRI using different types of sequences (T1, diffusion, spectroscopy) and analysed using different methods (manual, voxel-based or surface-based morphometry, fractional anisotropy and tractography, multivariate analyses…). While selective reviews of mostly small-scale studies seem to provide a coherent view of the brain disruptions that are typical of dyslexia, involving left perisylvian and occipito-temporal regions, we argue that this view may be deceptive and that meta-analyses and large-scale studies rather highlight many inconsistencies and limitations. We discuss problems inherent to small sample size as well as methodological difficulties that still undermine the discovery of reliable neuroanatomical bases of dyslexia, and we outline some recommendations to further improve this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de sciences cognitives et psycholinguistique (CNRS, ENS, EHESS, PSL Research University), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Irene Altarelli
- Brain and Learning Lab, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China
| | - Lou Scotto di Covella
- Laboratoire de sciences cognitives et psycholinguistique (CNRS, ENS, EHESS, PSL Research University), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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154
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Parrila RK, Protopapas A. Dyslexia and word reading problems. STUDIES IN WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND LITERACY 2017. [DOI: 10.1075/swll.15.19par] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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155
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Eckert MA, Vaden KI, Maxwell AB, Cute SL, Gebregziabher M, Berninger VW. Common Brain Structure Findings Across Children with Varied Reading Disability Profiles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6009. [PMID: 28729533 PMCID: PMC5519686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia is a developmental disorder in reading that exhibits varied patterns of expression across children. Here we examined the degree to which different kinds of reading disabilities (defined as profiles or patterns of reading problems) contribute to brain morphology results in Jacobian determinant images that represent local brain shape and volume. A matched-pair brain morphometry approach was used to control for confounding from brain size and research site effects in this retrospective multi-site study of 134 children from eight different research sites. Parietal operculum, corona radiata, and internal capsule differences between cases and controls were consistently observed across children with evidence of classic dyslexia, specific comprehension deficit, and language learning disability. Thus, there can be common brain morphology findings across children with quite varied reading disability profiles that we hypothesize compound the developmental difficulties of children with unique reading disability profiles and reasons for their reading disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Eckert
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Kenneth I Vaden
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Amanda B Maxwell
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Mulugeta Gebregziabher
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Virginia W Berninger
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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156
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Sanfratello L, Lundy S, Qualls C, Knoefel J, Adair J, Caprihan A, Stephen J, Aine C. Brain structure and verbal function across adulthood while controlling for cerebrovascular risks. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3472-3490. [PMID: 28390167 PMCID: PMC5632576 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and decline of brain structure and function throughout adulthood is a complex issue, with cognitive aging trajectories influenced by a host of factors including cerebrovascular risk. Neuroimaging studies of age-related cognitive decline typically reveal a linear decrease in gray matter (GM) volume/density in frontal regions across adulthood. However, white matter (WM) tracts mature later than GM, particularly in regions necessary for executive functions and memory. Therefore, it was predicted that a middle-aged group (MC: 35-45 years) would perform best on a verbal working memory task and reveal greater regional WM integrity, compared with both young (YC: 18-25 years) and elder groups (EC: 60+ years). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were obtained from 80 healthy participants. Objective measures of cerebrovascular risk and cognition were also obtained. As predicted, MC revealed best verbal working memory accuracy overall indicating some maturation of brain function between YC and MC. However, contrary to the prediction fractional anisotropy values (FA), a measure of WM integrity, were not greater in MC (i.e., there were no significant differences in FA between YC and MC but both groups showed greater FA than EC). An overall multivariate model for MEG ROIs showed greater peak amplitudes for MC and YC, compared with EC. Subclinical cerebrovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure and blood glucose) were negatively associated with FA in frontal callosal, limbic, and thalamic radiation regions which correlated with executive dysfunction and slower processing speed, suggesting their contribution to age-related cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3472-3490, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sanfratello
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - S.L. Lundy
- Center for Neuropsychological Services, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - C. Qualls
- Clinical and Translational Science Center (Biostatistics),University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - J.E. Knoefel
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - J.C. Adair
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
- New Mexico VA Health Care SystemAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87108
| | - A. Caprihan
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
| | - J.M. Stephen
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
| | - C.J. Aine
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
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157
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Li Y, Zhang L, Xia Z, Yang J, Shu H, Li P. The Relationship between Intrinsic Couplings of the Visual Word Form Area with Spoken Language Network and Reading Ability in Children and Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:327. [PMID: 28690507 PMCID: PMC5481365 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading plays a key role in education and communication in modern society. Learning to read establishes the connections between the visual word form area (VWFA) and language areas responsible for speech processing. Using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and Granger Causality Analysis (GCA) methods, the current developmental study aimed to identify the difference in the relationship between the connections of VWFA-language areas and reading performance in both adults and children. The results showed that: (1) the spontaneous connectivity between VWFA and the spoken language areas, i.e., the left inferior frontal gyrus/supramarginal gyrus (LIFG/LSMG), was stronger in adults compared with children; (2) the spontaneous functional patterns of connectivity between VWFA and language network were negatively correlated with reading ability in adults but not in children; (3) the causal influence from LIFG to VWFA was negatively correlated with reading ability only in adults but not in children; (4) the RSFCs between left posterior middle frontal gyrus (LpMFG) and VWFA/LIFG were positively correlated with reading ability in both adults and children; and (5) the causal influence from LIFG to LSMG was positively correlated with reading ability in both groups. These findings provide insights into the relationship between VWFA and the language network for reading, and the role of the unique features of Chinese in the neural circuits of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.,Department of Cognitive Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linjun Zhang
- Faculty of Linguistic Sciences and KIT-BLCU MEG Laboratory for Brain Science, Beijing Language and Culture UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cognitive Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hua Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, United States
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158
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Xia Z, Hancock R, Hoeft F. Neurobiological bases of reading disorder Part I: Etiological investigations. LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COMPASS 2017; 11:e12239. [PMID: 28785303 PMCID: PMC5543813 DOI: 10.1111/lnc3.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While many studies have focused on identifying the neural and behavioral characteristics of decoding-based reading disorder (RD, aka developmental dyslexia), the etiology of RD remains largely unknown and understudied. Because the brain plays an intermediate role between genetic factors and behavioral outcomes, it is promising to address causality from a neural perspective. In the current, Part I of the two-part review, we discuss neuroimaging approaches to addressing the causality issue and review the results of studies that have employed these approaches. We assume that if a neural signature were associated with RD etiology, it would (a) manifest across comparisons in different languages, (b) be experience independent and appear in comparisons between RD and reading-matched controls, (c) be present both pre- and post-intervention, (d) be found in at-risk, pre-reading children and (e) be associated with genetic risk. We discuss each of these five characteristics in turn and summarize the studies that have examined each of them. The available literature provides evidence that anomalies in left temporo-parietal cortex, and possibly occipito-temporal cortex, may be closely related to the etiology of RD. Improved understanding of the etiology of RD can help improve the accuracy of early detection and enable targeted intervention of cognitive processes that are amenable to change, leading to improved outcomes in at-risk or affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xia
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Roeland Hancock
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
- Dyslexia Center, University of California San Francisco, USA
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159
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Wang Y, Mauer MV, Raney T, Peysakhovich B, Becker BLC, Sliva DD, Gaab N. Development of Tract-Specific White Matter Pathways During Early Reading Development in At-Risk Children and Typical Controls. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2469-2485. [PMID: 27114172 PMCID: PMC5964366 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis. Previous studies observed white matter alterations in the left posterior brain regions in adults and school-age children with dyslexia. However, no study yet has examined the development of tract-specific white matter pathways from the pre-reading to the fluent reading stage in children at familial risk for dyslexia (FHD+) versus controls (FHD-). This study examined white matter integrity at pre-reading, beginning, and fluent reading stages cross-sectionally ( n = 78) and longitudinally (n = 45) using an automated fiber-tract quantification method. Our findings depict white matter alterations and atypical lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus at the pre-reading stage in FHD+ versus FHD- children. Moreover, we demonstrate faster white matter development in subsequent good versus poor readers and a positive association between white matter maturation and reading development using a longitudinal design. Additionally, the combination of white matter maturation, familial risk, and psychometric measures best predicted later reading abilities. Furthermore, within FHD+ children, subsequent good readers exhibited faster white matter development in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus compared with subsequent poor readers, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of white matter pathway maturation in the development of typical and atypical reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Meaghan V. Mauer
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Talia Raney
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Peysakhovich
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryce L. C. Becker
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle D. Sliva
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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160
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Darki F, Massinen S, Salmela E, Matsson H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Klingberg T, Kere J. Human ROBO1 regulates white matter structure in corpus callosum. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:707-716. [PMID: 27240594 PMCID: PMC5334444 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The axon guidance receptor, Robo1, controls the pathfinding of callosal axons in mice. To determine whether the orthologous ROBO1 gene is involved in callosal development also in humans, we studied polymorphisms in the ROBO1 gene and variation in the white matter structure in the corpus callosum using both structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. We found that five polymorphisms in the regulatory region of ROBO1 were associated with white matter density in the posterior part of the corpus callosum pathways. One of the polymorphisms, rs7631357, was also significantly associated with the probability of connections to the parietal cortical regions. Our results demonstrate that human ROBO1 may be involved in the regulation of the structure and connectivity of posterior part of corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satu Massinen
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Salmela
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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161
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Structural changes in functionally illiterate adults after intensive training. Neuroscience 2017; 344:229-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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162
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Žarić G, Correia JM, Fraga González G, Tijms J, van der Molen MW, Blomert L, Bonte M. Altered patterns of directed connectivity within the reading network of dyslexic children and their relation to reading dysfluency. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 23:1-13. [PMID: 27919003 PMCID: PMC6987659 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading is a complex cognitive skill subserved by a distributed network of visual and language-related regions. Disruptions of connectivity within this network have been associated with developmental dyslexia but their relation to individual differences in the severity of reading problems remains unclear. Here we investigate whether dysfunctional connectivity scales with the level of reading dysfluency by examining EEG recordings during visual word and false font processing in 9-year-old typically reading children (TR) and two groups of dyslexic children: severely dysfluent (SDD) and moderately dysfluent (MDD) dyslexics. Results indicated weaker occipital to inferior-temporal connectivity for words in both dyslexic groups relative to TRs. Furthermore, SDDs exhibited stronger connectivity from left central to right inferior-temporal and occipital sites for words relative to TRs, and for false fonts relative to both MDDs and TRs. Importantly, reading fluency was positively related with forward and negatively with backward connectivity. Our results suggest disrupted visual processing of words in both dyslexic groups, together with a compensatory recruitment of right posterior brain regions especially in the SDDs during word and false font processing. Functional connectivity in the brain's reading network may thus depend on the level of reading dysfluency beyond group differences between dyslexic and typical readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gojko Žarić
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - João M Correia
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Gorka Fraga González
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands; Rudolf Berlin Center, Valckenierstraat 65-67, 1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jurgen Tijms
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands; IWAL Institute, Prins Hendrikkade 84, 1012 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Maurtis W van der Molen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo Blomert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV Maastricht, Netherlands.
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163
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Kershner JR. Network dynamics in dyslexia: Review and implications for remediation. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 59:24-34. [PMID: 27497371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extant neurobiological theories of dyslexia appear fractional in focusing on isolated brain regions, mechanisms, and functional pathways. A synthesis of current research shows support for an Interactive Specialization (IS) model of dyslexia involving the dysfunctional orchestration of a widely-distributed, attentionally-controlled, hierarchical, and interhemispheric circuit of intercommunicating neuronal networks. This circuitry is comprised principally of the frontostriatal-parietal cognitive control system of networks, the posterior corpus callosum, and the left arcuate fasciculus. During development, the coalescence of these functionally specialized regions, acting together, may be essential to preventing the core phonemic and phonological processing deficits defining the dyslexic phenotype. Research demonstrating an association of each with processing phonology presents the foundational outline for a comprehensive, integrative theory of dyslexia and suggests the importance of inclusive remedial efforts aimed at promoting interactions among all three networking territories.
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164
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Lebel C, MacMaster FP, Dewey D. Brain metabolite levels and language abilities in preschool children. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00547. [PMID: 27781150 PMCID: PMC5064348 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Language acquisition occurs rapidly during early childhood and lays the foundation for future reading success. However, little is known about the brain-language relationships in young children. The goal of this study was to investigate relationships between brain metabolites and prereading language abilities in healthy preschool-aged children. METHODS Participants were 67 healthy children aged 3.0-5.4 years scanned on a 3T GE MR750w MRI scanner using short echo proton spectroscopy with a voxel placed in the anterior cingulate gyrus (n = 56) and/or near the left angular gyrus (n = 45). Children completed the NEPSY-II Phonological Processing and Speeded Naming subtests at the same time as their MRI scan. We calculated glutamate, glutamine, creatine/phosphocreatine, choline, inositol, and NAA concentrations, and correlated these with language skills. RESULTS In the anterior cingulate, Phonological Processing Scaled Scores were significantly correlated with glutamate, creatine, and inositol concentrations. In the left angular gyrus, Speeded Naming Combined Scaled Scores showed trend correlations with choline and glutamine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrate relationships between brain metabolites and prereading language abilities in young children. Our results show relationships between language and inositol and glutamate that may reflect glial differences underlying language function, and a relationship of language with creatine. The trend between Speeded Naming and choline is consistent with previous research in older children and adults; however, larger sample sizes are needed to confirm whether this relationship is indeed significant in young children. These findings help understand the brain basis of language, and may ultimately lead to earlier and more effective interventions for reading disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lebel
- Department of Radiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Child & Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Frank P MacMaster
- Child & Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Department of Pediatrics University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Department of Psychiatry University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Strategic Clinical Network for Addictions and Mental Health Alberta Health Services University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Pediatrics University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada; Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
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165
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Fernandez VG, Juranek J, Romanowska-Pawliczek A, Stuebing K, Williams VJ, Fletcher JM. White matter integrity of cerebellar-cortical tracts in reading impaired children: A probabilistic tractography study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 161:45-56. [PMID: 26307492 PMCID: PMC4803624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the white matter integrity of cerebellar-cortical pathways in individuals with dyslexia. Building on previous findings of decreased volume in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, we utilized novel cerebellar segmentation procedures and probabilistic tractography to examine tracts that connect the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and cortical regions typically associated with reading: the temporoparietal (TP), occipitotemporal (OT), and inferior frontal (IF) regions. The sample included 29 reading impaired children and 27 typical readers. We found greater fractional anisotropy (FA) for the poor readers in tracts connecting the cerebellum with TP and IF regions relative to typical readers. In the OT region, FA was greater for the older poor readers, but smaller for the younger ones. This study provides evidence for discrete, regionally-bound functions of the cerebellum and suggests that projections from the anterior cerebellum appear to have a regulatory effect on cortical pathways important for reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindia G Fernandez
- University of Houston, 4811 Calhoun Rd., 3rd Floor, Houston, TX 77204-6022, United States.
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 6655 Travis, Houston, TX 77030-1312, United States.
| | | | - Karla Stuebing
- University of Houston, 4811 Calhoun Rd., 3rd Floor, Houston, TX 77204-6022, United States.
| | - Victoria J Williams
- University of Houston, 4811 Calhoun Rd., 3rd Floor, Houston, TX 77204-6022, United States.
| | - Jack M Fletcher
- University of Houston, 4811 Calhoun Rd., 3rd Floor, Houston, TX 77204-6022, United States.
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166
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White matter properties differ in 6-year old Readers and Pre-readers. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1685-1703. [PMID: 27631434 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reading, an essential life skill in modern society, is typically learned during childhood. Adults who can read show white matter differences compared to adults who never learned to read. Studies have not established whether children who can read show similar white matter differences compared to children who cannot read. We compared 6-year old children who could decode written English words and pseudowords (n = 31; Readers) and 6-year old children who could not decode pseudowords and had a standard score <100 on a task for reading single words (n = 11; Pre-readers). We employed diffusion MRI and tractography to extract fractional anisotropy (FA) along the trajectory of six bilateral intra-hemispheric tracts and two posterior subdivisions of the corpus callosum. Readers demonstrated significantly increased FA within the left anterior segment of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (aSLF-L) and the right uncinate fasciculus (UF-R) compared to Pre-readers. FA in the aSLF-L was significantly correlated with phonological awareness; FA in the UF-R was significantly correlated with language. Correlations in the UF-R but not the aSLF-L remained significant after controlling for reading ability, revealing that UF-R group differences were related to both children's language and reading abilities. Taken together, these findings demonstrate new evidence showing that individual differences in white matter structure relate to whether children have begun to read.
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167
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Vandermosten M, Price CJ, Golestani N. Plasticity of white matter connectivity in phonetics experts. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:3825-33. [PMID: 26386692 PMCID: PMC5009160 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phonetics experts are highly trained to analyze and transcribe speech, both with respect to faster changing, phonetic features, and to more slowly changing, prosodic features. Previously we reported that, compared to non-phoneticians, phoneticians had greater local brain volume in bilateral auditory cortices and the left pars opercularis of Broca's area, with training-related differences in the grey-matter volume of the left pars opercularis in the phoneticians group (Golestani et al. 2011). In the present study, we used diffusion MRI to examine white matter microstructure, indexed by fractional anisotropy, in (1) the long segment of arcuate fasciculus (AF_long), which is a well-known language tract that connects Broca's area, including left pars opercularis, to the temporal cortex, and in (2) the fibers arising from the auditory cortices. Most of these auditory fibers belong to three validated language tracts, namely to the AF_long, the posterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus and the middle longitudinal fasciculus. We found training-related differences in phoneticians in left AF_long, as well as group differences relative to non-experts in the auditory fibers (including the auditory fibers belonging to the left AF_long). Taken together, the results of both studies suggest that grey matter structural plasticity arising from phonetic transcription training in Broca's area is accompanied by changes to the white matter fibers connecting this very region to the temporal cortex. Our findings suggest expertise-related changes in white matter fibers connecting fronto-temporal functional hubs that are important for phonetic processing. Further studies can pursue this hypothesis by examining the dynamics of these expertise related grey and white matter changes as they arise during phonetic training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Narly Golestani
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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168
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Graph analysis of EEG resting state functional networks in dyslexic readers. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3165-3175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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169
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Evans TM, Flowers DL, Luetje MM, Napoliello E, Eden GF. Functional neuroanatomy of arithmetic and word reading and its relationship to age. Neuroimage 2016; 143:304-315. [PMID: 27566261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arithmetic and written language are uniquely human skills acquired during early schooling and used daily. While prior studies have independently characterized the neural bases for arithmetic and reading, here we examine both skills in a single study to capture their shared and unique cognitive mechanisms, as well as the role of age/experience in modulating their neural representations. We used functional MRI in 7- to 29-year-olds who performed single-digit subtraction, single-digit addition, and single-word reading. Using a factorial design, we examined the main effects of Task (subtraction, addition, reading) and Age (as a continuous variable), and their interactions. A main effect of Task revealed preferential activation for subtraction in bilateral intraparietal sulci and supramarginal gyri, right insula, inferior frontal gyrus, and cingulate. The right middle temporal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus were preferentially active for both addition and reading, and left fusiform gyrus was preferentially active for reading. A main effect of Age revealed increased activity in older participants in right angular gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and putamen, and less activity in left supplementary motor area, suggesting a left frontal to right temporo-parietal shift of activity with increasing age/experience across all tasks. Interactions for Task by Age were found in right hippocampus and left middle frontal gyrus, with older age invoking greater activity for addition and at the same time less activity for subtraction and reading. Together, in a study conducted in the same participants using similar task and acquisition parameters, the results reveal the neural substrates of these educationally relevant cognitive skills in typical participants in the context of age/experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Evans
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite150 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - D Lynn Flowers
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite150 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Megan M Luetje
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite150 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Eileen Napoliello
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite150 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Guinevere F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite150 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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170
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Vandermosten M, Hoeft F, Norton ES. Integrating MRI brain imaging studies of pre-reading children with current theories of developmental dyslexia: A review and quantitative meta-analysis. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 10:155-161. [PMID: 27458603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological substrates that cause people with dyslexia to experience difficulty in acquiring accurate and fluent reading skills are still largely unknown. Although structural and functional brain anomalies associated with dyslexia have been reported in adults and school-age children, these anomalies may represent differences in reading experience rather than the etiology of dyslexia. Conducting MRI studies of pre-readers at risk for dyslexia is one approach that enables us to identify brain alterations that exist before differences in reading experience emerge. The current review summarizes MRI studies that examine brain differences associated with risk for dyslexia in children before reading instruction and meta-analyzes these studies. In order to link these findings with current etiological theories of dyslexia, we focus on studies that take a modular perspective rather than a network approach. Although some of the observed differences in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia may still be shaped by language experiences during the first years of life, such studies underscore the existence of reading-related brain anomalies prior to reading onset and could eventually lead to earlier and more precise diagnosis and treatment of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Vandermosten
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, 401 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco CA 94143, USA; KU Leuven, Department of Psychology and Educational Science, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, 401 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco CA 94143, USA; Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St. #900, New Haven CT 06511, USA; Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Northwestern University, Roxelyn & Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 2240 Campus Dr., Evanston IL 60208, USA
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171
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de Moura LM, Cogo-Moreira H, de Ávila CRB, Pan PM, Gadelha A, Moriyama T, Del Aquilla MA, Hoexter M, Salum GA, Picon FA, Anés M, Mercadante MT, Lacerda A, Amaro E, Miguel EC, Rohde LA, Bressan RA, McGuire P, Sato JR, de Jesus Mari J, Jackowski AP. Children with Poor Reading Skills at the Word Level Show Reduced Fractional Anisotropy in White Matter Tracts of Both Hemispheres. Brain Connect 2016; 6:519-23. [PMID: 27353747 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies showed that microstructural alterations are correlated to reading skills. In this study, we aim to investigate white matter microstructure of a group of Portuguese speakers with poor reading level, using different parameters of DTI. To perform this analysis, we selected children ranging from 8 to 12 years of age, poor readers (n = 17) and good readers (n = 23), evaluated in the word-level ability based on a Latent Class Analysis (LCA) of Academic Performance Test (TDE). Poor readers exhibited significant fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in many tracts of both hemispheres, but small and restricted clusters of increased radial diffusivity (RD) in the left hemisphere. Spatial coherence of fibers might be the main source of differences, as changes in FA were not similarly accompanied in terms of extension by changes in RD. Widespread structural alterations in the white matter could prevent good reading ability at word level, which is consistent with recent studies demonstrating the involvement of multiple cortical regions and white matter tracts in reading disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Monteiro de Moura
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil .,2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil .,3 Institute of Psychiatry , King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Mario Pan
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tais Moriyama
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Del Aquilla
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hoexter
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Almeida Picon
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Anés
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tomanik Mercadante
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acioly Lacerda
- 2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- 6 Department of Radiology, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil .,2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip McGuire
- 3 Institute of Psychiatry , King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- 8 Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Parolin Jackowski
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil .,2 Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
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172
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Cohen L, Dehaene S, McCormick S, Durant S, Zanker JM. Brain mechanisms of recovery from pure alexia: A single case study with multiple longitudinal scans. Neuropsychologia 2016; 91:36-49. [PMID: 27422538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pure alexia is an acquired reading disorder, typically due to a left occipito-temporal lesion affecting the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA). It is unclear whether the VWFA acts as a unique bottleneck for reading, or whether alternative routes are available for recovery. Here, we address this issue through the single-case longitudinal study of a neuroscientist who experienced pure alexia and participated in 17 behavioral, 9 anatomical, and 9 fMRI assessment sessions over a period of two years. The origin of the impairment was assigned to a small left fusiform lesion, accompanied by a loss of VWFA responsivity and by the degeneracy of the associated white matter pathways. fMRI experiments allowed us to image longitudinally the visual perception of words, as compared to other classes of stimuli, as well as the mechanisms of letter-by-letter reading. The progressive improvement of reading was not associated with the re-emergence of a new area selective to words, but with increasing responses in spared occipital cortex posterior to the lesion and in contralateral right occipital cortex. Those regions showed a non-specific increase of activations over time and an increase in functional correlation with distant language areas. Those results confirm the existence of an alternative occipital route for reading, bypassing the VWFA, but they also point to its key limitation: the patient remained a slow letter-by-letter reader, thus supporting the critical importance of the VWFA for the efficient parallel recognition of written words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Cohen
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University, Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Collège de France, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Samantha McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Szonya Durant
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Johannes M Zanker
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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173
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Aboud KS, Bailey SK, Petrill SA, Cutting LE. Comprehending text versus reading words in young readers with varying reading ability: distinct patterns of functional connectivity from common processing hubs. Dev Sci 2016; 19:632-56. [PMID: 27147257 PMCID: PMC4945471 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skilled reading depends on recognizing words efficiently in isolation (word-level processing; WL) and extracting meaning from text (discourse-level processing; DL); deficiencies in either result in poor reading. FMRI has revealed consistent overlapping networks in word and passage reading, as well as unique regions for DL processing; however, less is known about how WL and DL processes interact. Here we examined functional connectivity from seed regions derived from where BOLD signal overlapped during word and passage reading in 38 adolescents ranging in reading ability, hypothesizing that even though certain regions support word- and higher-level language, connectivity patterns from overlapping regions would be task modulated. Results indeed revealed that the left-lateralized semantic and working memory (WM) seed regions showed task-dependent functional connectivity patterns: during DL processes, semantic and WM nodes all correlated with the left angular gyrus, a region implicated in semantic memory/coherence building. In contrast, during WL, these nodes coordinated with a traditional WL area (left occipitotemporal region). In addition, these WL and DL findings were modulated by decoding and comprehension abilities, respectively, with poorer abilities correlating with decreased connectivity. Findings indicate that key regions may uniquely contribute to multiple levels of reading; we speculate that these connectivity patterns may be especially salient for reading outcomes and intervention response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen K. Bailey
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Laurie E. Cutting
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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174
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Vanbinst K, De Smedt B. Individual differences in children's mathematics achievement: The roles of symbolic numerical magnitude processing and domain-general cognitive functions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 227:105-30. [PMID: 27339010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reviewed the available evidence on the domain-specific and domain-general neurocognitive determinants of children's arithmetic development, other than nonsymbolic numerical magnitude processing, which might have been overemphasized as a core factor of individual differences in mathematics and dyscalculia. We focused on symbolic numerical magnitude processing, working memory, and phonological processing, as these determinants have been most researched and their roles in arithmetic can be predicted against the background of brain imaging data. Our review indicates that symbolic numerical magnitude processing is a major determinant of individual differences in arithmetic. Working memory, particularly the central executive, also plays a role in learning arithmetic, but its influence appears to be dependent on the learning stage and experience of children. The available evidence on phonological processing suggests that it plays a more subtle role in children's acquisition of arithmetic facts. Future longitudinal studies should investigate these factors in concert to understand their relative contribution as well as their mediating and moderating roles in children's arithmetic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanbinst
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B De Smedt
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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175
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Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhong S, Cui Z, Gong G, Dong Q, Nan Y. Abnormal topological organization of the white matter network in Mandarin speakers with congenital amusia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26505. [PMID: 27211239 PMCID: PMC4876438 DOI: 10.1038/srep26505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital amusia is a neurogenetic disorder that mainly affects the processing of musical pitch. Brain imaging evidence indicates that it is associated with abnormal structural and functional connections in the fronto-temporal region. However, a holistic understanding of the anatomical topology underlying amusia is still lacking. Here, we used probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging tractography and graph theory to examine whole brain white matter structural connectivity in 31 Mandarin-speaking amusics and 24 age- and IQ-matched controls. Amusics showed significantly reduced global connectivity, as indicated by the abnormally decreased clustering coefficient (Cp) and increased normalized shortest path length (λ) compared to the controls. Moreover, amusics exhibited enhanced nodal strength in the right inferior parietal lobule relative to controls. The co-existence of the lexical tone deficits was associated with even more deteriorated global network efficiency in amusics, as suggested by the significant correlation between the increments in normalized shortest path length (λ) and the insensitivity in lexical tone perception. Our study is the first to reveal reduced global connectivity efficiency in amusics as well as an increase in the global connectivity cost due to the co-existed lexical tone deficits. Taken together these results provide a holistic perspective on the anatomical substrates underlying congenital amusia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Suyu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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176
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Madec S, Le Goff K, Anton JL, Longcamp M, Velay JL, Nazarian B, Roth M, Courrieu P, Grainger J, Rey A. Brain correlates of phonological recoding of visual symbols. Neuroimage 2016; 132:359-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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177
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Travis KE, Ben-Shachar M, Myall NJ, Feldman HM. Variations in the neurobiology of reading in children and adolescents born full term and preterm. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 11:555-565. [PMID: 27158588 PMCID: PMC4845391 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion properties of white matter tracts have been associated with individual differences in reading. Individuals born preterm are at risk of injury to white matter. In this study we compared the associations between diffusion properties of white matter and reading skills in children and adolescents born full term and preterm. 45 participants, aged 9-17 years, included 26 preterms (born < 36 weeks' gestation) and 19 full-terms. Tract fractional anisotropy (FA) profiles were generated for five bilateral white matter tracts previously associated with reading: anterior superior longitudinal fasciculus (aSLF), arcuate fasciculus (Arc), corticospinal tract (CST), uncinate fasciculus (UF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Mean scores on reading for the two groups were in the normal range and were not statistically different. In both groups, FA was associated with measures of single word reading and comprehension in the aSLF, AF, CST, and UF. However, correlations were negative in the full term group and positive in the preterm group. These results demonstrate variations in the neurobiology of reading in children born full term and preterm despite comparable reading skills. Findings suggest that efficient information exchange required for strong reading abilities may be accomplished via a different balance of neurobiological mechanisms in different groups of readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Travis
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Nathaniel J Myall
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Heidi M Feldman
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
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178
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Martin A, Kronbichler M, Richlan F. Dyslexic brain activation abnormalities in deep and shallow orthographies: A meta-analysis of 28 functional neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2676-99. [PMID: 27061464 PMCID: PMC5103175 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We used coordinate‐based meta‐analysis to objectively quantify commonalities and differences of dyslexic functional brain abnormalities between alphabetic languages differing in orthographic depth. Specifically, we compared foci of under‐ and overactivation in dyslexic readers relative to nonimpaired readers reported in 14 studies in deep orthographies (DO: English) and in 14 studies in shallow orthographies (SO: Dutch, German, Italian, Swedish). The separate meta‐analyses of the two sets of studies showed universal reading‐related dyslexic underactivation in the left occipitotemporal cortex (including the visual word form area (VWFA)). The direct statistical comparison revealed higher convergence of underactivation for DO compared with SO in bilateral inferior parietal regions, but this abnormality disappeared when foci resulting from stronger dyslexic task‐negative activation (i.e., deactivation relative to baseline) were excluded. Higher convergence of underactivation for DO compared with SO was further identified in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars triangularis, left precuneus, and right superior temporal gyrus, together with higher convergence of overactivation in the left anterior insula. Higher convergence of underactivation for SO compared with DO was found in the left fusiform gyrus, left temporoparietal cortex, left IFG pars orbitalis, and left frontal operculum, together with higher convergence of overactivation in the left precentral gyrus. Taken together, the findings support the notion of a biological unity of dyslexia, with additional orthography‐specific abnormalities and presumably different compensatory mechanisms. The results are discussed in relation to current functional neuroanatomical models of developmental dyslexia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2676–2699, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martin
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Fabio Richlan
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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179
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Cui Z, Xia Z, Su M, Shu H, Gong G. Disrupted white matter connectivity underlying developmental dyslexia: A machine learning approach. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1443-58. [PMID: 26787263 PMCID: PMC6867308 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia has been hypothesized to result from multiple causes and exhibit multiple manifestations, implying a distributed multidimensional effect on human brain. The disruption of specific white-matter (WM) tracts/regions has been observed in dyslexic children. However, it remains unknown if developmental dyslexia affects the human brain WM in a multidimensional manner. Being a natural tool for evaluating this hypothesis, the multivariate machine learning approach was applied in this study to compare 28 school-aged dyslexic children with 33 age-matched controls. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging were acquired to extract five multitype WM features at a regional level: white matter volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. A linear support vector machine (LSVM) classifier achieved an accuracy of 83.61% using these MRI features to distinguish dyslexic children from controls. Notably, the most discriminative features that contributed to the classification were primarily associated with WM regions within the putative reading network/system (e.g., the superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, thalamocortical projections, and corpus callosum), the limbic system (e.g., the cingulum and fornix), and the motor system (e.g., the cerebellar peduncle, corona radiata, and corticospinal tract). These results were well replicated using a logistic regression classifier. These findings provided direct evidence supporting a multidimensional effect of developmental dyslexia on WM connectivity of human brain, and highlighted the involvement of WM tracts/regions beyond the well-recognized reading system in dyslexia. Finally, the discriminating results demonstrated a potential of WM neuroimaging features as imaging markers for identifying dyslexic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Mengmeng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
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180
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Tamboer P, Vorst HCM, Ghebreab S, Scholte HS. Machine learning and dyslexia: Classification of individual structural neuro-imaging scans of students with and without dyslexia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:508-514. [PMID: 27114899 PMCID: PMC4832088 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analytic studies suggest that dyslexia is characterized by subtle and spatially distributed variations in brain anatomy, although many variations failed to be significant after corrections of multiple comparisons. To circumvent issues of significance which are characteristic for conventional analysis techniques, and to provide predictive value, we applied a machine learning technique--support vector machine--to differentiate between subjects with and without dyslexia. In a sample of 22 students with dyslexia (20 women) and 27 students without dyslexia (25 women) (18-21 years), a classification performance of 80% (p < 0.001; d-prime = 1.67) was achieved on the basis of differences in gray matter (sensitivity 82%, specificity 78%). The voxels that were most reliable for classification were found in the left occipital fusiform gyrus (LOFG), in the right occipital fusiform gyrus (ROFG), and in the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL). Additionally, we found that classification certainty (e.g. the percentage of times a subject was correctly classified) correlated with severity of dyslexia (r = 0.47). Furthermore, various significant correlations were found between the three anatomical regions and behavioural measures of spelling, phonology and whole-word-reading. No correlations were found with behavioural measures of short-term memory and visual/attentional confusion. These data indicate that the LOFG, ROFG and the LIPL are neuro-endophenotype and potentially biomarkers for types of dyslexia related to reading, spelling and phonology. In a second and independent sample of 876 young adults of a general population, the trained classifier of the first sample was tested, resulting in a classification performance of 59% (p = 0.07; d-prime = 0.65). This decline in classification performance resulted from a large percentage of false alarms. This study provided support for the use of machine learning in anatomical brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tamboer
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H C M Vorst
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Ghebreab
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H S Scholte
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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181
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Altered hemispheric lateralization of white matter pathways in developmental dyslexia: Evidence from spherical deconvolution tractography. Cortex 2016; 76:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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182
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Lu C, Qi Z, Harris A, Weil LW, Han M, Halverson K, Perrachione TK, Kjelgaard M, Wexler K, Tager-Flusberg H, Gabrieli JDE. Shared neuroanatomical substrates of impaired phonological working memory across reading disability and autism. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:169-177. [PMID: 26949750 PMCID: PMC4776338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with reading disability or individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized, respectively, by their difficulties in reading or social communication, but both groups often have impaired phonological working memory (PWM). It is not known whether the impaired PWM reflects distinct or shared neuroanatomical abnormalities in these two diagnostic groups. METHODS White-matter structural connectivity via diffusion weighted imaging was examined in sixty-four children, ages 5-17 years, with reading disability, ASD, or typical development (TD), who were matched in age, gender, intelligence, and diffusion data quality. RESULTS Children with reading disability and children with ASD exhibited reduced PWM compared to children with TD. The two diagnostic groups showed altered white-matter microstructure in the temporo-parietal portion of the left arcuate fasciculus (AF) and in the temporo-occipital portion of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), as indexed by reduced fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity. Moreover, the structural integrity of the right ILF was positively correlated with PWM ability in the two diagnostic groups, but not in the TD group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that impaired PWM is transdiagnostically associated with shared neuroanatomical abnormalities in ASD and reading disability. Microstructural characteristics in left AF and right ILF may play important roles in the development of PWM. The right ILF may support a compensatory mechanism for children with impaired PWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhenghan Qi
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrianne Harris
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lisa Wisman Weil
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Han
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly Halverson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler K. Perrachione
- Department of Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Margaret Kjelgaard
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kenneth Wexler
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Helen Tager-Flusberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John D. E. Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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183
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Ozernov-Palchik O, Gaab N. Tackling the 'dyslexia paradox': reading brain and behavior for early markers of developmental dyslexia. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:156-76. [PMID: 26836227 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is an unexplained inability to acquire accurate or fluent reading that affects approximately 5-17% of children. Dyslexia is associated with structural and functional alterations in various brain regions that support reading. Neuroimaging studies in infants and pre-reading children suggest that these alterations predate reading instruction and reading failure, supporting the hypothesis that variant function in dyslexia susceptibility genes lead to atypical neural migration and/or axonal growth during early, most likely in utero, brain development. Yet, dyslexia is typically not diagnosed until a child has failed to learn to read as expected (usually in second grade or later). There is emerging evidence that neuroimaging measures, when combined with key behavioral measures, can enhance the accuracy of identification of dyslexia risk in pre-reading children but its sensitivity, specificity, and cost-efficiency is still unclear. Early identification of dyslexia risk carries important implications for dyslexia remediation and the amelioration of the psychosocial consequences commonly associated with reading failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ozernov-Palchik
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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184
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Tang MY, Zhang XM, Chen TW, Huang XH. Various diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques for pancreatic cancer. World J Radiol 2015; 7:424-37. [PMID: 26753059 PMCID: PMC4697117 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v7.i12.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and remains a treatment-refractory cancer with a poor prognosis. Currently, the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm depends mainly on imaging and which methods are conducive to detecting small lesions. Compared to the other techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has irreplaceable advantages and can provide valuable information unattainable with other noninvasive or minimally invasive imaging techniques. Advances in MR hardware and pulse sequence design have particularly improved the quality and robustness of MRI of the pancreas. Diffusion MR imaging serves as one of the common functional MRI techniques and is the only technique that can be used to reflect the diffusion movement of water molecules in vivo. It is generally known that diffusion properties depend on the characterization of intrinsic features of tissue microdynamics and microstructure. With the improvement of the diffusion models, diffusion MR imaging techniques are increasingly varied, from the simplest and most commonly used technique to the more complex. In this review, the various diffusion MRI techniques for pancreatic cancer are discussed, including conventional diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), multi-b DWI based on intra-voxel incoherent motion theory, diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging. The principles, main parameters, advantages and limitations of these techniques, as well as future directions for pancreatic diffusion imaging are also discussed.
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185
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Double-letter processing in surface dyslexia and dysgraphia following a left temporal lesion: A multimodal neuroimaging study. Cortex 2015; 73:112-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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186
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Johnson CP, Juranek J, Swank PR, Kramer L, Cox CS, Ewing-Cobbs L. White matter and reading deficits after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:668-77. [PMID: 26740920 PMCID: PMC4660156 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury often results in significant long-term deficits in mastery of reading ability. This study aimed to identify white matter pathways that, when damaged, predicted reading deficits in children. Based on the dual-route model of word reading, we predicted that integrity of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus would be related to performance in sight word identification while integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus would be related to performance in phonemic decoding. Reading fluency and comprehension were hypothesized to relate to the superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and cingulum bundle. The connectivity of white matter pathways was used to predict reading deficits in children aged 6 to 16 years with traumatic brain injury (n = 29) and those with orthopedic injury (n = 27) using tract-based spatial statistics. Results showed that children with traumatic brain injury and reduced microstructural integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus demonstrated reduced word-reading ability on sight word and phonemic decoding tasks. Additionally, children with traumatic brain injury and microstructural changes involving the cingulum bundle demonstrated reduced reading fluency. Results support the association of a dorsal pathway via the superior longitudinal fasciculus with both sight word reading and phonemic decoding. No association was identified between the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and sight word reading or phonemic decoding. Reading fluency was associated with the integrity of the cingulum bundle. These findings support dissociable pathways predicting word reading and fluency using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and provide additional information for developing models of acquired reading deficits by specifying areas of brain damage which may predict reading deficits following recovery from the acute phase of TBI. We apply models of white matter and reading ability to pediatric brain trauma. We report dissociable effects for integrity of specific white matter pathways and specific reading skills following injury. We report a relationship between the cingulum bundle and reading ability. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of brain-based reading models as they relate to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Parker Johnson
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, Department of Psychology, 200 W Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Pediatrics, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Paul R Swank
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Pediatrics, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Larry Kramer
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Pediatrics, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Charles S Cox
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Pediatrics, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Linda Ewing-Cobbs
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Pediatrics, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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187
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Tamboer P, Scholte HS, Vorst HCM. Dyslexia and voxel-based morphometry: correlations between five behavioural measures of dyslexia and gray and white matter volumes. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2015; 65:121-141. [PMID: 25908528 PMCID: PMC4565889 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-015-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In voxel-based morphometry studies of dyslexia, the relation between causal theories of dyslexia and gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume alterations is still under debate. Some alterations are consistently reported, but others failed to reach significance. We investigated GM alterations in a large sample of Dutch students (37 dyslexics and 57 non-dyslexics) with two analyses: group differences in local GM and total GM and WM volume and correlations between GM and WM volumes and five behavioural measures. We found no significant group differences after corrections for multiple comparisons although total WM volume was lower in the group of dyslexics when age was partialled out. We presented an overview of uncorrected clusters of voxels (p < 0.05, cluster size k > 200) with reduced or increased GM volume. We found four significant correlations between factors of dyslexia representing various behavioural measures and the clusters found in the first analysis. In the whole sample, a factor related to performances in spelling correlated negatively with GM volume in the left posterior cerebellum. Within the group of dyslexics, a factor related to performances in Dutch-English rhyme words correlated positively with GM volume in the left and right caudate nucleus and negatively with increased total WM volume. Most of our findings were in accordance with previous reports. A relatively new finding was the involvement of the caudate nucleus. We confirmed the multiple cognitive nature of dyslexia and suggested that experience greatly influences anatomical alterations depending on various subtypes of dyslexia, especially in a student sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tamboer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- , Weesperplein 4, Room 218, 1018XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- , Overtoom 247B, 1054HW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Steven Scholte
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie C M Vorst
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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188
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Zhou W, Xia Z, Bi Y, Shu H. Altered connectivity of the dorsal and ventral visual regions in dyslexic children: a resting-state fMRI study. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:495. [PMID: 26441595 PMCID: PMC4564758 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While there is emerging evidence from behavioral studies that visual attention skills are impaired in dyslexia, the corresponding neural mechanism (i.e., deficits in the dorsal visual region) needs further investigation. We used resting-state fMRI to explore the functional connectivity (FC) patterns of the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the visual word form area (VWFA) in dyslexic children (N = 21, age mean = 12) and age-matched controls (N = 26, age mean = 12). The results showed that the left IPS and the VWFA were functionally connected to each other in both groups and that both were functionally connected to left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Importantly, we observed significant group differences in FC between the left IPS and the left MFG and between the VWFA and the left MFG. In addition, the strengths of the identified FCs were significantly correlated with the score of fluent reading, which required obvious eye movement and visual attention processing, but not with the lexical decision score. We conclude that dyslexics have deficits in the network composed of the prefrontal, dorsal visual and ventral visual regions and may have a lack of modulation from the left MFG to the dorsal and ventral visual regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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189
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Koerte IK, Willems A, Muehlmann M, Moll K, Cornell S, Pixner S, Steffinger D, Keeser D, Heinen F, Kubicki M, Shenton ME, Ertl-Wagner B, Schulte-Körne G. Mathematical abilities in dyslexic children: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:781-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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190
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Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Who Gets Head Trauma or Recruited in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Research? J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:232-41. [PMID: 26054639 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a public health problem. Outcome from mTBI is heterogeneous in part due to pre-injury individual differences that typically are not well described or understood. Pre-injury health characteristics of all consecutive patients (n=3023) who underwent head computed tomography due to acute head trauma in the emergency department of Tampere University Hospital, Finland, between August 2010 and July 2012 were examined. Patients were screened to obtain a sample of working age adults with no pre-injury medical or mental health problems who had sustained a "pure" mTBI. Of all patients screened, 1990 (65.8%) fulfilled the mTBI criteria, 257 (8.5%) had a more severe TBI, and 776 (25.7%) had a head trauma without obvious signs of brain injury. Injury-related data and participant-related data (e.g., age, sex, diagnosed diseases, and medications) were collected from hospital records. The most common pre-injury diseases were circulatory (39.4%-43.2%), neurological (23.7%-25.2%), and psychiatric (25.8%-27.5%) disorders. Alcohol abuse was present in 18.4%-26.8%. The most common medications were for cardiovascular (33.1%-36.6%), central nervous system (21.4%-30.8%), and blood clotting and anemia indications (21.5%-22.6%). Of the screened patients, only 2.5% met all the enrollment criteria. Age, neurological conditions, and psychiatric problems were the most common reasons for exclusion. Most of the patients sustaining an mTBI have some pre-injury diseases or conditions that could affect clinical outcome. By excluding patients with pre-existing conditions, the patients with known risk factors for poor outcome remain poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant L Iverson
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anneli Kataja
- 3 Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- 3 Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- 4 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
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191
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Abstract
Understanding the process by which the cerebral hemispheres reach their mature functional organization remains challenging. We propose a theoretical account in which, in the domain of vision, faces and words come to be represented adjacent to retinotopic cortex by virtue of the need to discriminate among homogeneous exemplars. Orthographic representations are further constrained to be proximal to typically left-lateralized language-related information to minimize connectivity length between visual and language areas. As reading is acquired, orthography comes to rely more heavily (albeit not exclusively) on the left fusiform region to bridge vision and language. Consequently, due to competition from emerging word representations, face representations that were initially bilateral become lateralized to the right fusiform region (albeit, again, not exclusively). We review recent research that describes constraints that give rise to this graded hemispheric arrangement. We then summarize empirical evidence from a variety of studies (behavioral, evoked response potential, functional imaging) across different populations (children, adolescents, and adults; left handers and individuals with developmental dyslexia) that supports the claims that hemispheric lateralization is graded rather than binary and that this graded organization emerges dynamically over the course of development. Perturbations of this system either during development or in adulthood provide further insights into the principles governing hemispheric organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David C Plaut
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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192
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Skeide MA, Kirsten H, Kraft I, Schaadt G, Müller B, Neef N, Brauer J, Wilcke A, Emmrich F, Boltze J, Friederici AD. Genetic dyslexia risk variant is related to neural connectivity patterns underlying phonological awareness in children. Neuroimage 2015; 118:414-21. [PMID: 26080313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonological awareness is the best-validated predictor of reading and spelling skill and therefore highly relevant for developmental dyslexia. Prior imaging genetics studies link several dyslexia risk genes to either brain-functional or brain-structural factors of phonological deficits. However, coherent evidence for genetic associations with both functional and structural neural phenotypes underlying variation in phonological awareness has not yet been provided. Here we demonstrate that rs11100040, a reported modifier of SLC2A3, is related to the functional connectivity of left fronto-temporal phonological processing areas at resting state in a sample of 9- to 12-year-old children. Furthermore, we provide evidence that rs11100040 is related to the fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus, which forms the structural connection between these areas. This structural connectivity phenotype is associated with phonological awareness, which is in turn associated with the individual retrospective risk scores in an early dyslexia screening as well as to spelling. These results suggest a link between a dyslexia risk genotype and a functional as well as a structural neural phenotype, which is associated with a phonological awareness phenotype. The present study goes beyond previous work by integrating genetic, brain-functional and brain-structural aspects of phonological awareness within a single approach. These combined findings might be another step towards a multimodal biomarker for developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Skeide
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Indra Kraft
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesa Schaadt
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bent Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Neef
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Brauer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Emmrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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193
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Vanderauwera J, Vandermosten M, Dell'Acqua F, Wouters J, Ghesquière P. Disentangling the relation between left temporoparietal white matter and reading: A spherical deconvolution tractography study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3273-87. [PMID: 26037303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown that left temporoparietal white matter is related to phonological aspects of reading. However, DTI lacks the sensitivity to disentangle whether phonological processing is sustained by intrahemispheric connections, interhemispheric connections, or projection tracts. Spherical deconvolution (SD) is a nontensor model which enables a more accurate estimation of multiple fiber directions in crossing fiber regions. Hence, this study is the first to investigate whether the observed relation with reading aspects in left temporoparietal white matter is sustained by a particular pathway by applying a nontensor model. Second, measures of degree of diffusion anisotropy, which indirectly informs about white matter organization, were compared between DTI and SD tractography. In this study, 71 children (5-6 years old) participated. Intrahemispheric, interhemispheric, and projection pathways were delineated using DTI and SD tractography. Anisotropy indices were extracted, that is, fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI and quantitative hindrance modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA) in SD. DTI results show that diffusion anisotropy in both the intrahemispheric and projection tracts was positively correlated to phonological awareness; however, the effect was confounded by subjects' motion. In SD, the relation was restricted to the left intrahemispheric connections. A model comparison suggested that FA was, relatively to HMOA, more confounded by fiber crossings; however, anisotropy indices were highly related. In sum, this study shows the potential of SD to quantify white matter microstructure in regions containing crossing fibers. More specifically, SD analyses show that phonological awareness is sustained by left intrahemispheric connections and not interhemispheric or projection tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- NATBRAINLAB, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Wouters
- Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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194
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Vandermosten M, Vanderauwera J, Theys C, De Vos A, Vanvooren S, Sunaert S, Wouters J, Ghesquière P. A DTI tractography study in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 14:8-15. [PMID: 26048528 PMCID: PMC6989819 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults and school-aged children, phonological aspects of reading seem to be sustained by left dorsal regions, while ventral regions seem to be involved in orthographic word recognition. Yet, given that the brain reorganises during reading acquisition, it is unknown when and how these reading routes emerge and whether neural deficits in dyslexia predate reading onset. Using diffusion MRI in 36 pre-readers with a family risk for dyslexia (FRD(+)) and 35 well matched pre-readers without a family risk (FRD(-)), our results show that phonological predictors of reading are sustained bilaterally by both ventral and dorsal tracts. This suggests that a dorsal and left-hemispheric specialisation for phonological aspects of reading, as observed in adults, is presumably gradually formed throughout reading development. Second, our results indicate that FRD(+) pre-readers display mainly white matter differences in left ventral tracts. This suggests that atypical white matter organisation previously found in dyslexic adults may be causal rather than resulting from a lifetime of reading difficulties, and that the location of such a deficit may vary throughout development. While this study forms an important starting point, longitudinal follow-up of these children will allow further investigation of the dynamics between emerging literacy development and white matter connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Vandermosten
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jolijn Vanderauwera
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Theys
- Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Astrid De Vos
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vanvooren
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Translational MRI, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wouters
- Laboratory for Experimental ORL, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Ghesquière
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, PO Box 3765, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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195
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Boukrina O, Barrett AM, Alexander EJ, Yao B, Graves WW. Neurally dissociable cognitive components of reading deficits in subacute stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:298. [PMID: 26082701 PMCID: PMC4444825 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
According to cognitive models of reading, words are processed by interacting orthographic (spelling), phonological (sound), and semantic (meaning) information. Despite extensive study of the neural basis of reading in healthy participants, little group data exist on patients with reading deficits from focal brain damage pointing to critical neural systems for reading. Here, we report on one such study. We have performed neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging on 11 patients with left-hemisphere stroke (<=5 weeks post-stroke). Patients completed tasks assessing cognitive components of reading such as semantics (matching picture or word choices to a target based on meaning), phonology (matching word choices to a target based on rhyming), and orthography (a two-alternative forced choice of the most plausible non-word). They also read aloud pseudowords and words with high or low levels of usage frequency, imageability, and spelling-sound consistency. As predicted by the cognitive model, when averaged across patients, the influence of semantics was most salient for low-frequency, low-consistency words, when phonological decoding is especially difficult. Qualitative subtraction analyses revealed lesion sites specific to phonological processing. These areas were consistent with those shown previously to activate for phonology in healthy participants, including supramarginal, posterior superior temporal, middle temporal, inferior frontal gyri, and underlying white matter. Notable divergence between this analysis and previous functional imaging is the association of lesions in the mid-fusiform gyrus and anterior temporal lobe with phonological reading deficits. This study represents progress toward identifying brain lesion-deficit relationships in the cognitive components of reading. Such correspondences are expected to help not only better understand the neural mechanisms of reading, but may also help tailor reading therapy to individual neurocognitive deficit profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Boukrina
- Language Behavior and Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - A. M. Barrett
- Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West OrangeNJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Edward J. Alexander
- Language Behavior and Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, NJ, USA
- Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, Kessler Foundation, West OrangeNJ, USA
| | - William W. Graves
- Language Behavior and Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
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196
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The direct segment of the arcuate fasciculus is predictive of longitudinal reading change. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 13:68-74. [PMID: 26011750 PMCID: PMC4480913 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We related arcuate subtract coherence to longitudinal reading outcomes in children. FA along the direct segment was uniquely predictive of reading growth. This effect was consistent in both younger and older children. Specifically the direct segment's structure may support reading across development.
Structural coherence across the arcuate fasciculus has previously been related to reading skill, but the arcuate may be divisible into distinct subtracts which support different functions. Here, we examine longitudinal data from 30 children between the ages of 8 and 14 to determine whether initial coherence in any of the arcuate's subsections is predictive of changes in reading across a longitudinal interval of approximately three years. The arcuate was divided using probabilistic tractography; mean fractional anisotropy across each subtract was extracted for each participant. Time 1 to Time 2 change in reading skill (identification, fluency score average) was significantly and uniquely predicted by only direct fronto-temporal arcuate segment coherence. Participants with lower direct segment FA demonstrated decreases in reading scores, potentially reflecting lessened improvements due to continued inefficient processing. These results were consistent in the older and younger halves of the sample. As such, we demonstrate that it is specifically the direct segment of the arcuate that may support and be predictive of reading skill both initially and longitudinally across development.
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197
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Travis KE, Leitner Y, Feldman HM, Ben‐Shachar M. Cerebellar white matter pathways are associated with reading skills in children and adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:1536-53. [PMID: 25504986 PMCID: PMC4374012 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is a critical life skill in the modern world. The neural basis of reading incorporates a distributed network of cortical areas and their white matter connections. The cerebellum has also been implicated in reading and reading disabilities. However, little is known about the contribution of cerebellar white matter pathways to major component skills of reading. We used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) with tractography to identify the cerebellar peduncles in a group of 9- to 17-year-old children and adolescents born full term (FT, n = 19) or preterm (PT, n = 26). In this cohort, no significant differences were found between fractional anisotropy (FA) measures of the peduncles in the PT and FT groups. FA of the cerebellar peduncles correlated significantly with measures of decoding and reading comprehension in the combined sample of FT and PT subjects. Correlations were negative in the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles and positive in the middle cerebellar peduncle. Additional analyses revealed that FT and PT groups demonstrated similar patterns of reading associations within the left superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle, and left inferior cerebellar peduncle. Partial correlation analyses showed that distinct sub-skills of reading were associated with FA in segments of different cerebellar peduncles. Overall, the present findings are the first to document associations of microstructure of the cerebellar peduncles and the component skills of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Travis
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental MedicineDepartment of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCalifornia
| | - Yael Leitner
- Child Development CenterTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Heidi M. Feldman
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental MedicineDepartment of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCalifornia
| | - Michal Ben‐Shachar
- The Gonda Brain Research CenterBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- Department of English literature and LinguisticsBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
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198
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Fan Q, Davis N, Anderson AW, Cutting LE. Thalamo-cortical connectivity: what can diffusion tractography tell us about reading difficulties in children? Brain Connect 2015; 4:428-39. [PMID: 24963547 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2013.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is an essential skill in modern society, but many people have deficits in the decoding and word recognition aspects of reading, a difficulty often referred to as dyslexia. The primary focus of neuroimaging studies to date in dyslexia has been on cortical regions; however, subcortical regions may also be important for explaining this disability. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging to examine the association between thalamo-cortical connectivity and children's reading ability in 20 children with typically developed reading ability (age range 8-17/10-17 years old from two imaging centers) and 19 children with developmental dyslexia (DYS) (age range 9-17/9-16 years old). To measure thalamo-cortical connections, the structural images were segmented into cortical and subcortical anatomical regions that were used as target and seed regions in the probabilistic tractography analysis. Abnormal thalamic connectivity was found in the dyslexic group in the sensorimotor and lateral prefrontal cortices. These results suggest that the thalamus may play a key role in reading behavior by mediating the functions of task-specific cortical regions; such findings lay the foundation for future studies to investigate further neurobiological anomalies in the development of thalamo-cortical connectivity in DYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Fan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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199
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Altered topological organization of brain structural network in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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200
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Byrnes JP, Vu LT. Educational neuroscience: definitional, methodological, and interpretive issues. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2015; 6:221-34. [PMID: 26263226 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hope to accomplish three aims as follows: (1) provide greater clarity regarding the nature and scope of the field of educational neuroscience, (2) propose a framework for understanding when and how neuroscientific research could be informative for educational practice, and (3) describe some examples of neuroscientific findings from the domains of reading and mathematics that are informative according to this framework. We propose that psychological models of learning-related processes should be the basis of instructional decisions, and that neuroscientific evidence in combination with traditional evidence from psychological experiments should be used to decide among competing psychological models. Our review of the neuroscientific evidence for both reading and mathematics suggests that while much has been learned over the past 20 years, there is still a 'disconnect' between contemporary psychological models that emphasize higher level skills and neuroscientific studies that focus on lower level skills. Moreover, few researchers have used neuroscientific evidence to decide among psychological models, but have focused instead on identifying the brain regions that subtend component skills of reading and math. Nevertheless, neuroscientific studies have confirmed the intrinsic relationship between reading and spoken language, revealed interesting predictive relationships between anatomical structures and reading and math disabilities, and there is the potential for fruitful collaborations between neuroscientists and psychologists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Byrnes
- Psychological Studies in Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lien T Vu
- Psychological Studies in Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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