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Cajanus K, Kytö V, Ruuskanen JO, Luoto TM, Rautava P, Tornio A, Posti JP. Association of Central Nervous System-Affecting Medications With Occurrence and Short-Term Mortality of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery 2024; 94:721-728. [PMID: 37850916 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The use of medications commonly prescribed after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been little studied before TBI. This study examined the association between the use of medications that affect the central nervous system (CNS) and the occurrence and short-term mortality of TBI. METHODS Mandatory Finnish registries were used to identify TBI admissions, fatal TBIs, and drug purchases during 2005-2018. Patients with TBI were 1:1 matched to nontrauma control patients to investigate the association between medications and the occurrence of TBI and 30-day mortality after TBI. Number needed to harm (NNH) was calculated for all medications. RESULTS The cohort included 59 606 patients with TBI and a similar number of control patients. CNS-affecting drugs were more common in patients with TBI than in controls [odds ratio = 2.07 (2.02-2.13), P < .001)]. Benzodiazepines were the most common type of medications in patients with TBI (17%) and in controls (11%). The lowest NNH for the occurrence of TBI was associated with benzodiazepines (15.4), selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (18.5), and second-generation antipsychotics (25.8). Eight percent of the patients with TBI died within 30 days. The highest hazard ratios (HR) and lowest NNHs associated with short-term mortality were observed with strong opioids [HR = 1.41 (1.26-1.59), NNH = 33.1], second-generation antipsychotics [HR = 1.36 (1.23-1.50), NNH = 37.1], and atypical antidepressants [HR = 1.17 (1.04-1.31), NNH = 77.7]. CONCLUSION Thirty-seven percent of patients with TBI used at least 1 CNS-affecting drug. This proportion was significantly higher than in the control population (24%). The highest risk and lowest NNH for short-term mortality were observed with strong opioids, second-generation antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants. The current risks underscore the importance of weighing the benefits and risks before prescribing CNS-affecting drugs in patients at risk of head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Cajanus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
- Research Services, Turku University Hospital, Turku , Finland
| | - Jori O Ruuskanen
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere , Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku , Finland
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Picetti E, Demetriades AK, Catena F, Aarabi B, Abu-Zidan FM, Alves OL, Ansaloni L, Armonda RA, Badenes R, Bala M, Balogh ZJ, Barbanera A, Bertuccio A, Biffl WL, Bouzat P, Buki A, Castano-Leon AM, Cerasti D, Citerio G, Coccolini F, Coimbra R, Coniglio C, Costa F, De Iure F, Depreitere B, Fainardi E, Fehlings MJ, Gabrovsky N, Godoy DA, Gruen P, Gupta D, Hawryluk GWJ, Helbok R, Hossain I, Hutchinson PJ, Iaccarino C, Inaba K, Ivanov M, Kaprovoy S, Kirkpatrick AW, Klein S, Kolias A, Konovalov NA, Lagares A, Lippa L, Loza-Gomez A, Luoto TM, Maas AIR, Maciejczak A, Maier RV, Marklund N, Martin MJ, Melloni I, Mendoza-Lattes S, Meyfroidt G, Munari M, Napolitano LM, Okonkwo DO, Otomo Y, Papadopoulos MC, Petr O, Peul WC, Pudkrong AK, Qasim Z, Rasulo F, Reizinho C, Ringel F, Rizoli S, Rostami E, Rubiano AM, Russo E, Sarwal A, Schwab JM, Servadei F, Sharma D, Sharif S, Shiban E, Shutter L, Stahel PF, Taccone FS, Terpolilli NA, Thomé C, Toth P, Tsitsopoulos PP, Udy A, Vaccaro AR, Varon AJ, Vavilala MS, Younsi A, Zackova M, Zoerle T, Robba C. Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS). World J Emerg Surg 2024; 19:4. [PMID: 38238783 PMCID: PMC10795357 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-023-00525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies. METHODS A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of tSCI polytrauma patients with different specializations was established. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) endorsed the consensus, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. RESULTS A total of 17 statements were proposed and discussed. A consensus was reached generating 17 recommendations (16 strong and 1 weak). CONCLUSIONS This consensus provides practical recommendations to support a clinician's decision making in the management of tSCI polytrauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Picetti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
| | - Andreas K Demetriades
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Leiden University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, HMC-HAGA The Hague & LUMC Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Catena
- Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- The Research Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oscar L Alves
- Hospital Lusíadas Porto, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia/Espinho, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- Department of Surgery, Pavia University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rocco A Armonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine and MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rafael Badenes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical-Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clínic Universitari de Valencia, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miklosh Bala
- Department of General Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zsolt J Balogh
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrea Barbanera
- Department of Neurosurgery, SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Alessandria Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertuccio
- Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Walter L Biffl
- Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Andras Buki
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Davide Cerasti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Federico Coccolini
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Coniglio
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Prehospital Emergency, Ospedale Maggiore Carlo Alberto Pizzardi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Costa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico De Iure
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore Carlo Alberto Pizzardi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bart Depreitere
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael J Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolay Gabrovsky
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pirogov, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Peter Gruen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre and JPN Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gregory W J Hawryluk
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Akron General Hospital, Fairlawn, OH, USA
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iftakher Hossain
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Corrado Iaccarino
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcel Ivanov
- Neurosurgery Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stanislav Kaprovoy
- Department of Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew W Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sam Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Angelos Kolias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- ANAPLASI Rehabilitation Centre, Athens, Greece
- 1St Neurosurgery Department, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolay A Konovalov
- Department of Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfonso Lagares
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lippa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Loza-Gomez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrew I R Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Maciejczak
- Department of Neurosurgery, St Luke Hospital, University of Rzeszow, Tarnow, Poland
| | - Ronald V Maier
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ilaria Melloni
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences (DINOGMI), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Geert Meyfroidt
- Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Marina Munari
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lena M Napolitano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Ondra Petr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilco C Peul
- Leiden University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, HMC-HAGA The Hague & LUMC Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aichholz K Pudkrong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zaffer Qasim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care, Spedali Civili University Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carla Reizinho
- Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, HMC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elham Rostami
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Emanuele Russo
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AUSL Romagna, M.Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Aarti Sarwal
- Department of Neurology, Atrium Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Franco Servadei
- Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS & Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neuroanesthesia & Perioperative Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Salman Sharif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ehab Shiban
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lori Shutter
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Philip F Stahel
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Fabio S Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicole A Terpolilli
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Parmenion P Tsitsopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Andrew Udy
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Delaware Valley Spinal Cord Injury Center, Rothman Orthopedics, Sidney Kimmel Medical Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert J Varon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Ryder Trauma Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Zackova
- Division of Intensive Care and Neurology Unit, Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Diagnostiche e Integrate, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Keski-Pukkila M, Karr JE, Posti JP, Berghem K, Kotilainen AK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Iverson GL, Luoto TM. Preliminary Evaluation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Head Injuries with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:50-60. [PMID: 38249322 PMCID: PMC10797168 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has become the most promising biomarker for detecting traumatic abnormalities on head computed tomography (CT) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but most studies have not addressed the potential added value of combining the biomarker with clinical variables that confer risk for intracranial injuries. The Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Head Injuries in Adults were the first clinical decision rules in the field with an incorporated biomarker, the S100 astroglial calcium-binding protein B (S100B), which is used in the Mild (Low Risk) group defined by the guidelines. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of the guidelines when S100B was substituted with GFAP. The sample (N = 296) was recruited from the Tampere University Hospital's emergency department between November 2015 and November 2016, and there were 49 patients with available GFAP results who were stratified in the Mild (Low Risk) group (thus patients undergoing biomarker triaging). A previously reported cutoff of plasma GFAP ≥140 pg/mL was used. Within the Mild (Low Risk) group (n = 49), GFAP sensitivity (with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) for detecting traumatic CT abnormalities was 1.0 (0.40-1.00), specificity 0.34 (0.19-0.53), the negative predictive value (NPV) 1.0 (0.68-1.00), and the positive predictive value (PPV) 0.16 (0.05-0.37). The sensitivity and specificity of the modified guidelines with GFAP, when applied to all imaged patients (n = 197) in the whole sample, were 0.94 (0.77-0.99) and 0.20 (0.15-0.28), respectively. NPV was 0.94 (0.80-0.99) and PPV 0.18 (0.13-0.25). In the Mild (Low Risk) group, none of the patients with GFAP results below 140 pg/mL had traumatic abnormalities on their head CT. These findings were derived from a small patient subgroup. Future researchers should replicate these findings in larger samples and assess whether GFAP has added or comparable value to S100B in acute TBI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Keski-Pukkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Justin E. Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jussi P. Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna-Kerttu Kotilainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and the Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Posti JP, Cajanus K, Tornio A, Ruuskanen JO, Luoto TM, Rautava P, Kytö V. Causes of fatal traumatic brain injury in Finland. J Neurosurg 2023; 139:1506-1513. [PMID: 37148228 DOI: 10.3171/2023.3.jns23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The phenotype of patients who suffer fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) is poorly characterized. The authors examined the external causes, contributing diseases, and preinjury medication in adult patients with fatal TBI in a nationwide Finnish cohort. METHODS Deaths caused by TBIs in Finland were examined among decedents aged ≥ 16 years during 2005-2020 from the national Cause of Death Registry. Usage of prescription medications prior to TBI was studied using medication purchase data from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 71,488,347 person-years, 821,259 total deaths, and 14,630 TBI-related deaths during 2005-2020, of which 67% (n = 9792) occurred in men. Women were older than men among those who suffered TBI-related death (mean age 77.2 ± 17.1 vs 64.5 ± 19.5 years, p < 0.0001). The overall crude incidence rate of fatal TBIs was 20.5/100,000 person-years (28.1/100,000 in men and 13.2/100,000 in women). TBI was the cause of death in 1.8% of all deaths in the Finnish population during the study years, but in patients aged 16-19 years, TBIs caused more than 17% of all deaths. The most common external cause of fatal TBI was a fall (70%), followed by poisoning or toxic effects (20%) and violence or self-harm (15%) overall. In men, the order of the most common causes of fatal TBI was similar to overall results (64%, 25%, and 19%, respectively), while in women, the most common cause was a fall (82%), followed by complications in healthcare (10%) and poisoning or toxic effects (9%). Cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric diseases, and infections were the most common diseases contributing to death. Blood pressure (lowering) medications were the most common type of medications used before fatal TBI. CNS medications were the second most common medication group. In the context of fatal TBI in Europe, Finland remains at the upper end of fatal TBI incidence. CONCLUSIONS TBI is a common cause of death in young adults, whereas the incidence of fatal TBI becomes increasingly higher with age in Finland. Cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric conditions were the most common diseases related to death, with opposite age trends. Healthcare facility complications were an alarmingly common cause of death in women with fatal TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- 1Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Kristiina Cajanus
- 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Jori O Ruuskanen
- 3Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere
| | - Päivi Rautava
- 5Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Ville Kytö
- 5Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
- 7Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
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Kuitunen I, Ponkilainen VT, Iverson GL, Isokuortti H, Luoto TM, Mattila VM. Increasing incidence of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury in Finland - a nationwide register study from 1998 to 2018. Injury 2023; 54:540-546. [PMID: 36564327 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study is to document the annual incidence and incidence trends of pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) in Finland over the course of 21 years. METHODS We conducted a retrospective nationwide register-based cohort study and used the Finnish Care Register and Population information statistics from 1998 to 2018. The patient group includes all patients aged <18 at the time of injury. We included all emergency department (ED) visits and subsequent inpatient admissions (meaning at least one night in the hospital) with International Classification of Diseases diagnostic code S06*. We calculated pTBI incidences per 100,000 person-years with 95% confidence intervals and the incidences were compared by incidence rate ratios (IRR), including age, diagnosis, and gender stratified analyses. RESULTS A total of 71,972 patients were included with 76,785 ED visits or hospitalizations for pTBI diagnoses. The annual incidence of diagnosed pTBI was 251 (CI: 241-260) per 100,000 in 1998 and 547 (CI: 533-561) per 100,000 in 2018, indicating a 118% increase in the incidence (IRR 2.18 CI: 2.09-2.28). Boys had 32% higher incidence (IRR 1.32 CI: 1.30-1.34) than girls. The highest cumulative incidence was observed among boys aged <1 years, 525 (CI: 507-543) per 100,000, and boys had higher incidences in all age groups. The most used diagnostic code was concussion, which included 92.1% of the diagnoses followed by diffuse brain injury, which included 2.3% of the diagnoses. The increase in the incidence of diagnosed pTBI was notably high after 2010. Concussion diagnoses and pTBI cases that were discharged directly from the ED had more than a two-fold increase from 2010 to 2018, whereas the incidence of inpatient admissions for pTBI increased by 53%. CONCLUSIONS The overall incidence of diagnosed pTBI has increased in Finland especially since 2010. Boys have higher incidence of diagnosed pTBI in all age groups. Most of the increase was due to increase in the concussion diagnoses, which may be due to the centralization of EDs into bigger units and increased diagnostic awareness of mild pTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Kuitunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | | | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Harri Isokuortti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville M Mattila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Posti JP, Berghem K, Kotilainen AK, Luoto TM. Risk for intracranial hemorrhage in individuals after mild traumatic brain injury who are taking serotonergic antidepressants. Front Neurol 2022; 13:952188. [PMID: 36570453 PMCID: PMC9768034 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.952188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonergic antidepressants may predispose to bleeding, but little is known of the risk for traumatic intracranial bleeding. Methods This was a prospective case-control study of 218 patients with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) who were treated at a Finnish tertiary trauma hospital. Injury-related information and clinical findings were prospectively collected in the emergency department. Detailed pre-injury health history was collected from electronic medical records. Information on the use of serotonergic antidepressants was attained from the Finnish national prescription registry. All head CT scans were reviewed by a neuroradiologist based on the Common Data Elements. Cases were patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage on head CT. Controls were patients from the same cohort, but without traumatic intracranial lesions on CT. The proportion with traumatic intracranial bleeding for patients on serotonergic antidepressant medication was compared to the proportion for patients not on serotonergic medication. Results The study cohort consisted of 24 cases with traumatic intracranial bleeding and 194 injured controls. The median age of the sample was 70 years (interquartile range = 50-83). One fifth (21.6%) of all the patients were taking a serotonergic antidepressant. Of the patients on an antidepressant, 10.6% (5/47) had an acute hemorrhagic lesion compared to 11.1% (19/171) of those who were not on an antidepressant (p = 0.927). In the regression analysis, traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was not associated with antidepressant use. Conclusion Serotonergic antidepressant use was not associated with an increased risk of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after a mild TBI. The patients in this relatively small cohort were mostly middle-aged and older adults. These factors limit the generalizability of the results in younger patients with mild TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Isokuortti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,*Correspondence: Harri Isokuortti
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and the Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jussi P. Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna-Kerttu Kotilainen
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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7
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Iverson GL, Minkkinen M, Karr JE, Berghem K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Posti JP, Luoto TM. Examining four blood biomarkers for the detection of acute intracranial abnormalities following mild traumatic brain injury in older adults. Front Neurol 2022; 13:960741. [PMID: 36484020 PMCID: PMC9723459 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.960741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers have been increasingly studied for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Biomarker levels in blood have been shown to vary throughout age groups. Our aim was to study four blood biomarkers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light (NF-L), and total tau (t-tau), in older adult patients with MTBI. The study sample was collected in the emergency department in Tampere University Hospital, Finland, between November 2015 and November 2016. All consecutive adult patients with head injury were eligible for inclusion. Serum samples were collected from the enrolled patients, which were frozen and later sent for biomarker analyses. Patients aged 60 years or older with MTBI, head computed tomography (CT) imaging, and available biomarker levels were eligible for this study. A total of 83 patients (mean age = 79.0, SD = 9.58, range = 60-100; 41.0% men) were included in the analysis. GFAP was the only biomarker to show statistically significant differentiation between patients with and without acute head CT abnormalities [U(83) = 280, p < 0.001, r = 0.44; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.67-0.91]. The median UCH-L1 values were modestly greater in the abnormal head CT group vs. normal head CT group [U (83) = 492, p = 0.065, r = 0.20; AUC = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.49-0.77]. Older age was associated with biomarker levels in the normal head CT group, with the most prominent age associations being with NF-L (r = 0.56) and GFAP (r = 0.54). The results support the use of GFAP in detecting abnormal head CT findings in older adults with MTBIs. However, small sample sizes run the risk for producing non-replicable findings that may not generalize to the population and do not translate well to clinical use. Further studies should consider the potential effect of age on biomarker levels when establishing clinical cut-off values for detecting head CT abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and the Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, MA, United States,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mira Minkkinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Justin E. Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jussi P. Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,*Correspondence: Teemu M. Luoto
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8
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Posti JP, Ruuskanen JO, Sipilä JOT, Luoto TM, Rautava P, Kytö V. Effect of Oral Anticoagulation and Adenosine Diphosphate Inhibitor Therapies on Short-term Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurology 2022; 99:e1122-e1130. [PMID: 35764401 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Usage of oral anticoagulants (OAC) or adenosine diphosphate inhibitors (ADPi) is known to increase the risk of bleeding. We aimed to investigate the impact of OAC and ADPi therapies on short-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS All adult patients hospitalized for TBI in Finland during 2005-2018 were retrospectively studied using a combination of national registries. Usage of pharmacy-purchased OACs and ADPis at the time of TBI was analyzed with the pill-counting method (Social Insurance Institution of Finland). The primary outcome was 30-day case-fatality (Finnish Cause of Death Registry). The secondary outcomes were acute neurosurgical operation (ANO) and admission duration (Finnish Care Register for Health Care). Baseline characteristics were adjusted with multivariable regression including age, sex, comorbidities, skull or facial fracture, OAC/ADPi treatment, initial admission location, and the year of TBI admission. RESULTS The study population included 57,056 persons (mean age 66 years) of whom 0.9% used direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), 7.1% Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and 2.3% ADPis. Patients with VKAs had higher case-fatality than patients without OAC (15.4% vs. 7.1%; adjHR 1.35, CI 1.23-1.48; p<0.0001). Case-fatality was lower with DOACs (8.4%) than with VKAs (adjHR 0.62, CI 0.44-0.87; p=0.005) and was not different from patients without OACs (adjHR 0.93, CI 0.69-1.26; p=0.634). VKA usage was associated with higher neurosurgical operation rate compared to non-OAC patients (9.1% vs. 8.3%; adjOR 1.33, CI 1.17-1.52; p<0.0001). There was no difference in operation rate between DOAC and VKA. ADPi was not associated with case-fatality or operation rate in the adjusted analyses. VKAs and DOACs were not associated with longer admission length compared with the non-OAC group, whereas the admissions were longer in the ADPi group compared with the non-ADPi group. CONCLUSION Preinjury use of VKA is associated with increases in short-term mortality and in need for ANOs after TBI. DOACs are associated with lower fatality than VKAs after TBI. ADPis were not independently associated with the outcomes studied. These results point to relative safety of DOACs or ADPis in patients at risk of head trauma and encourage to choose DOACs when oral anticoagulation is required. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that among adults with TBI, mortality was significantly increased in those using VKAs but not in those using DOACs or ADPis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jori O Ruuskanen
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi O T Sipilä
- Clinical neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Neurology, Siun sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Administrative Center, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Posti JP, Luoto TM, Sipilä JOT, Rautava P, Kytö V. Prognosis of patients with operated chronic subdural hematoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7020. [PMID: 35488040 PMCID: PMC9054845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), previously considered fairly benign and easy to treat, is now viewed a possible sign of incipient clinical decline. We investigated case-fatality, excess fatality and need for reoperations following operated cSDH in a nationwide setting focusing on patient-related characteristics. Finnish nationwide databases were searched for all admissions with operated cSDH as well as later deaths in adults (≥ 16 years) during 2004–2017. There were 8539 patients with an evacuated cSDH (68% men) with a mean age of 73.0 (± 12.8) years. During the follow-up, 3805 (45%) patients died. In-hospital case-fatality was 0.7% (n = 60) and 30-day case-fatality 4.2% (n = 358). The 1-year case-fatality was 14.3% (95% CI = 13.4–15.2%) among men and 15.3% (95% CI = 14.0–16.7%) among women. Comorbidity burden, older age, and alcoholism were significantly associated with fatality. One-year excess fatality rate compared to general Finnish population was 9.1% (95% CI = 8.4–9.9) among men and 10.3% (95% CI = 9.1–11.4) among women. Highest excess fatality was observed in the oldest age group in both genders. Reoperation was needed in 19.4% (n = 1588) of patients. Older age but not comorbidity burden or other patient-related characteristics were associated with increased risk for reoperation. The overall case-fatality and need for reoperations declined during the study era. Comorbidities should be considered when care and follow-up are planned in patients with cSDH. Our findings underpin the perception that the disease is more dangerous than previously thought and causes mortality in all exposed age groups: even a minor burden of comorbidities can be fatal in the post-operative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi O T Sipilä
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Siun Sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Administative Center, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
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10
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Posti JP, Luoto TM, Sipilä JOT, Rautava P, Kytö V. Changing epidemiology of traumatic brain injury among the working-aged in Finland: Admissions and neurosurgical operations. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 146:34-41. [PMID: 35257358 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies from Finland have highlighted an increase in the incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in older age groups and high overall mortality. We performed a comprehensive study on the changing epidemiology of TBI focusing on the acute events in the Finnish working-age population. METHODS Nationwide databases were searched for all emergency ward admissions with a TBI diagnosis for persons of 16-69 years of age during 2004-2018. RESULTS In the Finnish working-age population, there were 52,487,099 person-years, 38,810 TBI-related hospital admissions, 4664 acute neurosurgical operations (ANO), and 2247 cases of in-hospital mortality (IHM). The TBI-related hospital admission incidence was 94/100,000 person-years in men, 44/100,000 in women, and 69/100,000 overall. The incidence rate of admissions increased in women, while in men and overall, the rate decreased. The incidence rate increased in the group of 60-69 years in both genders. Lowest incidence rates were observed in the age group of 30-39 years. Occurrence risk for TBI admission was higher in men in all age groups. Trends of ANOs decreased overall, while decompressive craniectomy was the only operation type in which a rise in incidence was found. Evacuation of acute subdural hematoma was the most common ANO. Mean length of stay and IHM rate halved during the study years. CONCLUSIONS In Finland, the epidemiology of acute working-aged TBI has significantly changed. The rates of admission incidences, ANOs, and IHM nowadays represent the lower end of the range of these acute events reported in the western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P. Posti
- Neurocenter Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Center Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Jussi O. T. Sipilä
- Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku Turku Finland
- Department of Neurology Siun Sote North Karelia Central Hospital Joensuu Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Turku Finland
- Administrative Center Hospital District of Southwest Finland Turku Finland
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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11
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Nevalainen N, Luoto TM, Iverson GL, Mattila VM, Huttunen TT. Craniotomies following acute traumatic brain injury in Finland-a national study between 1997 and 2018. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:625-633. [PMID: 35119493 PMCID: PMC8913452 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background A number of patients who sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) require surgical intervention due to acute intracranial bleeding. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the national trends of acute craniotomies following TBI in the Finnish adult population. Methods The data were collected retrospectively from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care (1997–2018). The study cohort covered all first-time registered craniotomies following TBI in patients aged 18 years or older. A total of 7627 patients (median age = 59 years, men = 72%) were identified. Results The total annual incidence of acute trauma craniotomies decreased by 33%, from 8.6/100,000 in 1997 to 5.7/100,000 in 2018. The decrease was seen in both genders and all age groups, as well as all operation subgroups (subdural hematoma, SDH; epidural hematoma, EDH; intracerebral hematoma, ICH). The greatest incidence rate of 15.4/100,000 was found in patients 70 years or older requiring an acute trauma craniotomy. The majority of surgeries were due to an acute SDH and the patients were more often men. The difference between genders decreased with age (18–39 years = 84% men, 40–69 = 78% men, 70 + years = 55% men). The median age of the patients increased from 58 to 65 years during the 22-year study period. Conclusions The number of trauma craniotomies is gradually decreasing; nonetheless, the incidence of TBI-related craniotomies remains high among geriatric patients. Further studies are needed to determine the indications and derive evidence-based guidelines for the neurosurgical care of older adults with TBIs to meet the challenges of the growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nea Nevalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute, Boston, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA USA
| | - Ville M. Mattila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Coxa Joint Replacement Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomas T. Huttunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tampere Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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12
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Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Posti JP, Ruuskanen JO, Brander A, Kataja A, Nikula M, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Serotonergic Antidepressants and Risk for Traumatic Intracranial Bleeding. Front Neurol 2021; 12:758707. [PMID: 34777229 PMCID: PMC8581291 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.758707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serotonergic antidepressants may predispose to bleeding but the effect on traumatic intracranial bleeding is unknown. Methods: The rate of intracranial bleeding in patients with antidepressant medication was compared to patients not antidepressants in a cohort of patients with acute head injury. This association was examined by using a consecutive cohort of head trauma patients from a Finnish tertiary center emergency department (Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland). All consecutive (2010-2012) adult patients (n = 2,890; median age = 58; male = 56%, CT-positive = 22%, antithrombotic medication users = 25%, antidepressant users = 10%) who underwent head CT due to head trauma in the emergency department were included. Results: Male gender, GCS <15, older age, and anticoagulation were associated with an increased risk for traumatic intracranial bleeding. There were 17.8% of patients not taking antidepressants and 18.3% of patients on an antidepressant who had traumatic intracranial bleeding (p = 0.830). Among patients who were taking antithrombotic medication, 16.6% of the patients not taking antidepressant medication, and 22.5% of the patients taking antidepressant medication, had bleeding (p = 0.239). In a regression analysis, traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was not associated with antidepressant use. Conclusions: Serotonergic antidepressant use was not associated with an increased risk of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Isokuortti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Center for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute, Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jori O Ruuskanen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medbase Ltd., Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anneli Kataja
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Milaja Nikula
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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13
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Hakulinen U, Brander A, Ilvesmäki T, Helminen M, Öhman J, Luoto TM, Eskola H. Reliability of the freehand region-of-interest method in quantitative cerebral diffusion tensor imaging. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:144. [PMID: 34607554 PMCID: PMC8491381 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique used for evaluating changes in the white matter in brain parenchyma. The reliability of quantitative DTI analysis is influenced by several factors, such as the imaging protocol, pre-processing and post-processing methods, and selected diffusion parameters. The region-of-interest (ROI) method is most widely used of the post-processing methods because it is found in commercial software. The focus of our research was to study the reliability of the freehand ROI method using various intra- and inter-observer analyses. Methods This study included 40 neurologically healthy participants who underwent diffusion MRI of the brain with a 3 T scanner. The measurements were performed at nine different anatomical locations using a freehand ROI method. The data extracted from the ROIs included the regional mean values, intra- and inter-observer variability and reliability. The used DTI parameters were fractional anisotropy (FA), the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and axial (AD) and radial (RD) diffusivity. Results The average intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the intra-observer was found to be 0.9 (excellent). The single ICC results were excellent (> 0.8) or adequate (> 0.69) in eight out of the nine regions in terms of FA and ADC. The most reliable results were found in the frontobasal regions. Significant differences between age groups were also found in the frontobasal regions. Specifically, the FA and AD values were significantly higher and the RD values lower in the youngest age group (18–30 years) compared to the other age groups. Conclusions The quantitative freehand ROI method can be considered highly reliable for the average ICC and mostly adequate for the single ICC. The freehand method is suitable for research work with a well-experienced observer. Measurements should be performed at least twice in the same region to ensure that the results are sufficiently reliable. In our study, reliability was slightly undermined by artifacts in some regions such as the cerebral peduncle and centrum semiovale. From a clinical point of view, the results are most reliable in adults under the age of 30, when age-related changes in brain white matter have not yet occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullamari Hakulinen
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Antti Brander
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero Ilvesmäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Helminen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Eskola
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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14
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Karr JE, Iverson GL, Isokuortti H, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Preexisting conditions in older adults with mild traumatic brain injuries. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1607-1615. [PMID: 34546830 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1976419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the prevalence of preexisting conditions that could affect premorbid brain health, cognition, and functional independence among older adults with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), and the relationship between preexisting conditions, injury characteristics, and emergency department (ED) discharge location (home versus continued care). METHODS Older adults (N = 1,427; 55-104 years-old; 47.4% men) who underwent head computed tomography (CT) after acute head trauma were recruited from the ED. Researchers documented preexisting medical conditions retrospectively from hospital records. RESULTS Multiple preexisting conditions increased in frequency with greater age, including circulatory and nervous system diseases and preexisting abnormalities on head CT. Psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs) decreased in frequency with greater age. Among participants with uncomplicated MTBI and GCS = 15, preexisting nervous system diseases and preexisting CT abnormalities were associated with higher odds of continued care for all participants, whereas psychiatric disorders and SUDs were only associated with higher odds of continued care among participants <70 years-old. Preexisting circulatory diseases, loss of consciousness, and amnesia were unassociated with discharge location. CONCLUSIONS Preexisting medical conditions that could affect brain and cognitive health occur commonly among older adults who sustain MTBIs. These conditions can confound research examining post-injury outcomes within this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute; and Home Base, a Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harri Isokuortti
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Kataja
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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15
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Posti JP, Luoto TM, Rautava P, Kytö V. Mortality After Trauma Craniotomy Is Decreasing in Older Adults-A Nationwide Population-Based Study. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e313-e320. [PMID: 34082165 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No evidence-based guidelines are available for operative neurosurgical treatment of older patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and no population-based results of current practice have been reported. The objective of the present study was to investigate the rates of trauma craniotomy operations and later mortality in older adults with TBI in Finland. METHODS Nationwide databases were searched for all admissions with a TBI diagnosis and after trauma craniotomy, and later deaths for persons aged ≥60 years from 2004 to 2018. RESULTS The study period included 2166 patients (64% men; mean age, 70.3 years) who had undergone TBI-related craniotomy. The incidence rate of operations decreased with a concomitant decrease in adjusted mortality (30-day mortality, P < 0.001; 1-year mortality, P < 0.001) and increase in mean patient age (R2 = 0.005; P < 0.001) during the study period. The cumulative mortality was 25% at 30 days and 38% at 1 year. The comorbidities increasing the hazard for 30-day mortality were diabetes, a history of malignancy, peripheral vascular disease, and a history of myocardial infarction. For 1-year mortality, the comorbidities were heart failure and a history of myocardial infarction. Evacuation of an epidural hematoma decreased the hazard for mortality. In contrast, evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma and decompressive craniectomy increased the risk at both 30 days and 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults in Finland, the rate of trauma craniotomy and later mortality has been decreasing although the mean age of operated patients has been increasing. This can be expected to be related to an improved understanding of geriatric TBIs and, consequently, improved selection of patients for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Administative Center, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
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16
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Posti JP, Kytö V, Sipilä JOT, Rautava P, Luoto TM. High-Risk Periods for Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 55:216-223. [PMID: 33853074 DOI: 10.1159/000515395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is minimal existing available information on nationwide seasonal peaks in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). This lack of information is an impediment to the effective development of prevention programs, societal policies, and hinders the resourcing of medical emergency services. Our current aim is to study nationwide population-based high-risk periods TBI over a 15-year study period in Finland. METHODS Nationwide databases were searched for all admissions with a TBI diagnosis and later for deaths of persons ≥16 years of age during 2004-2018. The search included all hospitals that provide acute TBI care in Finland. RESULTS The study period included 69,231 TBI-related hospital admissions (men = 62%). We found that for men, the highest rate of TBIs occurred on Saturdays, whereas women experience the highest rate of TBIs on Mondays. The highest rate of TBIs in men occurred in July, while women experienced the highest rate of TBIs in January. TBI-related hospital admissions (incidence risk ratio [IRR] 1.090, 95% CI 1.07-1.11, p < 0.0001) and mortality within 30 days after TBI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.057, 95% CI 1.001-1.116, p = 0.0455) were more common on public holidays and weekends than on weekdays. There was an increasing trend in the proportion of TBI-related hospital admissions occurring on public holidays and weekends from 2004 (31.5%) to 2018 (33.4%) (p = 0.0007). In summer months, TBI-related hospital admissions (IRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.12, p < 0.0001) and 30-day mortality (HR 1.069, 95% CI 1.010-1.131, p = 0.0211) were more common than in other months. TBIs occurred more often in younger and healthier individuals on these index days and times. In terms of specific public holidays, the TBI risk was overall higher on New Year's Eves and Days (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.25-1.58, p < 0.0001) and Midsummer's Eves and Days (IRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20-1.54, p < 0.0001), compared to nonworking days. This finding was significant in both genders. CONCLUSIONS TBI-related hospital admissions and mortality were more common on public holidays, weekends, and in summer months in Finland. People who sustained TBIs on these days were on average younger and healthier. The occurrence of TBIs on public holidays and weekends is increasing at an alarming rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Centre and Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Administrative Center, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi O T Sipilä
- Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Siun Sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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17
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Iverson GL, Luoto TM, Castellani RJ. Authors' Reply: Age-Related Tau Aggregates Resemble Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathologic Change. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:924-928. [PMID: 32688382 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa047.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, Massachusetts.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rudolph J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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18
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Johansson E, Luoto TM, Vainionpää A, Kauppila AM, Kallinen M, Väärälä E, Koskinen E. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Finland. Spinal Cord 2020; 59:761-768. [PMID: 33149235 PMCID: PMC7610166 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Study design Prospective cohort study. Objectives To determine the incidence and evaluate the characteristics of newly injured patients admitted to two spinal cord injury (SCI) centers during a 4-year period. Setting Oulu and Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Methods A dedicated multidisciplinary team evaluated all of the patients with new traumatic SCI (TSCI). The data were recorded according to the International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Sets. Results In a 4-year period, 346 new patients with TSCI were admitted to the study centers. In the Oulu and Tampere University Hospitals’ catchment areas, the mean annual incidence of TSCI was 36.6 per million. The leading causes of injury were low-level falls (36.2%), high-level falls (25.5%), and transport-related accidents (19.2%). In the patients >60 years, 72.6% were injured by falling and the proportion of low-level falls was 49.7%. In the patients ≤60 years old, 47.4% were alcohol-related. The proportion of cervical injuries in the patients >60 years was 77.1%, while in the patients ≤60 years the proportion was 59.6%. The incidence of TSCI was higher during the Summer and Autumn months. Conclusion The mean annual incidence of TSCI was 36.6 per million corresponding to 200 new annual cases in Finland. Incomplete tetraplegia due to falling among elderly was overrepresented in the study population. Alcohol-consumption preceded injury in nearly half of the cases in the younger population. The prevention should focus on alcohol-related injuries and falls in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Johansson
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Vainionpää
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Kauppila
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Kallinen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eija Väärälä
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eerika Koskinen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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19
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Posti JP, Takala RSK, Raj R, Luoto TM, Azurmendi L, Lagerstedt L, Mohammadian M, Hossain I, Gill J, Frantzén J, van Gils M, Hutchinson PJ, Katila AJ, Koivikko P, Maanpää HR, Menon DK, Newcombe VF, Tallus J, Blennow K, Tenovuo O, Zetterberg H, Sanchez JC. Admission Levels of Interleukin 10 and Amyloid β 1-40 Improve the Outcome Prediction Performance of the Helsinki Computed Tomography Score in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:549527. [PMID: 33192979 PMCID: PMC7661930 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.549527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood biomarkers may enhance outcome prediction performance of head computed tomography scores in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Objective: To investigate whether admission levels of eight different protein biomarkers can improve the outcome prediction performance of the Helsinki computed tomography score (HCTS) without clinical covariates in TBI. Materials and methods: Eighty-two patients with computed tomography positive TBIs were included in this study. Plasma levels of β-amyloid isoforms 1–40 (Aβ40) and 1–42 (Aβ42), glial fibrillary acidic protein, heart fatty acid-binding protein, interleukin 10 (IL-10), neurofilament light, S100 calcium-binding protein B, and total tau were measured within 24 h from admission. The patients were divided into favorable (Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended 5–8, n = 49) and unfavorable (Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended 1–4, n = 33) groups. The outcome was assessed 6–12 months after injury. An optimal predictive panel was investigated with the sensitivity set at 90–100%. Results: The HCTS alone yielded a sensitivity of 97.0% (95% CI: 90.9–100) and specificity of 22.4% (95% CI: 10.2–32.7) and partial area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic of 2.5% (95% CI: 1.1–4.7), in discriminating patients with favorable and unfavorable outcomes. The threshold to detect a patient with unfavorable outcome was an HCTS > 1. The three best individually performing biomarkers in outcome prediction were Aβ40, Aβ42, and neurofilament light. The optimal panel included IL-10, Aβ40, and the HCTS reaching a partial area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic of 3.4% (95% CI: 1.7–6.2) with a sensitivity of 90.9% (95% CI: 81.8–100) and specificity of 59.2% (95% CI: 40.8–69.4). Conclusion: Admission plasma levels of IL-10 and Aβ40 significantly improve the prognostication ability of the HCTS after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka S K Takala
- Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Rahul Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leire Azurmendi
- Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Linnéa Lagerstedt
- Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mehrbod Mohammadian
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Iftakher Hossain
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janek Frantzén
- Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mark van Gils
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari J Katila
- Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Koivikko
- Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henna-Riikka Maanpää
- Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia F Newcombe
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi Tallus
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olli Tenovuo
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,The United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Huebschmann NA, Luoto TM, Karr JE, Berghem K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Ashton NJ, Simrén J, Posti JP, Gill JM, Iverson GL. Comparing Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in Serum and Plasma Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 33071938 PMCID: PMC7530818 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Identification and validation of blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is of critical importance. There have been calls for more research on mTBI in older adults. We compared blood-based protein marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentrations in serum and in plasma within the same cohort of older adults and assessed their ability to discriminate between individuals based on intracranial abnormalities and functional outcome following mTBI. Methods: A sample of 121 older adults [≥50 years old with head computed tomography (CT), n = 92] seeking medical care for a head injury [Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 14 (n = 6; 5.0%) or 15 (n = 115; 95.0%)] were enrolled from the emergency department (ED). The mean time between injury and blood sampling was 3.4 h (SD = 2.1; range = 0.5–11.7). Serum GFAP concentration was measured first using the Human Neurology 4-Plex Assay, while plasma GFAP concentration was later measured using the GFAP Discovery Kit, both on an HD-1 Single molecule array (Simoa) instrument. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended was assessed 1 week after injury. Results: Both serum and plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher in those with abnormal CT scans compared to those with normal head CT scans (plasma: U = 1,198, p < 0.001; serum: U = 1,253, p < 0.001). The ability to discriminate those with and without intracranial abnormalities was comparable between serum (AUC = 0.814) and plasma (AUC = 0.778). In the total sample, GFAP concentrations were considerably higher in plasma than in serum (Wilcoxon signed-rank test z = 0.42, p < 0.001, r = 0.42). Serum and plasma GFAP levels were highly correlated in the total sample and within all subgroups (Spearman's rho range: 0.826–0.907). Both serum and plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher in those with poor compared to good functional outcome (serum: U = 1,625, p = 0.002; plasma: U = 1,539, p = 0.013). Neither plasma (AUC = 0.653) nor serum (AUC = 0.690) GFAP were adequate predictors of functional outcome 1 week after injury. Conclusions: Despite differences in concentration, serum and plasma GFAP levels were highly correlated and had similar discriminability between those with and without intracranial abnormalities on head CT following an mTBI. Neither serum nor plasma GFAP had adequate discriminability to identify patients who would have poor functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Huebschmann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Justin E Karr
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, South London & Maudsley National Health Service Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Gill
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, United States
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21
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Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Howell DR, Palola V, Seppänen A, Tuominen M, Iverson GL, Luoto TM. Reliability of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 baseline testing: A 2-week test-retest study. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:129-134. [PMID: 32868203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine short-term test-retest reliability of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5). DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS Sixty-two professional male ice hockey players (mean age=22.5, SD=3.2) completed a preseason baseline test twice over a two-week interval. Half of the players were tested by the same assessor on both testing sessions. Spearman's correlations (rs) were used to determine linear agreements, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (sig r) were used to determine mean differences, between testing sessions. RESULTS Symptoms had high test-retest reliability (Score: rs=0.85, p<0.001, sig r p<0.001; Severity: rs=0.84, p<0.001, sig r p<0.001). The reliability coefficients for the SAC (rs=0.58, p<0.001, sig r: p=0.412), and mBESS (rs=0.40, p=0.001, sig r: p=0.607) were considerably lower than symptoms. More than half (52%) of the athletes reported at least one baseline symptom (Md=1, M=2.2, SD=3.3). The most commonly reported symptoms were fatigue or low energy and neck pain. The broad ranges of SAC total scores (range=28-45, Md=35, M=35.4, SD=4.2) and SAC test-retest change scores (range -7 to +11) were mostly due to variability on the memory performance, tested using 10-item word lists. The number of mBESS single leg stance errors (Md=1, Md 3.2, SD=4.0) was greater than Tandem stance errors (Md=0, Md=2.0, SD=3.6). CONCLUSIONS The two-week test-retest reliability of the SCAT5 baseline scores varied from moderate to high. However, there was considerable individual variability on the SAC and mBESS scores and most players have notable short-term fluctuation on performance even if uninjured. Recommendations for interpreting change on the SCAT5 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hänninen
- Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Finland.
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Finland
| | - David R Howell
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vili Palola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Arttu Seppänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Tuominen
- IIHF Medical Committee; Liiga/Finnish Ice Hockey Association; Medisport Inc, Finland
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute, MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sport Concussion Program, Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, USA
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Finland
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22
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Rauhala M, Helén P, Huhtala H, Heikkilä P, Iverson GL, Niskakangas T, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:2033-2043. [PMID: 32524244 PMCID: PMC7415035 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the population-based incidence, complications, and total, direct hospital costs of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) treatment in a neurosurgical clinic during a 26-year period. The aim was also to estimate the necessity of planned postoperative follow-up computed tomography (CT). METHODS A retrospective cohort (1990-2015) of adult patients living in Pirkanmaa, Finland, with a CSDH was identified using ICD codes and verified by medical records (n = 1148, median age = 76 years, men = 65%). Data collection was performed from medical records. To estimate the total, direct hospital costs, all costs from hospital admission until the last neurosurgical follow-up visit were calculated. All patients were followed until death or the end of 2017. The annual number of inhabitants in the Pirkanmaa Region was obtained from the Statistics Finland (Helsinki, Finland). RESULTS The incidence of CSDH among the population 80 years or older has increased among both operatively (from 36.6 to 91/100,000/year) and non-operatively (from 4.7 to 36.9/100,000/year) treated cases. Eighty-five percent (n = 978) underwent surgery. Routine 4-6 weeks' postoperative follow-up CT increased the number of re-operations by 18% (n = 49). Most of the re-operations (92%) took place within 2 months from the primary operation. Patients undergoing re-operations suffered more often from seizures (10%, n = 28 vs 3.9%, n = 27; p < 0.001), empyema (4.3%, n = 12 vs 1.1%, n = 8; p = 0.002), and pneumonia (4.7%, n = 13 vs 1.4%, n = 12; p = 0.008) compared with patients with no recurrence. The treatment cost for recurrent CSDHs was 132% higher than the treatment cost of non-recurrent CSDHs, most likely because of longer hospital stay for re-admissions and more frequent outpatient follow-up with CT. The oldest group of patients, 80 years or older, was not more expensive than the others, nor did this group have more frequent complications, besides pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Based on our population-based study, the number of CSDH patients has increased markedly during the study period (1990-2015). Reducing recurrences is crucial for reducing both complications and costs. Greater age was not associated with greater hospital costs related to CSDH. A 2-month follow-up period after CSDH seems sufficient for most, and CT controls are advocated only for symptomatic patients.
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Posti JP, Sipilä JOT, Luoto TM, Rautava P, Kytö V. A decade of geriatric traumatic brain injuries in Finland: population-based trends. Age Ageing 2020; 49:779-785. [PMID: 32134443 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND we investigated trends of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related hospitalisations, deaths, acute neurosurgical operations (ANO), and lengths of hospital stay (LOS) in patients aged ≥70 years in Finland using a population-based cohort. METHODS nationwide databases were searched for all admissions with a TBI diagnosis as well as later deaths for persons ≥70 years of age during 2004-2014. RESULTS the study period included 20,259 TBI-related hospitalisations (mean age = 80.7 years, men = 48.9%). The incidence of TBI-related hospitalisations was 283/100,000 person-years with an estimated overall annual increase of 2.9% (95% CI: 0.4-5.9%). There was an annual decrease of 2.2% in in-hospital mortality (IHM) in men (95% CI: 0.1-4.3%), with no change in women or overall. There was an annual decrease of 1.1% in odds for ANOs among hospitalised overall (95% CI: 0.1-2.1%) and of 1.4% in men (95% CI: 0.0-2.7%), while no change was observed in women. LOS decreased annually by 2.5% (95% CI: 2.1-2.9%). The incidence of TBI-related deaths was 70/100,000 person-years with an estimated annual increase of 1.6% in women (95% CI: 0.2-2.9%), but no change in men or overall. Mean ages of TBI-related admissions and deaths increased (P < 0.001). INTERPRETATION the incidence rate of geriatric TBI-related hospitalisations increased, especially in women, but LOS and the rate of ANOs among hospitalised decreased. The overall TBI-related mortality remained stable, and IHM decreased in men, while in women, the overall mortality increased and IHM remained stable. However, the overall incidence rates of TBI-related hospitalisations and deaths and the number of cases of IHM were still higher in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi P Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi O T Sipilä
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Siun sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Administative Center, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
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Tommiska P, Raj R, Schwartz C, Kivisaari R, Luostarinen T, Satopää J, Taimela S, Järvinen T, Ranstam J, Frantzen J, Posti J, Luoto TM, Leinonen V, Tetri S, Koivisto T, Lönnrot K. Finnish study of intraoperative irrigation versus drain alone after evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma (FINISH): a study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038275. [PMID: 32565480 PMCID: PMC7311024 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic subdural haematomas (CSDHs) are one of the most common neurosurgical conditions. The goal of surgery is to alleviate symptoms and minimise the risk of symptomatic recurrences. In the past, reoperation rates as high as 20%-30% were described for CSDH recurrences. However, following the introduction of subdural drainage, reoperation rates dropped to approximately 10%. The standard surgical technique includes burr-hole craniostomy, followed by intraoperative irrigation and placement of subdural drainage. Yet, the role of intraoperative irrigation has not been established. If there is no difference in recurrence rates between intraoperative irrigation and no irrigation, CSDH surgery could be carried out faster and more safely by omitting the step of irrigation. The aim of this multicentre randomised controlled trial is to study whether no intraoperative irrigation and subdural drainage results in non-inferior outcome compared with intraoperative irrigation and subdural drainage following burr-hole craniostomy of CSDH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a prospective, randomised, controlled, parallel group, non-inferiority multicentre trial comparing single burr-hole evacuation of CSDH with intraoperative irrigation and evacuation of CSDH without irrigation. In both groups, a passive subdural drain is used for 48 hours as a standard of treatment. The primary outcome is symptomatic CSDH recurrence requiring reoperation within 6 months. The predefined non-inferiority margin for the primary outcome is 7.5%. To achieve a 2.5% level of significance and 80% power, we will randomise 270 patients per group. Secondary outcomes include modified Rankin Scale, rate of mortality, duration of operation, length of hospital stay, adverse events and change in volume of CSDH. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District (HUS/3035/2019 §238) and duly registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. We will disseminate the findings of this study through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04203550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihla Tommiska
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Rahul Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Christoph Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - T Luostarinen
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Jarno Satopää
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Simo Taimela
- Finland and Finnish Centre for Evidence-Based Orthopedics (FICEBO), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Teppo Järvinen
- Finland and Finnish Centre for Evidence-Based Orthopedics (FICEBO), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | | | - Janek Frantzen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Pohjois-Savo, Finland
| | - Sami Tetri
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Koivisto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Pohjois-Savo, Finland
| | - Kimmo Lönnrot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
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Iverson GL, Luoto TM, Karhunen PJ, Castellani RJ. Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:615-625. [PMID: 31169877 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been asserted that chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) pathology is only present in former athletes and others who have been exposed to repetitive concussions, subconcussive blows, or both. We hypothesized that CTE pathology would be present in men who had no known history of repetitive neurotrauma. Comprehensive medical record reviews and health surveys completed by a family member were available for the 8 men in this case series, none of whom had known exposure to repetitive neurotrauma but 2 of whom had a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Postmortem tissue was immunostained for hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) to assess for CTE pathology, Braak stage, and aging-related p-tau. The neuropathologist was blind to age, personal history, and clinical history. Six of the 8 cases (75%) showed p-tau in neurons, astrocytes, and cell processes around small blood vessels in an irregular pattern at the depths of the cortical sulci. The changes were focal and limited in terms of overall extent, and some of the cases had a clearer pattern of pathology and some could be considered equivocal. Two of the 8 cases had a history of TBI and one of them showed CTE pathology. Five of the 6 cases with no known history of neurotrauma appeared to meet consensus criteria for CTE. This study adds to the emerging literature indicating that CTE pathology is present in people not known to have experienced multiple concussions or subconcussive blows to the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Spaulding Research Institute.,MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sports Concussion Program.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka J Karhunen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere.,Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rudolph J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine.,Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute.,West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Rauhala M, Luoto TM, Huhtala H, Iverson GL, Niskakangas T, Öhman J, Helén P. The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:1147-1157. [DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.jns183035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to determine the population-based epidemiology of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) over a 26-year period.METHODSA retrospective study was conducted of all adult patients (≥ 18 years and residents of Pirkanmaa [Finland]) with a diagnosis of CSDH between 1990 and 2015. The cases were identified using ICD codes. Detailed data collection was performed using medical records and death certificates. All patients were monitored until death or the end of year 2017. The annual number of inhabitants in the Pirkanmaa region was obtained from Statistics Finland (Helsinki, Finland).RESULTSA total of 1168 patients with CSDH were identified from hospital records and death certificates; patients were considered as new-incidence cases if 2 years had elapsed following primary treatment and in cases involving a new contralateral CSDH. From 1990 to 2015, the overall incidence of CSDH doubled from 8.2 to 17.6/100,000/year. Among adults younger than 70 years, the incidence remained quite stable, whereas the incidence clearly increased among the ≥ 80-year-old population, from 46.9 to 129.5/100,000/year. The median age for a CSDH diagnosis increased from 73 to 79 years during the 26-year period. Head trauma was documented in 59% of cases. A ground-level fall was related to the CSDH in 31% of patients younger than 60 years and in 54% of those 80 years or older. The proportion of alcohol-related cases decreased toward the end of the study period (1990–1995: 16% and 2011–2015: 7%), because alcohol abuse was less frequent among the growing group of elderly patients. In contrast, the percentage of patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication almost doubled toward 2015 (1990–1995, 27%; and 2011–2015, 49%). The patients’ neurological condition on admission, based on both Glasgow Coma Scale score (score < 13: 1990–1995, 18%; and 2011–2015, 7%; p < 0.001) and the modified Rankin Scale score (score 0–2: 1990–1995, 8%; and 2011–2015, 19%; p < 0.001), was better in recent years than in the early 1990s.CONCLUSIONSFrom 1990 to 2015, the incidence of CSDH has increased markedly. The incidence of CSDH among the population 80 years or older has nearly tripled since 1990. The use of anticoagulants has increased, but there has been no change regarding the ratio between a traumatic and a spontaneous CSDH etiology. As the world population becomes progressively older, the increasing incidence of CSDH will be a burden to patients and a future challenge for neurosurgical clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Rauhala
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere
| | - Heini Huhtala
- 2Faculty of Social Sciences, Biostatistics Group, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital & Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tero Niskakangas
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere
| | - Juha Öhman
- 4Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Helén
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere
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Karr JE, Luoto TM, Gilman IG, Berghem K, Kotilainen A, Iverson GL. Age, symptoms, and functional outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurol Scand 2020; 141:183-190. [PMID: 31693184 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous older adult studies have examined outcome from moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), but fewer have focused on the effects of milder brain injuries. This study examined age-related differences in symptom reporting and whether symptoms are differentially related to functional outcome based on age. MATERIALS & METHODS Patients presenting with a head injury at the Tampere University Hospital emergency department (N = 325, aged 18-100) were evaluated at 1 week post injury on the Modified Rankin Scale and Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). RESULTS A quarter of participants had missing RPQ data, with missingness associated with greater age and strongly associated with pre-existing functional impairment, dementia, and/or neurological conditions. Among participants with complete data, participants <65 years old endorsed headaches, noise/light sensitivity, irritability, and frustration/impatience at a greater frequency than participants ≥65 years old. However, no differences were found in the number of symptoms endorsed or the total symptom severity score. The correlations between the severity of symptoms and change in function were similar between the two age groups. CONCLUSIONS Older adults tended to report fewer symptoms, but symptoms had a roughly equivalent relationship with declines in functioning across age groups. A large percentage of older adults in this study had pre-injury dementia or neurological disease that contributed to missing data on the 1-week outcome measures. The results provide insight into the impact of mild spectrum TBI on older adults compared to younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Karr
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute Boston MA USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program Boston MA USA
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Isabelle G. Gilman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Villanova University Villanova PA USA
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Department of Radiology Medical Imaging Centre Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | | | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute Boston MA USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program Boston MA USA
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Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Silverberg ND, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Characterizing the type and location of intracranial abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2019; 129:1588-1597. [PMID: 29328003 DOI: 10.3171/2017.7.jns17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe incidence of intracranial abnormalities after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) varies widely across studies. This study describes the characteristics of intracranial abnormalities (acute/preexisting) in a large representative sample of head-injured patients who underwent CT imaging in an emergency department.METHODSCT scans were systematically analyzed/coded in the TBI Common Data Elements framework. Logistic regression modeling was used to quantify risk factors for traumatic intracranial abnormalities in patients with mild TBIs. This cohort included all patients who were treated at the emergency department of the Tampere University Hospital (between 2010 and 2012) and who had undergone head CT imaging after suffering a suspected TBI (n = 3023), including 2766 with mild TBI and a reference group with moderate to severe TBI.RESULTSThe most common traumatic lesions seen on CT scans obtained in patients with mild TBIs and those with moderate to severe TBIs were subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, and contusions. Every sixth patient (16.1%) with mild TBI had an intracranial lesion compared with 5 of 6 patients (85.6%) in the group with moderate to severe TBI. The distribution of different types of acute traumatic lesions was similar among mild and moderate/severe TBI groups. Preexisting brain lesions were a more common CT finding among patients with mild TBIs than those with moderate to severe TBIs. Having a past traumatic lesion was associated with increased risk for an acute traumatic lesion but neurodegenerative and ischemic lesions were not. A lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, male sex, older age, falls, and chronic alcohol abuse were associated with higher risk of acute intracranial lesion in patients with mild TBI.CONCLUSIONSThese findings underscore the heterogeneity of neuropathology associated with the mild TBI classification. Preexisting brain lesions are common in patients with mild TBI, and the incidence of preexisting lesions increases with age. Acute traumatic lesions are fairly common in patients with mild TBI; every sixth patient had a positive CT scan. Older adults (especially men) who fall represent a susceptible group for acute CT-positive TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant L Iverson
- 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School.,6Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.,7Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children; and.,8Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noah D Silverberg
- 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School.,3Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia; and.,8Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts.,9GF Strong Rehab Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anneli Kataja
- 4Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Antti Brander
- 4Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Juha Öhman
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Minkkinen M, Iverson GL, Kotilainen AK, Pauniaho SL, Mattila VM, Lehtimäki T, Berghem K, Posti JP, Luoto TM. Prospective Validation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Head Injuries in Adults. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2904-2912. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Minkkinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Satu-Liisa Pauniaho
- Emergency Division of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville M. Mattila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi P. Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Karr JE, Iverson GL, Berghem K, Kotilainen AK, Terry DP, Luoto TM. Complicated mild traumatic brain injury in older adults: Post-concussion symptoms and functional outcome at one week post injury. Brain Inj 2019; 34:26-33. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1669825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Karr
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Spaulding Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ksenia Berghem
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Douglas P. Terry
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the unique characteristics of violence-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent head CT due to an acute head injury (n = 3023) at the Emergency Department of Tampere University Hospital (Aug 2010-Jul 2012) were included. A detailed retrospective data collection was conducted in relation to demographics, injury-related data, premorbid health, clinical characteristics, and neuroimaging findings. Results: Patients with violence-related TBIs (n = 222) were compared to patients who sustained a TBI by other mechanisms (n = 2801). Statistically significant differences were found on age, gender, prior circulatory system disease, prior mental or behavioral disorders, chronic alcohol abuse, regular substance abuse, regular medication, alcohol intoxication at the time of injury, narcotics intoxication at the time of injury, and acute traumatic lesion on head CT. The groups did not differ on clinical signs of TBI severity. Conclusions: Young adult males with premorbid mental health history and chronic alcohol abuse are most prone to sustain a TBI due to a violence-related incident. Incidents are often related to alcohol intoxication. However, violence was not consistently associated with more severe TBIs than other mechanisms of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant L Iverson
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,d Home Base , A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Juuli Renko
- a School of Medicine , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Anneli Kataja
- e Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- f Department of Neurosurgery , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- f Department of Neurosurgery , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
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Iverson GL, Reddi PJ, Posti JP, Kotilainen AK, Tenovuo O, Öhman J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Luoto TM. Serum Neurofilament Light Is Elevated Differentially in Older Adults with Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2400-2406. [PMID: 30843469 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light (NF-L) might have diagnostic and prognostic potential as a blood biomarker for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, elevated NF-L is associated with several neurological disorders associated with older age, which could confound its usefulness as a traumatic brain injury biomarker. We examined whether NF-L is elevated differentially following uncomplicated mTBI in older adults with pre-injury neurological disorders. In a case-control study, a sample of 118 adults (mean age = 62.3 years, standard deviation [SD] = 22.5, range = 18-100; 52.5% women) presenting to the emergency department (ED) with an uncomplicated mTBI were enrolled. All participants underwent head computed tomography in the ED and showed no macroscopic evidence of injury. The mean time between injury and blood sampling was 8.3 h (median [Md] = 3.5; SD = 13.5; interquartile range [IQR] = 1.9-6.0, range = 0.8-67.4, and 90% collected within 19 h). A sample of 40 orthopedically-injured trauma control subjects recruited from a second ED also were examined. Serum NF-L levels were measured and analyzed using Human Neurology 4-Plex A assay on a HD-1 Single Molecule Array (Simoa) instrument. A high correlation was found between age and NF-L levels in the total mTBI sample (r = 0.80), within the subgroups without pre-injury neurological diseases (r = 0.76) and with pre-injury neurological diseases (r = 0.68), and in the trauma control subjects (r = 0.76). Those with mTBIs and pre-injury neurological conditions had higher NF-L levels than those with no pre-injury neurological conditions (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.01). Older age and pre-injury neurological diseases are associated with elevated serum NF-L levels in patients with head trauma and in orthopedically-injured control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, and Home Base, a Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jussi P Posti
- 3Department of Neurosurgery and Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,4Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olli Tenovuo
- 4Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- 7Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,8Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,9U.K. Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom.,10Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- 7Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,8Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Ihalainen T, Rinta-Kiikka I, Luoto TM, Thesleff T, Helminen M, Korpijaakko-Huuhka AM, Ronkainen A. Risk factors for laryngeal penetration-aspiration in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Spine J 2018; 18:81-87. [PMID: 28673831 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Laryngeal penetration-aspiration, the entry of material into the airways, is considered the most severe subtype of dysphagia and is common among patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for penetration-aspiration in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI). STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Thirty-seven patients with TCSCI were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES The highest Rosenbek penetration-aspiration scale (PAS; range 1-8) score of each patient was the primary outcome measure. The risk factors consisted of patient characteristics, demographics, and clinical signs observed during a clinical swallowing trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS A clinical swallowing trial and videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed on all patients within 28 days post injury. For group comparisons, the patients were divided into two groups: (1) penetrator-aspirators (PAS score ≥3) and (2) non-penetrator-aspirators (PAS score ≤2). RESULTS Of the 37 patients, 83.8% were male. The mean age at the time of the injury was 61.2 years. Most patients had an incomplete TCSCI (78.4%) caused by a fall (75.7%). In the VFSS, 51.4% of the patients were penetrator-aspirators, and 71.4% had silent aspiration. The risk factors for predicting penetration-aspiration were (1) necessity of bronchoscopies, (2) lower level of anterior cervical operation, (3) coughing, throat clearing, choking related to swallowing, and (4) changes in voice quality related to swallowing. Binary logistic regression identified coughing, throat clearing, choking, and changes in voice quality related to swallowing as independent risk factors for penetration-aspiration. CONCLUSIONS The necessity of bronchoscopies, postinjury lower cervical spine anterior surgery, coughing, throat clearing, choking, and changes in voice quality related to swallowing was a markedrisk factor for aspiration and penetration following a cervical SCI. These factors and signs should be used to suspect injury-related pharyngeal dysfunction and to initiate preventive measures to avoid complications. The clinical swallowing evaluation is a relevant adjunct in the management of these patients and can improve the detection of penetration and aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Ihalainen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Kalevantie 4, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.
| | - Irina Rinta-Kiikka
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland
| | - Tuomo Thesleff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland
| | - Mika Helminen
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland; Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, P.O. Box 100, Tampere FI-33104, Finland
| | | | - Antti Ronkainen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland
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Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Tuominen M, Öhman J, Howell DR, Iverson GL, Luoto TM. Sport Concussion Assessment Tool: Interpreting day-of-injury scores in professional ice hockey players. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:794-799. [PMID: 29254676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the clinical utility of Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT3) baseline and normative reference values for the assessment of acute concussion; and to identify the sensitivity of each SCAT3 subcomponent to the acute effects of concussion. DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS The day-of-concussion SCAT3 results (n=27) of professional male ice hockey players (mean age=27, SD=4) were compared to athlete's individual baseline and to the league's normative reference values. Normative cutoffs corresponding to 10th percentile and natural distribution change cutoffs corresponding to 90th percentile cumulative frequency were considered uncommon. RESULTS The percentages of the players with uncommon day-of-injury performance, when post-injury scores were compared to individual baseline versus (vs.) normative values, were as follows: symptoms: 96% vs. 100% (post-injury score: M=12, Md=12, SD=4; severity M=26, Md=23, SD=13); Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC): 33% vs. 27% (post-injury M=25, Md=26, SD=3); modified-BESS (M-BESS): 46% vs. 46% (post-injury M=7, Md=5, SD=7); Tandem Gait: 18% vs. 31% (post-injury M=11, Md=12, SD=4); coordination: both 8%. The number and severity of post-injury symptoms were significantly greater, with extremely large effect sizes (Cohen's d=2.44-3.92), than normative values and individual baseline scores. The post-injury SAC score was significantly lower relative to both baseline (d=0.68) and normative values (d=0.88). The post-injury M-BESS performance was significantly worse when compared to both individual baseline (d=1.06) and league normative values (d=1.46). No significant day-of-injury Tandem Gait deficits were observed using either comparison method. CONCLUSIONS SCAT3 league normative values were as sensitive as individual baseline scores during day-of-injury assessments. Symptoms were the most sensitive post-concussion component of the SCAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hänninen
- Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Finland.
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Finland
| | - Markku Tuominen
- IIHF Medical Committee, Liiga/Finnish Ice Hockey Association, Medisport Inc., Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - David R Howell
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sport Concussion Program, & Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, USA
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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Luoto TM, Raj R, Posti JP, Gardner AJ, Panenka WJ, Iverson GL. A Systematic Review of the Usefulness of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein for Predicting Acute Intracranial Lesions following Head Trauma. Front Neurol 2017; 8:652. [PMID: 29255443 PMCID: PMC5722790 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extensive use of computed tomography (CT) after acute head injury is costly and carries potential iatrogenic risk. This systematic review examined the usefulness of blood-based glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for predicting acute trauma-related CT-positive intracranial lesions following head trauma. The main objective was to summarize the current evidence on blood-based GFAP as a potential screening test for acute CT-positive intracranial lesions following head trauma. Methods We screened MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, the Cochrane Database, Scopus, Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, ResearchGate, and the reference lists of eligible publications for original contributions published between January 1980 and January 2017. Eligibility criteria included: (i) population: human head and brain injuries of all severities and ages; (ii) intervention: blood-based GFAP measurement ≤24 h post-injury; and (iii) outcome: acute traumatic lesion on non-contrast head CT ≤24 h post-injury. Three authors completed the publication screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of eligible articles. Results The initial search identified 4,706 articles, with 51 eligible for subsequent full-text assessment. Twenty-seven articles were ultimately included. Twenty-four (89%) studies reported a positive association between GFAP level and acute trauma-related intracranial lesions on head CT. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GFAP prediction of intracranial pathology ranged from 0.74 to 0.98 indicating good to excellent discrimination. GFAP seemed to discriminate mass lesions and diffuse injury, with mass lesions having significantly higher GFAP levels. There was considerable variability between the measured GFAP averages between studies and assays. No well-designed diagnostic studies with specific GFAP cutoff values predictive of acute traumatic intracranial lesions have been published. Conclusion Intracranial CT-positive trauma lesions were associated with elevated GFAP levels in the majority of studies. Methodological heterogeneity in GFAP assessments and the lack of well-designed diagnostic studies with commercially validated GFAP platforms hinder the level of evidence, and variability in levels of GFAP with no clearly established cutoff for abnormality limit the clinical usefulness of the biomarker. However, blood-based GFAP holds promise as a means of screening for acute traumatic CT-positive lesion following head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rahul Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew J Gardner
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Sports Concussion Program, Hunter New England Local Health District, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - William J Panenka
- British Columbia Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, United States
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Ihalainen T, Rinta-Kiikka I, Luoto TM, Helminen M, Thesleff T, Korpijaakko-Huuhka AM, Ronkainen A. Reply to Saeid Safiri's Letter to the Editor: Risk factors for laryngeal penetration-aspiration in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Spine J 2017; 17:1956-1957. [PMID: 29241823 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Ihalainen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Kalevantie 4, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Irina Rinta-Kiikka
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Helminen
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland; Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, P.O. Box 100, FI-33104, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomo Thesleff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Antti Ronkainen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
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Ihalainen T, Rinta-Kiikka I, Luoto TM, Koskinen EA, Korpijaakko-Huuhka AM, Ronkainen A. Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: a prospective clinical study of laryngeal penetration and aspiration. Spinal Cord 2017. [PMID: 28631744 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES Dysphagia is a relatively common secondary complication in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries (TCSCI). The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of aspiration and penetration in patients with acute TCSCI. SETTING Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. METHODS A total of 46 patients with TCSCI were evaluated with a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Rosenbek's penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) was used to classify the degree of penetration or aspiration. The medical records of each patient were systematically reviewed. RESULTS Of the 46 patients, 85% were male. The mean age at the time of the injury was 62.1 years. Most patients had an incomplete injury (78%), and most of them due to a fall (78%). In the VFSS 19 (41%) patients penetrated and 15 (33%) aspirated. Only 12 (26%) of the patients had a PAS score of 1 indicating that swallowed material did not enter the airway. Of the patients who aspirated, 73% had silent aspiration. CONCLUSION The incidence of penetration or aspiration according to VFSS is high in this cohort of patients with TCSCI. Therefore, the swallowing function of patients with acute TCSCI should be routinely evaluated before initiating oral feeding. VFSS is highly recommended, particularly to rule out the possibility of silent aspiration and to achieve information on safe nutrition consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ihalainen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - I Rinta-Kiikka
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - T M Luoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - E A Koskinen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - A Ronkainen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Tuominen M, Iverson GL, Vartiainen M, Öhman J, Luoto TM. How to interpret post-concussion symptom severities of scat3 in professional ice hockey players. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Tuominen M, Iverson GL, Vartiainen M, Öhman J, Luoto TM. The utility of individual baseline versus normative reference values for the scat3 following concussion in professional ice hockey players. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tuominen M, Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Stuart MJ, Luoto TM, Kannus P, Aubry M. Concussions in international ice hockey championships and olympic winter games between 2006 and 2015. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Luoto TM, Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Tuominen M, Iverson GL, Vartiainen M, Öhman J. Day of injury dizziness is related to prolonged recovery following concussion. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Tuominen M, Iverson GL, Öhman J, Vartiainen M, Luoto TM. Interpreting change on the SCAT3 in professional ice hockey players. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:424-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tuominen M, Hänninen T, Parkkari J, Stuart MJ, Luoto TM, Kannus P, Aubry M. CONCUSSIONS IN INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS AND OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES BETWEEN 2006 AND 2015. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hänninen T, Tuominen M, Parkkari J, Vartiainen M, Öhman J, Iverson GL, Luoto TM. Sport concussion assessment tool – 3rd edition – normative reference values for professional ice hockey players. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:636-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Losoi H, Silverberg ND, Wäljas M, Turunen S, Rosti-Otajärvi E, Helminen M, Luoto TM, Julkunen J, Öhman J, Iverson GL. Recovery from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Previously Healthy Adults. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:766-76. [PMID: 26437675 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective longitudinal study reports recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) across multiple domains in a carefully selected consecutive sample of 74 previously healthy adults. The patients with MTBI and 40 orthopedic controls (i.e., ankle injuries) completed assessments at 1, 6, and 12 months after injury. Outcome measures included cognition, post-concussion symptoms, depression, traumatic stress, quality of life, satisfaction with life, resilience, and return to work. Patients with MTBI reported more post-concussion symptoms and fatigue than the controls at the beginning of recovery, but by 6 months after injury, did not differ as a group from nonhead injury trauma controls on cognition, fatigue, or mental health, and by 12 months, their level of post-concussion symptoms and quality of life was similar to that of controls. Almost all (96%) patients with MTBI returned to work/normal activities (RTW) within the follow-up of 1 year. A subgroup of those with MTBIs and controls reported mild post-concussion-like symptoms at 1 year. A large percentage of the subgroup who had persistent symptoms had a modifiable psychological risk factor at 1 month (i.e., depression, traumatic stress, and/or low resilience), and at 6 months, they had greater post-concussion symptoms, fatigue, insomnia, traumatic stress, and depression, and worse quality of life. All of the control subjects who had mild post-concussion-like symptoms at 12 months also had a mental health problem (i.e., depression, traumatic stress, or both). This illustrates the importance of providing evidence-supported treatment and rehabilitation services early in the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Losoi
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .,2 Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noah D Silverberg
- 3 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, GF Strong Rehab Centre, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Minna Wäljas
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Senni Turunen
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Eija Rosti-Otajärvi
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Helminen
- 4 School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere and Science Center , Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Julkunen
- 2 Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Grant L Iverson
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown Navy Yard, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; and Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston, Massachusetts
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Isokuortti H, Iverson GL, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J, Luoto TM. Who Gets Head Trauma or Recruited in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Research? J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:232-41. [PMID: 26054639 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a public health problem. Outcome from mTBI is heterogeneous in part due to pre-injury individual differences that typically are not well described or understood. Pre-injury health characteristics of all consecutive patients (n=3023) who underwent head computed tomography due to acute head trauma in the emergency department of Tampere University Hospital, Finland, between August 2010 and July 2012 were examined. Patients were screened to obtain a sample of working age adults with no pre-injury medical or mental health problems who had sustained a "pure" mTBI. Of all patients screened, 1990 (65.8%) fulfilled the mTBI criteria, 257 (8.5%) had a more severe TBI, and 776 (25.7%) had a head trauma without obvious signs of brain injury. Injury-related data and participant-related data (e.g., age, sex, diagnosed diseases, and medications) were collected from hospital records. The most common pre-injury diseases were circulatory (39.4%-43.2%), neurological (23.7%-25.2%), and psychiatric (25.8%-27.5%) disorders. Alcohol abuse was present in 18.4%-26.8%. The most common medications were for cardiovascular (33.1%-36.6%), central nervous system (21.4%-30.8%), and blood clotting and anemia indications (21.5%-22.6%). Of the screened patients, only 2.5% met all the enrollment criteria. Age, neurological conditions, and psychiatric problems were the most common reasons for exclusion. Most of the patients sustaining an mTBI have some pre-injury diseases or conditions that could affect clinical outcome. By excluding patients with pre-existing conditions, the patients with known risk factors for poor outcome remain poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant L Iverson
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anneli Kataja
- 3 Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- 3 Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Öhman
- 4 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
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Luoto TM, Iverson GL, Losoi H, Wäljas M, Tenovuo O, Kataja A, Brander A, Öhman J. Clinical correlates of retrograde amnesia in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2015; 29:565-72. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.1002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nenonen M, Hakulinen U, Brander A, Ohman J, Dastidar P, Luoto TM. Possible confounding factors on cerebral diffusion tensor imaging measurements. Acta Radiol Open 2015; 4:2047981614546795. [PMID: 25793107 PMCID: PMC4364398 DOI: 10.1177/2047981614546795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is prone to numerous systemic confounding factors that should be acknowledged to avoid false conclusions. PURPOSE To investigate the possible effects of age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and education on cerebral DTI parameters in a generally healthy homogenous sample with no neurological or psychiatric diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty (n = 40) subjects (mean age, 40.3 years; SD, 12.3) underwent brain DTI with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At enrolment, all the subjects were interviewed with respect to general health, education, history of smoking, and alcohol consumption. Studied DTI parameters included: (i) fractional anisotropy (FA); and (ii) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Region-of-interest (ROI)-based measurements were estimated at 13 anatomical locations bilaterally on the axial images, except for the corpus callosum in which the ROIs were placed on the sagittal images. Circular ROI measurements were mainly used. Freehand ROI method was used with the forceps minor, uncinate fasciculus, and thalamus. Intra-observer variability and repeatability were assessed. RESULTS The most consistent finding was that aging decreased FA values in the frontal brain regions. Regarding the other confounding factors, the results were discontinuous and no concrete conclusions could be drawn from these findings. In general, intra-observer repeatability of the DTI measurement was considered relatively good. CONCLUSION Age should be noted as considerable confounding factors in ROI-based DTI analysis. More research on the effects of gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and education is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miina Nenonen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
| | - Ullamari Hakulinen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Ohman
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasun Dastidar
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland
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Isokuortti H, Luoto TM, Kataja A, Brander A, Siironen J, Liimatainen S, Iverson GL, Ylinen A, Ohman J. Necessity of monitoring after negative head CT in acute head injury. Injury 2014; 45:1340-4. [PMID: 24810669 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of delayed complications in acute head injury (HI) patients with an initial normal head computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 3023 consecutive patients who underwent head CT due to an acute HI at the Emergency Department (ED) of Tampere University Hospital (August 2010-July 2012). Regardless of clinical injury severity, the patients with a normal head CT were selected (n=2444, 80.9%). The medical records of these patients were reviewed to identify the individuals with a serious clinically significant complication related to the primary HI. The time window considered was the following 72h after the primary head CT. A repeated head CT in the hospital ward, death, or return to the ED were indicative of a possible complication. RESULTS The majority (n=1811, 74.1%) of the patients with a negative head CT were discharged home and 1.1% (n=27) of these patients returned to ED within 72h post-CT. A repeated head CT was performed on 12 (44.4%) of the returned patients and none of the scans revealed an acute lesion. Of the 632 (25.9%) CT-negative patients admitted to the hospital ward from the ED, a head CT was repeated in 46 (7.3%) patients within 72h as part of routine practice. In the repeated CT sample, only one (0.2%) patient had a traumatic intracranial lesion. This lesion did not need neurosurgical intervention. The overall complication rate was 0.04%. CONCLUSION In the present study, which includes head injuries of all severity, the probability of delayed life-threatening complications was negligible when the primary CT scan revealed no acute traumatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Isokuortti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Teemu M Luoto
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anneli Kataja
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Brander
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Siironen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Liimatainen
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School & Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarne Ylinen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Ohman
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Silverberg ND, Luoto TM, Öhman J, Iverson GL. Assessment of mild traumatic brain injury with the King-Devick Test® in an emergency department sample. Brain Inj 2014; 28:1590-3. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.943287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah D. Silverberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BCCanada
- GF Strong Rehab Centre
Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Teemu M. Luoto
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital
TampereFinland
| | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital
TampereFinland
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School
Boston, MAUSA
- Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program
Boston, MAUSA
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