151
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Çalışkan G, Stork O. Hippocampal network oscillations at the interplay between innate anxiety and learned fear. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:321-338. [PMID: 30417233 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a central role as a hub for episodic memory and as an integrator of multimodal sensory information in time and space. Thereby, it critically determines contextual setting and specificity of episodic memories. It is also a key site for the control of innate anxiety states and involved in psychiatric diseases with heightened anxiety and generalized fear memory such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Expression of both innate "unlearned" anxiety and "learned" fear requires contextual processing and engagement of a brain-wide network including the hippocampus together with the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. Strikingly, the hippocampus is also the site of emergence of oscillatory rhythms that coordinate information processing and filtering in this network. Here, we review data on how the hippocampal network oscillations and their coordination with amygdalar and prefrontal oscillations are engaged in innate threat evaluation. We further explore how such innate oscillatory communication might have an impact on contextualization and specificity of "learned" fear. We illustrate the partial overlap of fear and anxiety networks that are built by the hippocampus in conjunction with amygdala and prefrontal cortex. We further propose that (mal)-adaptive interplay via (dis)-balanced oscillatory communication between the anxiety network and the fear network may determine the strength of fear memories and their resistance to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Çalışkan
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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152
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Sex differences in stress reactivity in arousal and attention systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:129-139. [PMID: 30022063 PMCID: PMC6235989 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to suffer from psychiatric disorders with hyperarousal symptoms, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. In contrast, women are less likely than men to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which share attentional impairments as a feature. Stressful events exacerbate symptoms of the aforementioned disorders. Thus, researchers are examining whether sex differences in stress responses bias women and men towards different psychopathology. Here we review the preclinical literature suggesting that, compared to males, females are more vulnerable to stress-induced hyperarousal, while they are more resilient to stress-induced attention deficits. Specifically described are sex differences in receptors for the stress neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), that render the locus coeruleus arousal system of females more vulnerable to stress and less adaptable to CRF hypersecretion, a condition found in patients with PTSD and depression. Studies on the protective effects of ovarian hormones against CRF-induced deficits in sustained attention are also detailed. Importantly, we highlight how comparing males and females in preclinical studies can lead to the development of novel therapeutics to improve treatments for psychiatric disorders in both women and men.
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153
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Neural circuits for a top-down control of fear and extinction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:313-320. [PMID: 30215217 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fear learning and extinction are controlled by the activity of three interconnected regions: the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Of these, the medial prefrontal cortex modulates specific aspects in fear and extinction via a top-down regulation. In recent years, extensive progress has been made in our understanding of the neural circuits that mediate fear-related behaviors and their modulation by ascending systems. The development of new experimental techniques is now revealing the details of the intrinsic circuits within these structures as well as the connections between them. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the prefrontal cortex may mediate such a top-down regulation.
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154
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Robinson JT, Pohlmeyer E, Gather MC, Kemere C, Kitching JE, Malliaras GG, Marblestone A, Shepard KL, Stieglitz T, Xie C. Developing Next-generation Brain Sensing Technologies - A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2019; 19:10.1109/jsen.2019.2931159. [PMID: 32116472 PMCID: PMC7047830 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2019.2931159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Advances in sensing technology raise the possibility of creating neural interfaces that can more effectively restore or repair neural function and reveal fundamental properties of neural information processing. To realize the potential of these bioelectronic devices, it is necessary to understand the capabilities of emerging technologies and identify the best strategies to translate these technologies into products and therapies that will improve the lives of patients with neurological and other disorders. Here we discuss emerging technologies for sensing brain activity, anticipated challenges for translation, and perspectives for how to best transition these technologies from academic research labs to useful products for neuroscience researchers and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Pohlmeyer
- John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Malte C. Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS Scotland, UK
| | - Caleb Kemere
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - John E. Kitching
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Adam Marblestone
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Institute of Microsystem Technology, Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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155
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Williams SR, Fletcher LN. A Dendritic Substrate for the Cholinergic Control of Neocortical Output Neurons. Neuron 2018; 101:486-499.e4. [PMID: 30594427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ascending cholinergic system dynamically regulates sensory perception and cognitive function, but it remains unclear how this modulation is executed in neocortical circuits. Here, we demonstrate that the cholinergic system controls the integrative operations of neocortical principal neurons by modulating dendritic excitability. Direct dendritic recordings revealed that the optogenetic-evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) transformed the pattern of dendritic integration in layer 5B pyramidal neurons, leading to the generation of dendritic plateau potentials which powerfully drove repetitive action potential output. In contrast, the synaptic release of ACh did not positively modulate axo-somatic excitability. Mechanistically, the transformation of dendritic integration was mediated by the muscarinic ACh receptor-dependent enhancement of dendritic R-type calcium channel activity, a compartment-dependent modulation which decisively controlled the associative computations executed by layer 5B pyramidal neurons. Our findings therefore reveal a biophysical mechanism by which the cholinergic system controls dendritic computations causally linked to perceptual detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Williams
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lee N Fletcher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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156
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Characterisation of a Platinum-based Electrochemical Biosensor for Real-time Neurochemical Analysis of Choline. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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157
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Takahashi S, Ohmiya M, Honda S, Ni K. The KCNH3 inhibitor ASP2905 shows potential in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207750. [PMID: 30462746 PMCID: PMC6248980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N'-phenyl-N"-(pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine [ASP2905] is a potent and selective inhibitor of the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 3 (KCNH3) that was originally identified in our laboratory. KCNH3 is concentrated in the forebrain, and its overexpression in mice leads to cognitive deficits. In contrast, Kcnh3 knockout mice exhibit enhanced performance in cognitive tasks such as attention. These data suggest that KCNH3 plays important roles in cognition. Here we investigated the neurochemical and neurophysiological profiles of ASP2905 as well as its effects on cognitive function, focusing on attention. ASP2905 (0.0313 and 0.0625 mg/kg, po) improved the latent learning ability of mice, which reflects attention. Microdialysis assays in rats revealed that ASP2905 increased the efflux of dopamine and acetylcholine in the medial prefrontal cortex (0.03, 0.1 mg/kg, po; 0.1, 1 mg/kg, po, respectively). The activities of these neurotransmitters are closely associated with attention. We used a multiple-trial passive avoidance task to investigate the effects of ASP2905 on inattention and impulsivity in juvenile stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. ASP2905 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, po) significantly prolonged cumulative latency as effectively as methylphenidate (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, sc), which is the gold standard for treating ADHD. Further, ASP2905, amphetamine, and methylphenidate significantly increased the alpha-band power of rats, suggesting that ASP2905 increases arousal, which is a pharmacologically important activity for treating ADHD. In contrast, atomoxetine and guanfacine did not significantly affect power. Together, these findings suggest that ASP2905, which acts through a novel mechanism, is as effective for treating ADHD as currently available drugs such as methylphenidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Ohmiya
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sokichi Honda
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keni Ni
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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158
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Záborszky L, Gombkoto P, Varsanyi P, Gielow MR, Poe G, Role LW, Ananth M, Rajebhosale P, Talmage DA, Hasselmo ME, Dannenberg H, Minces VH, Chiba AA. Specific Basal Forebrain-Cortical Cholinergic Circuits Coordinate Cognitive Operations. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9446-9458. [PMID: 30381436 PMCID: PMC6209837 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1676-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent molecular genetics, as well as functional and quantitative anatomical studies, the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projections, once viewed as a diffuse system, are emerging as being remarkably specific in connectivity. Acetylcholine (ACh) can rapidly and selectively modulate activity of specific circuits and ACh release can be coordinated in multiple areas that are related to particular aspects of cognitive processing. This review discusses how a combination of multiple new approaches with more established techniques are being used to finally reveal how cholinergic neurons, together with other BF neurons, provide temporal structure for behavior, contribute to local cortical state regulation, and coordinate activity between different functionally related cortical circuits. ACh selectively modulates dynamics for encoding and attention within individual cortical circuits, allows for important transitions during sleep, and shapes the fidelity of sensory processing by changing the correlation structure of neural firing. The importance of this system for integrated and fluid behavioral function is underscored by its disease-modifying role; the demise of BF cholinergic neurons has long been established in Alzheimer's disease and recent studies have revealed the involvement of the cholinergic system in modulation of anxiety-related circuits. Therefore, the BF cholinergic system plays a pivotal role in modulating the dynamics of the brain during sleep and behavior, as foretold by the intricacies of its anatomical map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Záborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102,
| | - Peter Gombkoto
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Peter Varsanyi
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Matthew R Gielow
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Gina Poe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Prithviraj Rajebhosale
- Program in Neuroscience and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Holger Dannenberg
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Victor H Minces
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego 92093
| | - Andrea A Chiba
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego 92093
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159
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Tashakori-Sabzevar F, Ward RD. Basal Forebrain Mediates Motivational Recruitment of Attention by Reward-Associated Cues. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:786. [PMID: 30425617 PMCID: PMC6218575 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain, composed of distributed nuclei, including substantia innominata (SI), nucleus basalis and nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca plays a crucial neuromodulatory role in the brain. In particular, its projections to the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be important in a wide variety of brain processes and functions, including attention, learning and memory, arousal, and decision-making. In the present study, we asked whether the basal forebrain is involved in recruitment of cognitive effort in response to reward-related cues. This interaction between motivation and cognition is critically impacted in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. Using the Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug (DREADD) technique combined with our recently developed signaled probability sustained attention task (SPSA), which explicitly assays the interaction between motivation and attention, we sought to determine the role of the basal forebrain in this interaction. Rats were stereotaxically injected in the basal forebrain with either hM4D(Gi) (a virus that expresses receptors which silence neurons in the presence of the drug clozapine-N-oxide; CNO) or a control virus and tested in the SPSA. Behavior of rats during baseline and under saline indicated control by reward probability. In the presence of CNO, differential accuracy of hM4D(Gi) rats on high and low reward-probability trials was abolished. This result occurred despite spared ability of the reward-probability signals to differentially impact choice-response latencies and omissions. These results indicate that the basal forebrain is critical for the motivational recruitment of attention in response to reward-related cues and are consistent with a role for basal forebrain in encoding and transmitting motivational salience of reward-related cues and readying prefrontal circuits for further attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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160
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Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10692-10708. [PMID: 30373769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1159-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus basalis (NB) projects cholinergic axons to the cortex, where they play a major role in arousal, attention, and learning. Cholinergic inputs shift cortical dynamics from synchronous to asynchronous and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sensory responses. However, the underlying mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Using simultaneous extracellular and whole-cell patch recordings in layer 4 of the mouse barrel cortex, we show that electrical or optogenetic activation of the cholinergic system has a differential effect on ongoing and sensory evoked activities. Cholinergic activation profoundly reduced the large spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential and decorrelated ongoing activity. However, NB stimulation had no effect on the response to whisker stimulation or on signal correlations. These effects of cholinergic activation provide a unified explanation for the increased SNR of sensory response and for the reduction in noise correlations and explain the shift into the desynchronized cortical state, which are the hallmarks of arousal and attention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Attention increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of cortical sensory response, which may reflect either reduction in background firing rate or increased sensory response. Extracellular recordings showed that attention also reduces the correlation in network activity. These effects are partially mediated by cholinergic axons from the nucleus basalis projecting to the entire cortex. To reveal the cellular and synaptic correlates of these cholinergic effects, we performed simultaneous intracellular and LFP recordings in the somatosensory cortex. Global or local cholinergic activation increased the SNR of sensory response mainly by reducing the rate and amplitude of background synaptic activity and also reduced network correlations. Therefore, coding of sensory information is enhanced by the cholinergic system mainly due to a reduction in spontaneous activity.
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161
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Lateral inhibition by Martinotti interneurons is facilitated by cholinergic inputs in human and mouse neocortex. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4101. [PMID: 30291244 PMCID: PMC6173769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of inhibitory pathways encompassing different interneuron types shape activity of neocortical pyramidal neurons. While basket cells (BCs) mediate fast lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons, Somatostatin-positive Martinotti cells (MCs) mediate a delayed form of lateral inhibition. Neocortical circuits are under control of acetylcholine, which is crucial for cortical function and cognition. Acetylcholine modulates MC firing, however, precisely how cholinergic inputs affect cortical lateral inhibition is not known. Here, we find that cholinergic inputs selectively augment and speed up lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons mediated by MCs, but not by BCs. Optogenetically activated cholinergic inputs depolarize MCs through activation of ß2 subunit-containing nicotinic AChRs, not muscarinic AChRs, without affecting glutamatergic inputs to MCs. We find that these mechanisms are conserved in human neocortex. Cholinergic inputs thus enable cortical pyramidal neurons to recruit more MCs, and can thereby dynamically highlight specific circuit motifs, favoring MC-mediated pathways over BC-mediated pathways. Parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons mediate lateral inhibition between cortical neurons. Here the authors report the mechanisms by which acetylcholine from the basal forebrain selectively augments lateral inhibition via Martinotti cells and show that this is conserved in humans.
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162
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Lammers F, Borchers F, Feinkohl I, Hendrikse J, Kant IMJ, Kozma P, Pischon T, Slooter AJC, Spies C, van Montfort SJT, Zacharias N, Zaborszky L, Winterer G. Basal forebrain cholinergic system volume is associated with general cognitive ability in the elderly. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:145-156. [PMID: 30096414 PMCID: PMC6338214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At the present, it is unclear whether association of basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) volume with cognitive performance exists in healthy as well as in cognitively impaired elderly subjects. Whereas one small study reported an association of BFCS volume with general cognitive ability 'g' in healthy ageing, effects on specific cognitive domains have only been found in subjects with cognitive decline. Here we aim to clarify whether an association of BFCS volume and 'g' is present in a larger sample of elderly subjects without obvious symptoms of dementia and whether similar associations can also be observed in specific cognitive domains. METHODS 282 pre-surgical patients from the BioCog study (aged 72.7 ± 4.9 years with a range of 65-87 years, 110 women) with a median MMSE score of 29 points (range 24-30) were investigated. BFCS and brain volume as well as brain parenchymal fraction were assessed in T1-weighted MR images using SPM12 and a probabilistic map of the BFCS. Neuropsychological assessment comprised the CANTAB cognitive battery and paper-and-pencil based tests. For data analysis, generalised linear models and quantile regression were applied. RESULTS Significant associations of BFCS volume with 'g' and several cognitive domains were found, with the strongest association found for 'g'. BFCS volume explained less variance in cognitive performance than brain volume. The association was not confounded by brain parenchymal fraction. Furthermore, the association of BFCS volume and 'g' was similar in high- and low-performers. CONCLUSION Our results extend previous study findings on BFCS volume associations with cognition in elderly subjects. Despite the observed associations of BFCS volume and cognitive performance, this association seems to reflect a more general association of brain volume and cognition. Accordingly, a specific association of BFCS volume and cognition in non-demented elderly subjects is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lammers
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Borchers
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Insa Feinkohl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilse M J Kant
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Petra Kozma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; MDC/BIH Biobank, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone J T van Montfort
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Norman Zacharias
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Georg Winterer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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163
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Kamigaki T. Prefrontal circuit organization for executive control. Neurosci Res 2018; 140:23-36. [PMID: 30227166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of executive control is to select the most appropriate behavior among other candidates depending on the sensory information (exogenous information) and on the subject's internal state (endogenous information). Here I review series of the evidence implicating that the rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC) evaluates and compares the expected outcome for candidate actions that are automatically primed by exogenous and endogenous information, and selects the most appropriate action while inhibiting the others, with different PFC subregions contributing to distinct aspects of the computation via differential recruitments of the distributed networks. The recurrent nature of the PFC networks further facilitates the computation by integrating bottom-up signals over a long timescale. I also overview the local circuit organization in the PFC, where vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive (VIP) GABAergic interneurons are tightly linked with the cholinergic system and play significant roles in regulating executive control signals. The empirical evidence inspires the disinhibitory module hypothesis of the PFC organization that a group of pyramidal neurons and interneurons forms a disinhibitory module with similar task-variable selectivity in the PFC, and long-range inputs and neuromodulations in these modules exert a distributed gain modulation of the ongoing executive control signals by adjusting VIP neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kamigaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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164
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Crochet S, Lee SH, Petersen CCH. Neural Circuits for Goal-Directed Sensorimotor Transformations. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:66-77. [PMID: 30201180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Precisely wired neuronal circuits process sensory information in a learning- and context-dependent manner in order to govern behavior. Simple sensory decision-making tasks in rodents are now beginning to reveal the contributions of distinct cell types and brain regions participating in the conversion of sensory information into learned goal-directed motor output. Task learning is accompanied by target-specific routing of sensory information to specific downstream cortical regions, with higher-order cortical regions such as the posterior parietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus appearing to play important roles in learning- and context-dependent processing of sensory input. An important challenge for future research is to connect cell-type-specific activity in these brain regions with motor neurons responsible for action initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Crochet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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165
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Galvin VC, Arnsten AFT, Wang M. Evolution in Neuromodulation-The Differential Roles of Acetylcholine in Higher Order Association vs. Primary Visual Cortices. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:67. [PMID: 30210306 PMCID: PMC6121028 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review contrasts the neuromodulatory influences of acetylcholine (ACh) on the relatively conserved primary visual cortex (V1), compared to the newly evolved dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex (dlPFC). ACh is critical both for proper circuit development and organization, and for optimal functioning of mature systems in both cortical regions. ACh acts through both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, which show very different expression profiles in V1 vs. dlPFC, and differing effects on neuronal firing. Cholinergic effects mediate attentional influences in V1, enhancing representation of incoming sensory stimuli. In dlPFC ACh plays a permissive role for network communication. ACh receptor expression and ACh actions in higher visual areas have an intermediate profile between V1 and dlPFC. This changing role of ACh modulation across association cortices may help to illuminate the particular susceptibility of PFC in cognitive disorders, and provide therapeutic targets to strengthen cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Galvin
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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166
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Chaves-Coira I, Martín-Cortecero J, Nuñez A, Rodrigo-Angulo ML. Basal Forebrain Nuclei Display Distinct Projecting Pathways and Functional Circuits to Sensory Primary and Prefrontal Cortices in the Rat. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:69. [PMID: 30158859 PMCID: PMC6104178 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports that specific projections between different basal forebrain (BF) nuclei and their cortical targets are necessary to modulate cognitive functions in the cortex. We tested the hypothesis of the existence of specific neuronal populations in the BF linking with specific sensory, motor, and prefrontal cortices in rats. Neuronal tracing techniques were performed using retrograde tracers injected in the primary somatosensory (S1), auditory (A1), and visual (V1) cortical areas, in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as in BF nuclei. Results indicate that the vertical and horizontal diagonal band of Broca (VDB/HDB) nuclei target specific sensory cortical areas and maintains reciprocal projections with the prelimbic/infralimbic (PL/IL) area of the mPFC. The basal magnocellular nucleus (B nucleus) has more widespread targets in the sensory-motor cortex and does not project to the PL/IL cortex. Optogenetic stimulation was used to establish if BF neurons modulate whisker responses recorded in S1 and PL/IL cortices. We drove the expression of high levels of channelrhodopsin-2, tagged with a fluorescent protein (ChR2-eYFP) by injection of a virus in HDB or B nuclei. Blue-light pulses were delivered to the BF through a thin optic fiber to stimulate these neurons. Blue-light stimulation directed toward the HDB facilitated whisker responses in S1 cortex through activation of muscarinic receptors. The same optogenetic stimulation of HDB induced an inhibition of whisker responses in mPFC by activation of nicotinic receptors. Blue-light stimulation directed toward the B nucleus had lower effects than HDB stimulation. Our findings pointed the presence of specific neuronal networks between the BF and the cortex that may play different roles in the control of cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chaves-Coira
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Cortecero
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita L Rodrigo-Angulo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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167
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Spindle MS, Parsa PV, Bowles SG, D'Souza RD, Vijayaraghavan S. A dominant role for the beta 4 nicotinic receptor subunit in nicotinic modulation of glomerular microcircuits in the mouse olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2036-2048. [PMID: 30089021 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00925.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate information transfer across the main olfactory bulb by instituting a high-pass intensity filter allowing for the filtering out of weak inputs. Excitation-driven inhibition of the glomerular microcircuit via GABA release from periglomerular cells appears to underlie this effect of nAChR activation. The multiplicity of nAChR subtypes and cellular locations raises questions about their respective roles in mediating their effects on the glomerular output. In this study, we address this issue by targeting heteromeric nAChRs using receptor knockouts (KOs) for the two dominant nAChR β-subunit genes known to be expressed in the central nervous system. KOs of the β2-nAChR subunit did not affect nAChR currents from mitral cells (MCs) but attenuated those from the external tufted (ET) cells. In slices from these animals, activation of nAChRs still effectively inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and firing on MCs evoked by the olfactory nerve (ON) stimulation, thereby indicating that the filter mechanism was intact. On the other hand, recordings from β4-KOs showed that nAChR responses from MCs were abolished and those from ET cells were attenuated. Excitation-driven feedback was abolished as was the effect of nAChR activation on ON-evoked EPSCs. Experiments using calcium imaging showed that one possible consequence of the β2-subunit activation might be to alter the time course of calcium transients in juxtaglomerular neurons suggesting a role for these receptors in calcium signaling. Our results indicate that nAChRs containing the β4-subunit are critical in the filtering of odor inputs and play a determinant role in the cholinergic modulation of glomerular output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, using receptor gene knockouts we examine the relative contributions of heteromeric nAChR subtypes located on different cell types to this effect of receptor activation. Our results demonstrate that nAChRs containing the β4-subunit activate MCs resulting in feedback inhibition from glomerular interneurons. This period of inhibition results in the selective filtering of weak odor inputs providing one mechanism by which nAChRs can enhance discrimination between two closely related odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Spindle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pirooz V Parsa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Spencer G Bowles
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sukumar Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
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168
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Neuropathic Pain Creates an Enduring Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction Corrected by the Type II Diabetic Drug Metformin But Not by Gabapentin. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7337-7350. [PMID: 30030404 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0713-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain patients suffer from pain-related cognitive deficits, even when taking commonly prescribed analgesics. These deficits are likely related to pain-related maladaptive plasticity in the frontal cortex. We sought to model cognitive deficits in mice with neuropathic pain to examine maladaptive morphological plasticity in the mPFC and to assess the effects of several therapeutics. We used an attentional set-shifting task in mice with spared nerve injury (SNI) who received either a single intrathecal injection of an analgesic dose of clonidine, 7 d of 100 mg/kg gabapentin, or 7 d of 200 mg/kg metformin. Male SNI mice were significantly more impaired in the set-shifting task than females. This deficit correlated with a loss of parvalbumin (PV) and reductions in axon initial segment (AIS) length in layers 5/6 of the infralimbic (IL) cortex. Acute pain relief with clonidine had no effect on set-shifting performance, whereas pain relief via 7 day treatment with gabapentin worsened the impairment in both SNI and sham mice. Gabapentin reversed the PV loss in the IL but had no effect on AIS length. Treatment with the AMPK-activator metformin completely reversed the pain-related cognitive impairment and restored AIS length in the IL but had little effect on PV expression. Our findings reveal that neuropathic pain-related cognitive impairments in male mice are correlated to bilateral morphological changes in PV interneurons and layer 5/6 IL pyramidal neuron AIS. Pain relief with metformin can reverse some of the functional and anatomical changes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive impairments are a comorbidity of neuropathic pain but are inadequately addressed by existing therapeutics. We used a neuropathic pain model in mice to demonstrate that male (but not female) mice show a robust pain-related deficit in attentional set-shifting, which is associated with structural plasticity in axon initial segments in the infralimbic cortex. These deficits were completely reversed by 7 day treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin, suggesting that this drug can be repurposed for the treatment of neuropathic pain and its cognitive comorbidities. Our findings have implications for our understanding of how neuropathic pain causes structural plasticity in the brain, and they point to a marked sexual dimorphism in neuropathic pain mechanisms in mice.
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169
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Luo Y, Kim EH, Flask CA, Clark HA. Nanosensors for the Chemical Imaging of Acetylcholine Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5761-5773. [PMID: 29851460 PMCID: PMC6281809 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A suite of imaging tools for detecting specific chemicals in the central nervous system could accelerate the understanding of neural signaling events critical to brain function and disease. Here, we introduce a class of nanoparticle sensors for the highly specific detection of acetylcholine in the living brain using magnetic resonance imaging. The nanosensor is composed of acetylcholine-catalyzing enzymes and pH-sensitive gadolinium contrast agents co-localized onto the surface of polymer nanoparticles, which leads to changes in T1 relaxation rate (1/ T1). The mechanism of the sensor involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine leading to a localized decrease in pH which is detected by the pH-sensitive gadolinium chelate. The concomitant change in 1/ T1 in vitro measured a 20% increase from 0 to 10 μM acetylcholine concentration. The applicability of the nanosensors in vivo was demonstrated in the rat medial prefrontal cortex showing distinct changes in 1/ T1 induced by pharmacological stimuli. The highly specific acetylcholine nanosensor we present here offers a promising strategy for detection of cholinergic neurotransmission and will facilitate our understanding of brain function through chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric H. Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chris A. Flask
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Heather A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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170
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Rho HJ, Kim JH, Lee SH. Function of Selective Neuromodulatory Projections in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Comparison Between Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Systems. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:47. [PMID: 29988373 PMCID: PMC6023998 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical processing is dynamically modulated by different neuromodulators. Neuromodulation of the cerebral cortex is crucial for maintaining cognitive brain functions such as perception, attention and learning. However, we do not fully understand how neuromodulatory projections are organized in the cerebral cortex to exert various functions. The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projection and the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic projection are well-known neuromodulatory projections to the cortex. Decades of studies have identified anatomical and physiological characteristics of these circuits. While both cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons widely project to the cortex, they exhibit different levels of selectivity. Here, we summarize their anatomical and physiological features, highlighting selectivity and specificity of these circuits to different cortical regions. We discuss the importance of selective modulation by comparing their functions in the cortex. We highlight key features in the input-output circuits and target selectivity of these neuromodulatory projections and their roles in controlling four major brain functions: attention, reinforcement, learning and memory, sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jun Rho
- Sensory Processing Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Sensory Processing Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Sensory Processing Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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171
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Vijayraghavan S, Major AJ, Everling S. Muscarinic M1 Receptor Overstimulation Disrupts Working Memory Activity for Rules in Primate Prefrontal Cortex. Neuron 2018; 98:1256-1268.e4. [PMID: 29887340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), acting through muscarinic receptors, has an essential role in regulating flexible behavior and working memory (WM). General muscarinic receptor blockade disrupts PFC WM representations, while selective stimulation of muscarinic receptor subtypes is of great interest for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we tested selective stimulation and blockade of muscarinic M1 receptors (M1Rs) in macaque PFC, during performance of a cognitive control task in which rules maintained in WM specified saccadic responses. We hypothesized that M1R blockade and stimulation would disrupt and enhance rule representation in WM, respectively. Unexpectedly, M1R blockade did not consistently affect PFC neuronal rule selectivity. Moreover, M1R stimulation suppressed PFC activity, and at higher doses, degraded rule representations. Our results suggest that, in primates, the deleterious effects of general muscarinic blockade on PFC WM activity are not mediated by M1Rs, while their overstimulation deteriorates PFC rule maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Vijayraghavan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alex James Major
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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172
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Segregation of the human basal forebrain using resting state functional MRI. Neuroimage 2018; 173:287-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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173
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Serotonergic Modulation of Sensory Representation in a Central Multisensory Circuit Is Pathway Specific. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1844-1854. [PMID: 28834748 PMCID: PMC5600294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have explored how neuromodulators affect synaptic function, yet little is known about how they modify computations at the microcircuit level. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), a region that integrates auditory and multisensory inputs from two distinct pathways, serotonin (5-HT) enhances excitability of principal cells, predicting a generalized reduction in sensory thresholds. Surprisingly, we found that when looked at from the circuit level, 5-HT enhances signaling only from the multisensory input, while decreasing input from auditory fibers. This effect is only partially explained by an action on auditory nerve terminals. Rather, 5-HT biases processing for one input pathway by simultaneously enhancing excitability in the principal cell and in a pathway-specific feed-forward inhibitory interneuron. Thus, by acting on multiple targets, 5-HT orchestrates a fundamental shift in representation of convergent auditory and multisensory pathways, enhancing the potency of non-auditory signals in a classical auditory pathway.
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174
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Olfactory bulb acetylcholine release dishabituates odor responses and reinstates odor investigation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1868. [PMID: 29760390 PMCID: PMC5951802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation and dishabituation modulate the neural resources and behavioral significance allocated to incoming stimuli across the sensory systems. We characterize these processes in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and uncover a role for OB acetylcholine (ACh) in physiological and behavioral olfactory dishabituation. We use calcium imaging in both awake and anesthetized mice to determine the time course and magnitude of OB glomerular habituation during a prolonged odor presentation. In addition, we develop a novel behavioral investigation paradigm to determine how prolonged odor input affects odor salience. We find that manipulating OB ACh release during prolonged odor presentations using electrical or optogenetic stimulation rapidly modulates habituated glomerular odor responses and odor salience, causing mice to suddenly investigate a previously ignored odor. To demonstrate the ethological validity of this effect, we show that changing the visual context can lead to dishabituation of odor investigation behavior, which is blocked by cholinergic antagonists in the OB.
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175
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Synaptic Release of Acetylcholine Rapidly Suppresses Cortical Activity by Recruiting Muscarinic Receptors in Layer 4. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5338-5350. [PMID: 29739869 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0566-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic afferents from the basal forebrain (BF) can influence cortical activity on rapid time scales, enabling sensory information processing and exploratory behavior. However, our understanding of how synaptically released acetylcholine (ACh) influences cellular targets in distinct cortical layers remains incomplete. Previous studies have shown that rapid changes in cortical dynamics induced by phasic BF activity can be mediated by the activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) expressed in distinct types of GABAergic interneurons. In contrast, muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are assumed to be involved in slower and more diffuse ACh signaling following sustained increases in afferent activity. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying fast cholinergic control of cortical circuit dynamics by pairing optical stimulation of cholinergic afferents with evoked activity in somatosensory cortical slices of mice of either sex. ACh release evoked by single stimuli led to a rapid and persistent suppression of cortical activity, mediated by mAChRs expressed in layer 4 and to a lesser extent, by nAChRs in layers 1-3. In agreement, we found that cholinergic inputs to layer 4 evoked short-latency and long-lasting mAChR-dependent inhibition of the large majority of excitatory neurons, whereas inputs to layers 1-3 primarily evoked nAChR-dependent excitation of different classes of interneurons. Our results indicate that the rapid cholinergic control of cortical network dynamics is mediated by both nAChRs and mAChRs-dependent mechanisms, which are expressed in distinct cortical layers and cell types.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acetylcholine (ACh) release from basal forebrain (BF) afferents to cortex influences a variety of cognitive functions including attention, sensory processing, and learning. Cholinergic control occurs on the time scale of seconds and is mediated by BF neurons that generate action potentials at low rates, indicating that ACh acts as a point-to-point neurotransmitter. Our findings highlight that even brief activation of cholinergic afferents can recruit both nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors expressed in several cell types, leading to modulation of cortical activity on distinct time scales. Furthermore, they indicate that the initial stages of cortical sensory processing are under direct cholinergic control.
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176
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Banala S, Arvin MC, Bannon NM, Jin XT, Macklin JJ, Wang Y, Peng C, Zhao G, Marshall JJ, Gee KR, Wokosin DL, Kim VJ, McIntosh JM, Contractor A, Lester HA, Kozorovitskiy Y, Drenan RM, Lavis LD. Photoactivatable drugs for nicotinic optopharmacology. Nat Methods 2018; 15:347-350. [PMID: 29578537 PMCID: PMC5923430 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivatable pharmacological agents have revolutionized neuroscience, but the palette of available compounds is limited. We describe a general method for caging tertiary amines by using a stable quaternary ammonium linkage that elicits a red shift in the activation wavelength. We prepared a photoactivatable nicotine (PA-Nic), uncageable via one- or two-photon excitation, that is useful to study nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in different experimental preparations and spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambashiva Banala
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn,
Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Arvin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicolas M. Bannon
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiao-Tao Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John J. Macklin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn,
Virginia, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Can Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guiqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John J. Marshall
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle R. Gee
- Molecular Probes, ThermoFisher, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - David L. Wokosin
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Veronica J. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J. Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of
Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Henry A. Lester
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn,
Virginia, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan M. Drenan
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn,
Virginia, USA
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177
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Liu R, Crawford J, Callahan PM, Terry AV, Constantinidis C, Blake DT. Intermittent stimulation in the nucleus basalis of meynert improves sustained attention in rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2018; 137:202-210. [PMID: 29704983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustained attention is essential in important behaviors in daily life. Many neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by a compromised ability to sustain attention, making this cognitive domain an important therapeutic target. In this study, we tested a novel method of improving sustained attention. Monkeys were engaged in a continuous performance task (CPT) while the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NB), the main source of cholinergic innervation of the neocortex, was stimulated. Intermittent NB stimulation improved the animals' performance by increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate. Administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil or the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine alone impaired performance, whereas the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine alone improved performance. Applying NB stimulation while mecamylamine or donepezil were administered impaired CPT performance. Methylphenidate, a monoaminergic psychostimulant, was applied in conjunction with intermittent stimulation as a negative control, as it does not directly modulate cholinergic output. Methylphenidate also improved performance, and it produced further improvement when combined with NB stimulation. The additive effect of the combination suggested NB stimulation altered behavior independently from methylphenidate effects. We conclude that basal forebrain projections contribute to sustained attention, and that intermittent NB stimulation is an effective way of improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jonathan Crawford
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - David T Blake
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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178
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Chatard C, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Microelectrode Biosensors forin vivoAnalysis of Brain Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER; Faculty of Medicine; 8 Avenue Rockefeller 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France
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179
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Microdialysis and its use in behavioural studies: Focus on acetylcholine. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 300:206-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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180
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Schmitz TW, Duncan J. Normalization and the Cholinergic Microcircuit: A Unified Basis for Attention. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:422-437. [PMID: 29576464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention alters three key properties of population neural activity - firing rate, rate variability, and shared variability between neurons. All three properties are well explained by a single canonical computation - normalization - that acts across hierarchically integrated brain systems. Combining data from rodents and nonhuman primates, we argue that cortical cholinergic modulation originating from the basal forebrain closely mimics the effects of directed attention on these three properties of population neural activity. Cholinergic modulation of the cortical microcircuit underlying normalization may represent a key biological basis for the rapid and flexible changes in population neuronal coding that are required by directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Schmitz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - John Duncan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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181
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Çalışkan G, Stork O. Hippocampal network oscillations as mediators of behavioural metaplasticity: Insights from emotional learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 154:37-53. [PMID: 29476822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural metaplasticity is evident in experience-dependent changes of network activity patterns in neuronal circuits that connect the hippocampus, amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. These limbic regions are key structures of a brain-wide neural network that translates emotionally salient events into persistent and vivid memories. Communication in this network by-and-large depends on behavioural state-dependent rhythmic network activity patterns that are typically generated and/or relayed via the hippocampus. In fact, specific hippocampal network oscillations have been implicated to the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval, as well as the reconsolidation and extinction of emotional memories. The hippocampal circuits that contribute to these network activities, at the same time, are subject to both Hebbian and non-Hebbian forms of plasticity during memory formation. Further, it has become evident that adaptive changes in the hippocampus-dependent network activity patterns provide an important means of adjusting synaptic plasticity. We here summarise our current knowledge on how these processes in the hippocampus in interaction with amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the formation and persistence of emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Çalışkan
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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182
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Baker AL, O'Toole RJ, Gulledge AT. Preferential cholinergic excitation of corticopontine neurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:1659-1679. [PMID: 29330867 DOI: 10.1113/jp275194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Phasic activation of M1 muscarinic receptors generates transient inhibition followed by longer lasting excitation in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Corticopontine neurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex exhibit weaker cholinergic inhibition, but more robust and longer lasting excitation, than neighbouring callosal projection neurons. Optogenetic release of endogenous ACh in response to single flashes of light (5 ms) preferentially enhances the excitability of corticopontine neurons for many tens of seconds. Cholinergic excitation of corticopontine neurons involves at least three ionic mechanisms: suppression of KV 7 currents, activation of the calcium-dependent non-specific cation conductance underlying afterdepolarizations, and activation of what appears to be a calcium-sensitive but calcium-permeable non-specific cation conductance. Preferential cholinergic excitation of prefrontal corticopontine neurons may facilitate top-down attentional processes and behaviours. ABSTRACT Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex comprise two broad classes of projection neurons: corticofugal neurons, including corticopontine (CPn) neurons, and intratelencephalic neurons, including commissural/callosal (COM) neurons. These non-overlapping neuron subpopulations represent discrete cortical output channels contributing to perception, decision making and behaviour. CPn and COM neurons have distinct morphological and physiological characteristics, and divergent responses to modulatory transmitters such as serotonin and acetylcholine (ACh). To better understand how ACh regulates cortical output, in slices of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) we compared the responsivity of CPn and COM neurons to transient exposure to exogenous or endogenous ACh. In both neuron subtypes, exogenous ACh generated qualitatively similar biphasic responses in which brief hyperpolarization was followed by longer lasting enhancement of excitability. However, cholinergic inhibition was more pronounced in COM neurons, while excitatory responses were larger and longer lasting in CPn neurons. Similarly, optically triggered release of endogenous ACh from cholinergic terminals preferentially and persistently (for ∼40 s) enhanced the excitability of CPn neurons, but had little impact on COM neurons. Cholinergic excitation of CPn neurons involved at least three distinct ionic mechanisms: suppression of KV 7 channels (the 'M-current'), activation of the calcium-dependent non-specific cation conductance underlying afterdepolarizations, and activation of what appears to be a calcium-sensitive but calcium-permeable non-specific cation conductance. Our findings demonstrate projection-specific selectivity in cholinergic signalling in the PFC, and suggest that transient release of ACh during behaviour will preferentially promote corticofugal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle L Baker
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ryan J O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Allan T Gulledge
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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183
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Smith SK, Lugo‐Morales LZ, Tang C, Gosrani SP, Lee CA, Roberts JG, Morton SW, McCarty GS, Khan SA, Sombers LA. Quantitative Comparison of Enzyme Immobilization Strategies for Glucose Biosensing in Real‐Time Using Fast‐Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Coupled with Carbon‐Fiber Microelectrodes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1197-1204. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Smith
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Leyda Z. Lugo‐Morales
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - C. Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Saahj P. Gosrani
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Christie A. Lee
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - James G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Stephen W. Morton
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Saad A. Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering NC State University, Centennial Campus 911 Partners Way, Campus Box 7905 Raleigh NC 27695-7905 USA
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department of Chemistry NC State University 2620 Yarbrough Dr., Campus Box 8204 Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
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184
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King DR, de Chastelaine M, Rugg MD. Recollection-related increases in functional connectivity across the healthy adult lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 62:1-19. [PMID: 29101898 PMCID: PMC5753578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In young adults, recollection-sensitive brain regions exhibit enhanced connectivity with a widely distributed set of other regions during successful versus unsuccessful recollection, and the magnitude of connectivity change correlates with individual differences in recollection accuracy. Here, we examined whether recollection-related changes in connectivity and their relationship with performance varied across samples of young, middle-aged, and older adults. Psychophysiological interaction analyses identified recollection-related increases in connectivity both with recollection-sensitive seed regions and among regions distributed throughout the whole brain. The seed-based approach failed to identify age-related differences in recollection-related connectivity change. However, the whole-brain analysis revealed a number of age-related effects. Numerous pairs of regions exhibited a main effect of age on connectivity change, mostly due to decreased change with increasing age. After controlling for recollection accuracy, however, these effects of age were for the most part no longer significant, and those effects that were detected now reflected age-related increases in connectivity change. A subset of pairs of regions also exhibited an age by performance interaction, driven mostly by a weaker relationship between connectivity change and recollection accuracy with increasing age. We conjecture that these effects reflect age-related differences in neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R King
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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185
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Ma S, Hangya B, Leonard CS, Wisden W, Gundlach AL. Dual-transmitter systems regulating arousal, attention, learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:21-33. [PMID: 28757457 PMCID: PMC5747977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An array of neuromodulators, including monoamines and neuropeptides, regulate most behavioural and physiological traits. In the past decade, dramatic progress has been made in mapping neuromodulatory circuits, in analysing circuit dynamics, and interrogating circuit function using pharmacogenetic, optogenetic and imaging methods This review will focus on several distinct neural networks (acetylcholine/GABA/glutamate; histamine/GABA; orexin/glutamate; and relaxin-3/GABA) that originate from neural hubs that regulate wakefulness and related attentional and cognitive processes, and highlight approaches that have identified dual transmitter roles in these behavioural functions. Modulation of these different neural networks might be effective treatments of diseases related to arousal/sleep dysfunction and of cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Balázs Hangya
- 'Lendület' Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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186
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Sarter M, Phillips KB. The neuroscience of cognitive-motivational styles: Sign- and goal-trackers as animal models. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:1-12. [PMID: 29355335 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-motivational styles describe predominant patterns of processing or biases that broadly influence human cognition and performance. Here we focus on the impact of cognitive-motivational styles on the response to cues predicting the availability of food or addictive drugs. An individual may preferably conduct an analysis of the motivational significance of reward cues, with the result that such cues per se are perceived as rewarding and worth approaching and working for. Alternatively, a propensity for a "cold" analysis of the behavioral utility of a reward cue may yield search behavior for food or drugs but not involve cue approach. Animal models for studying the neuronal mechanisms mediating such styles have originated from research concerning behavioral indices that predict differential vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors. Rats classified as sign- or goal-trackers (STs, GTs) were found to have opposed attentional biases (bottom-up or cue-driven attention vs. top-down or goal-driven attentional control) that are mediated primarily via relatively unresponsive versus elevated levels of cholinergic neuromodulation in the cortex. The capacity for cholinergic neuromodulation in STs is limited by a neuronal choline transporter (CHT) that fails to support increases in cholinergic activity. Moreover, in contrast to STs, the frontal dopamine system in GTs does not respond to the presence of drug cues and, thus, biases against cue-oriented behavior. The opponent cognitive-motivational styles that are indexed by sign- and goal-tracking bestow different cognitive-behavioral vulnerabilities that may contribute to the manifestation of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
| | - Kyra B Phillips
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
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187
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Liu H, Yang W, Wu T, Duan F, Soucy E, Jin X, Zhang Y. Cholinergic Sensorimotor Integration Regulates Olfactory Steering. Neuron 2018; 97:390-405.e3. [PMID: 29290549 PMCID: PMC5773357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration regulates goal-directed movements. We study the signaling mechanisms underlying sensorimotor integration in C. elegans during olfactory steering, when the sinusoidal movements of the worm generate an in-phase oscillation in the concentration of the sampled odorant. We show that cholinergic neurotransmission encodes the oscillatory sensory response and the motor state of head undulations by acting through an acetylcholine-gated channel and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, respectively. These signals converge on two axonal domains of an interneuron RIA, where the sensory-evoked signal suppresses the motor-encoding signal to transform the spatial information of the odorant into the asymmetry between the axonal activities. The asymmetric synaptic outputs of the RIA axonal domains generate a directional bias in the locomotory trajectory. Experience alters the sensorimotor integration to generate specific behavioral changes. Our study reveals how cholinergic neurotransmission, which can represent sensory and motor information in the mammalian brain, regulates sensorimotor integration during goal-directed locomotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Taihong Wu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fengyun Duan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edward Soucy
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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188
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Compensatory dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions in conflict processing: Evidence from patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2018; 190:94-106. [PMID: 29337277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are complex both in the cognitive operations involved and in the neural structures and functions that support those operations. This complexity makes executive function highly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of aging, brain injury, and disease, but may also open paths to compensation. Neural compensation is often used to explain findings of additional or altered patterns of brain activations by older adults or patient populations compared to young adults or healthy controls, especially when associated with relatively preserved performance. Here we test the hypothesis of an alternative form of compensation, between different neuromodulator systems. 135 patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) completed vesicular monoamine transporter type2 (VMAT2) and acetylcholinesterase PET scanning to assess the integrity of nigrostriatal dopaminergic, thalamic cholinergic, and cortical cholinergic pathways, and a behavioral test (Stroop + task-switching) that puts high demands on conflict processing, an important aspect of executive control. Supporting the compensatory hypothesis, regression models controlling for age and other covariates revealed an interaction between caudate dopamine and cortical cholinergic integrity: Cortical cholinergic integrity was a stronger predictor of conflict processing in patients with relatively low caudate dopaminergic function. These results suggest that although frontostriatal dopaminergic function plays a central role in executive control, cholinergic systems may also make an important contribution. The present results suggest potential pathways for remediation, and that the appropriate interventions for each patient may depend on their particular profile of decline. Furthermore, they help to elucidate the brain systems that underlie executive control, which may be important for understanding other disorders as well as executive function in healthy adults.
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189
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Meunier CJ, Mitchell EC, Roberts JG, Toups JV, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Electrochemical Selectivity Achieved Using a Double Voltammetric Waveform and Partial Least Squares Regression: Differentiating Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Fluctuations from Shifts in pH. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1767-1776. [PMID: 29243477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species that serves as an important signaling molecule in normal brain function. At the same time, excessive H2O2 concentrations contribute to myriad pathological consequences resulting from oxidative stress. Studies to elucidate the diverse roles that H2O2 plays in complex biological environments have been hindered by the lack of robust methods for probing dynamic H2O2 fluctuations in living systems with molecular specificity. Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes provides a method of detecting rapid H2O2 fluctuations with high temporal and spatial resolution in brain tissue. However, H2O2 fluctuations can be masked by local changes in pH (ΔpH), because the voltammograms for these species can have significant peak overlap, hindering quantification. We present a method for removing ΔpH-related contributions from complex voltammetric data. By employing two distinct potential waveforms per scan, one in which H2O2 is electrochemically silent and a second in which both ΔpH and H2O2 are redox active, a clear distinction between H2O2 and ΔpH signals is established. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model is used to predict the ΔpH signal and subtract it from the voltammetric data. The model has been validated both in vitro and in vivo using k-fold cross-validation. The data demonstrate that the double waveform PLSR model is a powerful tool that can be used to disambiguate and evaluate naturally occurring H2O2 fluctuations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Meunier
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Edwin C Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan V Toups
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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190
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Sparks DW, Tian MK, Sargin D, Venkatesan S, Intson K, Lambe EK. Opposing Cholinergic and Serotonergic Modulation of Layer 6 in Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 11:107. [PMID: 29354034 PMCID: PMC5758509 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex is a hub for attention processing and receives abundant innervation from cholinergic and serotonergic afferents. A growing body of evidence suggests that acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) have opposing influences on tasks requiring attention, but the underlying neurophysiology of their opposition is unclear. One candidate target population is medial prefrontal layer 6 pyramidal neurons, which provide feedback modulation of the thalamus, as well as feed-forward excitation of cortical interneurons. Here, we assess the response of these neurons to ACh and 5-HT using whole cell recordings in acute brain slices from mouse cortex. With application of exogenous agonists, we show that individual layer 6 pyramidal neurons are bidirectionally-modulated, with ACh and 5-HT exerting opposite effects on excitability across a number of concentrations. Next, we tested the responses of layer 6 pyramidal neurons to optogenetic release of endogenous ACh or 5-HT. These experiments were performed in brain slices from transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin in either ChAT-expressing cholinergic neurons or Pet1-expressing serotonergic neurons. Light-evoked endogenous neuromodulation recapitulated the effects of exogenous neurotransmitters, showing opposing modulation of layer 6 pyramidal neurons by ACh and 5-HT. Lastly, the addition of 5-HT to either endogenous or exogenous ACh significantly suppressed the excitation of pyramidal neurons in prefrontal layer 6. Taken together, this work suggests that the major corticothalamic layer of prefrontal cortex is a substrate for opposing modulatory influences on neuronal activity that could have implications for regulation of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sparks
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael K Tian
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derya Sargin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Katheron Intson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn K Lambe
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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191
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Howe WM, Brooks JL, Tierney PL, Pang J, Rossi A, Young D, Dlugolenski K, Guillmette E, Roy M, Hales K, Kozak R. α5 nAChR modulation of the prefrontal cortex makes attention resilient. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1035-1047. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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192
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Back to Pupillometry: How Cortical Network State Fluctuations Tracked by Pupil Dynamics Could Explain Neural Signal Variability in Human Cognitive Neuroscience. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-OPN-0293-16. [PMID: 29379876 PMCID: PMC5788057 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0293-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian thalamocortical system generates intrinsic activity reflecting different states of excitability, arising from changes in the membrane potentials of underlying neuronal networks. Fluctuations between these states occur spontaneously, regularly, and frequently throughout awake periods and influence stimulus encoding, information processing, and neuronal and behavioral responses. Changes of pupil size have recently been identified as a reliable marker of underlying neuronal membrane potential and thus can encode associated network state changes in rodent cortex. This suggests that pupillometry, a ubiquitous measure of pupil dilation in cognitive neuroscience, could be used as an index for network state fluctuations also for human brain signals. Considering this variable may explain task-independent variance in neuronal and behavioral signals that were previously disregarded as noise.
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193
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Teles-Grilo Ruivo LM, Baker KL, Conway MW, Kinsley PJ, Gilmour G, Phillips KG, Isaac JTR, Lowry JP, Mellor JR. Coordinated Acetylcholine Release in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Is Associated with Arousal and Reward on Distinct Timescales. Cell Rep 2017; 18:905-917. [PMID: 28122241 PMCID: PMC5289927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission throughout the neocortex and hippocampus regulates arousal, learning, and attention. However, owing to the poorly characterized timing and location of acetylcholine release, its detailed behavioral functions remain unclear. Using electrochemical biosensors chronically implanted in mice, we made continuous measurements of the spatiotemporal dynamics of acetylcholine release across multiple behavioral states. We found that tonic levels of acetylcholine release were coordinated between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and maximal during training on a rewarded working memory task. Tonic release also increased during REM sleep but was contingent on subsequent wakefulness. In contrast, coordinated phasic acetylcholine release occurred only during the memory task and was strongly localized to reward delivery areas without being contingent on trial outcome. These results show that coordinated acetylcholine release between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is associated with reward and arousal on distinct timescales, providing dual mechanisms to support learned behavior acquisition during cognitive task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor M Teles-Grilo Ruivo
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Keeley L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Michael W Conway
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Peter J Kinsley
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Keith G Phillips
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John T R Isaac
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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194
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Cholinergic Overstimulation Attenuates Rule Selectivity in Macaque Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1137-1150. [PMID: 29255006 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3198-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine is released in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is a key modulator of cognitive performance in primates. Cholinergic stimulation has been shown to have beneficial effects on performance of cognitive tasks, and cholinergic receptors are being actively explored as promising targets for ameliorating cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that cholinergic stimulation of PFC during performance of a cognitive task would augment neuronal activity and neuronal coding of task attributes. We iontophoretically applied the general cholinergic receptor agonist carbachol onto neurons in dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) of male rhesus macaques performing rule-guided prosaccades and antisaccades, a well established oculomotor task for testing cognitive control. Carbachol application had heterogeneous effects on neuronal excitability, with both excitation and suppression observed in significant proportions. Contrary to our prediction, neurons with rule-selective activity exhibited a reduction in selectivity during carbachol application. Cholinergic stimulation disrupted rule selectivity regardless of whether it had suppressive or excitatory effects on these neurons. In addition, cholinergic stimulation excited putative pyramidal neurons, whereas the activity of putative interneurons remained unchanged. Moreover, cholinergic stimulation attenuated saccade direction selectivity in putative pyramidal neurons due to nonspecific increases in activity. Our results suggest excessive cholinergic stimulation has detrimental effects on DLPFC representations of task attributes. These findings delineate the complexity and heterogeneity of neuromodulation of cerebral cortex by cholinergic stimulation, an area of active exploration with respect to the development of cognitive enhancers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is known to be important for cognitive processes in the prefrontal cortex. Removal of acetylcholine from prefrontal cortex can disrupt short-term memory performance and is reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons. Stimulation of cholinergic receptors is being explored to create cognitive enhancers for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other psychiatric diseases. Here, we stimulated cholinergic receptors in prefrontal cortex and examined its effects on neurons that are engaged in cognitive behavior. Surprisingly, cholinergic stimulation decreased neurons' ability to discriminate between rules. This work suggests that overstimulation of acetylcholine receptors could disrupt neuronal processing during cognition and is relevant to the design of cognitive enhancers based on stimulating the cholinergic system.
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195
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Endogenous Gαq-Coupled Neuromodulator Receptors Activate Protein Kinase A. Neuron 2017; 96:1070-1083.e5. [PMID: 29154125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) integrates inputs from G-protein-coupled neuromodulator receptors to modulate synaptic and cellular function. Gαs signaling stimulates PKA activity, whereas Gαi inhibits PKA activity. Gαq, on the other hand, signals through phospholipase C, and it remains unclear whether Gαq-coupled receptors signal to PKA in their native context. Here, using two independent optical reporters of PKA activity in acute mouse hippocampus slices, we show that endogenous Gαq-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate PKA. Mechanistically, this effect is mediated by parallel signaling via either calcium or protein kinase C. Furthermore, multiple Gαq-coupled receptors modulate phosphorylation by PKA, a classical Gαs/Gαi effector. Thus, these results highlight PKA as a biochemical integrator of three major types of GPCRs and necessitate reconsideration of classic models used to predict neuronal signaling in response to the large family of Gαq-coupled receptors.
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196
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Selective neuronal lapses precede human cognitive lapses following sleep deprivation. Nat Med 2017; 23:1474-1480. [PMID: 29106402 PMCID: PMC5720899 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a major source of morbidity with widespread health effects, including increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart attack, and stroke. Moreover, sleep deprivation brings about vehicle accidents and medical errors and is therefore an urgent topic of investigation. During sleep deprivation, homeostatic and circadian processes interact to build up sleep pressure, which results in slow behavioral performance (cognitive lapses) typically attributed to attentional thalamic and frontoparietal circuits, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, through study of electroencephalograms (EEGs) in humans and local field potentials (LFPs) in nonhuman primates and rodents it was found that, during sleep deprivation, regional 'sleep-like' slow and theta (slow/theta) waves co-occur with impaired behavioral performance during wakefulness. Here we used intracranial electrodes to record single-neuron activities and LFPs in human neurosurgical patients performing a face/nonface categorization psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) over multiple experimental sessions, including a session after full-night sleep deprivation. We find that, just before cognitive lapses, the selective spiking responses of individual neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are attenuated, delayed, and lengthened. These 'neuronal lapses' are evident on a trial-by-trial basis when comparing the slowest behavioral PVT reaction times to the fastest. Furthermore, during cognitive lapses, LFPs exhibit a relative local increase in slow/theta activity that is correlated with degraded single-neuron responses and with baseline theta activity. Our results show that cognitive lapses involve local state-dependent changes in neuronal activity already present in the MTL.
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197
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Grossberg S. Acetylcholine Neuromodulation in Normal and Abnormal Learning and Memory: Vigilance Control in Waking, Sleep, Autism, Amnesia and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:82. [PMID: 29163063 PMCID: PMC5673653 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, is a neural model that explains how normal and abnormal brains may learn to categorize and recognize objects and events in a changing world, and how these learned categories may be remembered for a long time. This article uses ART to propose and unify the explanation of diverse data about normal and abnormal modulation of learning and memory by acetylcholine (ACh). In ART, vigilance control determines whether learned categories will be general and abstract, or specific and concrete. ART models how vigilance may be regulated by ACh release in layer 5 neocortical cells by influencing after-hyperpolarization (AHP) currents. This phasic ACh release is mediated by cells in the nucleus basalis (NB) of Meynert that are activated by unexpected events. The article additionally discusses data about ACh-mediated tonic control of vigilance. ART proposes that there are often dynamic breakdowns of tonic control in mental disorders such as autism, where vigilance remains high, and medial temporal amnesia, where vigilance remains low. Tonic control also occurs during sleep-wake cycles. Properties of Up and Down states during slow wave sleep arise in ACh-modulated laminar cortical ART circuits that carry out processes in awake individuals of contrast normalization, attentional modulation, decision-making, activity-dependent habituation, and mismatch-mediated reset. These slow wave sleep circuits interact with circuits that control circadian rhythms and memory consolidation. Tonic control properties also clarify how Alzheimer's disease symptoms follow from a massive structural degeneration that includes undermining vigilance control by ACh in cortical layers 3 and 5. Sleep disruptions before and during Alzheimer's disease, and how they contribute to a vicious cycle of plaque formation in layers 3 and 5, are also clarified from this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Grossberg
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, Departments of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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198
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D’Souza GX, Waldvogel HJ. Targeting the Cholinergic System to Develop a Novel Therapy for Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:333-342. [PMID: 27983560 PMCID: PMC5181681 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline the role of the cholinergic system in Huntington’s disease, and briefly describe the dysfunction of cholinergic transmission, cholinergic neurons, cholinergic receptors and cholinergic survival factors observed in post-mortem human brains and animal models of Huntington’s disease. We postulate how the dysfunctional cholinergic system can be targeted to develop novel therapies for Huntington’s disease, and discuss the beneficial effects of cholinergic therapies in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Correspondence to: Associate Professor Henry J. Waldvogel, Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. Tel.: +64 9 923 6051; E-mail:
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199
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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200
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Bangasser DA, Eck SR, Telenson AM, Salvatore M. Sex differences in stress regulation of arousal and cognition. Physiol Behav 2017; 187:42-50. [PMID: 28974457 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of many psychiatric disorders. For example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression are more common in women than men, and women with these disorders present with more hyperarousal symptoms than men. In contrast, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia are more common in men than women, and men with these disorders have increased cognitive deficits compared to women. A shared feature of the aforementioned psychiatric disorders is the contribution of stressful events to their onset and/or severity. Here we propose that sex differences in stress responses bias females towards hyperarousal and males towards cognitive deficits. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies is detailed. We also describe underlying neurobiological mechanisms. For example, sex differences in stress receptor signaling and trafficking in the locus coeruleus-arousal center are detailed. In learning circuits, evidence for sex differences in dendritic morphology is provided. Finally, we describe how evaluating sex-specific mechanisms for responding to stress in female and male rodents can lead to better treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Samantha R Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Alexander M Telenson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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