151
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Abstract
The link between inappropriate salt retention in the kidney and hypertension is well recognized. However, growing evidence suggests that the immune system can play surprising roles in sodium homeostasis, such that the study of inflammatory cells and their secreted effectors has provided important insights into salt sensitivity. As part of the innate immune system, myeloid cells have diverse roles in blood pressure regulation, ranging from prohypertensive actions in the kidney, vasculature, and brain, to effects in the skin that attenuate blood pressure elevation. In parallel, T lymphocyte subsets, as key constituents of the adaptive immune compartment, have variable effects on renal sodium handling and the hypertensive response, accruing from the functions of the cytokines that they produce. Conversely, salt can directly modulate the phenotypes of myeloid and T cells, illustrating bidirectional regulatory mechanisms through which sodium and the immune system coordinately impact blood pressure. This review details the complex interplay between myeloid cells, T cells, and salt in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Justin Rucker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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152
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Cao Y. Tumorigenesis as a process of gradual loss of original cell identity and gain of properties of neural precursor/progenitor cells. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:61. [PMID: 29177029 PMCID: PMC5693707 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease without a unified explanation for its cause so far. Our recent work demonstrates that cancer cells share similar regulatory networks and characteristics with embryonic neural cells. Based on the study, I will address the relationship between tumor and neural cells in more details. I collected the evidence from various aspects of cancer development in many other studies, and integrated the information from studies on cancer cell properties, cell fate specification during embryonic development and evolution. Synthesis of the information strongly supports that cancer cells share much more similarities with neural progenitor/stem cells than with mesenchymal-type cells and that tumorigenesis represents a process of gradual loss of cell or lineage identity and gain of characteristics of neural cells. I also discuss cancer EMT, a concept having been under intense debate, and possibly the true meaning of EMT in cancer initiation and development. This synthesis provides fresh insights into a unified explanation for and a previously unrecognized nature of tumorigenesis, which might not be revealed by studies on individual molecular events. The review will also present some brief suggestions for cancer research based on the proposed model of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tech Zone, Nanjing, 210061 China
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153
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Yang T, Zubcevic J. Gut-Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure. Front Physiol 2017; 8:845. [PMID: 29118721 PMCID: PMC5661004 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is an escalating health issue worldwide. It is estimated that 1.56 billion people will suffer from high blood pressure (BP) by 2025. Recent studies reported an association between gut dysbiosis and HTN, thus proposing interesting avenues for novel treatments of this condition. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the immune system (IS) play a recognized role in the onset and progression of HTN, while reciprocal communication between gut microbiota and the brain can regulate BP by modulating the interplay between the IS and SNS. This review presents the current state of the science implicating brain-gut connection in HTN, highlighting potential pathways of their interaction in control of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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154
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Shi Z, Greene WK, Nicholls PK, Hu D, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Yuan Q, Yin C, Ma B. Immunofluorescent characterization of non-myelinating Schwann cells and their interactions with immune cells in mouse mesenteric lymph node. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2827. [PMID: 29046050 PMCID: PMC5572407 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune system in a general fashion by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances, whereas the autonomic nervous system communicates specifically with the immune system according to local interactions. Data concerning the mechanisms of this bidirectional crosstalk of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system remain limited. To gain a better understanding of local interactions of the PNS and immune system, we have used immunofluorescent staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), coupled with confocal microscopy, to investigate the non-myelinating Schwann cell (NMSC)-immune cell interactions in mouse mesenteric lymph nodes. Our results demonstrate i) the presence of extensive NMSC processes and even of cell bodies in each compartment of the mouse mesenteric lymph node; ii) close associations/interactions of NMSC processes with blood vessels (including high endothelial venules) and the lymphatic vessel/sinus; iii) close contacts/associations of NMSC processes with various subsets of dendritic cells (such as CD4+CD11c+, CD8+CD11c+ dendritic cells), macrophages (F4/80+ and CD11b+ macrophages), and lymphocytes. Our novel findings concerning the distribution of NMSCs and NMSC-immune cell interactions inside the mouse lymph node should help to elucidate the mechanisms through which the PNS affects cellular- and humoral-mediated immune responses or vice versa in health and disease.
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155
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Copy number alteration of neuropeptides and receptors in multiple cancers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4598. [PMID: 28676692 PMCID: PMC5496884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are peptide hormones used as chemical signals by the neuroendocrine system to communicate between cells. Recently, neuropeptides have been recognized for their ability to act as potent cellular growth factors on many cell types, including cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism for how this occurs is unknown. To clarify the relationship between neuropeptides and cancer, we manually curated a total of 127 human neuropeptide genes by integrating information from the literature, homologous sequences, and database searches. Using human ligand-receptor interaction data, we first identified an interactome of 226 interaction pairs between 93 neuropeptides and 133 G-protein coupled receptors. We further identified four neuropeptide-receptor functional modules with ten or more genes, all of which were highly mutated in multiple cancers. We have identified a number of neuropeptide signaling systems with both oncogenic and tumour-suppressing roles for cancer progression, such as the insulin-like growth factors. By focusing on the neuroendocrine prostate cancer mutational data, we found prevalent amplification of neuropeptide and receptors in about 72% of samples. In summary, we report the first observation of abundant copy number variations on neuropeptides and receptors, which will be valuable for the design of peptide-based cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment.
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156
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Weiser C, Schwameis M, Sterz F, Herkner H, Lang IM, Schwarzinger I, Spiel AO. Mortality in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest based on automated blood cell count and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio at admission. Resuscitation 2017; 116:49-55. [PMID: 28476480 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio(NLR) is a marker of systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that admission NLR is related to mortality and that epinephrine application during resuscitation influences NLR in patients after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS This retrospective cohort study is based on a registry including all OHCA patients who had a presumed cardiac cause of cardiac arrest and achieved sustained ROSC prior to admission between 2005 and 2014. Patients were categorized into three groups according to the calculated NLR at admission (NLR <6, ≥6, and 'abnormal differential' indicating no differential blood cell count on patients report due to exceedance of machine predefined parameter limits). The primary outcome measure was long-term mortality after OHCA. Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariable analysis. RESULTS Out of 2273 OHCA patients during the study period a total of 1188(52%) patients were eligible for analysis, of those 274(23%) were female and mean age was 64 (25-75 IQR:52-72). Compared to a NLR<6 (n=442), adjusted hazard ratio for long-term mortality was significantly higher in patients with a NLR≥6 (n=447; 1.52 (95%CI 1.03-2.24)) and in patients with abnormal differential (n=299; 3.16 (95%CI 2.02-4.97)). Epinephrine application during resuscitation did not explain the effect of NLR on mortality. CONCLUSION In this large retrospective cohort study of altogether >1000 OHCA patients, hospital admission NLR<6 compared to abnormal differential or NLR≥6 was associated with mortality independently from epinephrine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Weiser
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Schwameis
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Sterz
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herkner
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene M Lang
- Departments of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander O Spiel
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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157
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Domingues MJ, Cao H, Heazlewood SY, Cao B, Nilsson SK. Niche Extracellular Matrix Components and Their Influence on HSC. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1984-1993. [PMID: 28112429 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) takes place in a highly specialized microenvironment within the bone marrow. Technological improvements, especially in the field of in vivo imaging, have helped unravel the complexity of the niche microenvironment and have completely changed the classical concept from what was previously believed to be a static supportive platform, to a dynamic microenvironment tightly regulating HSC homeostasis through the complex interplay between diverse cell types, secreted factors, extracellular matrix molecules, and the expression of different transmembrane receptors. To add to the complexity, non-protein based metabolites have also been recognized as a component of the bone marrow niche. The objective of this review is to discuss the current understanding on how the different extracellular matrix components of the niche regulate HSC fate, both during embryonic development and in adulthood. Special attention will be provided to the description of non-protein metabolites, such as lipids and metal ions, which contribute to the regulation of HSC behavior. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1984-1993, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Domingues
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Huimin Cao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shen Y Heazlewood
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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158
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Boilly B, Faulkner S, Jobling P, Hondermarck H. Nerve Dependence: From Regeneration to Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:342-354. [PMID: 28292437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve dependence has long been described in animal regeneration, where the outgrowth of axons is necessary to the reconstitution of lost body parts and tissue remodeling in various species. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that denervation can suppress tumor growth and metastasis, pointing to nerve dependence in cancer. Regeneration and cancer share similarities in regard to the stimulatory role of nerves, and there are indications that the stem cell compartment is a preferred target of innervation. Thus, the neurobiology of cancer is an emerging discipline that opens new perspectives in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoni Boilly
- UFR de Biologie, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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159
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Veiga-Fernandes H, Pachnis V. Neuroimmune regulation during intestinal development and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:116-122. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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160
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Lu R, Fan C, Shangguan W, Liu Y, Li Y, Shang Y, Yin D, Zhang S, Huang Q, Li X, Meng W, Xu H, Zhou Z, Hu J, Li W, Liu L, Mo X. Neurons generated from carcinoma stem cells support cancer progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:16036. [PMID: 29263908 PMCID: PMC5657421 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences show that nervous system acts as a crucial part of cancer microenvironment. Infiltration of nerve fibers into cancer microenvironment has an important active role in cancer progression. The stimulations of both cancer growth and metastasis by members of nervous system such as neurons and glial cells have been demonstrated. However, how the nervous system is built in cancer is largely unknown. Here we show that a fraction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) derived from patients with gastric carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma are capable of producing neurons that are involved in tumor neurogenesis and tumor growth. Cancer stem cell monoclone derived from a single cancer stem cell was able to generate neurons including sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons to take part in the nervous system in cancer tissues. Knocking down the neural cell generating capability of the human CSCs inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in mouse model. Our data demonstrate that human CSCs are able to produce one of most important components in the cancer microenvironment that are required for cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqi Shangguan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanna Shang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongqin Yin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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161
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Huan HB, Wen XD, Chen XJ, Wu L, Wu LL, Zhang L, Yang DP, Zhang X, Bie P, Qian C, Xia F. Sympathetic nervous system promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating inflammation through activation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors of Kupffer cells. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:118-134. [PMID: 27585737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is known to play a significant role in tumor initiation and metastasis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently occurs in cirrhotic livers after chronic inflammation, and the SNS is hyperactive in advanced liver cirrhosis. However, it remains unclear whether the SNS promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating chronic liver inflammation. In this study, a retrospective pathological analysis and quantification of sympathetic nerve fiber densities (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH+) in HCC patients, and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats were performed. Our data showed that high density of sympathetic nerve fibers and α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) of Kupffer cells (KCs) were associated with a poor prognosis of HCC. Sympathetic denervation or blocking of α1-ARs decreased DEN-induced HCC incidence and tumor development. In addition, synergistic effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in hepatocarcinogenesis were observed. The suppression of the SNS reduced IL-6 and TGF-β expression, which suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis, and KCs play a key role in this process. After the ablation of KCs, IL-6 and TGF-β expression and the development of HCC were inhibited. This study demonstrates that sympathetic innervation is crucial for hepatocarcinogenesis and that the SNS promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by activating α1-ARs of KCs to boost the activation of KCs and to maintain the inflammatory microenvironment. These results indicate that sympathetic denervation or α1-ARs blockage may represent novel treatment approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Huan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Wen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Peng Yang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Bie
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education China, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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162
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Madden KS. Sympathetic neural-immune interactions regulate hematopoiesis, thermoregulation and inflammation in mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:92-97. [PMID: 27119982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will highlight recently discovered mechanisms underlying sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of the immune system in hematopoiesis, thermogenesis, and inflammation. This work in mammals illuminates potential mechanisms by which the nervous and immune systems may interact in invertebrate and early vertebrate species and allow diverse organisms to thrive under varying and extreme conditions and ultimately improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, RC Box 270168, Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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163
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Schwann cells: a new player in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:959-968. [PMID: 27885383 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous cells must cooperate with the surrounding stroma and non-malignant cells within the microenvironment to support the growth and invasion of the tumor. The nervous system is a component of every organ system of the body, and therefore, is invariably at the front line of the tumor invasion. Due to the complexity of the nervous system physiology, this review separately discusses the contributions of the central and peripheral nervous systems to the tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We further focus the discussion on the evidence that Schwann cells aid in tumor growth and invasion. Schwann cells, a largely unexplored element of the tumor microenvironment, may participate in the creation of tumor-favorable conditions through both bi-directional interaction with cancer cells and the facilitation of the immune-suppressive microenvironment through the mechanism of neural repair and immunomodulation.
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164
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Combined administration of anisodamine and neostigmine rescued acute lethal crush syndrome through α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37709. [PMID: 27874086 PMCID: PMC5118690 DOI: 10.1038/srep37709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that Ani (anisodamine)/Neo (neostigmine) combination produced anti-shock effect via activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). In this study, we aim to investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of Ani/Neo combination in acute lethal crush syndrome (CS). In rat and rabbit CS models, Ani/Neo combination increased the 24 h survival rates, improved hemodynamics and decreased the levels of creatine kinase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, K+ in serum. It also decreased the levels of H2O2, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum and compressed muscle in rat CS model. In wild-type (WT) mice with CS, Ani/Neo combination increased 24 h survival rate and decreased the levels of H2O2, MPO, NO, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10 in compressed muscle. These effects were attenuated by α7nAChR knockout (KO). Moreover, Ani/Neo combination prevented the decrease of phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by CS. These effects of Ani/Neo in CS mice were cancelled by methyllycaconitine (α7nAChR antagonist) and α7nAChR KO. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Ani/Neo combination could produce therapeutic effects in CS. The underlying mechanism involves the activation of α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway.
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165
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Tsunokuma N, Yamane T, Matsumoto C, Tsuneto M, Isono K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yamazaki H. Depletion of Neural Crest–Derived Cells Leads to Reduction in Plasma Noradrenaline and Alters B Lymphopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:156-169. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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166
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Santisteban MM, Kim S, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. Brain-Gut-Bone Marrow Axis: Implications for Hypertension and Related Therapeutics. Circ Res 2016; 118:1327-36. [PMID: 27081113 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and disorders directly influencing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, etc. Despite aggressive attempts to influence lifestyle modifications and advances in pharmacotherapeutics, a large percentage of patients still do not achieve recommended blood pressure control worldwide. Thus, we think that mechanism-based novel strategies should be considered to significantly improve control and management of hypertension. The overall objective of this review is to summarize implications of peripheral- and neuroinflammation as well as the autonomic nervous system-bone marrow communication in hematopoietic cell homeostasis and their impact on hypertension pathophysiology. In addition, we discuss the novel and emerging field of intestinal microbiota and roles of gut permeability and dysbiosis in cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Finally, we propose a brain-gut-bone marrow triangular interaction hypothesis and discuss its potential in the development of novel therapies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Santisteban
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (M.M.S., S.K., M.K.R.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.J.P.), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Seungbum Kim
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (M.M.S., S.K., M.K.R.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.J.P.), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Carl J Pepine
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (M.M.S., S.K., M.K.R.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.J.P.), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (M.M.S., S.K., M.K.R.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.J.P.), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville.
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167
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Abstract
Alterations of the circadian clock have been linked to cancer development. Puram et al. (in this issue) now uncover differential requirements between healthy hematopoietic and diseased leukemic stem cells for core circadian transcription factors, wherein leukemic cells depend on the clock machinery for survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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168
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Chmilewsky F, Ayaz W, Appiah J, About I, Chung SH. Nerve Growth Factor Secretion From Pulp Fibroblasts is Modulated by Complement C5a Receptor and Implied in Neurite Outgrowth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31799. [PMID: 27539194 PMCID: PMC4990934 DOI: 10.1038/srep31799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of sensory innervation in tooth vitality, the identification of signals that control nerve regeneration and the cellular events they induce is essential. Previous studies demonstrated that the complement system, a major component of innate immunity and inflammation, is activated at the injured site of human carious teeth and plays an important role in dental-pulp regeneration via interaction of the active Complement C5a fragment with pulp progenitor cells. In this study, we further determined the role of the active fragment complement C5a receptor (C5aR) in dental nerve regeneration in regards to local secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) upon carious injury. Using ELISA and AXIS co-culture systems, we demonstrate that C5aR is critically implicated in the modulation of NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts, which is negatively regulated by C5aR activation, has a role in the control of the neurite outgrowth length in our axon regeneration analysis. Our data provide a scientific step forward that can guide development of future therapeutic tools for innovative and incipient interventions targeting the dentin-pulp regeneration process by linking the neurite outgrowth to human pulp fibroblast through complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Warda Ayaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - James Appiah
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Seung-Hyuk Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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169
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Letourneau M, Lapraz F, Sharma A, Vanzo N, Waltzer L, Crozatier M. Drosophila hematopoiesis under normal conditions and in response to immune stress. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4034-4051. [PMID: 27455465 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of hematopoietic progenitors and their differentiation into various highly specialized blood cell types constitute a finely tuned process. Unveiling the genetic cascades that control blood cell progenitor fate and understanding how they are modulated in response to environmental changes are two major challenges in the field of hematopoiesis. In the last 20 years, many studies have established important functional analogies between blood cell development in vertebrates and in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Thereby, Drosophila has emerged as a powerful genetic model for studying mechanisms that control hematopoiesis during normal development or in pathological situations. Moreover, recent advances in Drosophila have highlighted how intricate cell communication networks and microenvironmental cues regulate blood cell homeostasis. They have also revealed the striking plasticity of Drosophila mature blood cells and the presence of different sites of hematopoiesis in the larva. This review provides an overview of Drosophila hematopoiesis during development and summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular processes controlling larval hematopoiesis, both under normal conditions and in response to an immune challenge, such as wasp parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Letourneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Francois Lapraz
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, NU Centre for Science Education & Research, Nitte University, Mangalore-18, India
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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170
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Barquilla A, Lamberto I, Noberini R, Heynen-Genel S, Brill LM, Pasquale EB. Protein kinase A can block EphA2 receptor-mediated cell repulsion by increasing EphA2 S897 phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2757-70. [PMID: 27385333 PMCID: PMC5007095 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor plays multiple roles in cancer through two distinct signaling mechanisms. In a novel cross-talk, the β2-adrenoceptor/cAMP/PKA axis can promote EphA2 pro-oncogenic, ligand-independent signaling, blocking cell repulsion induced by ligand-dependent signaling. PKA emerges as a third kinase, besides AKT and RSK, that can regulate EphA2. The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase plays key roles in tissue homeostasis and disease processes such as cancer, pathological angiogenesis, and inflammation through two distinct signaling mechanisms. EphA2 “canonical” signaling involves ephrin-A ligand binding, tyrosine autophosphorylation, and kinase activity; EphA2 “noncanonical” signaling involves phosphorylation of serine 897 (S897) by AKT and RSK kinases. To identify small molecules counteracting EphA2 canonical signaling, we developed a high-content screening platform measuring inhibition of ephrin-A1–induced PC3 prostate cancer cell retraction. Surprisingly, most hits from a screened collection of pharmacologically active compounds are agents that elevate intracellular cAMP by activating G protein–coupled receptors such as the β2-adrenoceptor. We found that cAMP promotes phosphorylation of S897 by protein kinase A (PKA) as well as increases the phosphorylation of several nearby serine/threonine residues, which constitute a phosphorylation hotspot. Whereas EphA2 canonical and noncanonical signaling have been viewed as mutually exclusive, we show that S897 phosphorylation by PKA can coexist with EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation and block cell retraction induced by EphA2 kinase activity. Our findings reveal a novel paradigm in EphA2 function involving the interplay of canonical and noncanonical signaling and highlight the ability of the β2-adrenoceptor/cAMP/PKA axis to rewire EphA2 signaling in a subset of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barquilla
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ilaria Lamberto
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberta Noberini
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Susanne Heynen-Genel
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Laurence M Brill
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Pathology Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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171
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Treweek JB, Gradinaru V. Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:193-207. [PMID: 27393829 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has learned a great deal from imaging small and naturally transparent organisms such as nematodes and zebrafish. The consequences of genetic mutations on their organ development and survival can be visualized easily and with high-throughput at the organism-wide scale. In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque. Likewise, genetically labeling desired circuits across mammalian bodies is prohibitively slow and costly via the transgenic route. Emerging breakthroughs in viral vector engineering, genome editing tools, and tissue clearing can render larger opaque organisms genetically tractable and transparent for whole-organ cell phenotyping, tract tracing and imaging at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brooke Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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172
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Yan D, Liu X, Guo SW. Nerve fibers and endometriotic lesions: partners in crime in inflicting pains in women with endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 209:14-24. [PMID: 27418559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of major objectives in treating endometriosis is to alleviate pain since dysmenorrhea and other types of pain top the list of complaints from women with endometriosis who seek medical attention. Indeed, endometriosis-associated pain (EAP) is the most debilitating of the disease that negatively impacts on the quality of life in affected women, contributing significantly to the burden of disease and adding to the substantial personal and societal costs. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying the EAP are still poorly understood. In the last two decades, one active research field in endometriosis is the investigation on the distribution and genesis of nerve fibers in eutopic and ectopic endometrium, and the attempt to use endometrial nerve fiber density for diagnostic purpose. Since EAP presumably starts with the terminal sensory nerves, in or around endometriotic lesions, that transduce noxious mediators to the central nervous system (CNS) which ultimately perceives pain, this field of research holds the promise to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the EAP, thus opening new avenues for novel diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we shall first briefly provide some basic facts on nerve fibers, and then provide an overview of some major findings in this filed while also note some conflicting results and expose areas in need of further research. We point out that since recently accumulated evidence suggests that endometriotic lesions are wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair, the relationship between endometriotic lesions and nerve fibers is not simply unidirectional, i.e. lesions promote hyperinnervations. Rather, it is bidirectional, i.e. endometriotic lesions and nerve fibers engage active cross-talks, resulting in the development of endometriosis and pain. That is, nerve fibers and endometriotic lesions are actually partners in crime in inflicting pains in women with endometriosis, aided and abetted possibly by other culprits, some yet to be identified. We provide a list of possible perpetrators likely to be involved in this crime. Finally, we discuss possible implications when viewing the relationship from this vista.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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173
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Pleyer L, Valent P, Greil R. Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Normal and Dysplastic Hematopoiesis-Masters of Survival and Clonality? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071009. [PMID: 27355944 PMCID: PMC4964385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant hematopoietic stem cell disorders that have the capacity to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating evidence suggests that the altered bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in general, and in particular the components of the stem cell niche, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their progeny, play a pivotal role in the evolution and propagation of MDS. We here present an overview of the role of MSCs in the pathogenesis of MDS, with emphasis on cellular interactions in the BM microenvironment and related stem cell niche concepts. MSCs have potent immunomodulatory capacities and communicate with diverse immune cells, but also interact with various other cellular components of the microenvironment as well as with normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, compared to normal MSCs, MSCs in MDS and AML often exhibit altered gene expression profiles, an aberrant phenotype, and abnormal functional properties. These alterations supposedly contribute to the “reprogramming” of the stem cell niche into a disease-permissive microenvironment where an altered immune system, abnormal stem cell niche interactions, and an impaired growth control lead to disease progression. The current article also reviews molecular targets that play a role in such cellular interactions and possibilities to interfere with abnormal stem cell niche interactions by using specific targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- 3rd Medical Department, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology & Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Richard Greil
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- 3rd Medical Department, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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174
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Kim TH, Rowat AC, Sloan EK. Neural regulation of cancer: from mechanobiology to inflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e78. [PMID: 27350878 PMCID: PMC4910118 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in cancer research, the exact nature of malignant transformation and its progression is still not fully understood. Particularly metastasis, which accounts for most cancer death, is a very complex process, and new treatment strategies require a more comprehensive understanding of underlying regulatory mechanisms. Recently, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been implicated in cancer progression and beta-blockers have been identified as a novel strategy to limit metastasis. This review discusses evidence that SNS signaling regulates metastasis by modulating the physical characteristics of tumor cells, tumor-associated immune cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Altered mechanotype is an emerging hallmark of cancer cells that is linked to invasive phenotype and treatment resistance. Mechanotype also influences crosstalk between tumor cells and their environment, and may thus have a critical role in cancer progression. First, we discuss how neural signaling regulates metastasis and how SNS signaling regulates both biochemical and mechanical properties of tumor cells, immune cells and the ECM. We then review our current knowledge of the mechanobiology of cancer with a focus on metastasis. Next, we discuss links between SNS activity and tumor-associated inflammation, the mechanical properties of immune cells, and how the physical properties of the ECM regulate cancer and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the potential for clinical translation of our knowledge of cancer mechanobiology to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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175
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Dual activities of the anti-cancer drug candidate PBI-05204 provide neuroprotection in brain slice models for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25626. [PMID: 27172999 PMCID: PMC4865873 DOI: 10.1038/srep25626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported neuroprotective activity of the botanical anti-cancer drug candidate PBI-05204, a supercritical CO2 extract of Nerium oleander, in brain slice and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. We showed that one component of this neuroprotective activity is mediated through its principal cardiac glycoside constituent, oleandrin, via induction of the potent neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, we also noted that the concentration-relation for PBI-05204 in the brain slice oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model is considerably broader than that for oleandrin as a single agent. We thus surmised that PBI-05204 contains an additional neuroprotective component(s), distinct from oleandrin. We report here that neuroprotective activity is also provided by the triterpenoid constituents of PBI-05204, notably oleanolic acid. We demonstrate that a sub-fraction of PBI-05204 (Fraction 0–4) containing oleanolic and other triterpenoids, but without cardiac glycosides, induces the expression of cellular antioxidant gene transcription programs regulated through antioxidant transcriptional response elements (AREs). Finally, we show that Fraction 0–4 provides broad neuroprotection in organotypic brain slice models for neurodegeneration driven by amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementias, respectively, in addition to ischemic injury modeled by OGD.
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176
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Fasting induces a form of autonomic synaptic plasticity that prevents hypoglycemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3029-38. [PMID: 27092009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517275113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During fasting, activation of the counter-regulatory response (CRR) prevents hypoglycemia. A major effector arm is the autonomic nervous system that controls epinephrine release from adrenal chromaffin cells and, consequently, hepatic glucose production. However, whether modulation of autonomic function determines the relative strength of the CRR, and thus the ability to withstand food deprivation and maintain euglycemia, is not known. Here we show that fasting leads to altered transmission at the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse. The dominant effect is a presynaptic, long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches we show this plasticity requires neuropeptide Y, an adrenal cotransmitter and the activation of adrenal Y5 receptors. Loss of neuropeptide Y prevents a fasting-induced increase in epinephrine release and results in hypoglycemia in vivo. These findings connect plasticity within the sympathetic nervous system to a physiological output and indicate the strength of the final synapse in this descending pathway plays a decisive role in maintaining euglycemia.
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177
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Flores-Figueroa E, Gratzinger D. Beyond the Niche: Myelodysplastic Syndrome Topobiology in the Laboratory and in the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:553. [PMID: 27089321 PMCID: PMC4849009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the murine and human microenvironment and hematopoietic stem cell niche in the context of intact bone marrow architecture in man and mouse, both in normal and in myelodysplastic syndrome marrow. We propose that the complexity of the hematopoietic stem cell niche can usefully be approached in the context of its topobiology, and we provide a model that incorporates in vitro and in vivo models as well as in situ findings from intact human marrow to explain the changes seen in myelodysplastic syndrome patients. We highlight the clinical application of the study of the bone marrow microenvironment and its topobiology in myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Flores-Figueroa
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, c.p. 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Dr., L235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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178
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Ordovas-Montanes J, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Huang S, Riol-Blanco L, Barreiro O, von Andrian UH. The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease. Trends Immunol 2016; 36:578-604. [PMID: 26431937 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system are the principal sensory interfaces between the internal and external environment. They are responsible for recognizing, integrating, and responding to varied stimuli, and have the capacity to form memories of these encounters leading to learned or 'adaptive' future responses. We review current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems. The autonomic and somatosensory nervous systems regulate both the development and deployment of immune cells, with broad functions that impact on hematopoiesis as well as on priming, migration, and cytokine production. In turn, specific immune cell subsets contribute to homeostatic neural circuits such as those controlling metabolism, hypertension, and the inflammatory reflex. We examine the contribution of the somatosensory system to autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic, and infectious processes in barrier tissues and, in this context, discuss opportunities for therapeutic manipulation of neuro-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siyi Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Olga Barreiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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179
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Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. Pulp Fibroblasts Control Nerve Regeneration through Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:913-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516643065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp regeneration is closely linked to the presence of nerve fibers in the pulp and to the healing mechanism by sprouting of the nerve fiber’s terminal branches beneath the carious injury site. However, little is known about the initial mechanisms regulating this process in carious teeth. It has been recently demonstrated that the complement system activation, which is one of the first immune responses, contributes to tissue regeneration through the local production of anaphylatoxins such as C5a. While few pulp fibroblasts in intact teeth and in untreated fibroblast cultures express the C5a receptor (C5aR), here we show that all dental pulp fibroblasts, localized beneath the carious injury site, do express this receptor. This observation is consistent with our in vitro results, which showed expression of C5aR in lipoteichoic acid–stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The interaction of C5a, produced after complement synthesis and activation from pulp fibroblasts, with the C5aR of these cells mediated the local brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion. Overall, this activation guided the neuronal growth toward the lipoteichoic acid–stimulated fibroblasts. Thus, our findings highlight a new mechanism in one of the initial steps of the dentin-pulp regeneration process, linking pulp fibroblasts to the nerve sprouting through the complement system activation. This may provide a useful future therapeutic tool in targeting the fibroblasts in the dentin-pulp regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I. About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - S.-H. Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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180
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Birbrair A, Frenette PS. Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:82-96. [PMID: 27015419 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their abilities to self-renew and to differentiate to form all blood cell lineages. These rare multipotent cells occupy specific locations in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The specific microenvironment regulating HSCs, commonly referred to as the niche, comprises multiple cell types whose exact contributions are under active investigation. Understanding cellular cross talk involving HSCs in the BM microenvironment is of fundamental importance for harnessing therapies against benign and malignant blood diseases. In this review, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in our understanding of niche heterogeneity and its influence on HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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181
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Samson R, Lee A, Lawless S, Hsu R, Sander G. Novel Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:21-35. [PMID: 27981434 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common disease affecting humans and imparts a significant cardiovascular and renal risk to patients. Extensive research over the past few decades has enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in hypertension. However, in most instances, the cause of hypertension in a given patient continues to remain elusive. Nevertheless, achieving aggressive blood pressure goals significantly reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as demonstrated in the recently concluded SPRINT trial. Since a large proportion of patients still fail to achieve blood pressure goals, knowledge of novel pathophysiologic mechanisms and mechanism based treatment strategies is crucial. The following chapter will review the novel pathophysiological mechanisms in hypertension, with a focus on role of immunity, inflammation and vascular endothelial homeostasis. The therapeutic implications of these mechanisms will be discussed where applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samson
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Andrew Lee
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sean Lawless
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Robert Hsu
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Gary Sander
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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182
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Treweek JB, Chan KY, Flytzanis NC, Yang B, Deverman BE, Greenbaum A, Lignell A, Xiao C, Cai L, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, Fowlkes CC, Gradinaru V. Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1860-1896. [PMID: 26492141 PMCID: PMC4917295 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate fine-scale phenotyping of whole specimens, we describe here a set of tissue fixation-embedding, detergent-clearing and staining protocols that can be used to transform excised organs and whole organisms into optically transparent samples within 1-2 weeks without compromising their cellular architecture or endogenous fluorescence. PACT (passive CLARITY technique) and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ) use tissue-hydrogel hybrids to stabilize tissue biomolecules during selective lipid extraction, resulting in enhanced clearing efficiency and sample integrity. Furthermore, the macromolecule permeability of PACT- and PARS-processed tissue hybrids supports the diffusion of immunolabels throughout intact tissue, whereas RIMS (refractive index matching solution) grants high-resolution imaging at depth by further reducing light scattering in cleared and uncleared samples alike. These methods are adaptable to difficult-to-image tissues, such as bone (PACT-deCAL), and to magnified single-cell visualization (ePACT). Together, these protocols and solutions enable phenotyping of subcellular components and tracing cellular connectivity in intact biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ken Y Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Antti Lignell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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183
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Cole SW, Nagaraja AS, Lutgendorf SK, Green PA, Sood AK. Sympathetic nervous system regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:563-72. [PMID: 26299593 PMCID: PMC4828959 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) is known to regulate gene expression in primary tumours and their surrounding microenvironment. Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS in particular modulates gene expression programmes that promote metastasis of solid tumours by stimulating macrophage infiltration, inflammation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion, and by inhibiting cellular immune responses and programmed cell death. Haematological cancers are modulated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of stem cell biology and haematopoietic differentiation programmes. In addition to identifying a molecular basis for physiologic stress effects on cancer, these findings have also identified new pharmacological strategies to inhibit cancer progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Cole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Norman Cousins Center, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Archana S. Nagaraja
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Susan K. Lutgendorf
- Departments of Psychology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa
| | - Paige A. Green
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, United States National Cancer Institute
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Comprehensive Cancer Center
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