Dietary fiber and body weight

Effect of Sequence of Fruit Intake in a Meal on Satiety

Little is known about the effects of manipulating sequence of fruit consumption during a meal in suppressing an individual’s appetite. Therefore, we investigate the effects of the sequence of fruit intake on satiety and blood glucose in a group of 17 healthy, young male adults. This intervention study repeatedly measured the effects of fruit intake (120 g red apple) before and after a meal and control (no fruit). Ad libitum test meal was weighed before and after a meal. Subjective appetite rating and appetite-related hormones were assessed at regular time intervals. The satiety score was significantly higher for fruit intake before a meal followed by after a meal and control (p < 0.05). Eating fruit before a meal reduced 18.5% (166 kcal) subsequent energy intake compared to control (p < 0.05). Fruit intake before a meal had a significantly higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), compared to after a meal (p < 0.05). There were no differences in plasma changes of ghrelin, Cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8), or blood glucose in all sessions. Consuming fruit before a meal potentially enhanced satiety. Further research is required to confirm both short- and long-term effects of the sequence of fruit intake on appetite regulation in a wider population.

Changes in nut consumption influence long-term weight change in US men and women

Background

Nut consumption has increased in the US but little evidence exists on the association between changes in nut consumption and weight change. We aimed to evaluate the association between changes in total consumption of nuts and intakes of different nuts (including peanuts) and long-term weight change, in three independent cohort studies.

Methods and findings

Data collected in three prospective, longitudinal cohorts among health professionals in the US were analysed. We included 27 521 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986 to 2010), 61 680 women (Nurses' Health Study, 1986 to 2010), and 55 684 younger women (Nurses' Health Study II, 1991 to 2011) who were free of chronic disease at baseline in the analyses. We investigated the association between changes in nut consumption over 4-year intervals and concurrent weight change over 20-24 years of follow-up using multivariate linear models with an unstructured correlation matrix to account for within-individual repeated measures. 21 322 individuals attained a body mass index classification of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) at the end of follow-up.Average weight gain across the three cohorts was 0.32 kg each year. Increases in nut consumption, per 0.5 servings/day (14 g), was significantly associated with less weight gain per 4-year interval (p<0.01 for all): -0.19 kg (95% CI -0.21 to -0.17) for total consumption of nuts, -0.37 kg (95% CI -0.45 to -0.30) for walnuts, -0.36 kg (95% CI -0.40 to -0.31) for other tree nuts, and -0.15 kg (95% CI -0.19 to -0.11) for peanuts.Increasing intakes of nuts, walnuts, and other tree nuts by 0.5 servings/day was associated with a lower risk of obesity. The multivariable adjusted RR for total nuts, walnuts, and other tree nuts was 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99, p=0.0036), 0.85 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.89, p=0.0002), and 0.89 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.91, p<0.0001), respectively. Increasing nut consumption was also associated with a lower risk of gaining ≥2 kg or ≥5 kg (RR 0.89-0.98, p<0.01 for all).In substitution analyses, substituting 0.5 servings/day of nuts for red meat, processed meat, French fries, desserts, or potato, chips (crisps) was associated with less weight gain (p<0.05 for all).Our cohorts were largely composed of Caucasian health professionals with relatively higher socioeconomic status; thus the results may not be generalisable to other populations.

Conclusion

Increasing daily consumption of nuts is associated with less long-term weight gain and a lower risk of obesity in adults. Replacing 0.5 servings/day of less healthful foods with nuts may be a simple strategy to help prevent gradual long-term weight gain and obesity.

Dietary Fiber and Gut Microbiota in Renal Diets

Nutrition is crucial for the management of patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) to slow down disease progression and to correct symptoms. The mainstay of the nutritional approach to renal patients is protein restriction coupled with adequate energy supply to prevent malnutrition. However, other aspects of renal diets, including fiber content, can be beneficial. This paper summarizes the latest literature on the role of different types of dietary fiber in CKD, with special attention to gut microbiota and the potential protective role of renal diets. Fibers have been identified based on aqueous solubility, but other features, such as viscosity, fermentability, and bulking effect in the colon should be considered. A proper amount of fiber should be recommended not only in the general population but also in CKD patients, to achieve an adequate composition and metabolism of gut microbiota and to reduce the risks connected with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

Association of dietary total antioxidant capacity to anthropometry in healthy women: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Reactive oxygen species level is a fundamental component in the pathogenesis of obesity that might be reduced by dietary antioxidants. Measurement of dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) is regarded as a new holistic dietary index. Given the limited research on DTAC, the aim of this study was to examine the association of DTAC with obesity-related features in women.

METHODS

The present cross-sectional study included 627 female participants. Data on dietary intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. DTAC was estimated through total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Anthropometric parameters (body mass index and waist circumference), were investigated using standard methods.

RESULTS

After adjustment for possible covariates, both TRAP and TEAC were significantly positively associated with obesity (TRAP: OR, 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.63; P_trend, 0.03; TEAC: OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.01-2.63; P_trend, 0.04). However, there was no association between FRAP and obesity (OR_, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.64-1.93; P_trend, 0.68). Moreover, no relationship was found between different DTAC indices and waist circumference (TRAP: OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.70-1.80; P_trend, 0.60; TEAC: OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.64-1.69; P_trend, 0.87; FRAP: OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.49-1.51; P_trend, 0.62).

CONCLUSION

Women with higher DTAC scores had higher risk for obesity. No association was found between DTAC and waist circumference.

Compositional data analysis as an alternative paradigm for nutritional studies

BACKGROUND & AIM

Although the compositional nature of dietary data is well recognized, little attention has been given to the methods specifically developed for the statistical analysis of compositional data. The use of standard statistical procedures that ignore the relative nature of compositional elements can lead to spurious results when applied to crude data. This note proposes using a compositional data approach for the statistical analysis of nutritional data.

METHODS

The analyses of data from an Italian population study of 673 non-diabetic women aged 40-74 years were based on isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformation applied to three dietary compositions: seven-part macronutrients, nine-part vitamins and six-part minerals. The ilr transformation produces new variables that represent specific contrasts (balances) between the compositional parts. Different sequential binary partitions have been described and used as a means of flexibly defining balances on the basis of a researcher's interest, and the new variables (that are suitable for undergoing standard statistical procedures) have been included as covariates in linear regression models in order to examine the isocaloric associations between specific dietary balances and waist circumference (WC).

RESULTS

Regardless of the dietary compositions, total energy was positively and fibre intake was negatively associated with WC. Net of these effects and keeping constant the proportional relationships between the other dietary components, WC was negatively associated with the relative increase in starches, and positively associated with the relative niacin content. Vitamin C was negatively associated with WC, whereas folate content was positively related.

DISCUSSION

The proposed approach allows a clear interpretation of the relative roles of different dietary components within a holistic overview of a diet. The analyses involving WC provide some useful insights.

Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Used as a Food Supplement, on Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA), are known for their preventive effects against cardiovascular disease. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of n-3 LC-PUFA and are of interest for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. tricornutum, a microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and used as a food supplement, on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity development. Three male Wistar rat groups (n = 6) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat diet (HF) with 10% fructose in drinking water, supplemented or not with 12% of P. tricornutum (HF-Phaeo). Supplementation led to n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment of lipids in the liver, plasma and erythrocytes. Plasma transaminases showed no difference between the HF and HF-Phaeo groups. Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers and insulinemia decreased in HF-Phaeo rats versus the HF group. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and leptine diminished in HF-Phaeo rats, while HDL-cholesterol increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the beneficial effects of P. tricornutum in reducing the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome.

Effect of High Fiber Cereal Intake on Satiety and Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Ramadan

(1) Background: Fasting during Ramadan involves large changes in daily eating patterns which strongly impacts the daily biorhythm and challenges the regular function of the digestive tract. The aim of this study was to assess satiety, bowel habits, body composition, blood glycaemia, and blood lipidemia after the consumption of high fiber cereal at dawn (Sohor) during the month of Ramadan; (2) Methods: A two-arm randomized, controlled, single-blinded, parallel-design study was conducted in Ramadan month. Participants were randomized to consume either 90 g of high fiber cereal (11 g fiber/90 g) at Sohor for 20 consecutive days (intervention group, n = 45) or to maintain their habitual diet intake (control group; n = 36); (3) Results: The intervention group reported higher satiety rating scores, improved bowel habits and reduced bloating frequency after the 20-day intervention. Significantly higher intake of carbohydrates and dietary fiber were observed in the intervention group. Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly lower among the intervention group compared to the control group (p-value = 0.043, and p-value = 0.033, respectively) at the end of the intervention. No significant differences in body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, body mass index, blood glucose, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed between the two groups; (4) Conclusions: Consuming high fiber cereal had a positive effect on health and well-being during the month of Ramadan with better satiety, improved bowel functions, and improved blood lipids.

Inverse association of long-term nut consumption with weight gain and risk of overweight/obesity: a systematic review

Nuts contain a variety of nutrients and bioactive compounds that are capable of promoting metabolic health. However, due to their high energy density, concerns have been raised that nut consumption in the long term may contribute to weight gain. This systematic review summarizes the findings of prospective studies regarding the relationship between long-term nut consumption and obesity. Searches were conducted up through February 2018, using the PUBMED, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases with the relevant MeSH terms and phrases. This systematic review included prospective cohort studies investigating the relationship between consumption of total nut and/or nut subtypes with changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), as well as the risk of overweight/obesity, with follow-up duration ≥1-year. Out of a total of 1580 papers that were initially examined, 6 met the inclusion criteria. Four out of the 6 studies showed an inverse association between nut consumption (typically at the dosages of ≥1 to 2 servings per week) and weight gain and risk of overweight/obesity. The remaining 2 studies evaluated the association between nut intake and changes in WC. From these 2 studies, only one study reported a significant inverse association. Overall, evidence from limited cohort studies demonstrated that long-term nut intake was associated with less weight gain and reduced risk of overweight/obesity. Whether such findings are generalizable to racially diverse ethnic groups, individuals of low socioeconomic status, and populations in developing countries should be addressed in future studies.

Modulation of plasma and urine metabolome in colorectal cancer survivors consuming rice bran

Rice bran has bioactive phytochemicals with cancer protective actions that involve metabolism by the host and the gut microbiome. Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and the increased incidence is largely attributed to poor dietary patterns, including low daily fiber intake. A dietary intervention trial was performed to investigate the impact of rice bran consumption on the plasma and urine metabolome of CRC survivors. Nineteen CRC survivors participated in a randomized-controlled trial that included consumption of heat-stabilized rice bran (30 g/day) or a control diet without rice bran for 4 weeks. A fasting plasma and first void of the morning urine sample were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). After 4 weeks of either rice bran or control diets, 12 plasma and 16 urine metabolites were significantly different between the groups (p≤0.05). Rice bran intake increased relative abundance of plasma mannose (1.373-fold) and beta-citrylglutamate (BCG) (1.593-fold), as well as increased urine N-formylphenylalanine (2.191-fold) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (4.488-fold). Diet affected metabolites, such as benzoate, mannose, eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) (EPA), and N-formylphenylalanine have been previously reported for cancer protection and were identified from the rice bran food metabolome. Nutritional metabolome changes following increased consumption of whole grains such as rice bran warrants continued investigation for colon cancer control and prevention attributes as dietary biomarkers for positive effects are needed to reduce high risk for colorectal cancer recurrence.

Efficacy and safety of Gelidium elegans intake on bowel symptoms in obese adults: A 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Gelidium elegans (GE) is known to have antiobesity effects and beneficial effects on functional bowel symptoms in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of GE intake on bowel symptoms in obese human adults.

METHODS

This 12-week single-center randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed from September 2016 to May 2017. Consecutive obese subjects were randomly assigned (1:1) to either GE (1 g) or placebo (1 g) once daily group for 12 weeks. Patients' bowel symptoms were evaluated using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, Constipation Scoring System (CSS), and Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM) questionnaire.

RESULTS

The stool symptom score of PAC-SYM significantly improved in the GE group compared with the placebo group after the 12-week treatment (P = .041). Abdominal discomfort score of CSS significantly decreased at 12 weeks compared to that at baseline in the GE group (P = .003), but not in the placebo group (P = .398). In addition, abdominal discomfort score of CSS slightly decreased in the GE group compared with the placebo group after the 12-week treatment (P = .060). However, stool consistency, total CSS score, and PAC-SYM score did not change significantly in both GE group and the placebo group over the 12-week treatment period.

CONCLUSIONS

GE treatment for 12 weeks improved the stool symptom score on the PAC-SYM and abdominal discomfort score on the CSS in obese adults. However, further research is needed in large-scale human studies.

Adherence to American Cancer Society and American Institute of Cancer Research dietary guidelines in overweight African American breast cancer survivors

PURPOSE

The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) each created dietary and physical activity guidelines to improve cancer survivorship. Despite African American breast cancer survivors (AABCS) having the lowest survival rates of any racial or ethnic group, limited information exists on their adherence to cancer-specific lifestyle recommendations. The study's purpose was to measure adherence to ACS/AICR dietary recommendations in AABCS.

METHODS

Two hundred ten AABCS enrolled in the Moving Forward intervention trial, a randomized, community-based, 6-month weight loss study, were assessed for socio-demographics, dietary intake (via food frequency questionnaire), and related health factors at baseline. We operationalized the dietary recommendations put forth by ACS/AICR and created component and total adherence index scores. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the proportion of women who met recommendations. Student's t test and χ2 tests were used to compare participant characteristics by median adherence scores.

RESULTS

The mean total ACS/AICR score was 12.7 ± 2.5 out of 21 points (median, 13; range, 5 to 21). Over 90% were moderately or completely adherent to limiting alcohol and red & processed meat consumption, but the majority failed to meet the other recommendations to eat whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and avoid added sugars. Women with total scores below the median were younger, with higher BMI, had fewer years of education, and lower income levels.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

The present study extends the literature on AABCS adherence to cancer survivor-specific dietary guidelines. Findings will inform future dietary lifestyle interventions in this population.

Pretreatment Fasting Glucose and Insulin as Determinants of Weight Loss on Diets Varying in Macronutrients and Dietary Fibers-The POUNDS LOST Study

Efforts to identify a preferable diet for weight management based on macronutrient composition have largely failed, but recent evidence suggests that satiety effects of carbohydrates may depend on the individual's insulin-mediated cellular glucose uptake. Therefore, using data from the POUNDS LOST trial, pre-treatment fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were studied as prognostic markers of long-term weight loss in four diets differing in carbohydrate, fat, and protein content, while assessing the role of dietary fiber intake. Subjects with FPG <100 mg/dL lost 2.6 (95% CI 0.9;4.4, p = 0.003) kg more on the low-fat/high-protein (n = 132) compared to the low-fat/average-protein diet (n = 136). Subjects with HOMA-IR ≥4 lost 3.6 (95% CI 0.2;7.1, p = 0.038) kg more body weight on the high-fat/high-protein (n = 35) compared to high-fat/average-protein diet (n = 33). Regardless of the randomized diet, subjects with prediabetes and FI below the median lost 5.6 kg (95% CI 0.6;10.6, p = 0.030) more when consuming ≥35 g (n = 15) compared to <35 g dietary fiber/10 MJ (n = 16). Overall, subjects with normal glycemia lost most on the low-fat/high-protein diet, subjects with high HOMA-IR lost most on the high-fat/high protein diet, and subjects with prediabetes and low FI had particular benefit from dietary fiber in the diet.

Effect of inulin-type fructans in patients undergoing cancer treatments: A systematic review

Background and Objective

Current studies give us inconsistent results regarding the inulin consumption in cancer patients. The results of to-date studies are summarized in this systematic review.

Methods

Web of Science (Science citation index expanded), PubMed (Medline), Embase and CENTRAL Science direct, Google scholar, Scopus and Cochrane were searched. Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of Bias' tool was used to assess the quality of included articles.

Results

Our search yielded 2652 studies after the elimination of duplicates. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reporting results from 197 patients, were eligible for inclusion in the present systematic review. Risk of bias in these studies was assessed as high and moderate.

Conclusion

The available evidence is inconclusive regarding the effect of inulin and oligofructose on cancer outcomes. Nonetheless, possible inulin positive effects including improved stool consistency after abdomen radiotherapy and increased stool butyrate content which is involved in controlling tumor cells proliferation and apoptosis should not be denied. Further research is needed in this area before strong conclusions can be drawn.

A study protocol for a randomised crossover study evaluating the effect of diets differing in carbohydrate quality on ileal content and appetite regulation in healthy humans

Introduction: A major component of the digesta reaching the colon from the distal ileum is carbohydrate. This carbohydrate is subject to microbial fermentation and can radically change bacterial populations in the colon and the metabolites they produce, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, very little is currently known about the forms and levels of carbohydrate in the ileum and the composition of the ileal microbiota in humans. Most of our current understanding of carbohydrate that is not absorbed by the small intestine comes from ileostomy models, which may not reflect the physiology of an intact gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We will investigate how ileal content changes depending on diet using a randomised crossover study in healthy humans. Participants will be inpatients at the research facility for three separate 4-day visits. During each visit, participants will consume one of three diets, which differ in carbohydrate quality: 1) low-fibre refined diet; 2) high-fibre diet with intact cellular structures; 3) high-fibre diet where the cellular structures have been disrupted (e.g. milling, blending). On day 1, a nasoenteric tube will be placed into the distal ileum and its position confirmed under fluoroscopy. Ileal samples will be collected via the nasoenteric tube and metabolically profiled, which will determine the amount and type of carbohydrate present, and the composition of the ileal microbiota will be measured. Blood samples will be collected to assess circulating hormones and metabolites. Stool samples will be collected to assess faecal microbiota composition. Subjective appetite measures will be collected using visual analogue scales. Breath hydrogen will be measured in real-time as a marker of intestinal fermentation. Finally, an in vitro continuous fermentation model will be inoculated with ileal fluid in order to understand the shift in microbial composition and SCFA produced in the colon following the different diets. Registration: ISRCTN11327221.

Wholegrain Durum Wheat Bread Fortified With Citrus Fibers: Evaluation of Quality Parameters During Long Storage

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of citrus fibers, from blood orange and lemon peels to produce a functional durum wheat bread. Breads fortified in fiber were packaged under a modified atmosphere (MAP) and stored at 25°C up to 120 days. No significant differences were observed with respect to the specific volume and weight, internal structure, pH and titratable acidity among the bread samples obtained using different types and percentages of fibers. Storage time, at 30 up to 90 days, affected significantly the bread firmness and caused significant differences in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in all bread samples. In fortified breads with citrus fibers the yeast and mold counts showed values of approximately 1 log10 cfu/g for the first 30 days and 3.5 log10 cfu/g at the end of storage. The results of the sensory evaluation highlight that loaves enriched with blood orange and lemon fibers showed a citrus flavor but had a similar overall evaluation respect to control bread produced without addition of citrus fiber. The results of this study showed that the addition up to 2% of blood orange and lemon fibers in wheat whole durum flour is a possible strategy to produce "high fibre" bread.

Impact of dietary fiber supplementation on modulating microbiota-host-metabolic axes in obesity

Low dietary fiber intake is associated with higher rates of microbiota-associated chronic diseases such as obesity. Low-fiber diets alter not only microbial composition but also the availability of metabolic end products derived from fermentation of fiber. Our objective was to examine the effects of dietary fiber supplementation on gut microbiota and associated fecal and serum metabolites in relation to metabolic markers of obesity. We conducted a 12-week, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 53 adults with overweight or obesity. They were randomly assigned to a pea fiber (PF, 15 g/d in wafer form; n=29) or control (CO, isocaloric amount of wafers; n=24) group. Blood and fecal samples were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Serum metabolomics, gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) were examined. Within-group but not between-group analysis showed a significant effect of treatment on serum metabolites at 12 weeks compared to baseline. Fiber significantly altered fecal SCFAs and BAs with higher acetate and reduced isovalerate, cholate, deoxycholate and total BAs content in the PF group compared to baseline. Microbiota was differentially modulated in the two groups, including an increase in the SCFA producer Lachnospira in the PF group and decrease in the CO group. The change in body weight of participants showed a negative correlation with their change in Lachnospira (r=-0.463, P=.006) abundance. The current study provides insight into the actions of pea fiber and its impact on modulating microbiota-host-metabolic axes in obesity.

Modifying wheat bran to improve its health benefits

Consumption of wheat bran (WB) has been associated with improved gastrointestinal health and a reduced risk for colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. These benefits are likely mediated by a combination of mechanisms, including colonic fermentation of the WB fiber, fecal bulking and the prevention of oxidative damage due to its antioxidant capacities. The relative importance of those mechanisms is not known and may differ for each health effect. WB has been modified by reducing particle size, heat treatment or modifying tissue composition to improve its technological properties and facilitate bread making processes. However, the impact of those modifications on human health has not been fully elucidated. Some modifications reinforce whereas others attenuate the health effects of coarse WB. This review summarizes available WB modifications, the mechanisms by which WB induces health benefits, the impact of WB modifications thereon and the available evidence for these effects from in vitro and in vivo studies.

Unravelling the Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibre Supplementation on Energy Intake and Perceived Satiety in Healthy Adults: Evidence from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised-Controlled Trials

Consumption of soluble dietary fibre is recommended as part of a healthy diet. Evidence has shown that soluble dietary fibre slows gastric emptying, increases perceived satiety and plays a significant role in appetite regulation. This systematic review examined the effects of soluble dietary fibre using randomised-controlled trials (RCTs). Three different electronic databases were used, namely PubMed, Scopus® and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated based on the intergroup mean difference and standard deviation (SD) followed by Cochran's Q and I² determination. The effect size was statistically pooled in the meta-analyses and presented as a forest plot. The risk of bias was high for each study as assessed using the Jadad scale. Meta-analysis of statistically pooled data for guar gum showed a sizeable effect on post-meal energy intake, followed by β-glucan, alginate, polydextrose and pectin, with pooled effect sizes of -0.90, -0.44, -0.42, -0.36 and -0.26, respectively. Guar gum (5 g) effectively reduced energy intake when prepared in milk beverages compared with control milk (p < 0.001). Alginate, when prepared in liquid (5 g) or solid (9 g) meals, effectively reduced energy intake compared with control (p < 0.001). A high dose of polydextrose (25 g) prepared in liquid meal form significantly reduced energy intake (p = 0.01). This study suggests that soluble fibres are not all created equal. Further interventional studies are needed to determine whether combinations of these soluble fibres might have greater effects than individual fibres per se.

Prevalence of metabolic disease and correlation to body composition and cardiovascular fitness in adults undergoing fitness assessments

The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in participants who voluntarily participated in a fitness assessment, and to examine associations with routine nutrition intake and overall body composition. One hundred and six participants were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken with blood analyses completed for fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid panel. A 24-hour diet recall and a dietary screening survey was used to assess nutrient intake, in a sub-set of 36 participants. Statistical analyses utilized partial Spearmans' rank correlations, risk ratios, and Kendall's Tau correlations, with significance level at p < 0.05. Twenty five percent of this sample had ≥ three risk factors for MetS, with elevated fasting glucose and blood pressure being the most prevalent. Twenty percent of the participants had HbA1c levels elevated at the prediabetes range, with no previous diagnosis. Four percent of participants had HbA1c levels elevated at the T2DM range. Two nutrients of interest were correlated to BMI status. Percent kcal from carbohydrate (τ -0.207, p<0.05) had a negative correlation with BMI status and percent kcal from fat intake had a positive correlation (τ 0.217, p<0.05). Findings from this small sample of adults indicate the need for routine assessment of: clustering of MetS risk factors, risk of prediabetes and T2DM and treatment of same. Many participants would benefit from increasing their participation in physical activity, weight loss in regard to overall health improvement, and education to improve diet quality.

Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males

Several studies have linked increased intake of dietary fibre to improvement in the management of body weight. Dietary fibre from resistant starch (RS) has been shown to have an impact on food intake in normal weight individuals, but its role in obesity is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of RS on appetite, satiety and postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese subjects. In this single-blind randomized crossover study, overweight/obese healthy males consumed a test breakfast and lunch containing either 48 g RS or a placebo. Postprandial qualitative appetite, glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 were measured every 30 min for 7 h. Energy intake values from an ad libitum dinner and for a 24-h period were assessed. Acute consumption of RS at breakfast/lunch significantly reduced the energy intake at the ad libitum dinner (p = 0.017). No significant effect over 24 h or qualitative feelings of satiety were observed. Significant treatment × time effects were found for postprandial glucose (p = 0.004) for RS compared to placebo, with a trend for higher C-peptide concentrations following RS. The postprandial insulin and GLP-1 responses were not significantly different. RS may indeed have short-term beneficial effects in obese individuals.

Cardiometabolic Health in Relation to Lifestyle and Body Weight Changes 3⁻8 Years Earlier

The degree to which individuals change their lifestyle in response to interventions differs and this variation could affect cardiometabolic health. We examined if changes in dietary intake, physical activity and weight of obese infertile women during the first six months of the LIFEstyle trial were associated with cardiometabolic health 3⁻8 years later (N = 50⁻78). Lifestyle was assessed using questionnaires and weight was measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months after randomization. BMI, blood pressure, body composition, pulse wave velocity, glycemic parameters and lipid profile were assessed 3⁻8 years after randomization. Decreases in savory and sweet snack intake were associated with lower HOMA-IR 3⁻8 years later, but these associations disappeared after adjustment for current lifestyle. No other associations between changes in lifestyle or body weight during the first six months after randomization with cardiovascular health 3⁻8 years later were observed. In conclusion, reductions in snack intake were associated with reduced insulin resistance 3⁻8 years later, but adjustment for current lifestyle reduced these associations. This indicates that changing lifestyle is an important first step, but maintaining this change is needed for improving cardiometabolic health in the long-term.

Impact of plant extracts upon human health: A review

With the increase in evidences directly linking diet and health, several foodstuffs, such as phenolic rich fruits and vegetables, have emerged as possessing potential health benefits. Plants, given their fiber and phenolic content (and their intrinsic biological potential), have long been considered as contributing to health promotion. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the existing evidences regarding the various potential benefits of plant extracts' and plant extract-based products' consumption, with emphasis on in vivo works and epidemiological studies whenever available. Overall, the information available supports that, while there are indications of the potential benefits of plant extracts' consumption, further human-based studies are still needed to establish a true cause-effect.

A comprehensive analysis of the composition, health benefits, and safety of apple pomace

Apple processing results in peel, stem, seeds, and pulp being left as a waste product known as apple pomace. This review comprehensively assessed apple pomace composition for nutritional value and bioactive substances and evaluated potential health benefits and safety. Apple pomace is a rich source of health-benefitting nutrients, including minerals, dietary fiber, antioxidants, and ursolic acid, which suggests it has potential use as a dietary supplement, functional food, and/or food additive. Preclinical studies have found apple pomace and its isolated extracts improved lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and gastrointestinal function and had a positive effect on metabolic disorders (eg, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, etc.). Safety studies have shown apple pomace to be a safe livestock feed additive and to have pesticide concentrations within safety thresholds established for human consumption. Commercial development of apple pomace for human consumption requires more research focusing on standardized methods of nutrient reporting, mechanistic studies, and human clinical trials.

The Use of a Stem and Leaf Aqueous Extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQR-300) to Reduce Body Fat and Other Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Participants

BACKGROUND

Previous work had shown the ability of an aqueous leaf and stem extract of Cissus quandrangularis (300 mg of CQR, CQR-300) to improve components of metabolic syndrome (MS) in overweight individuals.

OBJECTIVE

This small pilot study aimed to confirm the efficacy of CQR-300 in reducing the percentage body fat measured using two different methods-bioelectrical impedance assay versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

DESIGN

The study was an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial on 67 individuals who were requested by a dietary counselor to maintain their normal exercise and dietary routines. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, placebo (32 participants) and the CQR-300 group (35 participants), and received 300 mg of corn starch or CQR-300 daily.

METHODS

Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance using a TANITA impedance meter and by DEXA, with blood samples taken at baseline and at 8 weeks for the measurement of lipid parameters.

RESULTS

After 8 weeks of treatment, participants of the placebo group showed a 1.05% decrease in body fat as determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, but no difference using DEXA. In the same time period, the CQR-300 group had an 8.9% and 12.8% decreases in the body fat as measured by impedance and DEXA, respectively. These values were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the placebo. Compared with the placebo, the CQR-300 group demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the waist and hip circumferences, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, as well as leptin levels. On the contrary, there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin levels.

CONCLUSION

CQR-300 administered as a single 300 mg dose daily was effective in reducing body fat as well as improving blood parameters associated with MS.

Celiac Male's Gluten-Free Diet Profile: Comparison to that of the Control Population and Celiac Women

The aim of the present work was to analyze the body composition and dietary profile of Spanish celiac men and to compare them to control men and celiac women from our previous studies. Forty-two celiac men (31.5 ± 11.9 years) were recruited and anthropometric measurements were taken. Analysis of energy consumption, macro- and micronutrient intake and food frequency consumption was carried out. Celiac men were more overweight and obese than celiac women, but less than the control population, reporting the same energy intake and macronutrient distribution. Most micronutrient deficiencies in celiac men were not directly related to a gluten free diet; these were also observed for the entire population. The least adherence to Dietary Reference Intakes in women was reported for iron, iodine, potassium and selenium, whereas magnesium intake was higher than in men. Among celiac participants (both genders), cereal, vegetable and legume consumption was poor and meat intake was contrastingly excessive. In conclusion, the dietary profile of celiac men is as unbalanced as that of control men but slightly more than that of celiac women. General nutritional education should be given to both general and celiac populations, and specific advices to celiac men, in order to decrease the risk of celiac disease-related pathologies.

Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacon) Flour Improves Visceral Adiposity and Metabolic Parameters in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats

Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), a native plant of South America, was observed to improve lipid profile in rodents and humans. This study aimed to investigate the antiobesity properties of yacon roots in a high-fat-diet (HFD) model and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 30 Wistar male rats were divided into five groups (n=6): the standard chow diet (SD) group was fed a SD; the HFD group was fed a HFD; and the HFD Y340 and HFD Y680 groups were fed a HFD plus yacon flour (340 and 680 mg FOS/kg b. w./day, respectively). HFD Y340 and HFD Y680 rats exhibited marked attenuation of weight gain, a decrease in visceral fat pad weight, a restoration of the serum lipid profile and atherogenic index in a dose-dependent manner, being the higher dose more effective (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that HFD Y680 rats showed lower glucose and insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.5). A downregulation of several adipocyte specific-transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPAR-γ2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein a (C/EBP-a) and activating protein (aP2) mRNA levels, was determined in the visceral adipose tissue of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.05). An improvement of adipokine profile in HFD Y680 rats and decreased serum proinflammatory cytokine levels (p < 0.05) were determined by ELISA. Decreased macrophage infiltration and F4/80 and MCP-1 expression in the visceral adipose tissue of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.5), together with a higher pAkt/Akt expression (p < 0.05) were also observed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. A significant increase in glucagon (Gcg) and PYY mRNA levels in distal ileum of HFD Y680 rats (p < 0.05) were also detected. In the second approach, we determined that yacon supplementation potentiates the effects of the HFD reversion to a standard diet. In conclusion, yacon showed antiobesity properties by inhibiting adipogenesis and improving the visceral adipose tissue function.

A Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Overweight Individuals in a 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Carbohydrates

The effects of carbohydrates on body weight and insulin sensitivity are controversial. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the role of a low-fat, plant-based diet on body weight, body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of changes in carbohydrate intake on body composition and insulin resistance. Participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat (vegan) diet (n = 38) or to maintain their current diet (n = 37). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. A repeated measure ANOVA model was used to test the between-group differences from baseline to 16 weeks. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between carbohydrate intake, and body composition and insulin resistance. Weight decreased significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect -6.5 [95% CI -8.9 to -4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). Fat mass was reduced in the vegan group (treatment effect -4.3 [95% CI -5.4 to -3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR was reduced significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect -1.0 [95% CI -1.2 to -0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). Changes in consumption of carbohydrate, as a percentage of energy, correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = -0.53, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = -0.55, p < 0.001), volume of visceral fat (r = -0.35, p = 0.006), and HOMA (r = -0.27, p = 0.04). These associations remained significant after adjustment for energy intake. Changes in consumption of total and insoluble fiber correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = -0.43, p < 0.001; and r = -0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), fat mass (r = -0.42, p < 0.001; and r = -0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), and volume of visceral fat (r = -0.29, p = 0.03; and r = -0.32, p = 0.01, respectively). The associations between total and insoluble fiber and changes in BMI and fat mass remained significant even after adjustment for energy intake. Increased carbohydrate and fiber intake, as part of a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, are associated with beneficial effects on weight, body composition, and insulin resistance.

The risk of metabolic syndrome as a result of lifestyle among Ellisras rural young adults

The study aimed to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and lifestyle risk factors among Ellisras adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 624 adults (306 males and 318 females). MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. The prevalence of MetS was 23.1% (8.6% males and 36.8 % females). Females appeared to have higher mean values for waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TCHOL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while males had high mean values for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). No significant age and gender differences were observed for dietary intake. Significantly more females (51.9%) presented with increased WC than males (4.6%). Participants who had a high dietary energy intake were significantly less likely to present with larger WC (OR: 0.250 95% CI [0.161; 0.389]), low HDL-C (OR: 0.306 95% CI [0.220; 0.425]) and high LDL-C (OR: 0.583 95% CI [0.418; 0.812]) but more likely to present with elevated FBG (OR: 1.01 95% CI [0.735; 1.386]), high TCHOL (OR: 1.039 95% CI [0.575; 1.337]), high TG (OR: 1.186 95% CI [0.695; 2.023]) and hypertension (OR: 5.205 95% CI [3.156; 8.585]). After adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and alcohol status, high energy intake was more than two times likely to predict MetS in adults with a large WC (OR: 2.766 95% CI [0.863; 3.477] and elevated FBG (OR: 2.227 95% CI [1.051; 3.328]). Therefore, identifying groups that are at an increased risk and those that are in their early stages of MetS will help improve and prevent the increase of the MetS in the future.

Inclusion of Fructooligosaccharide and Resistant Maltodextrin in High Fat Diets Promotes Simultaneous Improvements on Body Fat Reduction and Fecal Parameters

This study investigated the effects of incorporating a mixture of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and resistant maltodextrin (RMD) at a ratio of 1:2 on body fat accumulation and fecal bacterial parameters in rats. Our results indicated that high dietary fat consumption might effectively (p < 0.05) increase body fat, but consequently inducing a significantly (p < 0.05) higher growth of C. perfringens and retarded growth (p < 0.05) of the Bifidobacterium spp. in the large intestine. As compared with the high fat control, an incorporation of the FOS and RMD mixture at a high dose (0.97 and 1.94 g/kg body weight, respectively) could result in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in feed efficiency (−16%), total visceral fat (−17.4%), non-visceral fat levels (−20.3%), and total body fat (−19.2%). Furthermore, feeding the FOS and RMD mixture at a high dose was capable to counter the above undesirable impacts by reducing the C. perfringens count (−14.8%) and increasing the total Bifidobacterium count (134.4%) and total fecal short chain fatty acids (195.4%). A supplementation of adequate amount of FOS and RMD might confer a concreted solution to the obesity and deteriorated fecal bacteria profiles due to high fat consumption.

Hubungan Usia, Stres, dan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro dengan Kejadian Obesitas Abdominal pada Ibu Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Surabaya

Background: Abdominal obesity is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is caused by energy imbalance. Women have higher risk of abdominal obesity than men. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the association between age, stress level, macronutrient intake with abdominal obesity among housewives in Sidotopo, Surabaya. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted between May and July of 2018 in Kelurahan Sidotopo, Kecamatan Semampir, Kota Surabaya. The sample was 46 housewives aged between 20 and 49 years which was selected using multistage random sampling method. The association between age, stress level, and macronutrient intake with abdominal obesity was analysed using Pearson correlation and logistic regression test with a significant level of 0.05. Results:This study showed that 52.17% of housewives had abdominal obesity. Most of housewives were Javanese and Maduranes between the ages of 30-39. This study showed the significant association between age (p=0.001) and stress level (p=0.017) with abdominal obesity. Meanwhile, energy intake (p=0.062), carbohydrate intake (p=0.300), protein intake (p=0.147), fat intake (p=0.188), and dietary fiber intake (p=0.062) did not show significant association. Conclusion: Age and stress level associated with abdominal obesity among housewives in Sidotopo. The risk of abdominal obesity increased with age and stress level.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Obesitas abdominal merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler. Obesitas terjadi akibat adanya ketidakseimbangan energi masuk dan keluar dari tubuh. Perempuan berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami obesitas abdominal dibandingkan laki-laki.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan usia, stres, dan asupan zat gizi makro dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal pada ibu rumah tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Surabaya.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Kecamatan Semampir, Kota Surabaya pada bulan Mei-Juli 2018. Sebesar 46 orang ibu rumah tangga usia 20-49 tahun dipilih secara acak menggunakan metode multistage random sampling. Hubungan antara usia, stres, dan asupan zat gizi makro dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dan regresi logistik dengan tingkat signifikansi <0,05. Hasil: Sebesar 52,17% responden mengalami obesitas abdominal. Sebagian besar responden berusia 30-39 tahun dimana berasal dari etnis Jawa dan Madura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa obesitas abdominal berhubungan signifikan dengan usia (p=0,001) dan stres (p=0,017). Sebaliknya, asupan energi (p=0,234), karbohidrat (p=0,300), protein (p=0,147), lemak (p=0,188), dan asupan serat (p=0,062) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal.Kesimpulan: Usia dan tingkat stres berhubungan dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal pada ibu rumah tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo. Semakin tinggi usia dan tingkat stres, maka resiko terjadinya obesitas abdominal akan semakin tinggi.

Switching from a high-fat cellulose diet to a high-fat pectin diet reverses certain obesity-related morbidities

Background

Reducing caloric intake is a proven intervention for mitigating and modulating morbidities associated with overnutrition. Caloric restriction is difficult to affect clinically, therefore, dietary interventions that ameliorate the adverse consequences of overnutrition in the presence of a high-calorie diet would be of value.

Methods

Mice were fed an obesogenic diet containing 60% fat + 10% cellulose (HFC), or a control diet containing 10% fat + 10% cellulose (LFC) for 12 wks. Subgroups of mice were then switched from HFC to each of the following diets for an additional 5 wks: 1) 60% fat + 10% pectin (HFP), 2) LFC or 3) 10% fat + 10% pectin (LFP). To test for statistical differences, one-way or two-way ANOVAs were used with or without repeated measurements as needed.

Results

In comparison to HFC, HFP prevented additional weight gain while LFC and LFP triggered weight loss of 22.2 and 25.4%, respectively. Mice continued on HFC experienced a weight increase of 26% during the same 5 wk. interval. After 12 wks, HFC decreased mouse locomotion by 18% when compared to control diet, but a diet switch to LFC or LFP restored mouse movement. Importantly, HFP, LFC, and LFP reduced fasting blood glucose when compared to HFC. Likewise, HFP, LFC and LFP improved glucose tolerance and decreased fatty liver by 37.9, 49.8, 53.6 and 20.2%, 37.2, 43.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Taken together, the results indicate that the dietary fiber pectin can mitigate some adverse consequences of overnutrition even in the presence of high-fat.

Association of Sensory Liking for Fat with Dietary Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults

Individual sensory liking is perceived as a major determinant of dietary intake and may influence chronic disease. This study aimed to assess the odds of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults based on their liking for fat. Data from 7731 adults aged 40⁻69, included in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, were collected. Fat liking scores were obtained from self-report questionnaires. In both genders, sensory liking for fat was positively associated with consumption of red meat and added fat. Subjects with a stronger liking for fat showed a higher intake of energy and fat and a lower intake of vitamin C and fiber as compared to subjects with a lower liking for fat. There were increasing trends in the odds of metabolic syndrome with stronger liking for fat (odds ratios (ORs) for the Like group compared to the Dislike group, men: ORs = 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.06⁻1.50) p-trend = 0.01; women: ORs = 1.28 (1.04⁻1.58) p-trend = 0.018) after adjustment for age, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, education level, and income status. Our results suggested that the liking for fat-rich food might partially contribute to the increased odds of metabolic syndrome.