151
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Monitoring stress-induced autophagic engulfment and degradation of the 26S proteasome in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2019; 619:337-366. [PMID: 30910028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost 70 years after the discovery of the lysosome, and about four decades following the unraveling of ubiquitin as a specific "mark of death," the field of protein turnover-the numerous processes it regulates, the pathologies resulting from its dysregulation, and the drugs that have been developed to target them-is still growing exponentially. Accordingly, the need for new technologies and methods is ever growing. One interesting question in the field is the mechanism(s) by which the "predators become prey". We have reported recently that the 26S proteasome, the catalytic arm of the ubiquitin system, is degraded by the autophagy-lysosome machinery, in a process requiring specific ubiquitination of the proteasome, and subsequent recognition by the shuttle protein p62/SQSTM1. Studying the modification(s), recognition sites, engulfment, and breakdown of the 26S proteasome via such "proteaphagy" has required the use of microscopy, subcellular fractionation, 'classical biochemistry', and proteomics. In this chapter, we present the essentials of these protocols, with emphasis on the refinements we have introduced in order for them to better suit the particular study of proteaphagy.
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152
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Datta S, Choudhury D, Das A, Mukherjee DD, Dasgupta M, Bandopadhyay S, Chakrabarti G. Autophagy inhibition with chloroquine reverts paclitaxel resistance and attenuates metastatic potential in human nonsmall lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via ROS mediated modulation of β-catenin pathway. Apoptosis 2019; 24:414-433. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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153
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Aivazidis S, Anderson CC, Roede JR. Toxicant-mediated redox control of proteostasis in neurodegeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 13:22-34. [PMID: 31602419 PMCID: PMC6785977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disruption in redox signaling and control of cellular processes has emerged as a key player in many pathologies including neurodegeneration. As protein aggregations are a common hallmark of several neuronal pathologies, a firm understanding of the interplay between redox signaling, oxidative and free radical stress, and proteinopathies is required to sort out the complex mechanisms in these diseases. Fortunately, models of toxicant-induced neurodegeneration can be utilized to evaluate and report mechanistic alterations in the proteostasis network (PN). The epidemiological links between environmental toxicants and neurological disease gives further credence into characterizing the toxicant-mediated PN disruptions observed in these conditions. Reviewed here are examples of mechanistic interaction between oxidative or free radical stress and PN alterations. Additionally, investigations into toxicant-mediated PN disruptions, specifically focusing on environmental metals and pesticides, are discussed. Finally, we emphasize the need to distinguish whether the presence of protein aggregations are contributory to phenotypes related to neurodegeneration, or if they are a byproduct of PN deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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154
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Rodrigues RAL, Arantes TS, Oliveira GP, dos Santos Silva LK, Abrahão JS. The Complex Nature of Tupanviruses. Adv Virus Res 2019; 103:135-166. [PMID: 30635075 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of giant viruses revealed a new level of complexity in the virosphere, raising important questions about the diversity, ecology, and evolution of these viruses. The family Mimiviridae was the first group of amoebal giant viruses to be discovered (by Bernard La Scola and Didier Raoult team), containing viruses with structural and genetic features that challenged many concepts of classic virology. The tupanviruses are among the newest members of this family and exhibit structural, biological, and genetic features never previously observed in other giant viruses. The complexity of these viruses has put us one step forward toward the comprehension of giant virus biology and evolution, but also has raised important questions that still need to be addressed. In this chapter, we tell the history behind the discovery of one of the most complex viruses isolated to date, highlighting the unique features exhibited by tupanviruses, and discuss how these giant viruses have contributed to redefining limits for the virosphere.
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155
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Ryter SW, Bhatia D, Choi ME. Autophagy: A Lysosome-Dependent Process with Implications in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Human Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:138-159. [PMID: 29463101 PMCID: PMC6251060 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent homeostatic process inherent to cells and tissues, has emerging significance in the pathogenesis of human disease. This process enables the degradation and turnover of cytoplasmic substrates via membrane-dependent sequestration in autophagic vesicles (autophagosomes) and subsequent lysosomal delivery of cargo. Recent Advances: Selective forms of autophagy can target specific substrates (e.g., organelles, protein aggregates, and lipids) for processing. Autophagy is highly regulated by oxidative stress, including exposure to altered oxygen tension, by direct and indirect mechanisms, and contributes to inducible defenses against oxidative stress. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) plays a critical role in the oxidative stress response, through maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. CRITICAL ISSUES Autophagy can impact a number of vital cellular processes including inflammation and adaptive immunity, host defense, lipid metabolism and storage, mitochondrial homeostasis, and clearance of aggregated proteins, all which may be of significance in human disease. Autophagy can exert both maladaptive and adaptive roles in disease pathogenesis, which may also be influenced by autophagy impairment. This review highlights the essential roles of autophagy in human diseases, with a focus on diseases in which oxidative stress or inflammation play key roles, including human lung, liver, kidney and heart diseases, metabolic diseases, and diseases of the cardiovascular and neural systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigations that further elucidate the complex role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease will facilitate targeting this pathway for therapies in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary E. Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
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156
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Yasunaga M, Kajiya H, Toshimitsu T, Nakashima H, Tamaoki S, Ishikawa H, Maeda H, Ohno J. The Early Autophagic Pathway Contributes to Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.28.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Yasunaga
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroshi Kajiya
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Section of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Takuya Toshimitsu
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Dentistry for the Disabled, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroki Nakashima
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Sachio Tamaoki
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroyuki Ishikawa
- Former Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
| | - Jun Ohno
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
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157
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Izdebska M, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Zielińska W, Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A, Grzanka D, Gagat M. Lidocaine induces protective autophagy in rat C6 glioma cell line. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:1099-1111. [PMID: 30569147 PMCID: PMC6365045 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common type of brain cancer with poor prognosis. Surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the main therapeutic options; however, in addition to their insufficient efficacy, they are associated with the pain experienced by patients. To relieve pain, local anesthetics, such as lidocaine can be used. In the present study, the effects of lidocaine on the C6 rat glioma cell line were investigated. An MTT assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide analysis indicated the increase in the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells in response to lidocaine. Furthermore, light microscopy analysis on the ultrastructural level presented the occurrence of vacuole-like structures associated with autophagy, which was supported by the analysis of autophagy markers (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, acridine orange and Beclin-1). Additionally, reorganization of the cytoskeleton was observed following treatment with lidocaine, which serves an important role in the course of autophagy. To determine the nature of autophagy, an inhibitor, bafilomycin A1 was applied. This compound suppressed the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. These results demonstrated that lidocaine may induce cytoprotective autophagy and that manipulation of this process could be an alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Izdebska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wioletta Zielińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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158
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Yun CW, Lee SH. The Roles of Autophagy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113466. [PMID: 30400561 PMCID: PMC6274804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient deprivation. The mechanism of autophagy initiates the formation of autophagosomes that capture degraded components and then fuse with lysosomes to recycle these components. The modulation of autophagy plays dual roles in tumor suppression and promotion in many cancers. In addition, autophagy regulates the properties of cancer stem-cells by contributing to the maintenance of stemness, the induction of recurrence, and the development of resistance to anticancer reagents. Although some autophagy modulators, such as rapamycin and chloroquine, are used to regulate autophagy in anticancer therapy, since this process also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion, the precise mechanism of autophagy in cancer requires further study. In this review, we will summarize the mechanism of autophagy under stressful conditions and its roles in tumor suppression and promotion in cancer and in cancer stem-cells. Furthermore, we discuss how autophagy is a promising potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea.
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Korea.
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159
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Maass KK, Rosing F, Ronchi P, Willmund KV, Devens F, Hergt M, Herrmann H, Lichter P, Ernst A. Altered nuclear envelope structure and proteasome function of micronuclei. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:353-363. [PMID: 30149001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei are extra-nuclear bodies containing whole chromosomes that were not incorporated into the nucleus after cell division or damaged chromosome fragments. Even though the link between micronuclei and DNA damage is described for a long time, little is known about the functional organization of micronuclei and their contribution to tumorigenesis. We showed fusions between micronuclear membranes and lysosomes by electron microscopy and linked lysosome function to DNA damage levels in micronuclei. In addition, micronuclei drastically differ from primary nuclei in nuclear envelope composition, with a significant increase in the relative amount of nuclear envelope proteins LBR and emerin and a decrease in nuclear pore proteins. Strikingly, micronuclei lack active proteasomes, as the processing subunits and other factors of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Moreover, micronuclear chromatin shows a higher degree of compaction as compared to primary nuclei. The specific aberrations identified in micronuclei and the potential functional consequences of these defects may contribute to the role of micronuclei in catastrophic genomic rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Maass
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Fabian Rosing
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karolin V Willmund
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Devens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hergt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélie Ernst
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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160
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Pei D, Sun J, Zhu C, Tian F, Jiao K, Anderson MR, Yiu C, Huang C, Jin C, Bergeron BE, Chen J, Tay FR, Niu L. Contribution of Mitophagy to Cell-Mediated Mineralization: Revisiting a 50-Year-Old Conundrum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800873. [PMID: 30356983 PMCID: PMC6193168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. These precursors infiltrate the extracellular collagen matrix where they undergo phase transformation into intrafibrillar carbonated apatite. Although it is well established that ACP precursors are released from intracellular vesicles through exocytosis, an unsolved enigma in this cell-mediated mineralization process is how ACP precursors, initially produced in the mitochondria, are translocated to the intracellular vesicles. The present study proposes that mitophagy provides the mechanism for transfer of ACP precursors from the dysfunctioned mitochondria to autophagosomes, which, upon fusion with lysosomes, become autolysosomes where the mitochondrial ACP precursors coalesce to form larger intravesicular granules, prior to their release into the extracellular matrix. Apart from endowing the mitochondria with the function of ACP delivery through mitophagy, the present results indicate that mitophagy, triggered upon intramitochondrial ACP accumulation in osteogenic lineage-committed mesenchymal stem cells, participates in the biomineralization process through the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐dan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Jin‐long Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Chun‐hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Fu‐cong Tian
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Matthew R. Anderson
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit of the Faculty of DentistryPrince Philip Dental HospitalUniversity of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077P. R. China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Cui Huang
- Department of ProsthodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Chang‐xiong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Brian E. Bergeron
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Ji‐hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Li‐na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
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161
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Satyavarapu EM, Das R, Mandal C, Mukhopadhyay A, Mandal C. Autophagy-independent induction of LC3B through oxidative stress reveals its non-canonical role in anoikis of ovarian cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:934. [PMID: 30224639 PMCID: PMC6141567 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display abnormal redox metabolism. Autophagy, anoikis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a regulatory role during metastasis. LC3 is a well-known essential molecule for autophagy. Therefore, we wanted to explore the molecular interplay between autophagy, anoikis, and ROS in relation to LC3B. We observed enhanced LC3B level along with increased expression of p62 and modulation of other autophagy-related molecules (Atg 3, 5, 7, 12, 16L1 and Beclin1) by inducing oxidative-stress in ovarian cancer cells using a ROS-producing pro-oxidant molecule. Surprisingly, enhanced LC3B was unable to induce autophagosome formation rather promoted anoikis. ROS-induced inhibition of autophagosome-formation is possibly due to the instability of autophagy initiator, ULK1 complex. Moreover, such upregulation of LC3B via ROS enhanced several apoptotic molecules. Silencing LC3B reduced these apoptotic molecules and increased when overexpressed, suggesting its role in apoptosis. Furthermore, LC3B-dependent apoptosis was decreased by inhibiting ROS, indicating a possible link between ROS, LC3B, and apoptosis. Additionally, ROS-induced enhanced LC3B promoted detachment-induced cell death (anoikis). This was further reflected by reduced cell adhesion molecules (integrin-β3 and focal adhesion kinase) and mesenchymal markers (snail and slug). Our in vitro experimental data was further confirmed in primary tumors developed in syngeneic mice, which also showed ROS-mediated LC3B enhancement along with reduced autophagosomes, integrin-β3 and focal adhesion kinase ultimately leading to the decreased tumor mass. Additionally, primary cells from high-grade serous carcinoma patient's ascites exhibited LC3B enhancement and autophagy inhibition through ROS which provided a clinical relevance of our study. Taken together, this is the first evidence for a non-canonical role of LC3B in promoting anoikis in contrast to autophagy and may, therefore, consider as a potential therapeutic target molecule in ovarian cancer. Taken together, autophagy-inhibition may be an alternative approach to induce apoptosis/anoikis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswara Murali Satyavarapu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ranjita Das
- Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Chandan Mandal
- Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156, India
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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162
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Autophagy Is Indispensable for the Self-Renewal and Quiescence of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Cells with Stem Cell-Like Properties. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7010472. [PMID: 30319732 PMCID: PMC6167563 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all gynecologic cancers. Cancer stem cells are considered to be the initiating cells of tumors. It is known that spheroid culture promotes ovarian cancer cells to acquire stem cell characteristics and to become stem cell-like. But the mechanisms remain largely unclear. Our data show that autophagy is sustainably activated in ovarian cancer spheroid cells. Inhibition of autophagy by knockdown of ATG5 abolishes the self-renewal ability of ovarian cancer spheroid cells. Knockdown of ATG5 prevents ovarian cancer spheroid cells to enter quiescent state. Autophagy is critical for quiescent ovarian cancer spheroid cells to reenter the cell cycle because rapamycin can promote quiescent ovarian cancer spheroid cells to form colonies on soft agar and knockdown of ATG5 can arrest ovarian cancer cells in G0/G1. Autophagy and NRF2 form a positive feedback regulation loop to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ovarian cancer spheroid cells. The optimal ROS level, neither too high nor too low, facilitates the self-renewal marker, NOTCH1, to reach to the highest level. Bafilomycin A1 can impair the self-renewal of ovarian cancer spheroid cells by disturbing ROS levels.
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163
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Dar HH, Tyurina YY, Mikulska-Ruminska K, Shrivastava I, Ting HC, Tyurin VA, Krieger J, St Croix CM, Watkins S, Bayir E, Mao G, Armbruster CR, Kapralov A, Wang H, Parsek MR, Anthonymuthu TS, Ogunsola AF, Flitter BA, Freedman CJ, Gaston JR, Holman TR, Pilewski JM, Greenberger JS, Mallampalli RK, Doi Y, Lee JS, Bahar I, Bomberger JM, Bayır H, Kagan VE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes host polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines to trigger theft-ferroptosis in bronchial epithelium. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4639-4653. [PMID: 30198910 DOI: 10.1172/jci99490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a death program executed via selective oxidation of arachidonic acid-phosphatidylethanolamines (AA-PE) by 15-lipoxygenases. In mammalian cells and tissues, ferroptosis has been pathogenically associated with brain, kidney, and liver injury/diseases. We discovered that a prokaryotic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that does not contain AA-PE can express lipoxygenase (pLoxA), oxidize host AA-PE to 15-hydroperoxy-AA-PE (15-HOO-AA-PE), and trigger ferroptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells. Induction of ferroptosis by clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with persistent lower respiratory tract infections was dependent on the level and enzymatic activity of pLoxA. Redox phospholipidomics revealed elevated levels of oxidized AA-PE in airway tissues from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) but not with emphysema or CF without P. aeruginosa. We believe that the evolutionarily conserved mechanism of pLoxA-driven ferroptosis may represent a potential therapeutic target against P. aeruginosa-associated diseases such as CF and persistent lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider H Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Indira Shrivastava
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and.,Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - James Krieger
- Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Erkan Bayir
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - Gaowei Mao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and.,Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Alexandr Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew R Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and.,Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | | | | | - Cody J Freedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Theodore R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine and.,Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and.,Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Chemistry and.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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164
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Wang Z, Liu S, Pan W, Guo Y, Shen Z. Bafilomycin A1 alleviates depression‑like symptoms in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4587-4594. [PMID: 30221667 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a multifactorial disease. Emerging evidence has suggested that autophagy is involved in the pathological process of depressive disorders. Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), is an inhibitor of vacuolar H+‑ATPase that is frequently used at high concentrations to block late‑phase autophagy. However, whether Baf A1 has antidepressant effects remains to be elucidated. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant effects of Baf A1 in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its potential mechanism. The CUMS animal model was established. The sucrose preference test, open‑field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) were applied to evaluate the depressive behavior. Synaptic plasticity‑associated proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis‑ and autophagy‑associated proteins in addition to pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‑1β and tumor necrosis factor‑α, were detected by western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction or ELISA. A 4‑week treatment period with Baf A1 markedly ameliorated CUMS‑induced behavioral abnormalities, including increasing sucrose intake, improving locomotor activity in the OFT, and decreasing immobility time in the FST. In addition, treatment with Baf A1 restored the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity and inhibited neuroinflammation in rats exposed to CUMS. Furthermore, Baf A1 decreased the levels of apoptosis‑ and autophagy‑associated proteins induced by CUMS. The present study demonstrated that Bafilomycin A1 resulted in antidepressant effects in rats, which may be mediated by the reversal of apoptosis, autophagy and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Shengbing Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfei Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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165
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Jacomin AC, Gul L, Sudhakar P, Korcsmaros T, Nezis IP. What We Learned From Big Data for Autophagy Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:92. [PMID: 30175097 PMCID: PMC6107789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cytoplasmic components are engulfed in double-membraned vesicles before being delivered to the lysosome to be degraded. Defective autophagy has been linked to a vast array of human pathologies. The molecular mechanism of the autophagic machinery is well-described and has been extensively investigated. However, understanding the global organization of the autophagy system and its integration with other cellular processes remains a challenge. To this end, various bioinformatics and network biology approaches have been developed by researchers in the last few years. Recently, large-scale multi-omics approaches (like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics) have been developed and carried out specifically focusing on autophagy, and generating multi-scale data on the related components. In this review, we outline recent applications of in silico investigations and big data analyses of the autophagy process in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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166
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Hou Y, Zhang W, Li S, Wang Z, Zhong H, Liu Z, Guo Z. Investigating the autophagy pathway in silver@gold core-shell nanoparticles-treated cells using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2018; 143:3677-3685. [PMID: 29975376 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00405f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that nanoparticles can induce autophagy, and the main approach for investigating autophagy induced by nanoparticles is via traditional methods such as TEM and biochemical assay. These methods measurements suffer from the disadvantages of complicated experimental processes, cell destruction, as well as lack of characterization of individual stages of the autophagy pathway. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been extensively used in biological applications. With the combination of SERS and chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), identification and distribution mapping of endosomes and lysosomes in the endocytosis of Au nanoparticles has been achieved by segregating the spectra from complex SERS data sets in the previous study. In this study, silver@gold core-shell nanoparticles (Ag@Au NPs) were synthesized by reduction of gold ions on the surface of the silver nanoparticles, and the autophagy induced by Ag@Au NPs was studied with Ag@Au NPs serving both as an autophagy inducer and as a high-performance SERS substrate. Pro-survival autophagy induced by Ag@Au NPs was proved by the western blot assay, flow cytometry and fluorescent staining. Furthermore, the autophagy pathway in Ag@Au NPs-treated cells was first elucidated by SERS combined with a modified reference-based PCA-LDA methodology. This study provides a feasible way of using SERS to elucidate the autophagy pathway induced by nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China.
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167
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Molejon MI, Swayden M, Fanale D, Bintz J, Gayet O, Soubeyran P, Iovanna J. Chloroquine plays a cell-dependent role in the response to treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30837-30846. [PMID: 30112111 PMCID: PMC6089401 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, our aim is to assess the role played by autophagy and its inhibition in the different PDAC cellular compartments, and its involvement in chemo-resistance using primary human pancreatic cancer-derived cells (PCC) and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAF). Autophagy flux, as measured by LC3-I and -II in the presence of Chloroquine, showed a variable level in PCC and CAFs. We found no correlation between autophagy level and degree of tumor differentiation. Association of Chloroquine with gemcitabine, 5FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan and docetaxel revealed that its effect on survival is cell- and drug-dependent in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that autophagy in CAFs can play an important role in sensitizing PDAC to anticancer treatments since its inhibition increased the resistance of PCCs to gemcitabine. In conclusion, this work clearly shows a heterogeneity in the effect of Chloroquine and highlights a role of CAFs autophagy in sensitizing tumors to treatments. It also reveals that the role of autophagy is more complex than expected in PDAC as well as its sensitivity to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Molejon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France.,INCITAP-CONICET (Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Mirna Swayden
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Daniele Fanale
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jennifer Bintz
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Gayet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Soubeyran
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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168
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Redmann M, Benavides GA, Wani WY, Berryhill TF, Ouyang X, Johnson MS, Ravi S, Mitra K, Barnes S, Darley-Usmar VM, Zhang J. Methods for assessing mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and cellular consequences in cell culture. Redox Biol 2018; 17:59-69. [PMID: 29677567 PMCID: PMC6006680 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality is under surveillance by autophagy, the cell recycling process which degrades and removes damaged mitochondria. Inadequate autophagy results in deterioration in mitochondrial quality, bioenergetic dysfunction, and metabolic stress. Here we describe in an integrated work-flow to assess parameters of mitochondrial morphology, function, mtDNA and protein damage, metabolism and autophagy regulation to provide the framework for a practical assessment of mitochondrial quality. This protocol has been tested with cell cultures, is highly reproducible, and is adaptable to studies when cell numbers are limited, and thus will be of interest to researchers studying diverse physiological and pathological phenomena in which decreased mitochondrial quality is a contributory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics & Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Michelle S Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Saranya Ravi
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Kasturi Mitra
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics & Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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169
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Pelt J, Busatto S, Ferrari M, Thompson EA, Mody K, Wolfram J. Chloroquine and nanoparticle drug delivery: A promising combination. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:43-49. [PMID: 29932886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinically approved cancer therapies include small molecules, antibodies, and nanoparticles. There has been major progress in the treatment of several cancer types over recent decades. However, many challenges remain for optimal use of conventional and nanoparticle-based therapies in oncology including poor drug delivery, rapid clearance, and drug resistance. The antimalarial agent chloroquine has been found to mitigate some of these challenges by modulating cancer cells and the tissue microenvironment. Particularly, chloroquine was recently found to reduce immunological clearance of nanoparticles by resident macrophages in the liver, leading to increased tumor accumulation of nanodrugs. Additionally, chloroquine has been shown to improve drug delivery and efficacy through normalization of tumor vasculature and suppression of several oncogenic and stress-tolerance pathways, such as autophagy, that protect cancer cells from cytotoxic agents. This review will discuss the use of chloroquine as combination therapy to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Pelt
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25133, Italy.
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kabir Mody
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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170
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Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship. Biochem J 2018; 475:1939-1954. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.
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171
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Karabiyik C, Fernandes R, Figueiredo FR, Socodato R, Brakebusch C, Lambertsen KL, Relvas JB, Santos SD. Neuronal Rho GTPase Rac1 elimination confers neuroprotection in a mouse model of permanent ischemic stroke. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:569-580. [PMID: 28960571 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase Rac1 is a multifunctional protein involved in distinct pathways ranging from development to pathology. The aim of the present study was to unravel the contribution of neuronal Rac1 in regulating the response to brain injury induced by permanent focal cerebral ischemia (pMCAO). Our results show that pMCAO significantly increased total Rac1 levels in wild type mice, mainly through rising nuclear Rac1, while a reduction in Rac1 activation was observed. Such changes preceded cell death induced by excitotoxic stress. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 in primary neuronal cortical cells prevented the increase in oxidative stress induced after overactivation of glutamate receptors. However, this was not sufficient to prevent the associated neuronal cell death. In contrast, RNAi-mediated knock down of Rac1 in primary cortical neurons prevented cell death elicited by glutamate excitotoxicity and decreased the activity of NADPH oxidase. To test whether in vivo down regulation of neuronal Rac1 was neuroprotective after pMCAO, we used tamoxifen-inducible neuron-specific conditional Rac1-knockout mice. We observed a significant 50% decrease in brain infarct volume of knockout mice and a concomitant increase in HIF-1α expression compared to littermate control mice, demonstrating that ablation of Rac1 in neurons is neuroprotective. Transmission electron microscopy performed in the ischemic brain showed that lysosomes in the infarct of Rac1- knockout mice were preserved at similar levels to those of non-infarcted tissue, while littermate mice displayed a decrease in the number of lysosomes, further corroborating the notion that Rac1 ablation in neurons is neuroprotective. Our results demonstrate that Rac1 plays important roles in the ischemic pathological cascade and that modulation of its levels is of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karabiyik
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Glial Cell Biology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Rui Fernandes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,HEMS, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Rosário Figueiredo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,HEMS, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Glial Cell Biology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odence C, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Glial Cell Biology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Duque Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Glial Cell Biology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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172
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Zhang N, Xie H, Lu W, Li F, Li J, Guo Z. Chloroquine sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapy via blocking autophagy and promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:10056-10065. [PMID: 31966896 PMCID: PMC6965955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin/cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is the main therapy strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the cisplatin efficiency is dimmed by the development of drug resistance. Numerous clinical trials are now revealing the promising role of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, as a novel antitumor drug. In the present study, we investigated the regulation by chloroquine on the autophagy and on the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting assay, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to analyze the autophagy induction by cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, to examine the chloroquine-mediated autophagy inhibition on the cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and to explore the possible involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in such process. Our results found the autophagy induction by cisplatin in HepG2 cells, basing on such results as increased induction of autophagic vesicles and upregulated conversion of A subunit (LC3-A) to B (LC3-B) subunit of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. Flow cytometry analysis results demonstrated that the cisplatin-induced apoptosis was aggravated by chloroquine. In addition, the mitochondrial function was downregulated by cisplatin and was deteriorated by chloroquine in HepG2 cells; the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) downregulation, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial superoxide were markedly higher in the chloroquine/cisplatin-treated HepG2 cells than in the cisplatin-treated cells. In conclusion, we concluded that chloroquine sensitized the chemotherapy efficiency of cisplatin against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, probably via blocking autophagy and via deteriorating the mitochondrial dysfunction. Chloroquine might be a potential adjuvant agent for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy)Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Second People’s HospitalTianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy)Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Tianjin Second People’s HospitalTianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Tianjin Second People’s HospitalTianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy)Tianjin, P. R. China
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173
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Wani WY, Ouyang X, Benavides GA, Redmann M, Cofield SS, Shacka JJ, Chatham JC, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. O-GlcNAc regulation of autophagy and α-synuclein homeostasis; implications for Parkinson's disease. Mol Brain 2017; 10:32. [PMID: 28724388 PMCID: PMC5517830 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification on protein Ser/Thr residues by O-linked attachment of ß-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a key mechanism integrating redox signaling, metabolism and stress responses. One of the most common neurodegenerative diseases that exhibit aberrant redox signaling, metabolism and stress response is Parkinson’s disease, suggesting a potential role for O-GlcNAcylation in its pathology. To determine whether abnormal O-GlcNAcylation occurs in Parkinson’s disease, we analyzed lysates from the postmortem temporal cortex of Parkinson’s disease patients and compared them to age matched controls and found increased protein O-GlcNAcylation levels. To determine whether increased O-GlcNAcylation affects neuronal function and survival, we exposed rat primary cortical neurons to thiamet G, a highly selective inhibitor of the enzyme which removes the O-GlcNAc modification from target proteins, O-GlcNAcase (OGA). We found that inhibition of OGA by thiamet G at nanomolar concentrations significantly increased protein O-GlcNAcylation, activated MTOR, decreased autophagic flux, and increased α-synuclein accumulation, while sparing proteasomal activities. Inhibition of MTOR by rapamycin decreased basal levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation, decreased AKT activation and partially reversed the effect of thiamet G on α-synuclein monomer accumulation. Taken together we have provided evidence that excessive O-GlcNAcylation is detrimental to neurons by inhibition of autophagy and by increasing α-synuclein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willayat Y Wani
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Matthew Redmann
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Stacey S Cofield
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0022, USA
| | - John J Shacka
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - John C Chatham
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA. .,Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA.
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174
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Stryeck S, Birner-Gruenberger R, Madl T. Integrative metabolomics as emerging tool to study autophagy regulation. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:240-258. [PMID: 28845422 PMCID: PMC5568430 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.08.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological developments in metabolomics research have enabled in-depth characterization of complex metabolite mixtures in a wide range of biological, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and nutritional research fields. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are the two main platforms for performing metabolomics studies. Given their broad applicability and the systemic insight into metabolism that can be obtained it is not surprising that metabolomics becomes increasingly popular in basic biological research. In this review, we provide an overview on key metabolites, recent studies, and future opportunities for metabolomics in studying autophagy regulation. Metabolites play a pivotal role in autophagy regulation and are therefore key targets for autophagy research. Given the recent success of metabolomics, it can be expected that metabolomics approaches will contribute significantly to deciphering the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in autophagy in the near future and promote understanding of autophagy and autophagy-related diseases in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stryeck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit for Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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