151
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Flowers SA, Ellingrod VL. The Microbiome in Mental Health: Potential Contribution of Gut Microbiota in Disease and Pharmacotherapy Management. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35:910-6. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Flowers
- College of Pharmacy, Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Vicki L. Ellingrod
- College of Pharmacy, Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
- Department of Psychiatry; School of Medicine; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
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152
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Bahr SM, Tyler BC, Wooldridge N, Butcher BD, Burns TL, Teesch LM, Oltman CL, Azcarate-Peril MA, Kirby JR, Calarge CA. Use of the second-generation antipsychotic, risperidone, and secondary weight gain are associated with an altered gut microbiota in children. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e652. [PMID: 26440540 PMCID: PMC4930121 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotic risperidone (RSP) is often associated with weight gain and cardiometabolic side effects. The mechanisms for these adverse events are poorly understood and, undoubtedly, multifactorial in etiology. In light of growing evidence implicating the gut microbiome in the host's energy regulation and in xenobiotic metabolism, we hypothesized that RSP treatment would be associated with changes in the gut microbiome in children and adolescents. Thus, the impact of chronic (>12 months) and short-term use of RSP on the gut microbiome of pediatric psychiatrically ill male participants was examined in a cross-sectional and prospective (up to 10 months) design, respectively. Chronic treatment with RSP was associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI) and a significantly lower ratio of Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes as compared with antipsychotic-naïve psychiatric controls (ratio=0.15 vs 1.24, respectively; P<0.05). Furthermore, a longitudinal observation, beginning shortly after onset of RSP treatment, revealed a gradual decrease in the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio over the ensuing months of treatment, in association with BMI gain. Lastly, metagenomic analyses were performed based on extrapolation from 16S ribosomal RNA data using the software package, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). Those data indicate that gut microbiota dominating the RSP-treated participants are enriched for pathways that have been implicated in weight gain, such as short-chain fatty acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bahr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B C Tyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - N Wooldridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B D Butcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T L Burns
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L M Teesch
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C L Oltman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M A Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J R Kirby
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C A Calarge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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153
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Castro-Nallar E, Bendall ML, Pérez-Losada M, Sabuncyan S, Severance EG, Dickerson FB, Schroeder JR, Yolken RH, Crandall KA. Composition, taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1140. [PMID: 26336637 PMCID: PMC4556144 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the human microbiome in schizophrenia remains largely unexplored. The microbiome has been shown to alter brain development and modulate behavior and cognition in animals through gut-brain connections, and research in humans suggests that it may be a modulating factor in many disorders. This study reports findings from a shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome in 16 individuals with schizophrenia and 16 controls. High-level differences were evident at both the phylum and genus levels, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria dominating both schizophrenia patients and controls, and Ascomycota being more abundant in schizophrenia patients than controls. Controls were richer in species but less even in their distributions, i.e., dominated by fewer species, as opposed to schizophrenia patients. Lactic acid bacteria were relatively more abundant in schizophrenia, including species of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium, which have been shown to modulate chronic inflammation. We also found Eubacterium halii, a lactate-utilizing species. Functionally, the microbiome of schizophrenia patients was characterized by an increased number of metabolic pathways related to metabolite transport systems including siderophores, glutamate, and vitamin B12. In contrast, carbohydrate and lipid pathways and energy metabolism were abundant in controls. These findings suggest that the oropharyngeal microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia is significantly different compared to controls, and that particular microbial species and metabolic pathways differentiate both groups. Confirmation of these findings in larger and more diverse samples, e.g., gut microbiome, will contribute to elucidating potential links between schizophrenia and the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University , Ashburn, VA , USA ; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University , Ashburn, VA , USA
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University , Ashburn, VA , USA ; CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto , Vairão , USA ; Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center , Washington, D.C. , USA
| | - Sarven Sabuncyan
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | | | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University , Ashburn, VA , USA
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154
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Le Clerc S, Taing L, Fond G, Meary A, Llorca PM, Blanc O, Beaune P, Rajagopal K, Jamain S, Tamouza R, Zagury JF, Leboyer M. A double amino-acid change in the HLA-A peptide-binding groove is associated with response to psychotropic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5. [PMID: 26218850 PMCID: PMC5068718 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of an efficient psychotropic treatment for patients with schizophrenia is a key issue to improve prognosis and quality of life and to decrease the related burden and costs. As for other complex disorders, response to drugs in schizophrenia is highly heterogeneous and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this diversity are still poorly understood. In a carefully followed-up cohort of schizophrenic patients prospectively treated with risperidone or olanzapine, we used a specially designed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to perform a large-scale genomic analysis and identify genetic variants associated with response to psychotropic drugs. We found significant associations between response to treatment defined by the reduction in psychotic symptomatology 42 days after the beginning of treatment and SNPs located in the chromosome 6, which houses the human leukocyte antigen (HLA). After imputation of the conventional HLA class I and class II alleles, as well as the amino-acid variants, we observed a striking association between a better response to treatment and a double amino-acid variant at positions 62 and 66 of the peptide-binding groove of the HLA-A molecule. These results support the current notion that schizophrenia may have immune-inflammatory underpinnings and may contribute to pave the way for personalized treatments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Clerc
- Équipe EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - L Taing
- Équipe EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - G Fond
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - A Meary
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - P-M Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - O Blanc
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - P Beaune
- INSERM, U775, Centre de recherches Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K Rajagopal
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
| | - S Jamain
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - R Tamouza
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset (LabEx Transplantex) et INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - J-F Zagury
- Équipe EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France,Équipe EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, F75003 Paris, France.
| | - M Leboyer
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, F94000 Créteil, France. E-mail:
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155
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Potgieter M, Bester J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:567-91. [PMID: 25940667 PMCID: PMC4487407 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a ‘sterile’ environment: it lacks proliferating microbes. Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, as intracellular dormancy is well established. We highlight here that a great many pathogens can survive in blood and inside erythrocytes. ‘Non-culturability’, reflected by discrepancies between plate counts and total counts, is commonplace in environmental microbiology. It is overcome by improved culturing methods, and we asked how common this would be in blood. A number of recent, sequence-based and ultramicroscopic studies have uncovered an authentic blood microbiome in a number of non-communicable diseases. The chief origin of these microbes is the gut microbiome (especially when it shifts composition to a pathogenic state, known as ‘dysbiosis’). Another source is microbes translocated from the oral cavity. ‘Dysbiosis’ is also used to describe translocation of cells into blood or other tissues. To avoid ambiguity, we here use the term ‘atopobiosis’ for microbes that appear in places other than their normal location. Atopobiosis may contribute to the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Overall, it seems that many more chronic, non-communicable, inflammatory diseases may have a microbial component than are presently considered, and may be treatable using bactericidal antibiotics or vaccines. Atopobiosis of microbes (the term describing microbes that appear in places other than where they should be), as well as the products of their metabolism, seems to correlate with, and may contribute to, the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
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156
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body's largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychotic-naïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community, and early reports show that it is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut-brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD, 21287-4933, USA,
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157
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Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Tucker ES, Fernandez A, Karpinski BA, Rothblat LA, LaMantia AS. Modeling a model: Mouse genetics, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and disorders of cortical circuit development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:1-28. [PMID: 25866365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental etiology of autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia remains a major challenge for establishing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these common, difficult-to-treat diseases that compromise neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. One aspect of this challenge is the breadth and overlap of ASD, ADHD, and SCZ deficits; another is the complexity of mutations associated with each, and a third is the difficulty of analyzing disrupted development in at-risk or affected human fetuses. The identification of distinct genetic syndromes that include behavioral deficits similar to those in ASD, ADHC and SCZ provides a critical starting point for meeting this challenge. We summarize clinical and behavioral impairments in children and adults with one such genetic syndrome, the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, routinely called 22q11DS, caused by micro-deletions of between 1.5 and 3.0 MB on human chromosome 22. Among many syndromic features, including cardiovascular and craniofacial anomalies, 22q11DS patients have a high incidence of brain structural, functional, and behavioral deficits that reflect cerebral cortical dysfunction and fall within the spectrum that defines ASD, ADHD, and SCZ. We show that developmental pathogenesis underlying this apparent genetic "model" syndrome in patients can be defined and analyzed mechanistically using genomically accurate mouse models of the deletion that causes 22q11DS. We conclude that "modeling a model", in this case 22q11DS as a model for idiopathic ASD, ADHD and SCZ, as well as other behavioral disorders like anxiety frequently seen in 22q11DS patients, in genetically engineered mice provides a foundation for understanding the causes and improving diagnosis and therapy for these disorders of cortical circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Meechan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric S Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lawrence A Rothblat
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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158
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Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Alaedini A, Rohleder C, Enning F, Bumb JM, Müller JK, Schwarz E, Yolken RH, Leweke FM. IgG dynamics of dietary antigens point to cerebrospinal fluid barrier or flow dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:148-58. [PMID: 25241021 PMCID: PMC4275312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder that may be accompanied by idiopathic inflammation. Classic central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders such as viral encephalitis or multiple sclerosis can be characterized by incongruent serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG due in part to localized intrathecal synthesis of antibodies. The dietary antigens, wheat gluten and bovine milk casein, can induce a humoral immune response in susceptible individuals with schizophrenia, but the correlation between the food-derived serological and intrathecal IgG response is not known. Here, we measured IgG to wheat gluten and bovine milk casein in matched serum and CSF samples from 105 individuals with first-episode schizophrenia (n=75 antipsychotic-naïve), and 61 controls. We found striking correlations in the levels of IgG response to dietary proteins between serum and CSF of schizophrenia patients, but not controls (schizophrenia, R(2)=0.34-0.55, p⩽0.0001; controls R(2)=0.05-0.06, p>0.33). A gauge of blood-CSF barrier permeability and CSF flow rate, the CSF-to-serum albumin ratio, was significantly elevated in cases compared to controls (p⩽0.001-0.003). Indicators of intrathecal IgG production, the CSF IgG index and the specific Antibody Index, were not significantly altered in schizophrenia compared to controls. Thus, the selective diffusion of bovine milk casein and wheat gluten antibodies between serum and CSF in schizophrenia may be the function of a low-level anatomical barrier dysfunction or altered CSF flow rate, which may be transient in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A,Correspondence: Emily G. Severance, , tel: +1 410-614-3918, fax: +1 410-955-3723
| | - Kristin L. Gressitt
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Ave., ICRC 901B, New York, NY, 10032 U.S.A
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Enning
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J. Malte Bumb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane K. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933 U.S.A
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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159
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Consolandi C, Turroni S, Emmi G, Severgnini M, Fiori J, Peano C, Biagi E, Grassi A, Rampelli S, Silvestri E, Centanni M, Cianchi F, Gotti R, Emmi L, Brigidi P, Bizzaro N, De Bellis G, Prisco D, Candela M, D'Elios MM. Behçet's syndrome patients exhibit specific microbiome signature. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 14:269-76. [PMID: 25435420 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Behçet syndrome is a systemic inflammatory condition characterized by muco-cutaneous and ocular manifestations, with central nervous system, vascular and/or gastro-intestinal involvement. The association of microbiota with Behçet syndrome has not been shown yet. Our work was aimed to compare the gut microbiota structure and the profiles of short-chain fatty acids production in Behçet syndrome patients and healthy control relatives. METHODS Here, we compared the fecal microbiota of 22 patients with Behçet syndrome and that of 16 healthy co-habiting controls, sharing the same diet and lifestyle by pyrosequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16 rDNA gene and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Our analyses showed significant differences in gut microbiota between Behçet patients and healthy cohabitants. In particular we found that Behçet's patients were significantly depleted in the genera Roseburia and Subdoligranulum. Roseburia showed a relative abundance value of 10.45±6.01% in healthy relatives and 4.97±5.09% in Behçet's patients, and Subdoligranulum, which reached a relative abundance of 3.28±2.20% in healthy controls, was only at 1.93±1.75% of abundance in Behçet's patients. Here we report, for the first time, that a peculiar dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is present in patients with Behçet syndrome and this corresponds to specific changes in microbiome profile. A significant decrease of butyrate production (P=0.0033) in Behçet's patients was demonstrated. Butyrate is able to promote differentiation of T-regulatory cells, and consequently the results obtained prompt us to speculate that a defect of butyrate production might lead to both reduced T-reg responses and activation of immuno-pathological T-effector responses. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results indicate that both a peculiar dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and a significant decrease of butyrate production are present in patients with Behçet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Grassi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Cianchi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Emmi
- Medical Pathology, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, San Antonio Hospital, Tolmezzo, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Medical Pathology, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario M D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Medical Pathology, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
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160
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Lycke N, Mårtensson-Bopp L, Yrlid U, Bemark M. The 18th Germinal Centre Meeting. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:159-60. [PMID: 25141929 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lycke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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