151
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Feng X, Lin YL, Wei LN. Behavioral stress reduces RIP140 expression in astrocyte and increases brain lipid accumulation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:270-9. [PMID: 25697398 PMCID: PMC4414809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is highly expressed in the brain, and acts in neurons and microglia to affect emotional responses. The present study reveals an additional function of RIP140 in the brain, which is to regulate brain lipid homeostasis via its action in astrocytes. We found forced swim stress (FSS) significantly reduces the expression level of RIP140 and elevates cholesterol content in the brain. Mechanistically, FSS elevates endoplasmic reticulum stress, which suppresses RIP140 expression by increasing microRNA 33 (miR33) that targets RIP140 mRNA's 3'-untranslated region. Consequentially, cholesterol biosynthesis and export are dramatically increased in astrocyte, the major source of brain cholesterol. These results demonstrate that RIP140 plays an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis through, partially, regulating cholesterol metabolism in, and mobilization from, astrocyte. Altering RIP140 levels can disrupt brain cholesterol homeostasis, which may contribute to behavioral stress-induced neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Yu-Lung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Li-Na Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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152
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Kim HK, Shin MS, Youn BS, Kang GM, Gil SY, Lee CH, Choi JH, Lim HS, Yoo HJ, Kim MS. Regulation of energy balance by the hypothalamic lipoprotein lipase regulator Angptl3. Diabetes 2015; 64:1142-53. [PMID: 25338813 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic lipid sensing is important for the maintenance of energy balance. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3) critically regulates the clearance of circulating lipids by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The current study demonstrated that Angptl3 is highly expressed in the neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus, an important area in brain lipid sensing. Suppression of hypothalamic Angptl3 increased food intake but reduced energy expenditure and fat oxidation, thereby promoting weight gain. Consistently, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of Angptl3 caused the opposite metabolic changes, supporting an important role for hypothalamic Angptl3 in the control of energy balance. Notably, ICV Angptl3 significantly stimulated hypothalamic LPL activity. Moreover, coadministration of the LPL inhibitor apolipoprotein C3 antagonized the effects of Angptl3 on energy metabolism, indicating that LPL activation is critical for the central metabolic actions of Angptl3. Increased LPL activity is expected to promote lipid uptake by hypothalamic neurons, leading to enhanced brain lipid sensing. Indeed, ICV injection of Angptl3 increased long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) and LCFA-CoA levels in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, inhibitors of hypothalamic lipid-sensing pathways prevented Angptl3-induced anorexia and weight loss. These findings identify Angptl3 as a novel regulator of the hypothalamic lipid-sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyong Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Youn
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Choi
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Lim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Biomedical Research Center, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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153
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Magnan C, Luquet S. [Role of fatty acids in the nervous control of energy balance]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 209:309-15. [PMID: 27021049 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA)-sensitive neurons are present in the brain, especially the hypothalamus, and play a key role in the neural control of energy and glucose homeostasis including feeding behavior, insulin secretion and action. Subpopulations of neurons in the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei are selectively either inhibited or activated by FA. Molecular effectors of these FA effects include ion channels such as chloride, potassium or calcium. In addition at least half of the FA responses in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons are mediated by interaction with FAT/CD36, a FA translocator/receptor that does not require intracellular metabolism to activate downstream signaling. Recently, an important role of lipoprotein lipase in FA sensing has also been demonstrated not only in hypothalamus, but also in the hippocampus and striatum. Finally, FA overload might impair neural control of energy homeostasis through enhanced ceramide synthesis and may contribute to obesity and/or type 2 diabetes pathogenesis in predisposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Magnan
- UniversitéParis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, 75205 Paris, France - Université Paris Diderot, case courrier 7126, Bâtiment Buffon, 5e étage, 4 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- UniversitéParis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, 75205 Paris, France - Université Paris Diderot, case courrier 7126, Bâtiment Buffon, 5e étage, 4 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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154
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Abstract
Besides their well-documented function of reverse transport of cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) display pleiotropic effects due to their antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties that may play a major protective role in acute stroke, in particular by limiting the deleterious effects of ischaemia on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and on the parenchymal cerebral compartment. HDLs may also modulate leukocyte and platelet activation, which may also represent an important target that would justify the use of HDL-based therapy in acute stroke. In this review, we will present an update of all the recent findings in HDL biology that could support a potential clinical use of HDL therapy in ischaemic stroke.
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155
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Dietrich MA, Adamek M, Bilińska B, Hejmej A, Steinhagen D, Ciereszko A. Characterization, expression and antibacterial properties of apolipoproteins A from carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) seminal plasma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:389-401. [PMID: 25251775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins A are multifunctional proteins that, in addition to contributing to lipid metabolism and transport, are associated with the innate immune system in fish. Using a three step isolation procedure consisting of affinity chromatography on Blue-Sepharose, delipidation and reverse phase HPLC we isolated apolipoproteins from carp seminal plasma and identified them as ApoA-I and Apo-14 kDa. Moreover, we provided the full-length cDNA sequence of ApoA-I encoding 257 amino acids including a 18 amino acid signal peptide and a 4 amino acid propeptide. Apolipoproteins corresponded to the most abundant proteins in carp seminal plasma. Both ApoA-I and Apo-14 kDa were represented by several proteoforms that differ both in molecular mass and isoelectric point. The proteoforms of ApoA-I characteristic for seminal plasma were distinguished from those of blood. Carp seminal plasma ApoA-I and Apo-14 kDa showed a high immunologic similarity to their counterparts in carp blood and seminal plasma of other Cyprinid species. The mRNA expression analysis and immunohistochemical study suggest synthesis and secretion of ApoA-I and Apo-14 kDa in the fish reproductive tract and suggest a role in spermatogenesis and the stabilization of sperm membrane. Moreover, ApoA-I displayed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and bacteriostatic activity against Aeromonas hydrophila which suggests that ApoA-I is associated with innate immune system of the fish reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola A Dietrich
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Poland.
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Fish Disease Research Unit, Germany
| | | | - Anna Hejmej
- Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Institute of Zoology, Poland
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Fish Disease Research Unit, Germany
| | - Andrzej Ciereszko
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Poland
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156
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Choudhri AF, Sable HJ, Chizhikov VV, Buddington KK, Buddington RK. Parenteral nutrition compromises neurodevelopment of preterm pigs. J Nutr 2014; 144:1920-7. [PMID: 25342697 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.197145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in nutritional support and intensive care, preterm infants are at higher risk of compromised neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the contribution of total parenteral nutrition (PN) to compromised neurodevelopment after preterm birth. METHODS Preterm pigs were provided PN or enteral nutrition (EN) for 10 d. Neurodevelopment was assessed by observations of motor activity and evaluation of sensory/motor reflexes, brain weight, MRI, and cerebellar histology. RESULTS Despite similar gains in body weight, PN pigs had smaller brains (32 ± 0.4 vs. 35 ± 0.6 g; P = 0.0002) including the cerebellum, as well as reduced motor activity (P = 0.005), which corresponded to underdeveloped myelination (P = 0.004) measured by diffusion tensor imaging. PN resulted in lower serum triglycerides (17 ± 5.9 vs. 27 ± 3.1 mg/dL; P = 0.05), total cholesterol (31 ± 9.6 vs. 85 ± 8.1 mg/dL; P = 0.04), VLDL cholesterol (3.7 ± 1.2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.7 mg/dL; P = 0.04), and HDL cholesterol (16 ± 4.6 vs. 57 ± 7.3 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and nonsignificantly lower LDL cholesterol (10.7 ± 4.4 vs. 22.7 ± 2.9 mg/dL; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS The compromised neurodevelopment caused by total PN is a novel finding, was independent of confounding variables (disease, inconsistent gestational ages, diverse genetics, extrauterine growth retardation, and inconsistent neonatal intensive care unit protocols), and highlights a need to improve current PN solutions. The preterm pig is a translational animal model for improving nutrition support to enhance neurodevelopment of preterm infants requiring PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim F Choudhri
- Departments of Radiology and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
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157
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Brankatschk M, Dunst S, Nemetschke L, Eaton S. Delivery of circulating lipoproteins to specific neurons in the Drosophila brain regulates systemic insulin signaling. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25275323 PMCID: PMC4210815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Insulin signaling pathway couples growth, development and lifespan to nutritional conditions. Here, we demonstrate a function for the Drosophila lipoprotein LTP in conveying information about dietary lipid composition to the brain to regulate Insulin signaling. When yeast lipids are present in the diet, free calcium levels rise in Blood Brain Barrier glial cells. This induces transport of LTP across the Blood Brain Barrier by two LDL receptor-related proteins: LRP1 and Megalin. LTP accumulates on specific neurons that connect to cells that produce Insulin-like peptides, and induces their release into the circulation. This increases systemic Insulin signaling and the rate of larval development on yeast-containing food compared with a plant-based food of similar nutritional content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Brankatschk
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dunst
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Nemetschke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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158
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Picard A, Moullé VS, Le Foll C, Cansell C, Véret J, Coant N, Le Stunff H, Migrenne S, Luquet S, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Levin BE, Magnan C. Physiological and pathophysiological implications of lipid sensing in the brain. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:49-55. [PMID: 25200296 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA)-sensitive neurons are present in the brain, especially the hypothalamus, and play a key role in the neural control of energy homeostasis. Through neuronal output, FA may modulate feeding behaviour as well as insulin secretion and action. Subpopulations of neurons in the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei are selectively either inhibited or activated by FA. Molecular effectors of these FA effects probably include chloride or potassium ion channels. While intracellular metabolism and activation of the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel appear to be necessary for some of the signalling effects of FA, at least half of the FA responses in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons are mediated by interaction with FAT/CD36, an FA transporter/receptor that does not require intracellular metabolism to activate downstream signalling. Thus, FA or their metabolites can modulate neuronal activity as a means of directly monitoring ongoing fuel availability by brain nutrient-sensing neurons involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Recently, the role of lipoprotein lipase in FA sensing has also been shown in animal models not only in hypothalamus, but also in hippocampus and striatum. Finally, FA overload might impair neural control of energy homeostasis through enhanced ceramide synthesis and may contribute to obesity and/or type 2 diabetes pathogenesis in predisposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Picard
- CNRS UMR 8251, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France; Department of Physiology, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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159
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Zhou C, Chen J, Zhang X, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Up-Regulates the Cholesterol Transporters ATP-Binding Cassette A1 and G1 and Reduces Cholesterol Levels in the Developing Rat Brain. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:626-34. [PMID: 25081040 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in many aspects of brain development; reduced cholesterol levels during brain development, as a consequence of genetic defects in cholesterol biosynthesis, leads to severe brain damage, including microcephaly and mental retardation, both of which are also hallmarks of the fetal alcohol syndrome. We had previously shown that ethanol up-regulates the levels of two cholesterol transporters, ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette-A1) and ABCG1, leading to increased cholesterol efflux and decreased cholesterol content in astrocytes in vitro. In the present study we investigated whether similar effects could be seen in vivo. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets containing 36% of the calories from ethanol from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 21. A pair-fed control groups and an ad libitum control group were included in the study. ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression and cholesterol and phospholipid levels were measured in the neocortex of female and male fetuses at GD 21. RESULTS Body weights were decreased in female fetuses as a consequence of ethanol treatments. ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels were increased, and cholesterol levels were decreased, in the neocortex of ethanol-exposed female, but not male, fetuses. Levels of phospholipids were unchanged. Control female fetuses fed ad libitum displayed an up-regulation of ABCA1 and a decrease in cholesterol content compared with pair-fed controls, suggesting that a compensatory up-regulation of cholesterol levels may occur during food restriction. CONCLUSION Maternal ethanol consumption may affect fetal brain development by increasing cholesterol transporters' expression and reducing brain cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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160
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Agile delivery of protein therapeutics to CNS. J Control Release 2014; 190:637-63. [PMID: 24956489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of therapeutic proteins have shown potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Challenge to deliver these protein molecules to the brain is well known. Proteins administered through parenteral routes are often excluded from the brain because of their poor bioavailability and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Barriers also exist to proteins administered through non-parenteral routes that bypass the BBB. Several strategies have shown promise in delivering proteins to the brain. This review, first, describes the physiology and pathology of the BBB that underscore the rationale and needs of each strategy to be applied. Second, major classes of protein therapeutics along with some key factors that affect their delivery outcomes are presented. Third, different routes of protein administration (parenteral, central intracerebroventricular and intraparenchymal, intranasal and intrathecal) are discussed along with key barriers to CNS delivery associated with each route. Finally, current delivery strategies involving chemical modification of proteins and use of particle-based carriers are overviewed using examples from literature and our own work. Whereas most of these studies are in the early stage, some provide proof of mechanism of increased protein delivery to the brain in relevant models of CNS diseases, while in few cases proof of concept had been attained in clinical studies. This review will be useful to broad audience of students, academicians and industry professionals who consider critical issues of protein delivery to the brain and aim developing and studying effective brain delivery systems for protein therapeutics.
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161
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Sun JH, Yu JT, Tan L. The Role of Cholesterol Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:947-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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162
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Kersten S. Physiological regulation of lipoprotein lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:919-33. [PMID: 24721265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), originally identified as the clearing factor lipase, hydrolyzes triglycerides present in the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins VLDL and chylomicrons. LPL is primarily expressed in tissues that oxidize or store fatty acids in large quantities such as the heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. Upon production by the underlying parenchymal cells, LPL is transported and attached to the capillary endothelium by the protein GPIHBP1. Because LPL is rate limiting for plasma triglyceride clearance and tissue uptake of fatty acids, the activity of LPL is carefully controlled to adjust fatty acid uptake to the requirements of the underlying tissue via multiple mechanisms at the transcriptional and post-translational level. Although various stimuli influence LPL gene transcription, it is now evident that most of the physiological variation in LPL activity, such as during fasting and exercise, appears to be driven via post-translational mechanisms by extracellular proteins. These proteins can be divided into two main groups: the liver-derived apolipoproteins APOC1, APOC2, APOC3, APOA5, and APOE, and the angiopoietin-like proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, which have a broader expression profile. This review will summarize the available literature on the regulation of LPL activity in various tissues, with an emphasis on the response to diverse physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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