151
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Abstract
Brains systems undergo unique and specific dynamic changes at the cellular, circuit, and systems level that underlie the transition to adult-level cognitive control. We integrate literature from these different levels of analyses to propose a novel model of the brain basis of the development of cognitive control. The ability to consistently exert cognitive control improves into adulthood as the flexible integration of component processes, including inhibitory control, performance monitoring, and working memory, increases. Unique maturational changes in brain structure, supported by interactions between dopaminergic and GABAergic systems, contribute to enhanced network synchronization and an improved signal-to-noise ratio. In turn, these factors facilitate the specialization and strengthening of connectivity in networks supporting the transition to adult levels of cognitive control. This model provides a novel understanding of the adolescent period as an adaptive period of heightened experience-seeking necessary for the specialization of brain systems supporting cognitive control.
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152
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Wang C, Liu B, Long H, Fan L, Li J, Zhang X, Qiu C, Yu C, Jiang T. Epistatic interaction of BDNF and COMT on the frontostriatal system. Neuroscience 2015; 298:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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153
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Voytek B, Knight RT. Dynamic network communication as a unifying neural basis for cognition, development, aging, and disease. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1089-97. [PMID: 26005114 PMCID: PMC4443259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Perception, cognition, and social interaction depend upon coordinated neural activity. This coordination operates within noisy, overlapping, and distributed neural networks operating at multiple timescales. These networks are built upon a structural scaffolding with intrinsic neuroplasticity that changes with development, aging, disease, and personal experience. In this article, we begin from the perspective that successful interregional communication relies upon the transient synchronization between distinct low-frequency (<80 Hz) oscillations, allowing for brief windows of communication via phase-coordinated local neuronal spiking. From this, we construct a theoretical framework for dynamic network communication, arguing that these networks reflect a balance between oscillatory coupling and local population spiking activity and that these two levels of activity interact. We theorize that when oscillatory coupling is too strong, spike timing within the local neuronal population becomes too synchronous; when oscillatory coupling is too weak, spike timing is too disorganized. Each results in specific disruptions to neural communication. These alterations in communication dynamics may underlie cognitive changes associated with healthy development and aging, in addition to neurological and psychiatric disorders. A number of neurological and psychiatric disorders-including Parkinson's disease, autism, depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety-are associated with abnormalities in oscillatory activity. Although aging, psychiatric and neurological disease, and experience differ in the biological changes to structural gray or white matter, neurotransmission, and gene expression, our framework suggests that any resultant cognitive and behavioral changes in normal or disordered states or their treatment are a product of how these physical processes affect dynamic network communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Voytek
- Department of Cognitive Science, Neurosciences Graduate Program, and the Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California..
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154
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Dysfunctional prefrontal gamma-band oscillations reflect working memory and other cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1010-9. [PMID: 25847179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in working memory (WM) and other cognitive functions are cardinal neuropsychological symptoms in schizophrenia (ScZ). The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important for mediating and executing these functions. Functional neuroimaging and molecular studies have consistently shown PFC abnormalities in ScZ. In addition, recent studies have suggested that impairments in oscillatory activity, especially in the gamma band (approximately 30-80 Hz), reflect disturbed cortical information processing in this patient group. Here we review evidence that dysfunctional gamma-band responses (GBR) in the PFC could be a factor contributing to WM and other cognitive deficits in ScZ. We provide an overview of noninvasive electrophysiological studies reporting frontal GBR abnormalities in ScZ patients during WM and other cognitive tasks. In agreement with the often-reported hypofrontality in functional neuroimaging studies, the majority of reviewed studies revealed reduced amplitudes or reduced phase locking of GBR over frontal areas in this patient group. Clinical implications derived from these findings and possibilities to foster future studies on GBR abnormalities in ScZ patients, are discussed. Since oscillatory activity in the gamma band has previously been linked to a variety of neurotransmitters, such as the gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic system, the study of prefrontal GBR could also have implications for pharmacologic approaches in the treatment of WM and other cognitive deficits in ScZ.
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155
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Simulation of the capacity and precision of working memory in the hypodopaminergic state: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2015; 295:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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156
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Kühn S, Schubert F, Mekle R, Wenger E, Ittermann B, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J. Neurotransmitter changes during interference task in anterior cingulate cortex: evidence from fMRI-guided functional MRS at 3 T. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2541-51. [PMID: 25976598 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity as indirectly observed in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response is thought to reflect changes in neurotransmitter flux. In this study, we used fMRI-guided functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure metabolite/BOLD associations during a cognitive task at 3 T. GABA and glutamate concentration in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were determined by means of MRS using the SPECIAL pulse sequence before, during and after the performance of a manual Stroop task. MRS voxel positions were centred around individuals' BOLD activity during Stroop performance. Levels of GABA and glutamate showed inverted U-shape patterns across measurement time points (before, during, and after task), glutamine increased linearly and total creatine did not change. The GABA increase during task performance was associated with ACC BOLD signal changes in both congruent and incongruent Stroop conditions. Using an fMRI-guided MRS approach, an association between induced inhibitory neurotransmitter increase and BOLD changes was observed. The proposed procedure might allow the in vivo investigation of normal and dysfunctional associations between neurotransmitters and BOLD signal crucial for cerebral functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Schubert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wenger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Große Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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157
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Fornito A, Bullmore ET. Connectomics: a new paradigm for understanding brain disease. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:733-48. [PMID: 24726580 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, pathophysiological models of brain disorders have shifted from an emphasis on understanding pathology in specific brain regions to characterizing disturbances of interconnected neural systems. This shift has paralleled rapid advances in connectomics, a field concerned with comprehensively mapping the neural elements and inter-connections that constitute the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has played a central role in these efforts, as it allows relatively cost-effective in vivo assessment of the macro-scale architecture of brain network connectivity. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to some of the basic concepts in the field and review how recent developments in imaging connectomics are yielding new insights into brain disease, with a particular focus on Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Specifically, we consider how research into circuit-level, connectome-wide and topological changes is stimulating the development of new aetiopathological theories and biomarkers with potential for clinical translation. The findings highlight the advantage of conceptualizing brain disease as a result of disturbances in an interconnected complex system, rather than discrete pathology in isolated sub-sets of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fornito
- Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Psychiatry & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Rd, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Psychiatry & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Rd, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia; Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline, ImmunoPsychiatry, Alternative Discovery & Development, Stevenage, UK; Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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158
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Hildebrand P, Königschulte W, Gaber TJ, Bubenzer-Busch S, Helmbold K, Biskup CS, Langen KJ, Fink GR, Zepf FD. Effects of dietary tryptophan and phenylalanine-tyrosine depletion on phasic alertness in healthy adults - A pilot study. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:26407. [PMID: 25933613 PMCID: PMC4417080 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.26407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the brain can be directly altered by dietary manipulation of their relevant precursor amino acids (AA). There is evidence that altered serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission are both associated with impaired attentional control. Specifically, phasic alertness is one specific aspect of attention that has been linked to changes in 5-HT and DA availability in different neurocircuitries related to attentional processes. The present study investigated the impact of short-term reductions in central nervous system 5-HT and DA synthesis, which was achieved by dietary depletion of the relevant precursor AA, on phasic alertness in healthy adult volunteers; body weight–adapted dietary tryptophan and phenylalanine–tyrosine depletion (PTD) techniques were used. Methods The study employed a double-blind between-subject design. Fifty healthy male and female subjects were allocated to three groups in a randomized and counterbalanced manner and received three different dietary challenge conditions: acute tryptophan depletion (ATD, for the depletion of 5-HT; N=16), PTD (for the depletion of DA; N=17), and a balanced AA load (BAL; N=17), which served as a control condition. Three hours after challenge intake (ATD/PTD/BAL), phasic alertness was assessed using a standardized test battery for attentional performance (TAP). Blood samples for AA level analyses were obtained at baseline and 360 min after the challenge intake. Results Overall, there were no significant differences in phasic alertness for the different challenge conditions. Regarding PTD administration, a positive correlation between the reaction times and the DA-related depletion magnitude was detected via the lower plasma tyrosine levels and the slow reaction times of the first run of the task. In contrast, higher tryptophan concentrations were associated with slower reaction times in the fourth run of the task in the same challenge group. Conclusion The present study is the first to demonstrate preliminary data that support an association between decreased central nervous system DA synthesis, which was achieved by dietary depletion strategies, and slower reaction times in specific runs of a task designed to assess phasic alertness in healthy adult volunteers; these findings are consistent with previous evidence that links phasic alertness with dopaminergic neurotransmission. A lack of significant differences between the three groups could be due to compensatory mechanisms and the limited sample size, as well as the dietary challenge procedures administered to healthy participants and the strict exclusion criteria used. The potential underlying neurochemical processes related to phasic alertness should be the subject of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hildebrand
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Königschulte
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tilman Jakob Gaber
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bubenzer-Busch
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Helmbold
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Sarah Biskup
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4, -5), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Florian Daniel Zepf
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JARA Brain, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAHMS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;
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159
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Abstract
Pathological perturbations of the brain are rarely confined to a single locus; instead, they often spread via axonal pathways to influence other regions. Patterns of such disease propagation are constrained by the extraordinarily complex, yet highly organized, topology of the underlying neural architecture; the so-called connectome. Thus, network organization fundamentally influences brain disease, and a connectomic approach grounded in network science is integral to understanding neuropathology. Here, we consider how brain-network topology shapes neural responses to damage, highlighting key maladaptive processes (such as diaschisis, transneuronal degeneration and dedifferentiation), and the resources (including degeneracy and reserve) and processes (such as compensation) that enable adaptation. We then show how knowledge of network topology allows us not only to describe pathological processes but also to generate predictive models of the spread and functional consequences of brain disease.
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160
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Mente S, Guilmette E, Salafia M, Gray D. Dopamine D1 receptor-agonist interactions: A mutagenesis and homology modeling study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2106-11. [PMID: 25881819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates intracellular signaling via agonist activation. Although the number of solved GPCR X-ray structures has been steadily increasing, still no structure of the D1 receptor exists. We have used site-directed mutagenesis of 12 orthosteric vicinity residues of possible importance to G protein-coupled activation to examine the function of prototypical orthosteric D1 agonists and partial agonists. We find that residues from four different regions of the D1 receptor make significant contributions to agonist function. All compounds studied, which are catechol-amines, are found to interact with the previously identified residues: the conserved D103(3.32), as well as the trans-membrane V serine residues. Additional key interactions are found for trans-membrane VI residues F288(6.51), F289(6.52) and N292(6.55), as well as the extra-cellular loop residue L190(ECL2). Molecular dynamics simulations of a D1 homology model have been used to help put the ligand-residue interactions into context. Finally, we considered the rescaling of fold-shift data as a method to account for the change in the size of the mutated side-chain and found that this rescaling helps to relate the calculated ligand-residue energies with observed experimental fold-shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot Mente
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Edward Guilmette
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Michelle Salafia
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - David Gray
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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161
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Avery MC, Krichmar JL. Improper activation of D1 and D2 receptors leads to excess noise in prefrontal cortex. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:31. [PMID: 25814948 PMCID: PMC4356073 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system has been shown to control the amount of noise in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and likely plays an important role in working memory and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We developed a model that takes into account the known receptor distributions of D1 and D2 receptors, the changes these receptors have on neuron response properties, as well as identified circuitry involved in working memory. Our model suggests that D1 receptor under-stimulation in supragranular layers gates internal noise into the PFC leading to cognitive symptoms as has been proposed in attention disorders, while D2 over-stimulation gates noise into the PFC by over-activation of cortico-striatal projecting neurons in infragranular layers. We apply this model in the context of a memory-guided saccade paradigm and show deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. We also show set-shifting impairments similar to those observed in rodents with D1 and D2 receptor manipulations. We discuss how the introduction of noise through changes in D1 and D2 receptor activation may account for many of the symptoms of schizophrenia depending on where this dysfunction occurs in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Avery
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Krichmar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, CA, USA ; Department of Computer Sciences, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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162
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Chen Y, McBain R, Norton D. Specific vulnerability of face perception to noise: a similar effect in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:619-24. [PMID: 25500350 PMCID: PMC4314364 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Face perception plays a foundational role in the social world. This perceptual ability is deficient in schizophrenia. A noise-filtering mechanism is essential for perceptual processing. It remains unclear as to whether a specific noise-filtering mechanism is implicated in the face perception problem or a general noise-filtering mechanism is involved which also mediates non-face visual perception problems associated with this psychiatric disorder. This study examined and compared the effects of external noise on the performance of face discrimination and car discrimination in schizophrenia patients (n=25) and healthy controls (n=27). Superimposing the external visual noise on face or car stimuli elevated perceptual thresholds (i.e. degraded performance levels) for both face and car discrimination. However, the effect of noise was significantly larger on face than on car discrimination, both in patients and controls. This pattern of results suggests specific vulnerability of face processing to noise in healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Centre Building, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Ryan McBain
- Department of Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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163
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Ketamine administration during the second postnatal week induces enduring schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms and reduces parvalbumin expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:165-75. [PMID: 25591475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the GABAergic system are considered a core feature of schizophrenia. Pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDAR), or their genetic ablation in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons can induce schizophrenia-like behavior in animals. NMDAR-mediated currents shape the maturation of GABAergic interneurons during a critical period of development, making transient blockade of NMDARs during this period an attractive model for the developmental changes that occur in the course of schizophrenia's pathophysiology. Here, we examined whether developmental administration of the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist ketamine results in persistent deficits in PFC-dependent behaviors in adult animals. Mice received injections of ketamine (30mg/kg) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9 and 11, and then tested on a battery of behavioral experiments aimed to mimic major symptoms of schizophrenia in adulthood (between PND 90 and 120). Ketamine treatment reduced the number of cells that expressed PV in the PFC by ∼60% as previously described. Ketamine affected performance in an attentional set-shifting task, impairing the ability of the animals to perform an extradimensional shift to acquire a new strategy. Ketamine-treated animals showed deficits in latent inhibition, novel-object recognition and social novelty detection compared to their SAL-treated littermates. These deficits were not a result of generalized anxiety, as both groups performed comparably on an elevated plus maze. Ketamine treatment did not cause changes in amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion that are often taken as measures for the positive-like symptoms of the disorder. Thus, ketamine administration during development appears to be a useful model for inducing cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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164
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Blaess S, Ang SL. Genetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:113-34. [PMID: 25565353 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are involved in regulating motor control, reward behavior, and cognition. Degeneration or dysfunction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, substance use disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. Understanding the developmental processes that generate midbrain dopaminergic neurons will facilitate the generation of dopaminergic neurons from stem cells for cell replacement therapies to substitute degenerating cells in Parkinson's disease patients and will forward our understanding on how functional diversity of dopaminergic neurons in the adult brain is established. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons develop in a multistep process. Following the induction of the ventral midbrain, a distinct dopaminergic progenitor domain is specified and dopaminergic progenitors undergo proliferation, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Subsequently, midbrain dopaminergic neurons acquire a mature dopaminergic phenotype, migrate to their final position and establish projections and connections to their forebrain targets. This review will discuss insights gained on the signaling network of secreted molecules, cell surface receptors, and transcription factors that regulate specification and differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic progenitors and neurons, from the induction of the ventral midbrain to the migration of dopaminergic neurons. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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165
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Bosia M, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Guglielmino C, Cocchi F, Spangaro M, Bramanti P, Smeraldi E, Cavallaro R. COMT Val158Met and 5-HT1A-R -1019 C/G polymorphisms: effects on the negative symptom response to clozapine. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:35-44. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Clozapine is still considered the gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients; however, up to 40% of patients do not respond adequately. Identifying potential predictors of clinical response to this last-line antipsychotic could represent an important goal for treatment. Among these, functional polymorphisms involved in dopamine system modulation, known to be disrupted in schizophrenia, may play a role. We examined the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, which plays a key role in dopamine regulation at the prefrontal level, and the 5-HT1A-R -1019 C/G polymorphism, a target of clozapine activity involved in the interaction between the serotonin and dopamine systems. Materials & methods: 107 neuroleptic-refractory, biologically unrelated Italian patients (70 males and 37 females) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who were being treated with clozapine were recruited. Psychopathology was assessed by the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) at the beginning of treatment, and at weeks 8 and 12. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood samples. COMT rs4680 (Val158Met) and 5-HT1A-R rs6295 (-1019 C/G) polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length and direct sequencing, respectively. Results: We found a significant effect of COMT and 5-HT1A-R on the PANSS Negative Subscale variation, with greater improvement among COMT Val/Val and 5-HT1A-R G/G subjects. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that COMT rs4680 and 5-HT1A-R rs6295 polymorphisms could influence the negative symptom response to clozapine, probably through modulation of the dopaminergic system. Original submitted 26 February 2014; Revision submitted 15 October 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Center for Neurolinguistics & Theoretical Syntax (NeTS), Institute for Advanced Study, (IUSS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carmelo Guglielmino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cocchi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spangaro
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Smeraldi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cavallaro
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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166
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Fourati N, Seydou M, Zerrouki C, Singh A, Samanta S, Maurel F, Aswal DK, Chehimi M. Ultrasensitive and selective detection of dopamine using cobalt-phthalocyanine nanopillar-based surface acoustic wave sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22378-22386. [PMID: 25412427 DOI: 10.1021/am506403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor of dopamine (DA) was developed by depositing cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) nanopillars on gold-coated sensing platform of SAW sensor. The developed biosensor presents a sensitivity of 1.6°/nM, has a low limit of detection (LOD) on the order of 0.1 nM, and imparts more selectivity toward DA, since the detection limit of the interfering ascorbic acid (AA) is as high as 1 mM. To understand the selectivity mechanisms of this sensor toward DA, density functional theory-based chemical calculations were carried out. Calculations suggest two different types of interactions: dative bond with a very strong character for DA-CoPc complexes, and significant ionic character in the case of AA-CoPc ones. The interaction energies, in liquid phase, were estimated to be equal to -81 kJ mol(-1) and -38 kJ mol(-1) for DA-CoPc and AA-CoPc complexes, respectively, therefore accounting for the selective detection of DA over AA using tandem CoPc nanopillar-based SAW sensor device. This work demonstrates a simple and efficient design of SAW sensors employing thin nanostructured CoPc biomolecular recognition layers for DA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Fourati
- CNRS-ENS Cachan-Cnam, SATIE, UMR 8029 , 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
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167
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Barz CS, Bessaih T, Abel T, Feldmeyer D, Contreras D. Sensory encoding in Neuregulin 1 mutants. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:1067-81. [PMID: 25515311 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients show altered sensory perception as well as changes in electrical and magnetic brain responses to sustained, frequency-modulated sensory stimulation. Both the amplitude and temporal precision of the neural responses differ in patients as compared to control subjects, and these changes are most pronounced for stimulation at gamma frequencies (20-40 Hz). In addition, patients display enhanced spontaneous gamma oscillations, which has been interpreted as 'neural noise' that may interfere with normal stimulus processing. To investigate electrophysiological markers of aberrant sensory processing in a model of schizophrenia, we recorded neuronal activity in primary somatosensory cortex of mice heterozygous for the schizophrenia susceptibility gene Neuregulin 1. Sensory responses to sustained 20-70 Hz whisker stimulation were analyzed with respect to firing rates, spike precision (phase locking) and gamma oscillations, and compared to baseline conditions. The mutants displayed elevated spontaneous firing rates, a reduced gain in sensory-evoked spiking and gamma activity, and reduced spike precision of 20-40 Hz responses. These findings present the first in vivo evidence of the linkage between a genetic marker and altered stimulus encoding, thus suggesting a novel electrophysiological endophenotype of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Barz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,IZKF Aachen, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bessaih
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, 75005, France.,CNRS, UMR 8246, NPS, Paris, 75005, France.,INSERM, U1130, NPS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Smilow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diego Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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168
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Jeevakumar V, Kroener S. Ketamine Administration During the Second Postnatal Week Alters Synaptic Properties of Fast-Spiking Interneurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Mice. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:1117-29. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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169
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Dopamine Receptors Differentially Enhance Rule Coding in Primate Prefrontal Cortex Neurons. Neuron 2014; 84:1317-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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170
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Association of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism and anxiety-related traits: a meta-analysis. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 24:52-69. [PMID: 24300663 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were (i) to examine genotypic association of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met polymorphism with anxiety-related traits with a meta-analysis; (ii) to examine sex and ethnicity as moderators of the association; and (iii) to evaluate whether the association differed by particular anxiety traits. METHODS Association studies of the COMT val158met polymorphism and anxiety traits were identified from the PubMed or PsycInfo databases, conference abstracts, and listserv postings. Exclusion criteria were (a) pediatric samples, (b) exclusively clinical samples, and (c) samples selected for a nonanxiety phenotype. Standardized mean differences in anxiety between genotypes were aggregated to produce mean effect sizes across all available samples, and for subgroups stratified by sex and ethnicity (Whites vs. Asians). Construct-specific analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of COMT with neuroticism, harm avoidance, and behavioral inhibition. RESULTS Twenty-seven eligible studies (N=15 979) with available data were identified. Overall findings indicate sex-specific and ethnic-specific effects: valine homozygotes had higher neuroticism than methionine homozygotes in studies of White males [mean effect size(Equation is included in full-text article.)=0.13; 95% CI 0.02, 0.25; P=0.03], and higher harm avoidance in studies of Asian males ((Equation is included in full-text article.)=0.43; 95% CI 0.14, 0.72; P=0.004). No significant associations were found in women and effect sizes were diminished when studies were aggregated across ethnicity or anxiety traits. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence for sex and ethnic differences in the association of the COMT val158met polymorphism with anxiety traits. Our findings contribute to current knowledge on the relation between prefrontal dopaminergic transmission and anxiety.
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171
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Nedic Erjavec G, Nenadic Sviglin K, Nikolac Perkovic M, Muck-Seler D, Jovanovic T, Pivac N. Association of gene polymorphisms encoding dopaminergic system components and platelet MAO-B activity with alcohol dependence and alcohol dependence-related phenotypes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:321-7. [PMID: 25035107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the association of alcohol dependence and alcohol dependence-related phenotypes with platelet monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) activity, Val108/158Met of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the third exon of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene, VNTR in the 3'-untranslated region of dopamine transporter (DAT) gene, -1021C/T of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and MAO-B intron 13 polymorphisms. The study included 1270 Caucasian men and women of Croatian origin: 690 patients with alcohol dependence and 580 healthy controls. Patients with alcohol dependence were subdivided according to the presence or absence of withdrawal symptoms, aggressive behavior, severity of alcohol dependence, delirium tremens, comorbid depression, suicidal behavior, lifetime suicide attempt and early/late onset of alcohol abuse. The results, corrected for multiple testing, revealed increased platelet MAO-B activity in patients with alcohol dependence, subdivided into those with or without alcohol-related liver diseases, compared to control subjects (P<0.001). In addition, we found an increased frequency of the COMT Met/Met genotype among suicidal (P=0.002) and patients who attempted suicide (P<0.001) and an increased frequency of COMT Val/Val genotype in patients with an early onset of alcohol dependence (P=0.004). This study provides data from a sample of ethnically homogeneous unrelated Caucasian subjects for future meta-analyses and suggests that the increased platelet MAO-B activity might be used as independent peripheral indicator of alcohol dependence, while COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism is associated with increased suicidality and early onset of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Korona Nenadic Sviglin
- Center for Alcoholism and Other Addictions, Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Dorotea Muck-Seler
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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172
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Puig MV, Antzoulatos EG, Miller EK. Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memory. Neuroscience 2014; 282:217-29. [PMID: 25241063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Learning to associate specific objects or actions with rewards and remembering the associations are everyday tasks crucial for our flexible adaptation to the environment. These higher-order cognitive processes depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontostriatal circuits that connect areas in the frontal lobe with the striatum in the basal ganglia. Both structures are densely innervated by dopamine (DA) afferents that originate in the midbrain. Although the activity of DA neurons is thought to be important for learning, the exact role of DA transmission in frontostriatal circuits during learning-related tasks is still unresolved. Moreover, the neural substrates of this modulation are poorly understood. Here, we review our recent work in monkeys utilizing local pharmacology of DA agents in the PFC to investigate the cellular mechanisms of DA modulation of associative learning and memory. We show that blocking both D1 and D2 receptors in the lateral PFC impairs learning of new stimulus-response associations and cognitive flexibility, but not the memory of highly familiar associations. In addition, D2 receptors may also contribute to motivation. The learning deficits correlated with reductions of neural information about the associations in PFC neurons, alterations in global excitability and spike synchronization, and exaggerated alpha and beta neural oscillations. Our findings provide new insights into how DA transmission modulates associative learning and memory processes in frontostriatal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Puig
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - E G Antzoulatos
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - E K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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173
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Abstract
The mesofrontal dopaminergic circuit, which connects the midbrain motivation center to the cortical executive center, is engaged in control of motivated behaviors. In addition, deficiencies in this circuit are associated with adolescent-onset psychiatric disorders in humans. Developmental studies suggest that the mesofrontal circuit exhibits a protracted maturation through adolescence. However, whether the structure and function of this circuit are modifiable by activity in dopaminergic neurons during adolescence remains unknown. Using optogenetic stimulation and in vivo two-photon imaging in adolescent mice, we found that phasic, but not tonic, dopamine neuron activity induces the formation of mesofrontal axonal boutons. In contrast, in adult mice, the effect of phasic activity diminishes. Furthermore, our results showed that dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission regulate this axonal plasticity in adolescence and inhibition of dopamine D2-type receptors restores this plasticity in adulthood. Finally, we found that phasic activation of dopamine neurons also induces greater changes in mesofrontal circuit activity and psychomotor response in adolescent mice than in adult mice. Together, our findings demonstrate that the structure and function of the mesofrontal circuit are modifiable by phasic activity in dopaminergic neurons during adolescence and suggest that the greater plasticity in adolescence may facilitate activity-dependent strengthening of dopaminergic input and improvement in behavioral control.
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174
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Decreased spectral entropy modulation in patients with schizophrenia during a P300 task. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:533-43. [PMID: 24496581 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spectral entropy (SE), also known as Shannon entropy, is a useful parameter for quantifying the global regularity of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal. Hence, it is of interest in the assessment of the electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processing in schizophrenia. However, to date, SE has been barely used in studies comparing resting EEG recordings between patients and controls. In this work, we compared SE between resting baseline [-250 0] ms and active task [150 550] ms windows of a P300 task in 31 patients with schizophrenia and 38 controls. Moreover, we also calculated the median frequency (MF) and relative power in each frequency band for these windows to assess the correlates of the possible SE differences. Controls showed a significant (p < 0.0029) SE decrease (i.e., meaning higher signal regularity) from baseline to the active task window at parietal and central electrode sites. This SE decrease from baseline to active conditions was significantly lower in patients. In controls, this SE decrease was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in MF (i.e., a significant slowing of the EEG activity), not observed in patients. In this latter group, the difference in SE between resting baseline and active task windows was inversely correlated to positive and total symptoms scores, as measured with the positive and negative symptoms scale. Our data support the relevance of SE in the study of cerebral processing in schizophrenia.
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175
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The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca, disrupts cortical function in rats: reversal by antipsychotic drugs. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1269-82. [PMID: 24650558 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual, religious and healing purposes that is being increasingly used for recreational purposes in US and Europe. 5MeO-DMT is of potential interest for schizophrenia research owing to its hallucinogenic properties. Two other psychotomimetic agents, phencyclidine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-phenylisopropylamine (DOI), markedly disrupt neuronal activity and reduce the power of low frequency cortical oscillations (<4 Hz, LFCO) in rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here we examined the effect of 5-MeO-DMT on cortical function and its potential reversal by antipsychotic drugs. Moreover, regional brain activity was assessed by blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 5-MeO-DMT disrupted mPFC activity, increasing and decreasing the discharge of 51 and 35% of the recorded pyramidal neurons, and reducing (-31%) the power of LFCO. The latter effect depended on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor activation and was reversed by haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, and the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268. Likewise, 5-MeO-DMT decreased BOLD responses in visual cortex (V1) and mPFC. The disruption of cortical activity induced by 5-MeO-DMT resembles that produced by phencyclidine and DOI. This, together with the reversal by antipsychotic drugs, suggests that the observed cortical alterations are related to the psychotomimetic action of 5-MeO-DMT. Overall, the present model may help to understand the neurobiological basis of hallucinations and to identify new targets in antipsychotic drug development.
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176
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Schweimer JV, Coullon GSL, Betts JF, Burnet PWJ, Engle SJ, Brandon NJ, Harrison PJ, Sharp T. Increased burst-firing of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons in D-amino acid oxidase knockout mice in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2999-3009. [PMID: 25040393 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) degrades the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor co-agonist d-serine, and is implicated in schizophrenia as a risk gene and therapeutic target. In schizophrenia, the critical neurochemical abnormality affects dopamine, but to date there is little evidence that DAO impacts on the dopamine system. To address this issue, we measured the electrophysiological properties of dopaminergic (DA) and non-DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of anaesthetised DAO knockout (DAO(-/-) ) and DAO heterozygote (DAO(+/-) ) mice as compared with their wild-type (DAO(+/+) ) littermates. Genotype was confirmed at the protein level by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. One hundred and thirty-nine VTA neurons were recorded in total, and juxtacellular labelling of a subset revealed that neurons immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase had DA-like electrophysiological properties that were distinct from those of neurons that were tyrosine hydroxylase-immunonegative. In DAO(-/-) mice, approximately twice as many DA-like neurons fired in a bursting pattern than in DAO(+/-) or DAO(+/+) mice, but other electrophysiological properties did not differ between genotypes. In contrast, non-DA-like neurons had a lower firing rate in DAO(-/-) mice than in DAO(+/-) or DAO(+/+) mice. These data provide the first direct evidence that DAO modulates VTA DA neuron activity, which is of interest for understanding both the glutamatergic regulation of dopamine function and the therapeutic potential of DAO inhibitors. The increased DA neuron burst-firing probably reflects increased availability of d-serine at VTA NMDA receptors, but the site, mechanism and mediation of the effect requires further investigation, and may include both direct and indirect processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith V Schweimer
- University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK; University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Abstract
In this Review, we discuss advances in computational neuroscience that relate to psychiatry. We review computational psychiatry in terms of the ambitions of investigators, emerging domains of application, and future work. Our focus is on theoretical formulations of brain function that put subjective beliefs and behaviour within formal (computational) frameworks-frameworks that can be grounded in neurophysiology down to the level of synaptic mechanisms. Understanding the principles that underlie the brain's functional architecture might be essential for an informed phenotyping of psychopathology in terms of its pathophysiological underpinnings. We focus on active (Bayesian) inference and predictive coding. Specifically, we show how basic principles of neuronal computation can be used to explain psychopathology, ranging from impoverished theory of mind in autism to abnormalities of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Klaas Enno Stephan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Read Montague
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Computational Psychiatry Unit, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Zokaei N, McNeill A, Proukakis C, Beavan M, Jarman P, Korlipara P, Hughes D, Mehta A, Hu MTM, Schapira AHV, Husain M. Visual short-term memory deficits associated with GBA mutation and Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2303-11. [PMID: 24919969 PMCID: PMC4107740 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with mutation in the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are at significantly high risk of developing Parkinson’s disease with cognitive deficit. We examined whether visual short-term memory impairments, long associated with patients with Parkinson’s disease, are also present in GBA-positive individuals—both with and without Parkinson’s disease. Precision of visual working memory was measured using a serial order task in which participants observed four bars, each of a different colour and orientation, presented sequentially at screen centre. Afterwards, they were asked to adjust a coloured probe bar’s orientation to match the orientation of the bar of the same colour in the sequence. An additional attentional ‘filtering’ condition tested patients’ ability to selectively encode one of the four bars while ignoring the others. A sensorimotor task using the same stimuli controlled for perceptual and motor factors. There was a significant deficit in memory precision in GBA-positive individuals—with or without Parkinson’s disease—as well as GBA-negative patients with Parkinson’s disease, compared to healthy controls. Worst recall was observed in GBA-positive cases with Parkinson’s disease. Although all groups were impaired in visual short-term memory, there was a double dissociation between sources of error associated with GBA mutation and Parkinson’s disease. The deficit observed in GBA-positive individuals, regardless of whether they had Parkinson’s disease, was explained by a systematic increase in interference from features of other items in memory: misbinding errors. In contrast, impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease, regardless of GBA status, was explained by increased random responses. Individuals who were GBA-positive and also had Parkinson’s disease suffered from both types of error, demonstrating the worst performance. These findings provide evidence for dissociable signature deficits within the domain of visual short-term memory associated with GBA mutation and with Parkinson’s disease. Identification of the specific pattern of cognitive impairment in GBA mutation versus Parkinson’s disease is potentially important as it might help to identify individuals at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zokaei
- 1 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK2 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Alisdair McNeill
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michelle Beavan
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paul Jarman
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Prasad Korlipara
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Derralynn Hughes
- 4 Department of Haematology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Atul Mehta
- 3 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michele T M Hu
- 1 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Masud Husain
- 1 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK2 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
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179
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Chen Y, Norton D, McBain R. Effects of domain-specific noise on visual motion processing in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99031. [PMID: 24915023 PMCID: PMC4051639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visual perception impairments in schizophrenia stem from abnormal information processing. Information processing requires neural response to a stimulus (signal) against a backdrop of 1) random variation in baseline neural activity (internal noise) and sometimes irrelevant environmental stimulation (external noise). Filtering out noise is a critical aspect of information processing, and needs to be critically examined in schizophrenia. Methods To understand how noise in the visual system constrains perceptual processing, we devised a novel paradigm to build in both signal and external noise on same visual stimulus. Here, instead of uniformed noise, domain-specific noise—variations in stimulus speed—was introduced to evaluate the performance of schizophrenia patients in speed discrimination. Each motion stimulus—a random dot pattern (RDP) comprising 200 moving dots—included a range of speeds, drawn individually from a Gaussian distribution for each dot. The task for patients (n = 26) and controls (n = 28) was to identify which of two stimuli moved faster based on their mean speeds. Findings Patients exhibited deficient speed discrimination at baseline, in the absence of speed noise. Their speed discrimination was further degraded in the presence of low and medium levels of external noise. In the presence of a high levels of noise, degradation of patients' speed discrimination leveled-off, resulting in similar performance to controls. Conclusion These domain-specific noise effects on speed discrimination provide direct evidence for the existence of heightened internal noise within a specific visual motion processing domain in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Norton
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan McBain
- Department of Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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180
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Tsilioni I, Panagiotidou S, Theoharides TC. Exosomes in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders. Clin Ther 2014; 36:882-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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181
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Cho KKA, Sohal VS. Optogenetic approaches for investigating neural pathways implicated in schizophrenia and related disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R64-8. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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182
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Richter SH, Vogel AS, Ueltzhöffer K, Muzzillo C, Vogt MA, Lankisch K, Armbruster-Genç DJN, Riva MA, Fiebach CJ, Gass P, Vollmayr B. Touchscreen-paradigm for mice reveals cross-species evidence for an antagonistic relationship of cognitive flexibility and stability. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:154. [PMID: 24834036 PMCID: PMC4017158 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities to either flexibly adjust behavior according to changing demands (cognitive flexibility) or to maintain it in the face of potential distractors (cognitive stability) are critical for adaptive behavior in many situations. Recently, a novel human paradigm has found individual differences of cognitive flexibility and stability to be related to common prefrontal networks. The aims of the present study were, first, to translate this paradigm from humans to mice and, second, to test conceptual predictions of a computational model of prefrontal working memory mechanisms, the Dual State Theory, which assumes an antagonistic relation between cognitive flexibility and stability. Mice were trained in a touchscreen-paradigm to discriminate visual cues. The task involved “ongoing” and cued “switch” trials. In addition distractor cues were interspersed to test the ability to resist distraction, and an ambiguous condition assessed the spontaneous switching between two possible responses without explicit cues. While response times did not differ substantially between conditions, error rates (ER) increased from the “ongoing” baseline condition to the most complex condition, where subjects were required to switch between two responses in the presence of a distracting cue. Importantly, subjects switching more often spontaneously were found to be more distractible by task irrelevant cues, but also more flexible in situations, where switching was required. These results support a dichotomy of cognitive flexibility and stability as predicted by the Dual State Theory. Furthermore, they replicate critical aspects of the human paradigm, which indicates the translational potential of the testing procedure and supports the use of touchscreen procedures in preclinical animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helene Richter
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne S Vogel
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Ueltzhöffer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chiara Muzzillo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam A Vogt
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Lankisch
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Diana J N Armbruster-Genç
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Christian J Fiebach
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Vollmayr
- Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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Clozapine ameliorates epigenetic and behavioral abnormalities induced by phencyclidine through activation of dopamine D1 receptor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:723-37. [PMID: 24345457 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of histone modification is involved in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the abnormalities in histone modification in the animal model of schizophrenia and the efficacy of antipsychotics for such abnormalities remain unclear. Here, we investigated the involvement of histone modification in phencyclidine-induced behavioral abnormalities and the effects of antipsychotics on these abnormalities. After repeated phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) treatment for 14 consecutive days, mice were treated with antipsychotics (clozapine or haloperidol) or the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate for 7 d. Repeated phencyclidine treatments induced memory impairment and social deficit in the mice. The acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 residues decreased in the prefrontal cortex with phencyclidine treatment, whereas the expression level of histone deacetylase 5 increased. In addition, the phosphorylation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the nucleus decreased in the prefrontal cortex of phencyclidine-treated mice. These behavioral and epigenetic changes in phencyclidine-treated mice were attenuated by clozapine and sodium butyrate but not by haloperidol. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 blocked the ameliorating effects of clozapine but not of sodium butyrate. Furthermore, clozapine and sodium butyrate attenuated the decrease in expression level of GABAergic system-related genes in the prefrontal cortex of phencyclidine-treated mice. These findings suggest that the antipsychotic effect of clozapine develops, at least in part, through epigenetic modification by activation of the dopamine D1 receptor in the prefrontal cortex.
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184
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Tonelli HA. How semantic deficits in schizotypy help understand language and thought disorders in schizophrenia: a systematic and integrative review. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2014; 36:75-88. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Disorders of thought are psychopathological phenomena commonly present in schizophrenia and seem to result from deficits of semantic processing. Schizotypal personality traits consist of tendencies to think and behave that are qualitatively similar to schizophrenia, with greater vulnerability to such disorder. This study reviewed the literature about semantic processing deficits in samples of individuals with schizotypal traits and discussed the impact of current knowledge upon the comprehension of schizophrenic thought disorders. Studies about the cognitive performance of healthy individuals with schizotypal traits help understand the semantic deficits underlying psychotic thought disorders with the advantage of avoiding confounding factors usually found in samples of individuals with schizophrenia, such as the use of antipsychotics and hospitalizations. Methods: A search for articles published in Portuguese or English within the last 10 years on the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, LILACS and Biological Abstracts was conducted, using the keywords semantic processing, schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder. Results: The search retrieved 44 manuscripts, out of which 11 were firstly chosen. Seven manuscripts were additionally included after reading these papers. Conclusion: The great majority of the included studies showed that schizotypal subjects might exhibit semantic processing deficits. They help clarify about the interfaces between cognitive, neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying not only thought disorders, but also healthy human mind's creativity.
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185
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Bittner RA, Linden DEJ, Roebroeck A, Härtling F, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Maurer K, Goebel R, Singer W, Haenschel C. The When and Where of Working Memory Dysfunction in Early-Onset Schizophrenia-A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2494-506. [PMID: 24675869 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral evidence indicates that working memory (WM) in schizophrenia is already impaired at the encoding stage. However, the neurophysiological basis of this primary deficit remains poorly understood. Using event-related fMRI, we assessed differences in brain activation and functional connectivity during the encoding, maintenance and retrieval stages of a visual WM task with 3 levels of memory load in 17 adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and 17 matched controls. The amount of information patients could store in WM was reduced at all memory load levels. During encoding, activation in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and extrastriate visual cortex, which in controls positively correlated with the amount of stored information, was reduced in patients. Additionally, patients showed disturbed functional connectivity between prefrontal and visual areas. During retrieval, right inferior VLPFC hyperactivation was correlated with hypoactivation of left VLPFC in patients during encoding. Visual WM encoding is disturbed by a failure to adequately engage a visual-prefrontal network critical for the transfer of perceptual information into WM. Prefrontal hyperactivation appears to be a secondary consequence of this primary deficit. Isolating the component processes of WM can lead to more specific neurophysiological markers for translational efforts seeking to improve the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Bittner
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy and Brain Imaging Center, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Härtling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Rotarska-Jagiela
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy and Brain Imaging Center, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Konrad Maurer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy and Brain Imaging Center, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wolf Singer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Corinna Haenschel
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy and Brain Imaging Center, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany School of Psychology, City University, London, UK
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186
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Bodea GO, Spille JH, Abe P, Andersson AS, Acker-Palmer A, Stumm R, Kubitscheck U, Blaess S. Reelin and CXCL12 regulate distinct migratory behaviors during the development of the dopaminergic system. Development 2014; 141:661-73. [PMID: 24449842 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of the dopaminergic system requires the coordinated formation of projections extending from dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrorubral field to a wide array of forebrain targets including the striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. The mechanisms controlling the assembly of these distinct dopaminergic cell clusters are not well understood. Here, we have investigated in detail the migratory behavior of dopaminergic neurons giving rise to either the SN or the medial VTA using genetic inducible fate mapping, ultramicroscopy, time-lapse imaging, slice culture and analysis of mouse mutants. We demonstrate that neurons destined for the SN migrate first radially and then tangentially, whereas neurons destined for the medial VTA undergo primarily radial migration. We show that tangentially migrating dopaminergic neurons express the components of the reelin signaling pathway, whereas dopaminergic neurons in their initial, radial migration phase express CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), the receptor for the chemokine CXC motif ligand 12 (CXCL12). Perturbation of reelin signaling interferes with the speed and orientation of tangentially, but not radially, migrating dopaminergic neurons and results in severe defects in the formation of the SN. By contrast, CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling modulates the initial migration of dopaminergic neurons. With this study, we provide the first molecular and functional characterization of the distinct migratory pathways taken by dopaminergic neurons destined for SN and VTA, and uncover mechanisms that regulate different migratory behaviors of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Oana Bodea
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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187
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Heinrich H, Hoegl T, Moll GH, Kratz O. A bimodal neurophysiological study of motor control in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a step towards core mechanisms? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1156-66. [PMID: 24574502 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the core neural mechanisms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, a pathophysiologically heterogeneous psychiatric disorder starting in childhood, is still limited. Progress may be achieved by combining different methods and levels of investigation. In the present study, we investigated neural mechanisms of motor control in 19 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (aged 9-14 years) and 21 age-matched typically developing children by relating neural markers of attention and response control (using event-related potentials) and measures of motor excitability/inhibition (evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation). Thus, an interplay of processes at a subsecond scale could be studied. Using a monetary incentives-based cued Go/No-Go task, parameters that are well-known to be reduced in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were analysed: event-related potential components P3 (following cue stimuli; in Go and No-Go trials) and contingent negative variation as well as the transcranial magnetic stimulation-based short-interval intracortical inhibition measured at different latencies in Go and No-Go trials. For patient and control groups, different associations were obtained between performance, event-related potential and transcranial magnetic stimulation measures. In children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, the P3 amplitude in Go trials was not correlated with reaction time measures but with short-interval intracortical inhibition at rest (r=0.56, P=0.01). In No-Go trials, P3 and short-interval intracortical inhibition after inhibiting the response (at 500 ms post-stimulus) were correlated in these children only (r=0.62; P=0.008). A classification rate of 90% was achieved when using short-interval intracortical inhibition (measured shortly before the occurrence of a Go or No-Go stimulus) and the amplitude of the P3 in cue trials as input features in a linear discriminant analysis. Findings indicate deviant neural implementation of motor control in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder reflecting compensatory cognitive mechanisms as a result of a basal motor cortical inhibitory deficit (reduced activation of inhibitory intracortical interneurons). Both deviant inhibitory and attentional processes, which are not related to each other, seem to be characteristic for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder at the neural level in motor control tasks. The underlying neural mechanisms, which are probably not restricted to the motor cortex and the posterior attention network, may play a key role in the pathophysiology of this child psychiatric disorder. The high classification rate can further be interpreted as a step towards the development of neural markers. In summary, the bimodal neurophysiological concept may contribute to developing an integrative framework for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Heinrich
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6+10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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188
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Cope D, Blakeslee B, McCourt ME. Modeling lateral geniculate nucleus response with contrast gain control. Part 2: analysis. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:348-362. [PMID: 24562034 PMCID: PMC4064833 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cope et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A30, 2401 (2013)] proposed a class of models for lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ON-cell behavior consisting of a linear response with divisive normalization by local stimulus contrast. Here, we analyze a specific model with the linear response defined by a difference-of-Gaussians filter, and a circular Gaussian for the gain pool weighting function. For sinusoidal grating stimuli, the parameter region for bandpass behavior of the linear response is determined, and the gain control response is shown to act as a switch (changing from "off" to "on" with increasing spatial frequency). It is also shown that large gain pools stabilize the optimal spatial frequency of the total nonlinear response at a fixed value independent of contrast and stimulus magnitude. Under- and super-saturation, as well as contrast saturation, occur as typical effects of stimulus magnitude. For circular spot stimuli, it is shown that large gain pools stabilize the spot size that yields the maximum response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Cope
- Department of Mathematics, NDSU Dept #2750, PO Box 6050,
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Barbara Blakeslee
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of
Psychology, NDSU Dept #2765, PO Box 6050, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Mark E. McCourt
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of
Psychology, NDSU Dept #2765, PO Box 6050, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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189
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Moran PM, O'Tuathaigh CM, Papaleo F, Waddington JL. Dopaminergic function in relation to genes associated with risk for schizophrenia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 211:79-112. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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190
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Ashare RL, Valdez JN, Ruparel K, Albelda B, Hopson RD, Keefe JR, Loughead J, Lerman C. Association of abstinence-induced alterations in working memory function and COMT genotype in smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:653-62. [PMID: 23828159 PMCID: PMC3840089 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The common methionine (met) for valine (val) at codon 158 (val(158)met) polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene has been associated with nicotine dependence, alterations in executive cognitive function, and abstinence-induced working memory deficits in smokers. OBJECTIVES We sought to replicate the association of the COMT val allele with abstinence-induced alterations in working memory-related activity in task-positive (executive control) and task-negative (default mode network) regions. METHODS Forty smokers (20 val/val and 20 met/met) performed an N-back task while undergoing blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on two separate occasions: following 72 h of confirmed abstinence and during smoking as usual. An independent sample of 48 smokers who completed the identical N-back task during fMRI in smoking vs. abstinence for another study was used as a validation sample. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, genotype by session interactions on BOLD signal in executive control regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex) revealed significant abstinence-induced reductions in the met/met group, but not the val/val group. Results also revealed that val/val smokers may exhibit less suppression of activation in task-negative regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex during abstinence (vs. smoking). These patterns were confirmed in the validation sample and in the whole-brain analysis, though the regions differed from the a priori regions of interest (ROIs) (e.g., precuneus, insula). CONCLUSIONS The COMT val(158)met polymorphism was associated with abstinence-related working memory deficits in two independent samples of smokers. However, inconsistencies compared to prior findings and across methods (ROI vs. whole-brain analysis) highlight the challenges inherent in reproducing results of imaging genetic studies in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ashare
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Correspondence: Rebecca L. Ashare, Ph.D., Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA, Tel: +1 (215) 746-5789, Fax: +1 (215) 746-7140,
| | - Jeffrey N. Valdez
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Benjamin Albelda
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan D. Hopson
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John R. Keefe
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - James Loughead
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsychiatry Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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191
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Cabral J, Fernandes HM, Van Hartevelt TJ, James AC, Kringelbach ML, Deco G. Structural connectivity in schizophrenia and its impact on the dynamics of spontaneous functional networks. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2013; 23:046111. [PMID: 24387590 DOI: 10.1063/1.4851117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathology of schizophrenia remains unclear. Some insight has come from modern neuroimaging techniques, which offer an unparalleled opportunity to explore in vivo the structure and function of the brain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, it has been found that the large-scale resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in schizophrenia--measured as the temporal correlations of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal--exhibit altered network topology, with lower small-world index. The origin of these rsFC alterations and link with the underlying structural connectivity remain unclear. In this work, we used a computational model of spontaneous large-scale brain activity to explore the role of the structural connectivity in the large-scale dynamics of the brain in health and schizophrenia. The structural connectomes from 15 adolescent patients with early-onset schizophrenia and 15 age- and gender-matched controls were built from diffusion tensor imaging data to detect the white matter tracts between 90 brain areas. Brain areas, simulated using a reduced dynamic mean-field model, receive excitatory input from other areas in proportion to the number of fibre tracts between them. The simulated mean field activity was transformed into BOLD signal, and the properties of the simulated functional networks were analyzed. Our results suggest that the functional alterations observed in schizophrenia are not directly linked to alterations in the structural topology. Instead, subtly randomized and less small-world functional networks appear when the brain operates with lower global coupling, which shifts the dynamics from the optimal healthy regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Cabral
- Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience Group, Center of Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08018, Spain
| | | | - Tim J Van Hartevelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C James
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gustavo Deco
- Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience Group, Center of Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08018, Spain
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192
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Wiener M, Lee YS, Lohoff FW, Coslett HB. Individual differences in the morphometry and activation of time perception networks are influenced by dopamine genotype. Neuroimage 2013; 89:10-22. [PMID: 24269802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual participants vary greatly in their ability to estimate and discriminate intervals of time. This heterogeneity of performance may be caused by reliance on different time perception networks as well as individual differences in the activation of brain structures utilized for timing within those networks. To address these possibilities we utilized event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while human participants (n=25) performed a temporal or color discrimination task. Additionally, based on our previous research, we genotyped participants for DRD2/ANKK1-Taq1a, a single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with a 30-40% reduction in striatal D2 density and associated with poorer timing performance. Similar to previous reports, a wide range of performance was found across our sample; crucially, better performance on the timing versus color task was associated with greater activation in prefrontal and sub-cortical regions previously associated with timing. Furthermore, better timing performance also correlated with increased volume of the right lateral cerebellum, as demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Our analysis also revealed that A1 carriers of the Taq1a polymorphism exhibited relatively worse performance on temporal, but not color discrimination, but greater activation in the striatum and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as reduced volume in the cerebellar cluster. These results point to the neural bases for heterogeneous timing performance in humans, and suggest that differences in performance on a temporal discrimination task are, in part, attributable to the DRD2/ANKK1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiener
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Yune-Sang Lee
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H Branch Coslett
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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193
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Dopamine regulates two classes of primate prefrontal neurons that represent sensory signals. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13724-34. [PMID: 23966694 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0210-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), a hub of higher-level cognitive processing, is strongly modulated by midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. The cellular mechanisms have been comprehensively studied in the context of short-term memory, but little is known about how DA regulates sensory inputs to PFC that precede and give rise to such memory activity. By preparing recipient cortical circuits for incoming signals, DA could be a powerful determinant of downstream cognitive processing. Here, we tested the hypothesis that prefrontal DA regulates the representation of sensory signals that are required for perceptual decisions. In rhesus monkeys trained to report the presence or absence of visual stimuli at varying levels of contrast, we simultaneously recorded extracellular single-unit activity and applied DA to the immediate vicinity of the neurons by micro-iontophoresis. We found that DA modulation of prefrontal neurons is not uniform but tailored to specialized neuronal classes. In one population of neurons, DA suppressed activity with high temporal precision but preserved signal/noise ratio. Neurons in this group had short visual response latencies and comprised all recorded narrow-spiking, putative interneurons. In a distinct population, DA increased excitability and enhanced signal/noise ratio by reducing response variability. These neurons had longer visual response latencies and were composed exclusively of broad-spiking, putative pyramidal neurons. By gating sensory inputs to PFC and subsequently strengthening the representation of sensory signals, DA might play an important role in shaping how the PFC initiates appropriate behavior in response to changes in the sensory environment.
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194
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Soden ME, Jones GL, Sanford CA, Chung AS, Güler AD, Chavkin C, Luján R, Zweifel LS. Disruption of dopamine neuron activity pattern regulation through selective expression of a human KCNN3 mutation. Neuron 2013; 80:997-1009. [PMID: 24206670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated small conductance potassium channel SK3 plays an essential role in the regulation of dopamine neuron activity patterns. Here we demonstrate that expression of a human disease-related SK3 mutation (hSK3Δ) in dopamine neurons of mice disrupts the balance between tonic and phasic dopamine neuron activity. Expression of hSK3Δ suppressed endogenous SK currents, reducing coupling between SK channels and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and increasing permissiveness for burst firing. Consistent with enhanced excitability of dopamine neurons, hSK3Δ increased evoked calcium signals in dopamine neurons in vivo and potentiated evoked dopamine release. Specific expression of hSK3Δ led to deficits in attention and sensory gating and heightened sensitivity to a psychomimetic drug. Sensory-motor alterations and psychomimetic sensitivity were recapitulated in a mouse model of transient, reversible dopamine neuron activation. These results demonstrate the cell-autonomous effects of a human ion channel mutation on dopamine neuron physiology and the impact of activity pattern disruption on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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195
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Wang J, Barstein J, Ethridge LE, Mosconi MW, Takarae Y, Sweeney JA. Resting state EEG abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5:24. [PMID: 24040879 PMCID: PMC3847481 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of complex and heterogeneous developmental disorders involving multiple neural system dysfunctions. In an effort to understand neurophysiological substrates, identify etiopathophysiologically distinct subgroups of patients, and track outcomes of novel treatments with translational biomarkers, EEG (electroencephalography) studies offer a promising research strategy in ASD. Resting-state EEG studies of ASD suggest a U-shaped profile of electrophysiological power alterations, with excessive power in low-frequency and high-frequency bands, abnormal functional connectivity, and enhanced power in the left hemisphere of the brain. In this review, we provide a summary of recent findings, discuss limitations in available research that may contribute to inconsistencies in the literature, and offer suggestions for future research in this area for advancing the understanding of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Barstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren E Ethridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yukari Takarae
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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196
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Roalf DR, Gur RC, Almasy L, Richard J, Gallagher RS, Prasad K, Wood J, Pogue-Geile MF, Nimgaonkar VL, Gur RE. Neurocognitive performance stability in a multiplex multigenerational study of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:1008-17. [PMID: 22927671 PMCID: PMC3756767 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Certain cognitive measures are heritable and differentiate individuals at risk for schizophrenia from unaffected family members and healthy comparison subjects. These deficits in neurocognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia appear stable in the short-term. However, the duration of most, but not all, longitudinal studies is modest and the majority have relied on traditional average performance measures to examine stability. Using a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB), we assessed mean performance (accuracy and speed) and intra-individual variability (IIV) in a longitudinal study aimed to examine neurocognitive stability in European-American multiplex families with schizophrenia. Thirty-four patients with schizophrenia, 65 unaffected relatives, and 45 healthy comparison subjects completed the same computerized neurocognitive assessment over approximately 5 years. Measures of mean performance showed that patients had stable accuracy performance but were slower in many neurocognitive domains over time as compared with unaffected family members and healthy subjects. Furthermore, patients and family members showed dissociable patterns of change in IIV for speed across cognitive domains: compared with controls, patients showed higher across-task IIV in performance compared with family members, who showed lower across-task IIV. Patients showed an increase in IIV over time, whereas family members showed a decrease. These findings suggest that measures of mean performance and IIV of speed during a CNB may provide useful information about the genetic susceptibility in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 3400 Spruce St., Gates Building 10th Floor,Philadelphia PA, 19104; tel: +215-615-4116, fax: +215-662-7903, e-mail:
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jan Richard
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R. Sean Gallagher
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Raquel E. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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197
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Yokoyama K, Itakura M, Satake T, Ishida H, Nagata I, Kaneko K. Association between subjective well-being and prefrontal function during a cognitive task in schizophrenia: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2013; 149:180-5. [PMID: 23849884 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between subjective well-being and prefrontal function during a cognitive task in schizophrenia. Twenty-four patients with clinically stable schizophrenia participated in the study. We measured the change in hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal region during a verbal fluency task (VFT) by using 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The subjective well-being of participants was assessed using the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic drug treatment Short form (SWNS). A significant positive relationship was observed between the SWNS score and frontopolar, left ventrolateral, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal function during the VFT. These results suggest that the frontopolar and left ventrolateral and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortical regions are associated with the subjective well-being of clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and that NIRS may be an efficient medical tool for monitoring these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
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198
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Pauli A, Prata DP, Mechelli A, Picchioni M, Fu CHY, Chaddock CA, Kane F, Kalidindi S, McDonald C, Kravariti E, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Walshe M, Ehlert N, Georgiades A, Murray R, Collier DA, McGuire P. Interaction between effects of genes coding for dopamine and glutamate transmission on striatal and parahippocampal function. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:2244-58. [PMID: 22438288 PMCID: PMC6869864 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes for the dopamine transporter (DAT) and the D-Amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA or G72) have been independently implicated in the risk for schizophrenia and in bipolar disorder and/or their related intermediate phenotypes. DAT and G72 respectively modulate central dopamine and glutamate transmission, the two systems most robustly implicated in these disorders. Contemporary studies have demonstrated that elevated dopamine function is associated with glutamatergic dysfunction in psychotic disorders. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we examined whether there was an interaction between the effects of genes that influence dopamine and glutamate transmission (DAT and G72) on regional brain activation during verbal fluency, which is known to be abnormal in psychosis, in 80 healthy volunteers. Significant interactions between the effects of G72 and DAT polymorphisms on activation were evident in the striatum, parahippocampal gyrus, and supramarginal/angular gyri bilaterally, the right insula, in the right pre-/postcentral and the left posterior cingulate/retrosplenial gyri (P < 0.05, FDR-corrected across the whole brain). This provides evidence that interactions between the dopamine and the glutamate system, thought to be altered in psychosis, have an impact in executive processing which can be modulated by common genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Pauli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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199
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Christensen BK, Spencer JMY, King JP, Sekuler AB, Bennett PJ. Noise as a mechanism of anomalous face processing among persons with Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2013; 4:401. [PMID: 23882228 PMCID: PMC3712139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that people with Schizophrenia (SCZ) have altered visual perception and cognition, including impaired face processing. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this observation are not yet known. Eye movement studies have found that people with SCZ do not direct their gaze to the most informative regions of the face (e.g., the eyes). This suggests that SCZ patients may be less able to extract the most relevant face information and therefore have decreased calculation efficiency. In addition, research with non-face stimuli indicates that SCZ is associated with increased levels of internal noise. Importantly, both calculation efficiency and internal noise have been shown to underpin face perception among healthy observers. Therefore, the current study applies noise masking to upright and inverted faces to determine if face processing deficits among those with SCZ are the result of changes in calculation efficiency, internal noise, or both. Consistent with previous results, SCZ participants exhibited higher contrast thresholds in order to identify masked target faces. However, higher thresholds were associated with increases in internal noise but unrelated to changes in calculation efficiency. These results suggest that SCZ-related face processing deficits are the result of a decreased noise-to-signal ratio. The source of increased processing noise among these patients is unclear, but may emanate from abnormal neural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Christensen
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Justine M. Y. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jelena P. King
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison B. Sekuler
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
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200
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Yoon JH, Minzenberg MJ, Raouf S, D'Esposito M, Carter CS. Impaired prefrontal-basal ganglia functional connectivity and substantia nigra hyperactivity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:122-9. [PMID: 23290498 PMCID: PMC3620727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The theory that prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in schizophrenia leads to excess subcortical dopamine has generated widespread interest because it provides a parsimonious account for two core features of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits and psychosis, respectively. However, there has been limited empirical validation of this model. Moreover, the identity of the specific subcortical brain regions and circuits that may be impaired as a result of PFC dysfunction and mediate its link to psychosis in schizophrenia remains unclear. We undertook this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study to test the hypothesis that PFC dysfunction is associated with altered function of and connectivity with dopamine regulating regions of the basal ganglia. METHODS Eighteen individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 19 healthy control participants completed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during working memory. We conducted between-group contrasts of task-evoked, univariate activation maps to identify regions of altered function in schizophrenia. We also compared the groups on the level of functional connectivity between a priori identified PFC and basal ganglia regions to determine if prefrontal disconnectivity in patients was present. RESULTS We observed task-evoked hyperactivity of the substantia nigra that occurred in association with prefrontal and striatal hypoactivity in the schizophrenia group. The magnitude of prefrontal functional connectivity with these dysfunctional basal ganglia regions was decreased in the schizophrenia group. Additionally, the level of nigrostriatal functional connectivity predicted the level of psychosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that functional impairments of the prefrontal striatonigral circuit may be a common pathway linking the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits and psychosis in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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