151
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Zauli A, Carpaneto GM, Chiari S, Mancini E, Nyabuga FN, Redolfi De Zan L, Romiti F, Sabbani S, Audisio PA, Hedenström E, Bologna MA, Svensson GP. Assessing the taxonomic status of Osmoderma cristinae
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), endemic to Sicily, by genetic, morphological and pheromonal analyses. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Zauli
- Department of Science; Roma Tre University; Rome Italy
| | | | - Stefano Chiari
- Department of Science; Roma Tre University; Rome Italy
- CREA - ABP Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca per l'agrobiologia e la pedologia; Florence Italy
| | | | | | - Lara Redolfi De Zan
- CREA - ABP Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca per l'agrobiologia e la pedologia; Florence Italy
- CFS - CNBF Centro nazionale per lo studio della conservazione della biodiversità forestale di Verona - Bosco Fontana; Marmirolo Italy
| | | | - Sunil Sabbani
- Eco-Chemistry; Department of Chemical Engineering; Mid Sweden University; Sundsvall Sweden
| | - Paolo A. Audisio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Erik Hedenström
- Eco-Chemistry; Department of Chemical Engineering; Mid Sweden University; Sundsvall Sweden
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152
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Receptor for detection of a Type II sex pheromone in the winter moth Operophtera brumata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18576. [PMID: 26729427 PMCID: PMC4700456 DOI: 10.1038/srep18576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How signal diversity evolves under stabilizing selection in a pheromone-based mate recognition system is a conundrum. Female moths produce two major types of sex pheromones, i.e., long-chain acetates, alcohols and aldehydes (Type I) and polyenic hydrocarbons and epoxides (Type II), along different biosynthetic pathways. Little is known on how male pheromone receptor (PR) genes evolved to perceive the different pheromones. We report the identification of the first PR tuned to Type II pheromones, namely ObruOR1 from the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Geometridae). ObruOR1 clusters together with previously ligand-unknown orthologues in the PR subfamily for the ancestral Type I pheromones, suggesting that O. brumata did not evolve a new type of PR to match the novel Type II signal but recruited receptors within an existing PR subfamily. AsegOR3, the ObruOR1 orthologue previously cloned from the noctuid Agrotis segetum that has Type I acetate pheromone components, responded significantly to another Type II hydrocarbon, suggesting that a common ancestor with Type I pheromones had receptors for both types of pheromones, a preadaptation for detection of Type II sex pheromone.
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153
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Brant CO, Johnson NS, Li K, Buchinger TJ, Li W. Female sea lamprey shift orientation toward a conspecific chemical cue to escape a sensory trap. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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154
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Bohman B, Karton A, Dixon RCM, Barrow RA, Peakall R. Parapheromones for Thynnine Wasps. J Chem Ecol 2015; 42:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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155
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McKinney RM, Vernier C, Ben-Shahar Y. The neural basis for insect pheromonal communication. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 12:86-92. [PMID: 26568912 PMCID: PMC4642727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely on chemosensory signals to drive a multitude of behavioral decisions. From conspecific and mate recognition to aggression, the proper detection and processing of these chemical signals - termed pheromones - is crucial for insects' fitness. While the identities and physiological impacts of diverse insect pheromones have been known for many years, how these important molecules are perceived and processed by the nervous system to produce evolutionarily beneficial behaviors is still mostly unknown. Here we present an overview of the current state of research into the peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms that process and drive behavioral responses to diverse pheromonal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M McKinney
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Cassondra Vernier
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Yehuda Ben-Shahar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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156
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Juárez ML, Devescovi F, Břízová R, Bachmann G, Segura DF, Kalinová B, Fernández P, Ruiz MJ, Yang J, Teal PEA, Cáceres C, Vreysen MJB, Hendrichs J, Vera MT. Evaluating mating compatibility within fruit fly cryptic species complexes and the potential role of sex pheromones in pre-mating isolation. Zookeys 2015:125-55. [PMID: 26798257 PMCID: PMC4714067 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.540.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of sexual behavior and the identification of the signals involved in mate recognition between con-specifics are key components that can shed some light, as part of an integrative taxonomic approach, in delimitating species within species complexes. In the Tephritidae family several species complexes have received particular attention as they include important agricultural pests such as the Ceratitisfasciventris (Bezzi), Ceratitisanonae (Graham) and Ceratitisrosa Karsch (FAR) complex, the Bactroceradorsalis (Hendel) complex and the Anastrephafraterculus (Wiedemann) complex. Here the value and usefulness of a methodology that uses walk-in field cages with host trees to assess, under semi-natural conditions, mating compatibility within these complexes is reviewed, and the same methodology to study the role of chemical communication in pre-mating isolation among Anastrephafraterculus populations is used. Results showed that under the same experimental conditions it was possible to distinguish an entire range of different outcomes: from full mating compatibility among some populations to complete assortative mating among others. The effectiveness of the methodology in contributing to defining species limits was shown in two species complexes: Anastrephafraterculus and Bactroceradorsalis, and in the case of the latter the synonymization of several established species was published. We conclude that walk-in field cages constitute a powerful tool to measure mating compatibility, which is also useful to determine the role of chemical signals in species recognition. Overall, this experimental approach provides a good source of information about reproductive boundaries to delimit species. However, it needs to be applied as part of an integrative taxonomic approach that simultaneously assesses cytogenetic, molecular, physiological and morphological traits in order to reach more robust species delimitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Juárez
- Cátedra Terapéutica Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (FAZ), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Francisco Devescovi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Radka Břízová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guillermo Bachmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Diego F Segura
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - M Josefina Ruiz
- Cátedra Terapéutica Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (FAZ), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | | | | | - Carlos Cáceres
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorge Hendrichs
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Teresa Vera
- Cátedra Terapéutica Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (FAZ), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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157
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Sexy Mouth Odour? Male Oral Gland Pheromone in the Grain Beetle Parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:216952. [PMID: 26579532 PMCID: PMC4633539 DOI: 10.1155/2015/216952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, sexual pheromones are used for the attraction of mates and as courtship signals but also enable sexual isolation between species. In the parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus, male courtship behaviour consisting of wing fanning, antennal stroking of the female antenna, and head nodding stimulates female receptivity leading to copulation. Recently L. distinguendus was reported to consist of two different lineages, which are sexually isolated because males fail to elicit receptivity in foreign females. It is unclear, however, which part of the courtship behaviour triggers female receptivity and therefore could be a mechanism causing sexual isolation. Here we show that in L. distinguendus a nonvolatile male oral pheromone is essential to release the female receptivity signal. In contrast, male wing fanning and antennal contact play a minor role. Additionally, the composition of the oral pheromone depends on the developmental host and females learn the composition upon emergence from the host substrate. These results will enable more detailed work on oral sexual pheromones to answer the question of how they are involved in the speciation process of L. distinguendus and other parasitoid species, for a better understanding of the huge biodiversity in this group.
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158
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Kehl T, Dublon IAN, Fischer K. Young male mating success is associated with sperm number but not with male sex pheromone titres. Front Zool 2015; 12:31. [PMID: 26557870 PMCID: PMC4640362 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intraspecific communication is of crucial importance throughout the animal kingdom and may involve a combination of visual, gustatory, olfactory and acoustic cues. Variation in male sex pheromone amount and composition may convey important information to female conspecifics, for instance on species identity or age. However, whether increased male pheromone titres are associated with fitness benefits for the female, thus indicating a role as an honest signal, is under debate. Results Against this background, we tested in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana (1) whether young males being successful or unsuccessful in gaining a mating differed in sex pheromone titres and (2) for associations between male pheromone titres and spermatophore mass, eupyrene sperm number, and a variety of female and offspring life-history traits. Successful and unsuccessful males did not differ in pheromone titres, however eupyrene sperm number was much higher in successful males. Pheromone titres were not associated with any fitness-related female or offspring trait measured in our study, though correlation analyses yielded evidence for trade-offs among specific traits. Patterns did not differ among control and olfaction-blocked females. Conclusion Therefore, we suggest that in young B. anynana pheromone titres do not indicate male quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kehl
- Zoological Institute & Museum, Greifswald University, Johann-Sebastian-Bach Str. 11/12, Greifswald, 17489 Germany
| | - Ian A N Dublon
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 4, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348 Belgium
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute & Museum, Greifswald University, Johann-Sebastian-Bach Str. 11/12, Greifswald, 17489 Germany
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159
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Abstract
Moth sexual pheromones are widely studied as a fine-tuned system of intraspecific sexual communication that reinforces interspecific reproductive isolation. However, their evolution poses a dilemma: How can the female pheromone and male preference simultaneously change to create a new pattern of species-specific attraction? Solving this puzzle requires us to identify the genes underlying intraspecific variation in signals and responses and to understand the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for their interspecific divergence. Candidate gene approaches and functional analyses have yielded insights into large families of biosynthetic enzymes and pheromone receptors, although the factors controlling their expression remain largely unexplored. Intra- and interspecific crosses have provided tantalizing evidence of regulatory genes, although, to date, mapping resolution has been insufficient to identify them. Recent advances in high-throughput genome and transcriptome sequencing, together with established techniques, have great potential to help scientists identify the specific genetic changes underlying divergence and resolve the mystery of how moth sexual communication systems evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Teun Dekker
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
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160
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Dekker T, Revadi S, Mansourian S, Ramasamy S, Lebreton S, Becher PG, Angeli S, Rota-Stabelli O, Anfora G. Loss of Drosophila pheromone reverses its role in sexual communication in Drosophila suzukii. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20143018. [PMID: 25716789 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila pheromone cis-11-octadecenyl acetate (cVA) is used as pheromone throughout the melanogaster group and fulfils a primary role in sexual and social behaviours. Here, we found that Drosophila suzukii, an invasive pest that oviposits in undamaged ripe fruit, does not produce cVA. In fact, its production site, the ejaculatory bulb, is atrophied. Despite loss of cVA production, its receptor, Or67d, and cognate sensillum, T1, which are essential in cVA-mediated behaviours, were fully functional. However, T1 expression was dramatically reduced in D. suzukii, and the corresponding antennal lobe glomerulus, DA1, minute. Behavioural responses to cVA depend on the input balance of Or67d neurons (driving cVA-mediated behaviours) and Or65a neurons (inhibiting cVA-mediated behaviours). Accordingly, the shifted input balance in D. suzukii has reversed cVA's role in sexual behaviour: perfuming D. suzukii males with Drosophila melanogaster equivalents of cVA strongly reduced mating rates. cVA has thus evolved from a generic sex pheromone to a heterospecific signal that disrupts mating in D. suzukii, a saltational shift, mediated through offsetting the input balance that is highly conserved in congeneric species. This study underlines that dramatic changes in a species' sensory preference can result from rather 'simple' numerical shifts in underlying neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Dekker
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Santosh Revadi
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden FEM, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Chemical Ecology Group, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Suzan Mansourian
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sukanya Ramasamy
- FEM, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Chemical Ecology Group, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Sebastien Lebreton
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Paul G Becher
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- FEM, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Chemical Ecology Group, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- FEM, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Chemical Ecology Group, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
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161
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Bacquet PMB, Brattström O, Wang HL, Allen CE, Löfstedt C, Brakefield PM, Nieberding CM. Selection on male sex pheromone composition contributes to butterfly reproductive isolation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142734. [PMID: 25740889 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection can facilitate diversification by inducing character displacement in mate choice traits that reduce the probability of maladaptive mating between lineages. Although reproductive character displacement (RCD) has been demonstrated in two-taxa case studies, the frequency of this process in nature is still debated. Moreover, studies have focused primarily on visual and acoustic traits, despite the fact that chemical communication is probably the most common means of species recognition. Here, we showed in a large, mostly sympatric, butterfly genus, a strong pattern of recurrent RCD for predicted male sex pheromone composition, but not for visual mate choice traits. Our results suggest that RCD is not anecdotal, and that selection for divergence in male sex pheromone composition contributed to reproductive isolation within the Bicyclus genus. We propose that selection may target olfactory mate choice traits as a more common sensory modality to ensure reproductive isolation among diverging lineages than previously envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M B Bacquet
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - O Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - H-L Wang
- Department of Biology, Pheromone Group, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - C E Allen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - C Löfstedt
- Department of Biology, Pheromone Group, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - P M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C M Nieberding
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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162
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Saltational evolution of contact sex pheromone compounds of Callosobruchus rhodesianus (Pic). CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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163
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Mérot C, Frérot B, Leppik E, Joron M. Beyond magic traits: Multimodal mating cues in Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 2015; 69:2891-904. [PMID: 26513426 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Species coexistence involves the evolution of reproductive barriers opposing gene flow. Heliconius butterflies display colorful patterns affecting mate choice and survival through warning signaling and mimicry. These patterns are called "magic traits" for speciation because divergent natural selection may promote mimicry shifts in pattern whose role as mating cue facilitates reproductive isolation. By contrast, between comimetic species, natural selection promotes pattern convergence. We addressed whether visual convergence interferes with reproductive isolation by testing for sexual isolation between two closely related species with similar patterns, H. timareta thelxinoe and H. melpomene amaryllis. Experiments with models confirmed visual attraction based on wing phenotype, leading to indiscriminate approach. Nevertheless, mate choice experiments showed assortative mating. Monitoring male behavior toward live females revealed asymmetry in male preference, H. melpomene males courting both species equally while H. timareta males strongly preferred conspecifics. Experiments with hybrid males suggested an important genetic component for such asymmetry. Behavioral observations support a key role for short-distance cues in determining male choice in H. timareta. Scents extracts from wings and genitalia revealed interspecific divergence in chemical signatures, and hybrid female scent composition was significantly associated with courtship intensity by H. timareta males, providing candidate chemical mating cues involved in sexual isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Brigitte Frérot
- IEES UMR 1392, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Ene Leppik
- IEES UMR 1392, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.,UMR 5175, CNRS-Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
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164
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Henneken J, Jones TM, Goodger JQ, Dias DA, Walter A, Elgar MA. Diet influences female signal reliability for male mate choice. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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165
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Evolution of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in the Hymenoptera: a Meta-Analysis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:871-83. [PMID: 26410609 PMCID: PMC4619461 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is the oldest form of communication, spreading across all forms of life. In insects, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) function as chemical cues for the recognition of mates, species, and nest-mates in social insects. Although much is known about the function of individual hydrocarbons and their biosynthesis, a phylogenetic overview is lacking. Here, we review the CHC profiles of 241 species of Hymenoptera, one of the largest and most important insect orders, which includes the Symphyta (sawflies), the polyphyletic Parasitica (parasitoid wasps), and the Aculeata (wasps, bees, and ants). We investigated whether these taxonomic groups differed in the presence and absence of CHC classes and whether the sociality of a species (solitarily vs. social) had an effect on CHC profile complexity. We found that the main CHC classes (i.e., n-alkanes, alkenes, and methylalkanes) were all present early in the evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera, as evidenced by their presence in ancient Symphyta and primitive Parasitica wasps. Throughout all groups within the Hymenoptera, the more complex a CHC the fewer species that produce it, which may reflect the Occam’s razor principle that insects’ only biosynthesize the most simple compound that fulfil its needs. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the complexity of CHC profiles between social and solitary species, with some of the most complex CHC profiles belonging to the Parasitica. This profile complexity has been maintained in the ants, but some specialization in biosynthetic pathways has led to a simplification of profiles in the aculeate wasps and bees. The absence of CHC classes in some taxa or species may be due to gene silencing or down-regulation rather than gene loss, as demonstrated by sister species having highly divergent CHC profiles, and cannot be predicted by their phylogenetic history. The presence of highly complex CHC profiles prior to the vast radiation of the social Hymenoptera indicates a ‘spring-loaded’ system where the diversity of CHC needed for the complex communication systems of social insects were already present for natural selection to act upon, rather than having evolved independently. This diversity may have aided the multiple independent evolution of sociality within the Aculeata.
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166
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Ng WC, Chin JSR, Tan KJ, Yew JY. The fatty acid elongase Bond is essential for Drosophila sex pheromone synthesis and male fertility. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8263. [PMID: 26369287 PMCID: PMC4579836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects use a spectacular variety of chemical signals to guide their social behaviours. How such chemical diversity arises is a long-standing problem in evolutionary biology. Here we describe the contribution of the fatty acid elongase Bond to both pheromone diversity and male fertility in Drosophila. Genetic manipulation and mass spectrometry analysis reveal that the loss of bond eliminates the male sex pheromone (3R,11Z,19Z)-3-acetoxy-11,19-octacosadien-1-ol (CH503). Unexpectedly, silencing bond expression severely suppresses male fertility and the fertility of conspecific rivals. These deficits are rescued on ectopic expression of bond in the male reproductive system. A comparative analysis across six Drosophila species shows that the gain of a novel transcription initiation site is correlated with bond expression in the ejaculatory bulb, a primary site of male pheromone production. Taken together, these results indicate that modification of cis-regulatory elements and subsequent changes in gene expression pattern is one mechanism by which pheromone diversity arises. Insect behaviours are often guided by chemical signals, but little is known about how pheromone diversity evolves. Here the authors show that loss of the gene bond in Drosophila eliminates the sex pheromone CH503, while silencing it reduces the fertility of males and their conspecific rivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chin Ng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link NUS, 117604 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline S R Chin
- Biological Mass Spectrometry, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link NUS, 117604 Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah Junn Tan
- Biological Mass Spectrometry, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link NUS, 117604 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Y Yew
- Biological Mass Spectrometry, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link NUS, 117604 Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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167
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Yew JY, Chung H. Insect pheromones: An overview of function, form, and discovery. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:88-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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168
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Oi CA, van Zweden JS, Oliveira RC, Van Oystaeyen A, Nascimento FS, Wenseleers T. The origin and evolution of social insect queen pheromones: Novel hypotheses and outstanding problems. Bioessays 2015; 37:808-21. [PMID: 25916998 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Queen pheromones, which signal the presence of a fertile queen and induce daughter workers to remain sterile, are considered to play a key role in regulating the reproductive division of labor of insect societies. Although queen pheromones were long thought to be highly taxon-specific, recent studies have shown that structurally related long-chain hydrocarbons act as conserved queen signals across several independently evolved lineages of social insects. These results imply that social insect queen pheromones are very ancient and likely derived from an ancestral signalling system that was already present in their common solitary ancestors. Based on these new insights, we here review the literature and speculate on what signal precursors social insect queen pheromones may have evolved from. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence that these pheromones should best be seen as honest signals of fertility as opposed to suppressive agents that chemically sterilize the workers against their own best interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia A Oi
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology & Social Evolution, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle S van Zweden
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology & Social Evolution, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricardo C Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology & Social Evolution, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Van Oystaeyen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology & Social Evolution, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio S Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology & Social Evolution, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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169
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Weiss I, Hofferberth J, Ruther J, Stökl J. Varying importance of cuticular hydrocarbons and iridoids in the species-specific mate recognition pheromones of three closely related Leptopilina species. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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170
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Ma Z(S. Towards computational models of animal cognition, an introduction for computer scientists. COGN SYST RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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171
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Lecocq T, Dellicour S, Michez D, Dehon M, Dewulf A, De Meulemeester T, Brasero N, Valterová I, Rasplus JY, Rasmont P. Methods for species delimitation in bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae,Bombus): towards an integrative approach. ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lecocq
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; av. FD Roosevelt 50 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Manuel Dehon
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Alexandre Dewulf
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Brasero
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Irena Valterová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Flamingovo nám 2 CZ-166 10 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations; CS 30 016 F-34988 Montferrier/Lez Cedex France
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research institute of Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du Parc 20 7000 Mons Belgium
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172
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Umbers KDL, Symonds MRE, Kokko H. The mothematics of female pheromone signaling: strategies for aging virgins. Am Nat 2015; 185:417-32. [PMID: 25674695 DOI: 10.1086/679614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although females rarely experience strong mate limitation, delays or lifelong problems of mate acquisition are detrimental to female fitness. In systems where males search for females via pheromone plumes, it is often difficult to assess whether female signaling is costly. Direct costs include the energetics of pheromone production and attention from unwanted eavesdroppers, such as parasites, parasitoids, and predators. Suboptimal outcomes are also possible from too many or too few mating events or near-simultaneous arrival of males who make unwanted mating attempts (even if successfully thwarted). We show that, in theory, even small costs can lead to a scenario where young females signal less intensely (lower pheromone concentration and/or shorter time spent signaling) and increase signaling effort only as they age and gather evidence (while still virgin) on whether sperm limitation threatens their reproductive success. Our synthesis of the empirical data available on Lepidoptera supports this prediction for one frequently reported component of signaling-time spent calling (often reported as the time of onset of calling at night)-but not for another, pheromone titer. This difference is explicable under the plausible but currently untested assumption that signaling earlier than other females each night is a more reliable way of increasing the probability of acquiring at least one mate than producing a more concentrated pheromone plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D L Umbers
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Division of Ecology, Evolution, and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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173
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Martín J, López P. Condition-dependent chemosignals in reproductive behavior of lizards. Horm Behav 2015; 68:14-24. [PMID: 24952102 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Chemosignals and Reproduction". Many lizards have diverse glands that produce chemosignals used in intraspecific communication and that can have reproductive consequences. For example, information in chemosignals of male lizards can be used in intrasexual competition to identify and assess the fighting potential or dominance status of rival males either indirectly through territorial scent-marks or during agonistic encounters. Moreover, females of several lizard species "prefer" to establish or spend more time on areas scent-marked by males with compounds signaling a better health or body condition or a higher genetic compatibility, which can have consequences for their mating success and inter-sexual selection processes. We review here recent studies that suggest that the information content of chemosignals of lizards may be reliable because several physiological and endocrine processes would regulate the proportions of chemical compounds available for gland secretions. Because chemosignals are produced by the organism or come from the diet, they should reflect physiological changes, such as different hormonal levels (e.g. testosterone or corticosterone) or different health states (e.g. parasitic infections, immune response), and reflect the quality of the diet of an individual. More importantly, some compounds that may function as chemosignals also have other important functions in the organism (e.g. as antioxidants or regulating the immune system), so there could be trade-offs between allocating these compounds to attending physiological needs or to produce costly sexual "chemical ornaments". All these factors may contribute to maintain chemosignals as condition-dependent sexual signals, which can inform conspecifics on the characteristics and state of the sender and allow making behavioral decisions with reproductive consequences. To understand the evolution of chemical secretions of lizards as sexual signals and their relevance in reproduction, future studies should examine what information the signals are carrying, the physiological processes that can maintain the reliability of the message and how diverse behavioral responses to chemosignals may influence reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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174
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175
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Mast JD, De Moraes CM, Alborn HT, Lavis LD, Stern DL. Evolved differences in larval social behavior mediated by novel pheromones. eLife 2014; 3:e04205. [PMID: 25497433 PMCID: PMC4270068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheromones, chemical signals that convey social information, mediate many insect social behaviors, including navigation and aggregation. Several studies have suggested that behavior during the immature larval stages of Drosophila development is influenced by pheromones, but none of these compounds or the pheromone-receptor neurons that sense them have been identified. Here we report a larval pheromone-signaling pathway. We found that larvae produce two novel long-chain fatty acids that are attractive to other larvae. We identified a single larval chemosensory neuron that detects these molecules. Two members of the pickpocket family of DEG/ENaC channel subunits (ppk23 and ppk29) are required to respond to these pheromones. This pheromone system is evolving quickly, since the larval exudates of D. simulans, the sister species of D. melanogaster, are not attractive to other larvae. Our results define a new pheromone signaling system in Drosophila that shares characteristics with pheromone systems in a wide diversity of insects. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04205.001 The release of chemical signals called pheromones is a common tactic used by animals in many social situations, such as to attract potential mates or to follow trails left by other members of their colony. Larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster—a species commonly studied in the laboratory—gather together when sharing a food source and then cooperate in a way that may increase how efficiently they feed. It has been proposed that pheromones coordinate this behavior, but no larval pheromones had been identified. Mast et al. noticed that Drosophila larvae crawling on a surface tended to occupy areas where other larvae had crawled before. This suggested that larvae had left attractive chemicals on the surface. Mast et al. identified two such substances by analyzing the chemicals left on the surface and then by testing the response of larvae to each compound. Ultimately, Mast et al. found that a single sensory neuron in the larva is responsible for detecting these attractive chemical signals. Furthermore, two genes called pickpocket23 and pickpocket29 control this response. These genes were previously known for their roles in detecting sex pheromones, and they are members of a diverse family of calcium channel subunits that are involved in detecting multiple ‘sensory modalities’ such as touch and taste. When either pickpocket23 or pickpocket29 are inactivated, larvae ignore the social cues left by their neighbors. Mast et al. also looked for an evolutionary role for these pheromones. Larvae of a closely related fly species called Drosophila simulans produce a subtly different blend of compounds to D. melanogaster, and this blend is not attractive to any of the species tested. While Drosophila simulans larvae were not attracted to the cues left by their own species, they were attracted to the pheromones produced by Drosophila melanogaster, indicating that they retain the sensory mechanisms to detect and respond to these pheromones. These results suggest that larvae experience a rapidly evolving, complex, pheromone-rich environment that may help them tailor their behavior to survive. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04205.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Mast
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | | | - Hans T Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, United States
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - David L Stern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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176
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Helmkampf M, Cash E, Gadau J. Evolution of the insect desaturase gene family with an emphasis on social Hymenoptera. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:456-71. [PMID: 25425561 PMCID: PMC4298175 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Desaturase genes are essential for biological processes, including lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and membrane fluidity regulation. Insect desaturases are particularly interesting for their role in chemical communication, and potential contribution to speciation, symbioses, and sociality. Here, we describe the acyl-CoA desaturase gene families of 15 insects, with a focus on social Hymenoptera. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the insect desaturases represent an ancient gene family characterized by eight subfamilies that differ strongly in their degree of conservation and frequency of gene gain and loss. Analyses of genomic organization showed that five of these subfamilies are represented in a highly microsyntenic region conserved across holometabolous insect taxa, indicating an ancestral expansion during early insect evolution. In three subfamilies, ants exhibit particularly large expansions of genes. Despite these expansions, however, selection analyses showed that desaturase genes in all insect lineages are predominantly undergoing strong purifying selection. Finally, for three expanded subfamilies, we show that ants exhibit variation in gene expression between species, and more importantly, between sexes and castes within species. This suggests functional differentiation of these genes and a role in the regulation of reproductive division of labor in ants. The dynamic pattern of gene gain and loss of acyl-CoA desaturases in ants may reflect changes in response to ecological diversification and an increased demand for chemical signal variability. This may provide an example of how gene family expansions can contribute to lineage-specific adaptations through structural and regulatory changes acting in concert to produce new adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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177
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delBarco-Trillo J, Drea CM. Socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in the chemical signals of strepsirrhine primates. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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178
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Rong Y, Fujii T, Katsuma S, Yamamoto M, Ando T, Ishikawa Y. CYP341B14: a cytochrome P450 involved in the specific epoxidation of pheromone precursors in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:122-128. [PMID: 25263764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two of the four sex pheromone components in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-3,6-henicosadiene and cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-1,3,6-henicosatriene, possess an epoxy ring within their molecules. These compounds have been suggested to be biosynthesized from dietary linolenic acid via the following enzymatic reactions; chain elongation, terminal desaturation (in the case of the latter component), decarboxylation, and epoxidation. The last step of this biosynthesis, epoxidation, is known to occur specifically in the sex pheromone gland of females. We identified the enzyme involved in the epoxidation of pheromone precursors by focusing on cytochromes P450, which are known to catalyze the oxidation of various compounds. Three P450-like sequences (Hc_epo1, Hc_epo2, and Hc_epo3) were identified in the cDNA library prepared from the sex pheromone gland of H. cunea. Among these clones, only Hc_epo1 was specifically expressed in the pheromone gland. The full-length sequence of Hc_epo1 contained an ORF of 1527 bp, which encoded a protein of 509 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 57.9 kDa. The deduced Hc_epo1 amino acid sequence possessed the characteristics of P450. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequence indicated that Hc_epo1 belonged to the CYP341B clade in the CYP341 family. Therefore, it was named CYP341B14. A subsequent functional assay using Sf-9 cells transiently expressing CYP341B14 demonstrated that this P450 protein was able to specifically epoxidize a (Z)-double bond at the 9th position in the pheromone precursor, (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-henicosatriene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rong
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsu Ando
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering (BASE), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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179
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Joyce AL, White WH, Nuessly GS, Solis MA, Scheffer SJ, Lewis ML, Medina RF. Geographic population structure of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in the southern United States. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110036. [PMID: 25337705 PMCID: PMC4206286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane borer moth, Diatraea saccharalis, is widespread throughout the Western Hemisphere, and is considered an introduced species in the southern United States. Although this moth has a wide distribution and is a pest of many crop plants including sugarcane, corn, sorghum and rice, it is considered one species. The objective was to investigate whether more than one introduction of D. saccharalis had occurred in the southern United States and whether any cryptic species were present. We field collected D. saccharalis in Texas, Louisiana and Florida in the southern United States. Two molecular markers, AFLPs and mitochondrial COI, were used to examine genetic variation among these regional populations and to compare the sequences with those available in GenBank and BOLD. We found geographic population structure in the southern United States which suggests two introductions and the presence of a previously unknown cryptic species. Management of D. saccharalis would likely benefit from further investigation of population genetics throughout the range of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Joyce
- SNRI, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William H. White
- USDA-ARS Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gregg S. Nuessly
- University of Florida, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Alma Solis
- USDA, Systematic Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Sonja J. Scheffer
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Lab, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Lewis
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Lab, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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180
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Pheromone receptor evolution in the cryptic leafroller species, Ctenopseustis obliquana and C. herana. J Mol Evol 2014; 80:42-56. [PMID: 25252791 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-014-9650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
How new mate recognition systems evolve when changes are required in both the male and female components remains a conundrum. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of pheromone reception in two species of tortricid (leafroller) moth, Ctenopseustis obliquana and C. herana. Male C. obliquana are attracted to a 90:10 blend of (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14:OAc), whereas C. herana males are attracted to Z5-14:OAc alone. We used a transcriptome sequencing approach from adult male and female antennae to identify 47 olfactory receptors (ORs) from each species and assessed their expression levels in male and female antennae using RNA-Seq counting and quantitative RT-PCR. Three male-biased and one female-biased OR were identified in C. obliquana by quantitative RT-PCR, and four male-biased and one female-biased receptor in C. herana. The male-biased receptors, CoblOR7, CoblOR30, CherOR7, CherOR30, CherOR1a and CherOR1b were tested for their ability to respond to sex pheromone components in a HEK293 cell calcium assay. CoblOR7 and CherOR7 responded to Z8-14:OAc, however, no receptor for Z5-14:OAc was identified. In addition to Z8-14:OAc, CherOR7 also responded to Z7-14:OAc, indicating that this receptor may be under relaxed constraint. Of the 29 amino acid differences between CoblOR7 and CherOR7, significantly more are located in the third and the sixth transmembrane domain regions. Overall, these findings are consistent with studies revealing the presence of neurons tuned to both Z8-14:OAc and Z5-14:OAc in both species, but that for C. herana males, the ability to detect Z8-14:OAc is currently not required.
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181
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McKenzie SK, Oxley PR, Kronauer DJC. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics in ants provide new insights into the evolution and function of odorant binding and chemosensory proteins. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:718. [PMID: 25159315 PMCID: PMC4161878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex societies of ants and other social insects rely on sophisticated chemical communication. Two families of small soluble proteins, the odorant binding and chemosensory proteins (OBPs and CSPs), are believed to be important in insect chemosensation. To better understand the role of these proteins in ant olfaction, we examined their evolution and expression across the ants using phylogenetics and sex- and tissue-specific RNA-seq. RESULTS We find that subsets of both OBPs and CSPs are expressed in the antennae, contradicting the previous hypothesis that CSPs have replaced OBPs in ant olfaction. Both protein families have several highly conserved clades with a single ortholog in all eusocial hymenopterans, as well as clades with more dynamic evolution and many taxon-specific radiations. The dynamically evolving OBPs and CSPs have been hypothesized to function in chemical communication. Intriguingly, we find that seven members of the conserved clades are expressed specifically in the antennae of the clonal raider ant Cerapachys biroi, whereas only one dynamically evolving CSP is antenna specific. The orthologs of the conserved, antenna-specific C. biroi genes are also expressed in antennae of the ants Camponotus floridanus and Harpegnathos saltator, indicating that antenna-specific expression of these OBPs and CSPs is conserved across ants. Most members of the dynamically evolving clades in both protein families are expressed primarily in non-chemosensory tissues and thus likely do not fulfill chemosensory functions. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify candidate OBPs and CSPs that are likely involved in conserved aspects of ant olfaction, and suggest that OBPs and CSPs may not rapidly evolve to recognize species-specific signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K McKenzie
- Laboratory of Insect Social Evolution, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, 10065 New York, NY, USA.
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182
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Steiger S, Stökl J. The Role of Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Chemical Signals in Insects. INSECTS 2014; 5:423-38. [PMID: 26462692 PMCID: PMC4592599 DOI: 10.3390/insects5020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is the most ancient and widespread form of communication. Yet we are only beginning to grasp the complexity of chemical signals and the role they play in sexual selection. Focusing on insects, we review here the recent progress in the field of olfactory-based sexual selection. We will show that there is mounting empirical evidence that sexual selection affects the evolution of chemical traits, but form and strength of selection differ between species. Studies indicate that some chemical signals are expressed in relation to an individual's condition and depend, for example, on age, immunocompetence, fertility, body size or degree of inbreeding. Males or females might benefit by choosing based on those traits, gaining resources or "good genes". Other chemical traits appear to reliably reflect an individual's underlying genotype and are suitable to choose a mating partner that matches best the own genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steiger
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Johannes Stökl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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183
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Elzinga JA, Mappes J, Kaila L. Pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers drive divergence of five sympatric species of Naryciinae moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer A. Elzinga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 FI-40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 FI-40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lauri Kaila
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; Zoology Unit; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 17 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
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184
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Sex pheromone biosynthetic pathways are conserved between moths and the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3957. [PMID: 24862548 PMCID: PMC4050330 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phylogenetically nested within the moths, butterflies have diverged extensively in a number of life history traits. Whereas moths rely greatly on chemical signals, visual advertisement is the hallmark of mate finding in butterflies. In the context of courtship, however, male chemical signals are widespread in both groups although they likely have multiple evolutionary origins. Here, we report that in males of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, courtship scents are produced de novo via biosynthetic pathways shared with females of many moth species. We show that two of the pheromone components that play a major role in mate choice, namely the (Z)-9-tetradecenol and hexadecanal, are produced through the activity of a fatty acyl Δ11-desaturase and two specialized alcohol-forming fatty acyl reductases. Our study provides the first evidence of conservation and sharing of ancestral genetic modules for the production of FA-derived pheromones over a long evolutionary timeframe thereby reconciling mate communication in moths and butterflies. Little is known about the evolutionary origins of the genes involved in butterfly pheromone synthesis. Here, Liénard et al. show that the biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of male courtship scents of the butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, are shared with females of many moth species.
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185
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Wilburn DB, Bowen KE, Doty KA, Arumugam S, Lane AN, Feldhoff PW, Feldhoff RC. Structural insights into the evolution of a sexy protein: novel topology and restricted backbone flexibility in a hypervariable pheromone from the red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96975. [PMID: 24849290 PMCID: PMC4029566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pervasive sexual selection, protein sex pheromones often display rapid mutation and accelerated evolution of corresponding gene sequences. For proteins, the general dogma is that structure is maintained even as sequence or function may rapidly change. This phenomenon is well exemplified by the three-finger protein (TFP) superfamily: a diverse class of vertebrate proteins co-opted for many biological functions - such as components of snake venoms, regulators of the complement system, and coordinators of amphibian limb regeneration. All of the >200 structurally characterized TFPs adopt the namesake "three-finger" topology. In male red-legged salamanders, the TFP pheromone Plethodontid Modulating Factor (PMF) is a hypervariable protein such that, through extensive gene duplication and pervasive sexual selection, individual male salamanders express more than 30 unique isoforms. However, it remained unclear how this accelerated evolution affected the protein structure of PMF. Using LC/MS-MS and multidimensional NMR, we report the 3D structure of the most abundant PMF isoform, PMF-G. The high resolution structural ensemble revealed a highly modified TFP structure, including a unique disulfide bonding pattern and loss of secondary structure, that define a novel protein topology with greater backbone flexibility in the third peptide finger. Sequence comparison, models of molecular evolution, and homology modeling together support that this flexible third finger is the most rapidly evolving segment of PMF. Combined with PMF sequence hypervariability, this structural flexibility may enhance the plasticity of PMF as a chemical signal by permitting potentially thousands of structural conformers. We propose that the flexible third finger plays a critical role in PMF:receptor interactions. As female receptors co-evolve, this flexibility may allow PMF to still bind its receptor(s) without the immediate need for complementary mutations. Consequently, this unique adaptation may establish new paradigms for how receptor:ligand pairs co-evolve, in particular with respect to sexual conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien B. Wilburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kari A. Doty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sengodagounder Arumugam
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Lane
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Pamela W. Feldhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Feldhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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186
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Namiki S, Daimon T, Iwatsuki C, Shimada T, Kanzaki R. Antennal lobe organization and pheromone usage in bombycid moths. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140096. [PMID: 24759369 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the neuroanatomy of the macroglomerular complex (MGC), which is involved in sex pheromone processing, in five species in the subfamily Bombycinae, including Ernolatia moorei, Trilocha varians, Rondotia menciana, Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori. The glomerulus located at the dorsal-most part of the olfactory centre shows the largest volume in moth species examined to date. Such normal glomerular organization has been observed in E. moorei and T. varians, which use a two-component mixture and includes the compound bombykal as a mating signal. By contrast, the other three species, which use another component as a single attractant, exhibited a modified arrangement of the MGC. This correlation between pheromone usage and neural organization may be useful for understanding the process of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Namiki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, , Tokyo, Japan
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187
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Wyatt T. Introduction to Chemical Signaling in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. Front Neurosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b16511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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188
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Steiger S, Ower GD, Stökl J, Mitchell C, Hunt J, Sakaluk SK. Sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons of male sagebrush crickets in the wild. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132353. [PMID: 24197415 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play an essential role in mate recognition in insects but the form and intensity of sexual selection on CHCs has only been evaluated in a handful of studies, and never in a natural population. We quantified sexual selection operating on CHCs in a wild population of sagebrush crickets, a species in which nuptial feeding by females imposes an unambiguous phenotypic marker on males. Multivariate selection analysis revealed a saddle-shaped fitness surface, suggesting a complex interplay between the total abundance of CHCs and specific CHC combinations in their influence on female choice. The fitness surface resulting from two axes of disruptive selection reflected a trade-off between short- and long-chained CHCs, suggesting that males may be sacrificing some level of desiccation resistance in favour of increased attractiveness. There was a significant correlation between male body size and total CHC abundance, suggesting that male CHCs provide females with a reliable cue for maximizing benefits obtained from males. Notwithstanding the conspicuousness of males' acoustic signals, our results suggest that selection imposed on males via female mating preferences may be far more complex than previously appreciated and operating in multiple sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steiger
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, , Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA, Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, , Ulm 89081, Germany, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, , Regensburg 93053, Germany, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, , Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
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189
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The genetic architecture of chemosensory cues involved in species recognition: a behavioral approach in the house mouse. Behav Genet 2013; 44:56-67. [PMID: 24158628 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genetics of chemical signals is poorly understood. We addressed this issue in two subspecies of mice, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus, comparing their odor phenotypes with that of their hybrids. Earlier studies indicated that these subspecies could be discriminated on the basis of their urinary odor. We assessed male odor phenotypes from perception of musculus mice acting as olfactometers. Our results point to a complex genetic determinism. Reciprocal F1 hybrids produced a distinct odor phenotype, with shared characteristics distinguishing them from their parents, and stronger similarity to domesticus than to musculus. These results are consistent with implications of genes with partial dominance and a parent of origin effect. Further, similarities between reciprocal F2 allowed us to reject a direct role of the Y-chromosome in shaping the odor phenotype. However we show that the X-chromosome could be involved in explaining domesticus phenotype, while epistasis between genes on the sex chromosomes and the autosomes might influence musculus phenotype.
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190
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Buellesbach J, Gadau J, Beukeboom LW, Echinger F, Raychoudhury R, Werren JH, Schmitt T. Cuticular hydrocarbon divergence in the jewel wasp Nasonia: evolutionary shifts in chemical communication channels? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2467-78. [PMID: 24118588 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and maintenance of intraspecific communication channels constitute a key feature of chemical signalling and sexual communication. However, how divergent chemical communication channels evolve while maintaining their integrity for both sender and receiver is poorly understood. In this study, we compare male and female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles in the jewel wasp genus Nasonia, analyse their chemical divergence and investigate their role as species-specific sexual signalling cues. Males and females of all four Nasonia species showed unique, nonoverlapping CHC profiles unambiguously separating them. Surprisingly, male and female phylogenies based on the chemical distances between their CHC profiles differed dramatically, where only male CHC divergence parallels the molecular phylogeny of Nasonia. In particular, N. giraulti female CHC profiles were the most divergent from all other species and very different from its most closely related sibling species N. oneida. Furthermore, although our behavioural assays indicate that female CHC profiles can generally be perceived as sexual cues attracting males in Nasonia, this function has apparently been lost in the highly divergent female N. giraulti CHC profiles. Curiously, N. giraulti males are still attracted to heterospecific, but not to conspecific female CHC profiles. We suggest that this striking discrepancy has been caused by an extensive evolutionary shift in female N. giraulti CHC profiles, which are no longer used as conspecific recognition cues. Our study constitutes the first report of an apparent abandonment of a sexual recognition cue that the receiver did not adapt to.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buellesbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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191
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Lado WE, Zhang D, Mennigen JA, Zamora JM, Popesku JT, Trudeau VL. Rapid modulation of gene expression profiles in the telencephalon of male goldfish following exposure to waterborne sex pheromones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:204-13. [PMID: 23800560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones rapidly affect endocrine physiology and behaviour, but little is known about their effects on gene expression in the neural tissues that mediate olfactory processing. In this study, we exposed male goldfish for 6h to waterborne 17,20βP (4.3 nM) and PGF2α (3 nM), the main pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory pheromones, respectively. Both treatments elevated milt volume (P=0.001). Microarray analysis of male telencephalon following PGF2α treatment identified 71 unique transcripts that were differentially expressed (q<5%; 67 up, 4 down). Functional annotation of these regulated genes indicates that PGF2α pheromone exposure affects diverse biological processes including nervous system functions, energy metabolism, cholesterol/lipoprotein transport, translational regulation, transcription and chromatin remodelling, protein processing, cytoskeletal organization, and signalling. By using real-time RT-PCR, we further validated three candidate genes, ependymin-II, calmodulin-A and aldolase C, which exhibited 3-5-fold increase in expression following PGF2α exposure. Expression levels of some other genes that are thought to be important for reproduction were also determined using real-time RT-PCR. Expression of sGnRH was increased by PGF2α, but not 17,20βP, whereas cGnRH expression was increased by 17,20βP but not PGF2α. In contrast, both pheromones increase the expression of glutamate (GluR2a, NR2A) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA γ2) receptor subunit mRNAs. Milt release and rapid modulation of neuronal transcription are part of the response of males to female sex pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudu E Lado
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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192
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Oroño L, Paulin L, Alberti AC, Hilal M, Ovruski S, Vilardi JC, Rull J, Aluja M. Effect of host plant chemistry on genetic differentiation and reduction of gene flow among Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations exploiting sympatric, synchronic hosts. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:790-798. [PMID: 23905743 DOI: 10.1603/en13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore host specialization includes changes in behavior, driven by locally induced adaptations to specific plants. These adaptations often result in sexual isolation that can be gauged through detection of reduced gene flow between host associated populations. Hypothetically, reduced gene flow can be mediated both by differential response to specific plant kairomones and by the influence of larval diet on some adult traits such as pheromone composition. These hypotheses could serve as a model to explain rapid radiation of phytophagous tephritid fruit flies, a group that includes several complexes of cryptic species. The South American Fruit Fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is a complex of at least seven cryptic species among which pheromone mediated sexual isolation resulted in rapid differentiation. Cryptic species also exhibit differences in host affiliation. In search of a model explaining rapid radiation in this group, we studied host plant chemical composition and genetic structure of three host associated sympatric populations of A. fraterculus. Chemical composition among host plant fruit varied widely both for nutrient and potentially toxic secondary metabolite content. Adaptation to plant chemistry appears to have produced population differentiation. We found host mediated differentiation to be stronger between populations exploiting sympatric synchronic hosts differing in chemical composition, than between populations that exploit hosts that fruit in succession. Gene flow among such host associated populations was extremely low. We propose as a working hypothesis for future research, that for those differences to persist over time, isolating mechanisms such as male produced sex pheromones and female preferences resulting from adaptation to different larval diets should evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Oroño
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, Argentina
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193
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Leonhardt SD, Rasmussen C, Schmitt T. Genes versus environment: geography and phylogenetic relationships shape the chemical profiles of stingless bees on a global scale. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130680. [PMID: 23658202 PMCID: PMC3673053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical compounds are highly important in the ecology of animals. In social insects, compounds on the body surface represent a particularly interesting trait, because they comprise different compound classes that are involved in different functions, such as communication, recognition and protection, all of which can be differentially affected by evolutionary processes. Here, we investigate the widely unknown and possibly antagonistic influence of phylogenetic and environmental factors on the composition of the cuticular chemistry of tropical stingless bees. We chose stingless bees because some species are unique in expressing not only self-produced compounds, but also compounds that are taken up from the environment. By relating the cuticular chemistry of 40 bee species from all over the world to their molecular phylogeny and geographical occurrence, we found that distribution patterns of different groups of compounds were differentially affected by genetic relatedness and biogeography. The ability to acquire environmental compounds was, for example, highly correlated with the bees' phylogeny and predominated in evolutionarily derived species. Owing to the presence of environmentally derived compounds, those species further expressed a higher chemical and thus functional diversity. In Old World species, chemical similarity of both environmentally derived and self-produced compounds was particularly high among sympatric species, even when they were less related to each other than to allopatric species, revealing a strong environmental effect even on largely genetically determined compounds. Thus, our findings do not only reveal an unexpectedly strong influence of the environment on the cuticular chemistry of stingless bees, but also demonstrate that even within one morphological trait (an insect's cuticular profile), different components (compound classes) can be differentially affected by different drivers (relatedness and biogeography), depending on the functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D Leonhardt
- Department of Ecology, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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194
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195
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Keeling CI, Yuen MMS, Liao NY, Roderick Docking T, Chan SK, Taylor GA, Palmquist DL, Jackman SD, Nguyen A, Li M, Henderson H, Janes JK, Zhao Y, Pandoh P, Moore R, Sperling FAH, W Huber DP, Birol I, Jones SJM, Bohlmann J. Draft genome of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, a major forest pest. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R27. [PMID: 23537049 PMCID: PMC4053930 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-3-r27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is the most serious insect pest of western North American pine forests. A recent outbreak destroyed more than 15 million hectares of pine forests, with major environmental effects on forest health, and economic effects on the forest industry. The outbreak has in part been driven by climate change, and will contribute to increased carbon emissions through decaying forests. RESULTS We developed a genome sequence resource for the mountain pine beetle to better understand the unique aspects of this insect's biology. A draft de novo genome sequence was assembled from paired-end, short-read sequences from an individual field-collected male pupa, and scaffolded using mate-paired, short-read genomic sequences from pooled field-collected pupae, paired-end short-insert whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing reads of mRNA from adult beetle tissues, and paired-end Sanger EST sequences from various life stages. We describe the cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, and plant cell wall-degrading enzyme gene families important to the survival of the mountain pine beetle in its harsh and nutrient-poor host environment, and examine genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism variation. A horizontally transferred bacterial sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase was evident in the genome, and its tissue-specific transcription suggests a functional role for this beetle. CONCLUSIONS Despite Coleoptera being the largest insect order with over 400,000 described species, including many agricultural and forest pest species, this is only the second genome sequence reported in Coleoptera, and will provide an important resource for the Curculionoidea and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Keeling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
| | - Macaire MS Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
| | - Nancy Y Liao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - T Roderick Docking
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Simon K Chan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Greg A Taylor
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Diana L Palmquist
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Shaun D Jackman
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
| | - Maria Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
| | - Hannah Henderson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
| | - Jasmine K Janes
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Pawan Pandoh
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Richard Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
| | - Felix AH Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Dezene P W Huber
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3N1
| | - Steven JM Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W 7th Ave #100 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4S6
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3N1
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4
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Lassance JM, Liénard MA, Antony B, Qian S, Fujii T, Tabata J, Ishikawa Y, Löfstedt C. Functional consequences of sequence variation in the pheromone biosynthetic gene pgFAR for Ostrinia moths. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3967-72. [PMID: 23407169 PMCID: PMC3593903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208706110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheromones are central to the mating systems of a wide range of organisms, and reproductive isolation between closely related species is often achieved by subtle differences in pheromone composition. In insects and moths in particular, the use of structurally similar components in different blend ratios is usually sufficient to impede gene flow between taxa. To date, the genetic changes associated with variation and divergence in pheromone signals remain largely unknown. Using the emerging model system Ostrinia, we show the functional consequences of mutations in the protein-coding region of the pheromone biosynthetic fatty-acyl reductase gene pgFAR. Heterologous expression confirmed that pgFAR orthologs encode enzymes exhibiting different substrate specificities that are the direct consequences of extensive nonsynonymous substitutions. When taking natural ratios of pheromone precursors into account, our data reveal that pgFAR substrate preference provides a good explanation of how species-specific ratios of pheromone components are obtained among Ostrinia species. Moreover, our data indicate that positive selection may have promoted the observed accumulation of nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments substantiate the idea that amino acid polymorphisms underlie subtle or drastic changes in pgFAR substrate preference. Altogether, this study identifies the reduction step as a potential source of variation in pheromone signals in the moth genus Ostrinia and suggests that selection acting on particular mutations provides a mechanism allowing pheromone reductases to evolve new functional properties that may contribute to variation in the composition of pheromone signals.
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197
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Niehuis O, Buellesbach J, Gibson JD, Pothmann D, Hanner C, Mutti NS, Judson AK, Gadau J, Ruther J, Schmitt T. Behavioural and genetic analyses of Nasonia shed light on the evolution of sex pheromones. Nature 2013; 494:345-8. [PMID: 23407492 DOI: 10.1038/nature11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones play a pivotal role in the communication of many sexually reproducing organisms. Accordingly, speciation is often accompanied by pheromone diversification enabling proper mate finding and recognition. Current theory implies that chemical signals are under stabilizing selection by the receivers who thereby maintain the integrity of the signals. How the tremendous diversity of sex pheromones seen today evolved is poorly understood. Here we unravel the genetics of a newly evolved pheromone phenotype in wasps and present results from behavioural experiments indicating how the evolution of a new pheromone component occurred in an established sender-receiver system. We show that male Nasonia vitripennis evolved an additional pheromone compound differing only in its stereochemistry from a pre-existing one. Comparative behavioural studies show that conspecific females responded neutrally to the new pheromone phenotype when it evolved. Genetic mapping and gene knockdown show that a cluster of three closely linked genes accounts for the ability to produce this new pheromone phenotype. Our data suggest that new pheromone compounds can persist in a sender's population, without being selected against by the receiver and without the receiver having a pre-existing preference for the new pheromone phenotype, by initially remaining unperceived. Our results thus contribute valuable new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the diversification of sex pheromones. Furthermore, they indicate that the genetic basis of new pheromone compounds can be simple, allowing them to persist long enough in a population for receivers to evolve chemosensory adaptations for their exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Niehuis
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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Stahr C, Svatoš A, Seidelmann K. Chemical Identification, Emission Pattern and Function of Male-Specific Pheromones Released by a Rarely Swarming Locust, Schistocerca americana. J Chem Ecol 2012; 39:15-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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199
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Brockerhoff EG, Suckling DM, Roques A, Jactel H, Branco M, Twidle AM, Mastro VC, Kimberley MO. Improving the efficiency of lepidopteran pest detection and surveillance: constraints and opportunities for multiple-species trapping. J Chem Ecol 2012; 39:50-8. [PMID: 23254379 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions and provide decision support to response programs. Simultaneous trapping for multiple species, by baiting traps with several lures, is expected to increase the number of species that can be targeted in surveillance programs and improve the cost-effectiveness without affecting surveillance coverage. We tested this hypothesis by choosing four potential forest and urban lepidopteran pest species that are present in Europe but not yet in New Zealand and many other countries. We deployed traps in central and southern Europe with single lures or all possible species combinations (up to four lures per trap). There was only limited interference, apparently due to trap saturation, but no evidence for interspecific repellency among lures for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana. To assess what factors may be important in species compatibility/suitability for multiple-species trapping, we combined our results with those of previous studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. For 75 combinations of pheromones, tested singly or in combination, 19 % showed no effect on trap catch for any of the species tested. In the other cases, either one or both species showed a reduction in trap catch. However, few lure combinations caused complete or nearly complete suppression. For most combinations, catches were still sufficiently high for detection purposes. Species from the same superfamily exhibited more interference than more distantly related species. Together, these results suggest that there are opportunities to improve the range of exotic pests under surveillance, at little additional cost, by multiple-species trapping for which compatibility has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckehard G Brockerhoff
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), PO Box 29237, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand.
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