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Freitas JR, Mantovani W. An overview of the applicability of functional diversity in Biological Conservation. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:517-524. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.09416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Functional diversity is increasingly pointed as a useful approach to reach Biological Conservation goals. Here, we provide an overview of the functional diversity approach status in the Biological Conservation field. We sought for peer-reviewed papers published over a period of twenty years (from 1994 to 2014). First we used the general topic “functional diversity” and then refined our search using the key-word “conservation”. We have identified the conservation strategies addressed, the organism studied, and the continent of study site in each paper. Thirteen classes of conservation strategies were identified. Plants were the most commonly studied organism group and most study-sites were located in Europe. The functional diversity approach was introduced in the Biological Conservation field in the early 2000’s and its inclusion in conservation strategies is broadly advised. However, the number of papers that operationalise such inclusion by developing models and systems is still low. Functional diversity responds differently and eventually better than other measures to changes in land use and management, which suggests that this approach can potentially better predict the impacts. More studies are needed to corroborate this hypothesis. We pointed out knowledge gaps regarding identification of the responses for functional diversity about urban impacts and in research on the level of management intensity of land needed to maintain functional diversity. We recommend the use of functional diversity measures to find ecological indicators. Future studies should focus on the development of functional diversity measures of other taxa beyond plants as well as test hypothesis in tropical ecosystems.
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152
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Grenié M, Denelle P, Tucker CM, Munoz F, Violle C. funrar: An R package to characterize functional rarity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grenié
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175); CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE; Montpellier France
| | - Pierre Denelle
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175); CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE; Montpellier France
| | - Caroline M. Tucker
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175); CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE; Montpellier France
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Coker Hall; CB #3280 120 South Road Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA
| | - François Munoz
- University of Montpellier, AMAP; Montpellier France
- French Institute of Pondicherry; Pondicherry India
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175); CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE; Montpellier France
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153
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Cosset CCP, Edwards DP. The effects of restoring logged tropical forests on avian phylogenetic and functional diversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1932-1945. [PMID: 28543995 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging is the most prevalent land-use change in the tropics. Despite the resulting degradation of forest structure, selectively logged forests still harbor a substantial amount of biodiversity leading to suggestions that their protection is the next best alternative to conserving primary, old-growth forests. Restoring carbon stocks under Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) schemes is a potential method for obtaining funding to protect logged forests, via enrichment planting and liberation cutting of vines. This study investigates the impacts of restoring logged forests in Borneo on avian phylogenetic diversity, the total evolutionary history shared across all species within a community, and on functional diversity, with important implications for the protection of evolutionarily unique species and the provision of many ecosystem services. Overall and understorey avifaunal communities were studied using point count and mist netting surveys, respectively. Restoration caused a significant loss in phylogenetic diversity and MPD (mean pairwise distance) leaving an overall bird community of less total evolutionary history and more closely related species compared to unlogged forests, while the understorey bird community had MNTD (mean nearest taxon distance) that returned toward the lower levels found in a primary forest, indicating more closely related species pairs. The overall bird community experienced a significant loss of functional strategies and species with more specialized traits in restored forests compared to that of unlogged forests, which led to functional clustering in the community. Restoration also led to a reduction in functional richness and thus niches occupied in the understorey bird community compared to unlogged forests. While there are additional benefits of restoration for forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, future timber harvests, and potentially reduced threat of forest conversion, this must be weighed against the apparent loss of phylogenetic and functional diversity from unlogged forest levels, making the biodiversity-friendliness of carbon sequestration schemes questionable under future REDD+ agreements. To reduce perverse biodiversity outcomes, it is important to focus restoration only on the most degraded areas or at reduced intensity where breaks between regimes are incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C P Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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154
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Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Rubio E, Benedetti Y, Morelli F. Global loss of avian evolutionary uniqueness in urban areas. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2990-2998. [PMID: 27859999 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on Earth, is rapidly expanding worldwide. This expansion of urban land-covered areas is known to significantly reduce different components of biodiversity. However, the global evidence for this effect is mainly focused on a single diversity measure (species richness) with a few local or regional studies also supporting reductions in functional diversity. We have used birds, an important ecological group that has been used as surrogate for other animals, to investigate the hypothesis that urbanization reduces the global taxonomical and/or evolutionary diversity. We have also explored whether there is evidence supporting that urban bird communities are evolutionarily homogenized worldwide in comparison with nonurban ones by means of using evolutionary distinctiveness (how unique are the species) of bird communities. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the effect of urbanization in more than one single diversity measure as well as the first time to look for associations between urbanization and phylogenetic diversity at a large spatial scale. Our findings show a strong and globally consistent reduction in taxonomic diversity in urban areas, which is also synchronized with the evolutionary homogenization of urban bird communities. Despite our general patterns, we found some regional differences in the intensity of the effect of cities on bird species richness or evolutionary distinctiveness, suggesting that conservation efforts should be adapted locally. Our findings might be useful for conservationists and policymakers to minimize the impact of urban development on Earth's biodiversity and help design more realistic conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo
- Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Rubio
- Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Centro Naturalistico Sammarinese, via Valdes De Carli 21, I-47893, Borgo Maggiore, Republic of San Marino
| | - Federico Morelli
- Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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155
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Robert A, Fontaine C, Veron S, Monnet AC, Legrand M, Clavel J, Chantepie S, Couvet D, Ducarme F, Fontaine B, Jiguet F, le Viol I, Rolland J, Sarrazin F, Teplitsky C, Mouchet M. Fixism and conservation science. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:781-788. [PMID: 27943401 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of biodiversity conservation has recently been criticized as relying on a fixist view of the living world in which existing species constitute at the same time targets of conservation efforts and static states of reference, which is in apparent disagreement with evolutionary dynamics. We reviewed the prominent role of species as conservation units and the common benchmark approach to conservation that aims to use past biodiversity as a reference to conserve current biodiversity. We found that the species approach is justified by the discrepancy between the time scales of macroevolution and human influence and that biodiversity benchmarks are based on reference processes rather than fixed reference states. Overall, we argue that the ethical and theoretical frameworks underlying conservation research are based on macroevolutionary processes, such as extinction dynamics. Current species, phylogenetic, community, and functional conservation approaches constitute short-term responses to short-term human effects on these reference processes, and these approaches are consistent with evolutionary principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Robert
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Christine Monnet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marine Legrand
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joanne Clavel
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Chantepie
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Denis Couvet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ducarme
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle le Viol
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - François Sarrazin
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Maud Mouchet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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156
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Morante-Filho JC, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, de Andrade ER, Santos BA, Cazetta E, Faria D. Compensatory dynamics maintain bird phylogenetic diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Morante-Filho
- Applied Conservation Ecology Lab; Programa de Pós-graduação Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Morelia Mich. Mexico
| | - Edyla R. de Andrade
- Applied Conservation Ecology Lab; Programa de Pós-graduação Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Cidade Universitária; João Pessoa PB Brazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Applied Conservation Ecology Lab; Programa de Pós-graduação Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - Deborah Faria
- Applied Conservation Ecology Lab; Programa de Pós-graduação Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
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157
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Scheiner SM, Kosman E, Presley SJ, Willig MR. The components of biodiversity, with a particular focus on phylogenetic information. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6444-6454. [PMID: 28861247 PMCID: PMC5574767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a framework for biodiversity metrics that organizes the growing panoply of metrics. Our framework distinguishes metrics based on the type of information–abundance, phylogeny, function–and two common properties–magnitude and variability. Our new metrics of phylogenetic diversity are based on a partition of the total branch lengths of a cladogram into the proportional share of each species, including: a measure of divergence which standardizes the amount of evolutionary divergence by species richness and time depth of the cladogram; a measure of regularity which is maximal when the tree is perfectly symmetrical so that all species have the same proportional branch lengths; a measure that combines information on the magnitude and variability of abundance with phylogenetic variability, and a measure of phylogenetically weighted effective mean abundance; and indicate how those metrics can be decomposed into α and β components. We illustrate the utility of these new metrics using empirical data on the bat fauna of Manu, Peru. Divergence was greatest in lowland rainforest and at the transition between cloud and elfin forests, and least in upper elfin forests and in cloud forests. In contrast, regularity was greatest in lowland rainforest, dipping to its smallest values in mid‐elevation cloud forests, and then increasing in high elevation elfin forests. These patterns indicate that the first species to drop out with increasing elevation are ones that are closely related to other species in the metacommunity. Measures of the effective number of phylogenetically independent or distinct species decreased very rapidly with elevation, and β‐diversity was larger. In contrast, a comparison of feeding guilds shows a different effect of phylogenetic patterning. Along the elevational gradient, each guild generally loses some species from each clade–rather than entire clades–explaining the maintenance of functional diversity as phylogenetic diversity decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Scheiner
- Division of Environmental Biology National Science Foundation Arlington VA USA
| | - Evsey Kosman
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Steven J Presley
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Michael R Willig
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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158
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Delić T, Trontelj P, Rendoš M, Fišer C. The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3391. [PMID: 28611400 PMCID: PMC5469755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular taxonomy often uncovers cryptic species, reminding us that taxonomic incompleteness is even more severe than previous thought. The importance of cryptic species for conservation is poorly understood. Although some cryptic species may be seriously threatened or otherwise important, they are rarely included in conservation programs as most of them remain undescribed. We analysed the importance of cryptic species in conservation by scrutinizing the South European cryptic complex of the subterranean amphipod Niphargus stygius sensu lato. Using uni- and multilocus delineation methods we show that it consists of 15 parapatric and sympatric species, which we describe using molecular diagnoses. The new species are not mere “taxonomic inflation” as they originate from several distinct branches within the genus and coexist with no evidence of lineage sharing. They are as evolutionarily distinct as average nominal species of the same genus. Ignoring these cryptic species will underestimate the number of subterranean endemics in Slovenia by 12 and in Croatia by four species, although alpha diversity of single caves remains unchanged. The new taxonomy renders national Red Lists largely obsolete, as they list mostly large-ranged species but omit critically endangered single-site endemics. Formal naming of cryptic species is critical for them to be included in conservation policies and faunal listings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo Delić
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Peter Trontelj
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Michal Rendoš
- State Nature Conservancy, Slovak Caves Administration, Hodžova 11, 031 01, Liptovský, Mikuláš, Slovakia
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
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159
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Large conservation gains possible for global biodiversity facets. Nature 2017; 546:141-144. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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160
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Albouy C, Delattre VL, Mérigot B, Meynard CN, Leprieur F. Multifaceted biodiversity hotspots of marine mammals for conservation priorities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Albouy
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Landscape Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- IFREMER; Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Valentine L. Delattre
- Université de Montpellier; UMR 9190 MARBEC (CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, UM); Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Bastien Mérigot
- Université de Montpellier; UMR 9190 MARBEC (CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, UM); Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Christine N. Meynard
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science; College of William & Mary; Gloucester Point VA USA
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- Université de Montpellier; UMR 9190 MARBEC (CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, UM); Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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161
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Tucker CM, Cadotte MW, Carvalho SB, Davies TJ, Ferrier S, Fritz SA, Grenyer R, Helmus MR, Jin LS, Mooers AO, Pavoine S, Purschke O, Redding DW, Rosauer DF, Winter M, Mazel F. A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:698-715. [PMID: 26785932 PMCID: PMC5096690 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of phylogenies in ecology is increasingly common and has broadened our understanding of biological diversity. Ecological sub-disciplines, particularly conservation, community ecology and macroecology, all recognize the value of evolutionary relationships but the resulting development of phylogenetic approaches has led to a proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics. The use of many metrics across the sub-disciplines hampers potential meta-analyses, syntheses, and generalizations of existing results. Further, there is no guide for selecting the appropriate metric for a given question, and different metrics are frequently used to address similar questions. To improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo-diversity metrics, we organize existing metrics by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information. Generally, questions about phylogenetic relationships within or between assemblages tend to ask three types of question: how much; how different; or how regular? We show that these questions reflect three dimensions of a phylogenetic tree: richness, divergence, and regularity. We classify 70 existing phylo-diversity metrics based on their mathematical form within these three dimensions and identify 'anchor' representatives: for α-diversity metrics these are PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), MPD (mean pairwise distance), and VPD (variation of pairwise distances). By analysing mathematical formulae and using simulations, we use this framework to identify metrics that mix dimensions, and we provide a guide to choosing and using the most appropriate metrics. We show that metric choice requires connecting the research question with the correct dimension of the framework and that there are logical approaches to selecting and interpreting metrics. The guide outlined herein will help researchers navigate the current jungle of indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBox 334BoulderCO80309‐0334U.S.A.
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughScarboroughM1C 1A4Canada
- Stake Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and EvolutionSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto4485‐661VairãoPortugal
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalH3A 1B1Canada
- African Centre for DNA BarcodingUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524Johannesburg2006South Africa
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Climate Adaptation FlagshipGPO BOX 1600Canberra2601Australia
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung60325Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe University60438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Rich Grenyer
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYU.K.
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Department of Ecological Sciences ‐ Animal EcologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
- Center for Biodiversity, Department of BiologyTemple UniversitySuite 502PhiladelphiaPA19122U.S.A.
| | - Lanna S. Jin
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoRoom 3055TorontoM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Department of BiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences (UMR 7204 CESCO)Museum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06108Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Computer ScienceMartin‐Luther‐University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - David W. Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Dan F. Rosauer
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityActon2601Australia
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Florent Mazel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS ‐ Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553)BP 5338041Grenoble Cedex 9France
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162
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Violle C, Thuiller W, Mouquet N, Munoz F, Kraft NJB, Cadotte MW, Livingstone SW, Mouillot D. Functional Rarity: The Ecology of Outliers. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:356-367. [PMID: 28389103 PMCID: PMC5489079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rarity has been a central topic for conservation and evolutionary biologists aiming to determine the species characteristics that cause extinction risk. More recently, beyond the rarity of species, the rarity of functions or functional traits, called functional rarity, has gained momentum in helping to understand the impact of biodiversity decline on ecosystem functioning. However, a conceptual framework for defining and quantifying functional rarity is still lacking. We introduce 12 different forms of functional rarity along gradients of species scarcity and trait distinctiveness. We then highlight the potential key role of functional rarity in the long-term and large-scale maintenance of ecosystem processes, as well as the necessary linkage between functional and evolutionary rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Montpellier, France.
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France
| | - François Munoz
- Université de Montpellier, botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations (AMAP), Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry 605001, India
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart W Livingstone
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Mouillot
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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163
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Sánchez de Dios R, Cabal Ruano C, Domínguez Lozano F, Sainz Ollero H, Moreno Saiz JC. The role of criteria in selecting important areas for conservation in biodiversity-rich territories. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rut Sánchez de Dios
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ciro Cabal Ruano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Felipe Domínguez Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Helios Sainz Ollero
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica); Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno Saiz
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica); Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
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164
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Tanentzap AJ, Lee WG. Evolutionary conservatism explains increasing relatedness of plant communities along a flooding gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:634-644. [PMID: 27597313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic filters have been found either to increase or reduce evolutionary relatedness in plant communities, making it difficult to generalize responses of this major feature of biodiversity to future environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the responses of phylogenetic structure to environmental change ultimately depend on how species have evolved traits for tolerating the resulting abiotic changes. Working within ephemeral wetlands, we tested whether species were increasingly related as flooding duration intensified. We also identified the mechanisms underlying increased relatedness by measuring root aerenchyma volume (RAV), a trait which promotes waterlogging tolerance. We found that species-specific responses to flooding explained most of the variation in occurrence for 63 vascular plant species across 5170 plots. For a subset of 22 species, we attributed these responses to variation in RAV. Large RAV specifically increased occurrence when flooding lasted for longer time periods, because large RAV reduced above-ground biomass loss. As large RAV was evolutionarily conserved within obligate wetland species, communities were more phylogenetically related as flooding increased. Our study shows how reconstructing the evolutionary history of traits that influence the responses of species to environmental change can help to predict future patterns in phylogenetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - William G Lee
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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165
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Gallien L, Altermatt F, Wiemers M, Schweiger O, Zimmermann NE. Invasive plants threaten the least mobile butterflies in Switzerland. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gallien
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Centre for Invasion Biology; Department of Botany & Zoology; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Wiemers
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Niklaus E. Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
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166
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Pardo I, Roquet C, Lavergne S, Olesen JM, Gómez D, García MB. Spatial congruence between taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional hotspots: true pattern or methodological artefact? DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iker Pardo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza-Jaca PO Box 13034 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Cristina Roquet
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA); CNRS - Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553); F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA); CNRS - Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553); F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade Building 1540 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Daniel Gómez
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza-Jaca PO Box 13034 Zaragoza Spain
| | - María B. García
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza-Jaca PO Box 13034 Zaragoza Spain
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167
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Gudde R, Venditti C. Comparison of conservation metrics in a case study of lemurs. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:1347-1356. [PMID: 27113083 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conservation planning is important to protect species from going extinct now that natural habitats are decreasing owing to human activity and climate change. However, there is considerable controversy in choosing appropriate metrics to weigh the value of species and geographic regions. For example, the added value of phylogenetic conservation-selection criteria remains disputed because high correlations between them and the nonphylogenetic criteria of species richness have been reported. We evaluated the commonly used conservation metrics species richness, endemism, phylogenetic diversity (PD), and phylogenetic endemism (PE) in a case study on lemurs of Madagascar. This enabled us to identify the conservation target of each metric and consider how they may be used in future conservation planning. We also devised a novel metric that uses a phylogeny scaled according to the rate of phenotypic evolution as a proxy for a species' ability to adapt to change. High rates of evolution may indicate generalization or specialization. Both specialization and low rates of evolution may result in an inability to adapt to changing environments. We examined conservation priorities by using the inverse of the rate of body mass evolution to account for species with low rates of evolution. In line with previous work, we found high correlations among species richness and PD (r = 0.96), and endemism and PE (r = 0.82) in Malagasy lemurs. Phylogenetic endemism in combination with rates of evolution and their inverse prioritized grid cells containing highly endemic and specialized lemurs at risk of extinction, such as Avahi occidentalis and Lepilemur edwardsi, 2 endangered lemurs with high rates of phenotypic evolution and low-quality diets, and Hapalemur aureus, a critically endangered species with a low rate of body mass evolution and a diet consisting of very high doses of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Gudde
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BX, U.K..
| | - Chris Venditti
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BX, U.K
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168
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Schipper AM, Belmaker J, de Miranda MD, Navarro LM, Böhning-Gaese K, Costello MJ, Dornelas M, Foppen R, Hortal J, Huijbregts MAJ, Martín-López B, Pettorelli N, Queiroz C, Rossberg AG, Santini L, Schiffers K, Steinmann ZJN, Visconti P, Rondinini C, Pereira HM. Contrasting changes in the abundance and diversity of North American bird assemblages from 1971 to 2010. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3948-3959. [PMID: 27002684 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally recognized that global biodiversity is declining, few studies have examined long-term changes in multiple biodiversity dimensions simultaneously. In this study, we quantified and compared temporal changes in the abundance, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of bird assemblages, using roadside monitoring data of the North American Breeding Bird Survey from 1971 to 2010. We calculated 12 abundance and diversity metrics based on 5-year average abundances of 519 species for each of 768 monitoring routes. We did this for all bird species together as well as for four subgroups based on breeding habitat affinity (grassland, woodland, wetland, and shrubland breeders). The majority of the biodiversity metrics increased or remained constant over the study period, whereas the overall abundance of birds showed a pronounced decrease, primarily driven by declines of the most abundant species. These results highlight how stable or even increasing metrics of taxonomic, functional, or phylogenetic diversity may occur in parallel with substantial losses of individuals. We further found that patterns of change differed among the species subgroups, with both abundance and diversity increasing for woodland birds and decreasing for grassland breeders. The contrasting changes between abundance and diversity and among the breeding habitat groups underscore the relevance of a multifaceted approach to measuring biodiversity change. Our findings further stress the importance of monitoring the overall abundance of individuals in addition to metrics of taxonomic, functional, or phylogenetic diversity, thus confirming the importance of population abundance as an essential biodiversity variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke M Schipper
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), PO Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- Department of Zoology and the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Murilo Dantas de Miranda
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laetitia M Navarro
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 13, 60439, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Mark J Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, Scotland
| | - Ruud Foppen
- SOVON Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, PO Box 6521, 6503 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 , Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), PO Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Martín-López
- Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Cibele Queiroz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel G Rossberg
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Luca Santini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Katja Schiffers
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Zoran J N Steinmann
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Visconti
- UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Infraestruturas de Portugal Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidado do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
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169
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Buckley TR. Applications of phylogenetics to solve practical problems in insect conservation. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 18:35-39. [PMID: 27939708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic approaches have much promise for the setting of conservation priorities and resource allocation. There has been significant development of analytical methods for the measurement of phylogenetic diversity within and among ecological communities as a way of setting conservation priorities. Application of these tools to insects has been low as has been the uptake by conservation managers. A critical reason for the lack of uptake includes the scarcity of detailed phylogenetic and species distribution data from much of insect diversity. Environmental DNA technologies offer a means for the high throughout collection of phylogenetic data across landscapes for conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Buckley
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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170
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Tsao YF, Lin WW, Chang CH, Ueda T, Jang-Liaw NH, Zhao YH, Kao HW. Phylogeography, Historical Demography, and Genetic Structure of the Rose Bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner, 1866) (Cypriniformes: Acheilognathidae), in East Asia. Zool Stud 2016; 55:e49. [PMID: 31966194 PMCID: PMC6511911 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2016.55-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yao-Feng Tsao, Wen-Wen Lin, Chia-Hao Chang, Takayoshi Ueda, Nian-Hong Jang-Liaw, Ya-Hui Zhao, and Hsiao-Wei Kao (2016) Rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, is a small cyprinid fish distributed in East Asia. To infer its phylogeography and genetic structure, specimens from Taiwan, China, and Japan were collected, and complete mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) DNA sequences were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses identified seven mitochondrial lineages (A-G). Among them, three lineages (A, B, and C) distributed in mainland China. Lineages D, E, and F distributed in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, respectively. Lineage G distributed in both China and Japan. The results of the Bayesian Binary MCMC analysis (BBM) suggested that the most recent common ancestor of R. ocellatus was from Lower Yangtze region. Divergence times among lineages inferred by molecular clock ranged from 7.55 to 1.44 million years ago. We propose that topography and climate changes by uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Late Miocene-Pliocene and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene might account for population expansion and genetic differentiation. Divergence times among lineages A, B, and C in Yangtze River basin ranged from 7.55 to 2.27 million years ago that might result from changes of flow directions of rivers from westward to eastward driven by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene might further cause population expansion to the northward of lineage G at about 0.19 million years ago. Lineage D in Japan was dispersed from the mainland China before the opening of the Sea of Japan, and lineage F in Taiwan was dispersed from the mainland China through the land bridge in the Pleistocene. Because of the genetic differentiation is statistically significant among populations, protection of genetic diversity and distinctness of R. ocellatus should be considered in the future conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Tsao
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. E-mail:
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan. E-mail:
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. E-mail:
| | - Takayoshi Ueda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan. E-mail:
| | | | - Ya-Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
| | - Hsiao-Wei Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. E-mail:
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171
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Knapp S, Winter M, Klotz S. Increasing species richness but decreasing phylogenetic richness and divergence over a 320-year period of urbanization. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Knapp
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle (Saale) Germany
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172
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Lamsdell JC, Selden PA. From success to persistence: Identifying an evolutionary regime shift in the diverse Paleozoic aquatic arthropod group Eurypterida, driven by the Devonian biotic crisis. Evolution 2016; 71:95-110. [PMID: 27783385 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass extinctions have altered the trajectory of evolution a number of times over the Phanerozoic. During these periods of biotic upheaval a different selective regime appears to operate, although it is still unclear whether consistent survivorship rules apply across different extinction events. We compare variations in diversity and disparity across the evolutionary history of a major Paleozoic arthropod group, the Eurypterida. Using these data, we explore the group's transition from a successful, dynamic clade to a stagnant persistent lineage, pinpointing the Devonian as the period during which this evolutionary regime shift occurred. The late Devonian biotic crisis is potentially unique among the "Big Five" mass extinctions in exhibiting a drop in speciation rates rather than an increase in extinction. Our study reveals eurypterids show depressed speciation rates throughout the Devonian but no abnormal peaks in extinction. Loss of morphospace occupation is random across all Paleozoic extinction events; however, differential origination during the Devonian results in a migration and subsequent stagnation of occupied morphospace. This shift appears linked to an ecological transition from euryhaline taxa to freshwater species with low morphological diversity alongside a decrease in endemism. These results demonstrate the importance of the Devonian biotic crisis in reshaping Paleozoic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Lamsdell
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024.,Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, 98 Beechurst Avenue, Brooks Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506
| | - Paul A Selden
- Paleontological Institute and Department of Geology, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045.,Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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173
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Tolonen KT, Vilmi A, Karjalainen SM, Hellsten S, Sutela T, Heino J. Ignoring spatial effects results in inadequate models for variation in littoral macroinvertebrate diversity. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo T. Tolonen
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Annika Vilmi
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | | | - Seppo Hellsten
- Finnish Environment Institute; Freshwater Centre; Oulu Finland
| | - Tapio Sutela
- Natural Resources Institute Finland; Oulu Finland
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
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174
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Brown JS. Why Darwin would have loved evolutionary game theory. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160847. [PMID: 27605503 PMCID: PMC5031650 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have marvelled at the fit of form and function, the way organisms' traits seem remarkably suited to their lifestyles and ecologies. While natural selection provides the scientific basis for the fit of form and function, Darwin found certain adaptations vexing or particularly intriguing: sex ratios, sexual selection and altruism. The logic behind these adaptations resides in frequency-dependent selection where the value of a given heritable phenotype (i.e. strategy) to an individual depends upon the strategies of others. Game theory is a branch of mathematics that is uniquely suited to solving such puzzles. While game theoretic thinking enters into Darwin's arguments and those of evolutionists through much of the twentieth century, the tools of evolutionary game theory were not available to Darwin or most evolutionists until the 1970s, and its full scope has only unfolded in the last three decades. As a consequence, game theory is applied and appreciated rather spottily. Game theory not only applies to matrix games and social games, it also applies to speciation, macroevolution and perhaps even to cancer. I assert that life and natural selection are a game, and that game theory is the appropriate logic for framing and understanding adaptations. Its scope can include behaviours within species, state-dependent strategies (such as male, female and so much more), speciation and coevolution, and expands beyond microevolution to macroevolution. Game theory clarifies aspects of ecological and evolutionary stability in ways useful to understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, niche construction and ecosystem engineering. In short, I would like to think that Darwin would have found game theory uniquely useful for his theory of natural selection. Let us see why this is so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Robert
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Charles Thévenin
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Karine Princé
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - François Sarrazin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS CESCO UMR 7204 Sorbonne Universités 75005 Paris France
| | - Joanne Clavel
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
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176
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Zhang J, Nielsen SE, Chen Y, Georges D, Qin Y, Wang SS, Svenning JC, Thuiller W. Extinction risk of North American seed plants elevated by climate and land-use change. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science & Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Youhua Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Damien Georges
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Yuchu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science; Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Si-Shuo Wang
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
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177
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Chai Y, Yue M, Liu X, Guo Y, Wang M, Xu J, Zhang C, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang R. Patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic diversity during a long-term succession of forest on the Loess Plateau, China: insights into assembly process. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27087. [PMID: 27272407 PMCID: PMC4897607 DOI: 10.1038/srep27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the drivers underlying the distribution of biodiversity during succession is a critical issue in ecology and conservation, and also can provide insights into the mechanisms of community assembly. Ninety plots were established in the Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi in China. The taxonomic and phylogenetic (alpha and beta) diversity were quantified within six succession stages. Null models were used to test whether phylogenetic distance observed differed from random expectations. Taxonomic beta diversity did not show a regular pattern, while phylogenetic beta diversity decreased throughout succession. The shrub stage occurred as a transition from phylogenetic overdispersion to clustering either for NRI (Net Relatedness Index) or betaNRI. The betaNTI (Nearest Taxon Index) values for early stages were on average phylogenetically random, but for the betaNRI analyses, these stages were phylogenetically overdispersed. Assembly of woody plants differed from that of herbaceous plants during late community succession. We suggest that deterministic and stochastic processes respectively play a role in different aspects of community phylogenetic structure for early succession stage, and that community composition of late succession stage is governed by a deterministic process. In conclusion, the long-lasting evolutionary imprints on the present-day composition of communities arrayed along the succession gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaoxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruichang Zhang
- Plant Ecology Department, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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178
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Ribeiro EMS, Santos BA, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Tabarelli M, Souza G, Leal IR. Phylogenetic impoverishment of plant communities following chronic human disturbances in the Brazilian Caatinga. Ecology 2016; 97:1583-92. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1122.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elâine M. S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica; Cidade Universitária Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n CEP: 50670-901 Recife PE Brasil
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza; Cidade Universitária CEP: 58051-900 João Pessoa PB Brasil
| | - Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Morelia C.P. 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade, Federal de Pernambuco; Cidade, Universitária Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n CEP: 50670-901 Recife PE Brasil
| | - Gustavo Souza
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade, Federal de Pernambuco; Cidade, Universitária Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n CEP: 50670-901 Recife PE Brasil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade, Federal de Pernambuco; Cidade, Universitária Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n CEP: 50670-901 Recife PE Brasil
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179
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Strauß A, Guilhaumon F, Randrianiaina RD, Wollenberg Valero KC, Vences M, Glos J. Opposing Patterns of Seasonal Change in Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity of Tadpole Assemblages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151744. [PMID: 27014867 PMCID: PMC4807827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assemblages that are exposed to recurring temporal environmental changes can show changes in their ecological properties. These can be expressed by differences in diversity and assembly rules. Both can be identified using two measures of diversity: functional (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Frog communities are understudied in this regard, especially during the tadpole life stage. We utilised tadpole assemblages from Madagascan rainforest streams to test predictions of seasonal changes on diversity and assemblage composition and on diversity measures. From the warm-wet to the cool-dry season, species richness (SR) of tadpole assemblages decreased. Also FD and PD decreased, but FD less and PD more than expected by chance. During the dry season, tadpole assemblages were characterised by functional redundancy (among assemblages-with increasing SR), high FD (compared to a null model), and low PD (phylogenetic clustering; compared to a null model). Although mutually contradictory at first glance, these results indicate competition as tadpole community assembly driving force. This is true during the limiting cool-dry season but not during the more suitable warm-wet season. We thereby show that assembly rules can strongly depend on season, that comparing FD and PD can reveal such forces, that FD and PD are not interchangeable, and that conclusions on assembly rules based on FD alone are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Strauß
- Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institut für Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2–4, 82152 Martinsried, München, Germany
| | | | - Roger Daniel Randrianiaina
- Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Katharina C. Wollenberg Valero
- College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Natural Sciences, Bethune-Cookman University, 640 Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune Blvd., Daytona Beach, Florida, 32114, United States of America
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julian Glos
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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180
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Barber NA, Jones HP, Duvall MR, Wysocki WP, Hansen MJ, Gibson DJ. Phylogenetic diversity is maintained despite richness losses over time in restored tallgrass prairie plant communities. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Holly P. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Melvin R. Duvall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - William P. Wysocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | | | - David J. Gibson
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL 62901 USA
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181
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Application of species, phylogenetic and functional diversity to the evaluation on the effects of ecological restoration on biodiversity. ECOL INFORM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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182
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Mouillot D, Parravicini V, Bellwood DR, Leprieur F, Huang D, Cowman PF, Albouy C, Hughes TP, Thuiller W, Guilhaumon F. Global marine protected areas do not secure the evolutionary history of tropical corals and fishes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10359. [PMID: 26756609 PMCID: PMC4729959 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coral reefs support the largest concentrations of marine biodiversity worldwide, the extent to which the global system of marine-protected areas (MPAs) represents individual species and the breadth of evolutionary history across the Tree of Life has never been quantified. Here we show that only 5.7% of scleractinian coral species and 21.7% of labrid fish species reach the minimum protection target of 10% of their geographic ranges within MPAs. We also estimate that the current global MPA system secures only 1.7% of the Tree of Life for corals, and 17.6% for fishes. Regionally, the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific show the greatest deficit of protection for corals while for fishes this deficit is located primarily in the Western Indian Ocean and in the Central Pacific. Our results call for a global coordinated expansion of current conservation efforts to fully secure the Tree of Life on coral reefs. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are established to conserve species, but the extent to which they also conserve evolutionary history is not clear. Here, Mouillot et al. show that for tropical corals and fish, the current global MPA network secures only 1.7 and 17.6% of phylogenetic diversity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - V Parravicini
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex 'Corail', University of Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - D R Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - F Leprieur
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - D Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - P F Cowman
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - C Albouy
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - T P Hughes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - W Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France.,Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - F Guilhaumon
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
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183
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Faith DP. The PD Phylogenetic Diversity Framework: Linking Evolutionary History to Feature Diversity for Biodiversity Conservation. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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184
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What Is the Meaning of Extreme Phylogenetic Diversity? The Case of Phylogenetic Relict Species. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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185
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Lean C, Maclaurin J. The Value of Phylogenetic Diversity. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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186
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Arponen A, Zupan L. Representing Hotspots of Evolutionary History in Systematic Conservation Planning for European Mammals. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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187
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Reconsidering the Loss of Evolutionary History: How Does Non-random Extinction Prune the Tree-of-Life? BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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188
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Prescott GW, Gilroy JJ, Haugaasen T, Medina Uribe CA, Foster WA, Edwards DP. Managing Neotropical oil palm expansion to retain phylogenetic diversity. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. Gilroy
- School of Environmental Science; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7JT UK
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1430 Ås Norway
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1430 Ås Norway
| | - Claudia A. Medina Uribe
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; Calle 28A # 15-09 Bogotá Colombia
| | - William A. Foster
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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189
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Li R, Kraft NJB, Yu H, Li H. Seed plant phylogenetic diversity and species richness in conservation planning within a global biodiversity hotspot in eastern Asia. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1552-1562. [PMID: 26371469 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the main goals of conservation biology is to understand the factors shaping variation in biodiversity across the planet. This understanding is critical for conservation planners to be able to develop effective conservation strategies. Although many studies have focused on species richness and the protection of rare and endemic species, less attention has been paid to the protection of the phylogenetic dimension of biodiversity. We explored how phylogenetic diversity, species richness, and phylogenetic community structure vary in seed plant communities along an elevational gradient in a relatively understudied high mountain region, the Dulong Valley, in southeastern Tibet, China. As expected, phylogenetic diversity was well correlated with species richness among the elevational bands and among communities. At the community level, evergreen broad-leaved forests had the highest levels of species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Using null model analyses, we found evidence of nonrandom phylogenetic structure across the region. Evergreen broad-leaved forests were phylogenetically overdispersed, whereas other vegetation types tended to be phylogenetically clustered. We suggest that communities with high species richness or overdispersed phylogenetic structure should be a focus for biodiversity conservation within the Dulong Valley because these areas may help maximize the potential of this flora to respond to future global change. In biodiversity hotspots worldwide, we suggest that the phylogenetic structure of a community may serve as a useful measure of phylogenetic diversity in the context of conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A
| | - Haiying Yu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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190
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Monti F, Duriez O, Arnal V, Dominici JM, Sforzi A, Fusani L, Grémillet D, Montgelard C. Being cosmopolitan: evolutionary history and phylogeography of a specialized raptor, the Osprey Pandion haliaetus. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:255. [PMID: 26577665 PMCID: PMC4650845 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is one of only six bird species with an almost world-wide distribution. We aimed at clarifying its phylogeographic structure and elucidating its taxonomic status (as it is currently separated into four subspecies). We tested six biogeographical scenarios to explain how the species' distribution and differentiation took place in the past and how such a specialized raptor was able to colonize most of the globe. RESULTS Using two mitochondrial genes (cyt b and ND2), the Osprey appeared structured into four genetic groups representing quasi non-overlapping geographical regions. The group Indo-Australasia corresponds to the cristatus ssp, as well as the group Europe-Africa to the haliaetus ssp. In the Americas, we found a single lineage for both carolinensis and ridgwayi ssp, whereas in north-east Asia (Siberia and Japan), we discovered a fourth new lineage. The four lineages are well differentiated, contrasting with the low genetic variability observed within each clade. Historical demographic reconstructions suggested that three of the four lineages experienced stable trends or slight demographic increases. Molecular dating estimates the initial split between lineages at about 1.16 Ma ago, in the Early Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS Our biogeographical inference suggests a pattern of colonization from the American continent towards the Old World. Populations of the Palearctic would represent the last outcomes of this colonization. At a global scale the Osprey complex may be composed of four different Evolutionary Significant Units, which should be treated as specific management units. Our study brought essential genetic clarifications, which have implications for conservation strategies in identifying distinct lineages across which birds should not be artificially moved through exchange/reintroduction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Monti
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Olivier Duriez
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Véronique Arnal
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Dominici
- Réserve Naturelle Scandola, Parc Naturel Règional de Corse, 20245, Galeria, France.
| | - Andrea Sforzi
- Maremma Natural History Museum, Strada Corsini 5, 58100, Grosseto, Italy.
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, & Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Claudine Montgelard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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191
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Laity T, Laffan SW, González-Orozco CE, Faith DP, Rosauer DF, Byrne M, Miller JT, Crayn D, Costion C, Moritz CC, Newport K. Phylodiversity to inform conservation policy: An Australian example. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 534:131-143. [PMID: 25976346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phylodiversity measures summarise the phylogenetic diversity patterns of groups of organisms. By using branches of the tree of life, rather than its tips (e.g., species), phylodiversity measures provide important additional information about biodiversity that can improve conservation policy and outcomes. As a biodiverse nation with a strong legislative and policy framework, Australia provides an opportunity to use phylogenetic information to inform conservation decision-making. We explored the application of phylodiversity measures across Australia with a focus on two highly biodiverse regions, the south west of Western Australia (SWWA) and the South East Queensland bioregion (SEQ). We analysed seven diverse groups of organisms spanning five separate phyla on the evolutionary tree of life, the plant genera Acacia and Daviesia, mammals, hylid frogs, myobatrachid frogs, passerine birds, and camaenid land snails. We measured species richness, weighted species endemism (WE) and two phylodiversity measures, phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic endemism (PE), as well as their respective complementarity scores (a measure of gains and losses) at 20 km resolution. Higher PD was identified within SEQ for all fauna groups, whereas more PD was found in SWWA for both plant groups. PD and PD complementarity were strongly correlated with species richness and species complementarity for most groups but less so for plants. PD and PE were found to complement traditional species-based measures for all groups studied: PD and PE follow similar spatial patterns to richness and WE, but highlighted different areas that would not be identified by conventional species-based biodiversity analyses alone. The application of phylodiversity measures, particularly the novel weighted complementary measures considered here, in conservation can enhance protection of the evolutionary history that contributes to present day biodiversity values of areas. Phylogenetic measures in conservation can include important elements of biodiversity in conservation planning, such as evolutionary potential and feature diversity that will improve decision-making and lead to better biodiversity conservation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Laity
- Science Division, Department of Environment, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shawn W Laffan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Carlos E González-Orozco
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research for Murray-Darling Basin Futures, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel P Faith
- The Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Dan F Rosauer
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Darren Crayn
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, PO Box 6811, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, PO Box 6811, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Craig Costion
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, PO Box 6811, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; Botany Department, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Craig C Moritz
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karl Newport
- Science Division, Department of Environment, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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192
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Veron S, Davies TJ, Cadotte MW, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:271-291. [PMID: 26467982 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's evolutionary history is threatened by species loss in the current sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history. Such extinction events not only eliminate species but also their unique evolutionary histories. Here we review the expected loss of Earth's evolutionary history quantified by phylogenetic diversity (PD) and evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) at risk. Due to the general paucity of data, global evolutionary history losses have been predicted for only a few groups, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, plants, corals and fishes. Among these groups, there is now empirical support that extinction threats are clustered on the phylogeny; however this is not always a sufficient condition to cause higher loss of phylogenetic diversity in comparison to a scenario of random extinctions. Extinctions of the most evolutionarily distinct species and the shape of phylogenetic trees are additional factors that can elevate losses of evolutionary history. Consequently, impacts of species extinctions differ among groups and regions, and even if global losses are low within large groups, losses can be high among subgroups or within some regions. Further, we show that PD and ED are poorly protected by current conservation practices. While evolutionary history can be indirectly protected by current conservation schemes, optimizing its preservation requires integrating phylogenetic indices with those that capture rarity and extinction risk. Measures based on PD and ED could bring solutions to conservation issues, however they are still rarely used in practice, probably because the reasons to protect evolutionary history are not clear for practitioners or due to a lack of data. However, important advances have been made in the availability of phylogenetic trees and methods for their construction, as well as assessments of extinction risk. Some challenges remain, and looking forward, research should prioritize the assessment of expected PD and ED loss for more taxonomic groups and test the assumption that preserving ED and PD also protects rare species and ecosystem services. Such research will be useful to inform and guide the conservation of Earth's biodiversity and the services it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Philippe Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.,Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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193
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Toyama H, Kajisa T, Tagane S, Mase K, Chhang P, Samreth V, Ma V, Sokh H, Ichihashi R, Onoda Y, Mizoue N, Yahara T. Effects of logging and recruitment on community phylogenetic structure in 32 permanent forest plots of Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140008. [PMID: 25561669 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities including tropical rainforest are rapidly changing under various disturbances caused by increasing human activities. Recently in Cambodia, illegal logging and clear-felling for agriculture have been increasing. Here, we study the effects of logging, mortality and recruitment of plot trees on phylogenetic community structure in 32 plots in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. Each plot was 0.25 ha; 28 plots were established in primary evergreen forests and four were established in secondary dry deciduous forests. Measurements were made in 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2010, and logging, recruitment and mortality of each tree were recorded. We estimated phylogeny using rbcL and matK gene sequences and quantified phylogenetic α and β diversity. Within communities, logging decreased phylogenetic diversity, and increased overall phylogenetic clustering and terminal phylogenetic evenness. Between communities, logging increased phylogenetic similarity between evergreen and deciduous plots. On the other hand, recruitment had opposite effects both within and between communities. The observed patterns can be explained by environmental homogenization under logging. Logging is biased to particular species and larger diameter at breast height, and forest patrol has been effective in decreasing logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Toyama
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kajisa
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Tagane
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Keiko Mase
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Phourin Chhang
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vanna Samreth
- Department of Forestry Management and Community Forestry, Forestry Administration, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vuthy Ma
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Heng Sokh
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development, Forestry Administration, 40 Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ryuji Ichihashi
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuya Mizoue
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tetsukazu Yahara
- Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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194
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Huang D, Roy K. The future of evolutionary diversity in reef corals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140010. [PMID: 25561671 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the world's reef-building corals are facing heightened extinction risk from climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Previous studies have shown that such threats are not distributed randomly across the coral tree of life, and future extinctions have the potential to disproportionately reduce the phylogenetic diversity of this group on a global scale. However, the impact of such losses on a regional scale remains poorly known. In this study, we use phylogenetic metrics in conjunction with geographical distributions of living reef coral species to model how extinctions are likely to affect evolutionary diversity across different ecoregions. Based on two measures-phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic species variability-we highlight regions with the largest losses of evolutionary diversity and hence of potential conservation interest. Notably, the projected loss of evolutionary diversity is relatively low in the most species-rich areas such as the Coral Triangle, while many regions with fewer species stand to lose much larger shares of their diversity. We also suggest that for complex ecosystems like coral reefs it is important to consider changes in phylogenetic species variability; areas with disproportionate declines in this measure should be of concern even if phylogenetic diversity is not as impacted. These findings underscore the importance of integrating evolutionary history into conservation planning for safeguarding the future diversity of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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195
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Cadotte MW. Phylogenetic diversity and productivity: gauging interpretations from experiments that do not manipulate phylogenetic diversity. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
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196
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Chen H, Kishino H. Global pattern of phylogenetic species composition of shark and its conservation priority. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4455-65. [PMID: 26819704 PMCID: PMC4667821 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of marine communities is in striking contrast with the diversity of terrestrial communities. In all oceans, species richness is low in tropical areas and high at latitudes between 20 and 40°. While species richness is a primary metric used in conservation and management strategies, it is important to take into account the complex phylogenetic patterns of species compositions within communities. We measured the phylogenetic skew and diversity of shark communities throughout the world. We found that shark communities in tropical seas were highly phylogenetically skewed, whereas temperate sea communities had phylogenetically diversified species compositions. Interestingly, although geographically distant from one another, tropical sea communities were all highly skewed toward requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). Worldwide, the greatest phylogenetic evenness in terms of clades was found in the North Sea and coastal regions of countries in temperate zones, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Australia, and Chile. This study is the first to examine patterns of phylogenetic diversity of shark communities on a global scale. Our findings suggest that when establishing conservation activities, it is important to take full account of phylogenetic patterns of species composition and not solely use species richness as a target. Protecting areas of high phylogenetic diversity in sharks, which were identified in this study, could form a broader strategy for protecting other threatened marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hungyen Chen
- National Research Institute of Fisheries ScienceFisheries Research AgencyKanagawa236-8648Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kishino
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
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197
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Zhang J, Nielsen SE, Stolar J, Chen Y, Thuiller W. Gains and losses of plant species and phylogenetic diversity for a northern high-latitude region. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Jessica Stolar
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Youhua Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
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198
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Edwards D, Gilroy J, Thomas G, Uribe C, Haugaasen T. Land-Sparing Agriculture Best Protects Avian Phylogenetic Diversity. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2384-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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199
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Redding DW, Curnick DJ, Head CEI, Huang D, Crabbe MJC, Gollock M, Hoeksema BW, Johnson KG, Jones R, Koldewey HJ, Obura DO, Rosen BR, Smith DJ, Taylor ML, Turner JR, Wren S. Setting evolutionary based conservation priorities for a phylogenetically data-poor taxonomic group (Scleractinia): response to the commentaries. Anim Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; London UK
| | - D. J. Curnick
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; London UK
- Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - C. E. I. Head
- Zoological Society of London; London UK
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - D. Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - M. J. C. Crabbe
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies and Science; University of Bedfordshire; Luton UK
| | | | - B. W. Hoeksema
- Department of Marine Zoology; Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - K. G. Johnson
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - R. Jones
- Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | | | - D. O. Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa; Mombasa Kenya
| | - B. R. Rosen
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - D. J. Smith
- Coral Reef Research Unit; University of Essex; Colchester UK
| | - M. L. Taylor
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - J. R. Turner
- School of Ocean Sciences; Bangor University; Anglesey UK
| | - S. Wren
- Zoological Society of London; London UK
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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200
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Honorio Coronado EN, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Chave J, Lewis SL, Alexiades MN, Alvarez E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral IL, Araujo‐Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Bonal D, Brienen R, Cerón C, Cornejo Valverde F, Di Fiore A, Farfan‐Rios W, Feldpausch TR, Higuchi N, Huamantupa‐Chuquimaco I, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, López‐Gonzalez G, Marimon BS, Marimon‐Junior BH, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Neill D, Palacios Cuenca W, Peñuela Mora MC, Pitman NCA, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramirez Angulo H, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Salinas Revilla N, Salomão RP, Segalin de Andrade A, Silman MR, Spironello W, Steege H, Terborgh J, Toledo M, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Vos V, Phillips OL. Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana Apartado Postal 784 Iquitos Peru
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JN UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
| | | | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 31062 France
| | - Simon L. Lewis
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Department of Geography University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Miguel N. Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Marlowe Building Canterbury CT1 3EH UK
| | - Esteban Alvarez
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Calle 73N 51D, 14 Medellín Colombia
| | | | - Iêda L. Amaral
- Projeto TEAM Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado & Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565 Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | - Eric J. M. M. Arets
- Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo A. Aymard
- UNELLEZ‐Guanare Programa del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) Mesa de Cavacas Estado Portuguesa 3350 Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane 97387 Kourou Cedex French Guiana
- International Center for Tropical Botany Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR EEF INRA‐Université de Lorraine 54280 Champenoux France
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central del Ecuador Casilla 17‐01‐2177 Quito Ecuador
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - William Farfan‐Rios
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Rd. Winston‐Salem 27109 NC USA
| | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus AM 69011‐970 Brazil
| | | | - Susan G. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Cairns 4870 Qld Australia
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Cairns 4870 Qld Australia
| | | | - Beatriz S. Marimon
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Caixa Postal 08 CEP 78.690‐000 Nova Xavantina Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon‐Junior
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Caixa Postal 08 CEP 78.690‐000 Nova Xavantina Brazil
| | | | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica Puyo Pastaza Ecuador
| | - Walter Palacios Cuenca
- Universidad Técnica del Norte & Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Casilla 17‐21‐1787, Av. Río Coca E6‐115 Quito Ecuador
| | | | - Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Science and Education The Field Museum Chicago IL 60605‐2496 USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 30 N° 45‐03, Edificio 425 C.P. 111321 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus AM 69011‐970 Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Universidad de Los Andes Conjunto Forestal C.P. 5101 Mérida Venezuela
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 30 N° 45‐03, Edificio 425 C.P. 111321 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Ademir R. Ruschel
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Parque Estação Biológica ‐ PqEB s/n Brasilía Brazil
| | - Norma Salinas Revilla
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco Av. de la Cultura 733 Cusco Peru
- School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QK UK
| | - Rafael P. Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São Braz CEP 66040‐170 Belem Brazil
| | | | - Miles R. Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Rd. Winston‐Salem 27109 NC USA
| | - Wilson Spironello
- Projeto TEAM Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus Brazil
| | - Hans Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center PO Box, 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group Utrecht University Sorbonnelaan 14 Utrecht 3584 CS The Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacióon Forestal, C.P. 6201 & Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Av. Irala 565 Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | | | - Ima C. G. Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São Braz CEP 66040‐170 Belem Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Universidad de Los Andes Conjunto Forestal C.P. 5101 Mérida Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni Av. Ejército Nacional, Riberalta Riberalta Bolivia
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