151
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Bhattacharjee U, Sen A, Sharma I. Development of cost-effective quantitative PCR method for parallel detection of porcine circovirus2 and porcine parvovirus in perspective of North-eastern India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:177. [PMID: 33616787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pig farming performs as an intricate part in the socio-economic situation in the north-eastern region of India. This region contributes 38% (3.95 million) of total pigs in India. In spite of this, the region unables to flourish as an enterprise as per the expectation due to a low productivity rate. Porcine infectious pathogens like porcine cirovirus2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) have a direct economic impact on pig farming through slow growth rate, abortion, and mortality and ultimately maximize the production cost by increasing the usage of antibiotic or antiviral drugs. The veterinary diagnostic infrastructure is a fundamental aspect of the development of livestock status by rapid and effective detection of pathogens. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a precise and fast-track technique used for the routine diagnostic method. Hence, we developed a highly precise and comparatively cost-effective SYBR Green reporter dye-based qPCR assay for parallel identification of PCV2 and PPV. In the present assay, the correlation coefficient (R2) value was 0.99, and 10 copies of the gene/μl were the least limit of detection (LOD) concerning both viruses. Melt curve analysis of this study represented PCV2-specific melt curve (Tm) at 81.2 °C and PPV-specific melt curve (Tm) at 73.5 °C. Therefore, the assay easily differentiates the true positive amplicons of PCV2 and PPV through specific Tm values. Among the 50 field samples, 26 (52%) samples were PCV2 positive, 18 (36%) samples PPV positive, and 11 (22%) samples were co-infected of both the viruses. This method is cost-effective, precise, and sensitive to diagnose the concurrent or individual infection of the PCV2 and PPV in the pig. Hence, considering the impact of pig farming in the north-eastern part of the country, the present assay gives an unprecedented achievement in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttaran Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam, Barapani, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam, Barapani, Meghalaya, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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152
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Gut microbiome associations with outcome following co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs immunized with a PRRS modified live virus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109018. [PMID: 33639341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most significant pathogens affecting swine. Co-infections are common and result in respiratory disease and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. Although PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are widely used to decrease PRRS-associated losses, they are generally considered inadequate for disease control. The gut microbiome provides an alternative strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy and improve PRRS control. The objective of this study was to identify gut microbiome characteristics associated with improved outcome in pigs immunized with a PRRS MLV and co-challenged with PRRSV and PCV2b. Twenty-eight days after vaccination and prior to co-challenge, fecal samples were collected from an experimental population of 50 nursery pigs. At 42 days post-challenge, 20 pigs were retrospectively identified as having high or low growth outcomes during the post-challenge period. Gut microbiomes of the two outcome groups were compared using the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) and 16S rDNA sequencing. High growth outcomes were associated with several gut microbiome characteristics, such as increased bacterial diversity, increased Bacteroides pectinophilus, decreased Mycoplasmataceae species diversity, higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios, increased relative abundance of the phylum Spirochaetes, reduced relative abundance of the family Lachnospiraceae, and increased Lachnospiraceae species C6A11 and P6B14. Overall, this study identifies gut microbiomes associated with improved outcomes in PRRS vaccinated pigs following a polymicrobial respiratory challenge and provides evidence towards the gut microbiome playing a role in PRRS vaccine efficacy.
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153
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Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 on Jeju Island, South Korea, 2019-2020: evidence of a novel intergenotypic recombinant. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1093-1102. [PMID: 33570666 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most ubiquitous viral pathogen of pigs and has persistently affected the global swine industry. Since first being identified in South Korea in 1999, the virus has undergone considerable genetic change and genotype shifts during the past two decades. These events have contributed to the coexistence of genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d in Korean pig populations, which may promote viral recombination. The genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of PCV2 strains circulating in pig herds on Jeju Island from 2019 to 2020 were the focus of this study. Genotype-specific PCR indicated that PCV2d is the dominant viral genotype and that coinfections with PCV2d and PCV2a (75%) or PCV2a and PCV2b (25%) are common in provincial pig herds. The complete genome sequences of 11 PCV2 strains, including three PCV2a, two PCV2b, and six PCV2d strains, were determined. A genomic comparison showed that all of the viruses had the highest nucleotide sequence identity to their corresponding genotypic reference strain. Notably, genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that one PCV2d strain, KNU-1931, exhibited nucleotide sequence variation in the ORF1 gene when compared to other PCV2d strains but showed a high degree of similarity to the PCV2b strains. Comprehensive recombination analysis suggested that KNU-1931 originated from natural recombination within ORF1 between PCV2b (the minor parent) and PCV2d (the major parent) strains. Our findings provide information about the frequency of genetic recombination between two different PCV2 genotypes circulating in the field domestically, illustrating the importance of continual intergenotypic recombination for viral fitness when multiple genotypes are present.
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154
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Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020264. [PMID: 33572209 PMCID: PMC7915229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been widely detected in healthy and diseased pigs; among different pathologic conditions, the strongest evidence of association comes from reproductive disease cases. However, simple viral detection does not imply the causality of the clinical conditions. Detection of PCV-3 within lesions may provide stronger evidence of causality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in tissues from fetuses/stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive problems in domestic swine, as well as the histopathologic assessment of fetal tissues. Fetuses or stillborn piglets from 53 cases of reproductive failure were collected and analyzed by PCV-3 qPCR. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) was also checked. PCV-3 qPCR positive samples with a high viral load were tested by PCV-3 in situ hybridization (ISH), sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. PCV-3 DNA was detected in 18/53 (33.9%) reproductive failure cases and in 16 of them PCV-3 was the only pathogen found. PCV-2 DNA was found in 5/53 (9.4%), PRRSV RNA in 4/53 (7.5%) and PPV1 was not detected. Four out of the six PCV-3 qPCR-positive cases with Ct value <30 were positive when tested by ISH. In these samples, PCV-3 was detected within mild histopathologic lesions, such as arteritis and periarteritis in multiple tissues. The present work emphasizes the need to include PCV-3 as a potential causative agent of reproductive failure in swine.
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155
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Nguyen VG, Do HQ, Huynh TML, Park YH, Park BK, Chung HC. Molecular-based detection, genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 from Korean domestic swine farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:538-548. [PMID: 33529468 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel and unclassified member of the genus Circovirus, was first reported in China in 2019. Aiming to provide more evidence about the active circulation of PCV4, this study screened 335 pooled internal organs and detected the virus (i) at a rate of 3.28%, (ii) from both clinically healthy and clinically sick pigs of various age groups, and (iii) in six out of nine provinces of Korea. The complete genomic sequence of the Korean PCV4 strain (E115) was 1,770 nucleotides in length and had 98.5%-98.9% identity to three PCV4 strains currently available at GenBank. Utilizing a set of bioinformatic programs, it was revealed that the Korean PCV4 strain contained several genomic features of (i) a palindrome stem-loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide, (ii) packed overlapping ORFs oriented in different directions and (iii) two intergenic regions in between genes encoding the putative replication-associated protein (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins. This study also predicted the presence of essential elements for the replication of circoviruses in all PCV4 strains, for example the origin of DNA replication, endonuclease and helicase domains of Rep, and the nuclear localization signal on the putative Cap protein. Finally, based on the phylogeny inferred from sequences of the putative Rep protein, this study further clarified the genetic relationships between PCV4 and other CRESS DNA viruses in general and circoviruses in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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156
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Detection and Characterization of Viral Pathogens Associated with Reproductive Failure in Wild Boars in Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020304. [PMID: 33504030 PMCID: PMC7911021 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Suid herpesvirus 1, porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus are causative agents of reproductive failures in swine and are widely diffused in the wild boar population. No data describing the impact of those viruses on the reproductive performance of wild boar are so far available. We aimed to investigate the ability of the above viruses to infect foetuses of free-ranging pregnant wild boar sows living in a highly-populated area. Molecular investigation revealed that although all investigated viruses were detected in pregnant sows, only herpesvirus and circovirus were detected in the foetuses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the strains circulating in wild boar and those already described in domestic swine. This study highlights the importance of monitoring the circulation of pathogens that are shared between domestic and wild pigs. This information is essential for the pig industry to avoid possible economic losses. Abstract Wild boar and domestic swine share several pathogens, including viruses responsible for reproductive failures, representing an important sanitary and economic risk for the swine industry. Among them, suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) are widely diffused in the wild boar population. Unfortunately, little is known about their pathogenetic mechanisms and impact on the reproductive parameters of wild animals. This study aims to investigate the presence of viruses responsible for reproductive failure in pregnant wild boar sows and their foetuses. The investigation was conducted on 46 pregnant wild boar and their foetuses by molecular analysis; a phylogenetic study was performed on the positive samples. All of the investigated pathogens were identified in sows, while only herpesvirus and circovirus were detected in the tissues of their foetuses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral sequences obtained from the positive wild boars were closely related to those previously identified in domestic swine belonging to the same study areas. The results suggest that SuHV-1 and PCV2 can infect wild boar foetuses, with a possible impact on wild boar reproductive performance. Moreover, our data highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of swine pathogens circulating in wild environments, so as to carry out adequate sanitary actions.
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157
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Dinh PX, Nguyen MN, Nguyen HT, Tran VH, Tran QD, Dang KH, Vo DT, Le HT, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TT, Do DT. Porcine circovirus genotypes and their copathogens in pigs with respiratory disease in southern provinces of Vietnam. Arch Virol 2021; 166:403-411. [PMID: 33392818 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and its coinfecting pathogens in pigs with respiratory disease in Vietnam. Samples from 127 clinical cases were obtained from different southern provinces of Vietnam from January 2018 to January 2020 for PCR and sequence analysis. The infection rate of PCV2 was 78.8%, and the major pathogens found in coinfections with PCV2 were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Haemophilus parasuis. Forty-three PCV2-positive clinical samples were selected for amplification and sequencing of the ORF2 region. Phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 ORF2 showed that five of the sequences belonged to PCV2b (11.6%) and 38 belonged to PCV2d (88.4%), indicating that PCV2d strains were predominant in southern provinces of Vietnam. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of the PCV2 capsid protein revealed polymorphic sites in the antibody recognition regions. This study demonstrates the prevalence of the PCV2d genotype in southern Vietnam and presents a comprehensive overview of the coinfecting pathogens associated with PCV2 in young pigs with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phat Xuan Dinh
- Biotechnology Department, Nong Lam University HCMC, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Minh Nam Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hien The Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hoang Tran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vietnam, 39 Le Duan Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Quy Dinh Tran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vietnam, 39 Le Duan Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Kim Hoang Dang
- Sanphar Vietnam Co. Ltd., 59, Xuan Thuy Street, Thao Dien Ward, District 2, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Dai Tan Vo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thanh Le
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nam Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Toan Tat Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tien Do
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
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158
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Yang S, Ahn Y, Oh T, Cho H, Park KH, Chae C. Field evaluation of a sing-dose bivalent vaccine of porcine circovirus type 2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:755-765. [PMID: 33386664 PMCID: PMC8136929 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field efficacy of a bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated on three pig farms. METHODS Three pig farms were used, two of which had a history of subclinical PCV2 and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infections between 84 and 126 days of age while concurrent porcine circovirus-associated disease and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infection between 70 and 105 days of age. Each farm vaccinated pigs with a single dose of a bivalent vaccine at 10 days of age while unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered-saline at the same age. RESULTS Vaccination improved growth performance and reduced clinical scores significantly (p < .05) when compared with unvaccinated animals. The amount of PCV2d loads in blood and M. hyopneumoniae loads in nasal swabs of vaccinated animals were also significantly lower (p < .05) when compared with unvaccinated animals. Immunologically, vaccinated groups elicited a significantly higher (p < .05) level of protective immunity against PCV2d such as neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), as well as protective immunity against M. hyopneumoniae such as IFN-γ-SC when compared with unvaccinated animals. Pathologically, vaccination significantly lowered (p < .05) the scores of M. hyopneumoniae-induced pneumonia and PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals. CONCLUSIONS The evaluated bivalent vaccine provided good protection against PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae infection under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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159
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Detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Guangxi, China. Gene 2020; 773:145384. [PMID: 33383119 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a novel circovirus, was identified in pigs with serious symptoms, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like signs, in China in 2019. This study investigated the prevalence and genome diversity of PCV4 in pigs from Guangxi Province, China, between 2015 and 2019. Thirteen of 257 (5.1%) samples were positive for PCV4, 9 of these (69.2%) PCV4-positive samples were coinfected with PCV2 or PCV3, and one PCV4-positive sample was coinfected with both PCV2 and PCV3. Three complete PCV4 genomes shared 36.9-73.8% nucleotide similarity with other representative circovirus genomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PCV4 was most closely related to bat-associated circovirus and mink circovirus. In summary, this is the first epidemiological investigation and evolutionary analysis of PCV4 in Guangxi Province, China, and the results provide insight into the molecular epidemiology of PCV4.
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160
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Porcine Circovirus 2 Genotypes, Immunity and Vaccines: Multiple Genotypes but One Single Serotype. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121049. [PMID: 33327478 PMCID: PMC7764931 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified for the first time in the 1990s, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) should not be considered an emerging virus anymore. Nevertheless, many aspects of its biology and epidemiology are still controversial. Particularly, its high evolutionary rate has caused the emergence of several variants and genotypes, alternating on the worldwide proscenium. The biological and practical implications of such heterogenicity are unfortunately largely unknown. The effectiveness of currently available vaccines against new genotypes that have emerged over time has been the topic of an intense debate and often inconclusive or contradictory results between experimental, field, and epidemiological studies have been gathered. The challenge in establishing an effective PCV-2 disease model, the peculiarities in experimental design and settings and the strains involved could justify the observed differences. The present work aims to summarize and critically review the available knowledge on PCV-2 genetic heterogeneity, immunity, and vaccine efficacy, organizing and harmonizing the available data from different sources, shedding light on this complex field and highlighting current knowledge gaps and future perspectives. So far, all vaccines in the market have shown great efficacy in reducing clinical signs associated to diseases caused by PCV-2, independently of the genotype present in the farm. Moreover, experimental data demonstrated the cross-protection of PCV-2a vaccines against the most widespread genotypes (PCV-2a, PCV-2b, and PCV-2d). Therefore, despite the significant number of genotypes described/proposed (PCV-2a to PCV-2i), it seems one single PCV-2 serotype would exist so far.
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161
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Serena MS, Cappuccio JA, Barrales H, Metz GE, Aspitia CG, Lozada I, Perfumo CJ, Quiroga MA, Piñeyro P, Echeverría MG. First detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Argentina and its association with reproductive failure. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1761-1766. [PMID: 33108006 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is considered a new circovirus and since it first description has been widely reported in most of the swine-producing countries. Multisystemic inflammation and reproductive failure are consistent and concerning issues associated with PCV3 infection. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of a chronic reproductive disorder in a swine herd in Argentina associated with the presence of PCV3. Mummified (n = 42) and stillborn piglets (n = 20) from a case of chronic reproductive disorder (Study A) and mummified and stillborn piglets (n = 141) from normal deliveries (Study B) were retrospectively assessed for the presence of multiple reproductive pathogens (PCV3, PCV2, ADV, PPV, Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp). On study, A PCV3 and PPV were detected in 15 and 8 pools, respectively, with a coinfection rate of 100% in all PPV-positive cases. Three out of 131 foetuses from three different sows from Study B were positive only for PCV3. Histological evaluation of hearts from stillborn also showed lesions similar to those previously described in the literature for PCV3-reproductive disease. Partial genome of PCV3 was amplified and phylogenetic analysis showed that strains of Study A and B clustered within the PCV3a and PCV3b clades, respectively. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the PCV3 has been circulating in Argentina at least since 2016 and its potential role in reproductive disorders. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of PCV3 in the reproductive disease complex and its prevalence in the swine industry in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Serena
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Javier Alejandro Cappuccio
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina.,Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA Marcos Juarez, INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán Barrales
- Cátedra de Medicina Porcina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - German E Metz
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Carolina G Aspitia
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Inés Lozada
- Cátedra de Medicina Porcina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Perfumo
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
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162
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Kuitio C, Rasri N, Kiriwan D, Unajak S, Choowongkomon K. Development of a biosensor from aptamers for detection of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e79. [PMID: 33016024 PMCID: PMC7533388 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the pork industry of Thailand faced an epidemic of highly virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which spread throughout Southeast Asia, including the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Cambodia. Hence, the rapid and on-site screening of infected pigs on a farm is essential. OBJECTIVES To develop the new aptamer as a biosensor for detection PRRSV which are rapid and on-site screening of infected pig. METHODS New aptamers against PRSSV were identified using the combined techniques of capillary electrophoresis, colorimetric assay by gold nanoparticles, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). RESULTS Thirty-six candidate aptamers of the PRRSV were identified from the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) by capillary electrophoresis. Only 8 out of 36 aptamers could bind to the PRSSV, as shown in a colorimetric assay. Of the 8 aptamers tested, only the 1F aptamer could bind specifically to the PRSSV when presented with the classical swine fever virus and a pseudo rabies virus. The QCM was used to confirm the specificity and sensitivity of the 1F aptamer with a detection limit of 1.87 × 1010 particles. CONCLUSIONS SELEX screening of the aptamer equipped with capillary electrophoresis potentially revealed promising candidates for detecting the PRRSV. The 1F aptamer exhibited the highest specificity and selectivity against the PRRSV. These findings suggest that 1F is a promising aptamer for further developing a novel PRRSV rapid detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakpetch Kuitio
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Natchaya Rasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Kiriwan
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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163
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Wang QH, Kuang N, Hu WY, Yin D, Wei YY, Hu TJ. The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e61. [PMID: 32735098 PMCID: PMC7402940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Na Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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164
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Correa-Fiz F, Franzo G, Llorens A, Huerta E, Sibila M, Kekarainen T, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) population study in experimentally infected pigs developing PCV2-systemic disease or a subclinical infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17747. [PMID: 33082419 PMCID: PMC7576782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a single stranded DNA virus with one of the highest mutation rates among DNA viruses. This ability allows it to generate a cloud of mutants constantly providing new opportunities to adapt and evade the immune system. This pig pathogen is associated to many diseases, globally called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) and has been a threat to pig industry since its discovery in the early 90's. Although 11 ORFs have been predicted from its genome, only two main proteins have been deeply characterized, i.e. Rep and Cap. The structural Cap protein possesses the majority of the epitopic determinants of this non-enveloped virus. The evolution of PCV2 is affected by both natural and vaccine-induced immune responses, which enhances the genetic variability, especially in the most immunogenic Cap region. Intra-host variability has been also demonstrated in infected animals where long-lasting infections can take place. However, the association between this intra-host variability and pathogenesis has never been studied for this virus. Here, the within-host PCV2 variability was monitored over time by next generation sequencing during an experimental infection, demonstrating the presence of large heterogeneity. Remarkably, the level of quasispecies diversity, affecting particularly the Cap coding region, was statistically different depending on viremia levels and clinical signs detected after infection. Moreover, we proved the existence of hyper mutant subjects harboring a remarkably higher number of genetic variants. Altogether, these results suggest an interaction between genetic diversity, host immune system and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Llorens
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
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165
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Lagan Tregaskis P, Staines A, Gordon A, Sheridan P, McMenamy M, Duffy C, Collins PJ, Mooney MH, Lemon K. Co-infection status of novel parvovirus's (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus-associated disease from 1997 to 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1979-1994. [PMID: 32969579 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As global pig health diseases, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) generate substantial economic losses despite pigs been vaccinated against the primary causative virus, highlighting the importance of understanding virome interactions and specifically co-factor infections. Established primary endemic pathogens for PRDC include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and swine influenza virus (SIV), and PCV2 aetiology in interaction with other co-infecting viruses can result in PCVAD. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) 1 is a well-characterized virus with an available vaccine preventing reproductive failure in sows. However, whilst novel PPV 2 to 7 viruses have been identified since 2001, their viral pathogenic potential in clinical and subclinical disease remains to be determined. Therefore, this study has sought to develop a better understanding of their potential role as associated co-infections in PRDC and PCVAD by examining archival samples for the presence of PCV2 and the novel parvoviruses PPV2-4 from clinically diseased pigs across production age stages. Epidemiologically, the novel PPV2 was found to be the most prevalent within the fattener age group with PPV2-4 statistically associated with pig respiratory disease and enteric ulcers. Additionally, statistical modelling by latent class analysis (LCA) on veterinary pathology scored pigs found a clustering co-factor association between PPV2 and PCV2, suggesting the novel PPV may be involved in PRDC and PCVAD. Phylogenetic analysis of novel PPVs revealed the PPV2 capsid evolution to be diverged from the original strains with a low nucleotide homology of 88%-96% between two distinct clades. These findings determine that novel PPV 2-4 viruses are statistically associated as co-infectors in a diseased pig population, and significantly detected PPV2 clustering co-infection frequency with PCV2 in PRDC and PCVAD diseased pigs through LCA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan Tregaskis
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony Staines
- Department of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Gordon
- Statistical Services Branch, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Pauline Sheridan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael McMenamy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - P J Collins
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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166
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Sidler X, Sydler T, Mateos JM, Klausmann S, Brugnera E. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Pathogenicity Alters Host's Central Tolerance for Propagation. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100839. [PMID: 33066216 PMCID: PMC7602090 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections and resulting diseases are a worldwide threat to pig production. PCV2 bears a uniqueness that allows for us to understand more about chronic infections and the immune system in general. The virus can be phylogenetically subdivided into PCV2a to PCV2h genotypes. Although vaccination against PCV2 has been seen to prevent the manifestation of PCV disease, PCV2 still lingers as subclinical infections in all developmental stages of pigs. The “slow and low” tactic gives PCV2 a particular advantage in a host’s immune surveillance. Since the inception of the PCV2 associated panzootic, research scientists have been trying to understand the pathogenicity of PCV2. Different research groups found that one genotype group member was more pathogenic than others. We found, in our weaner infection model with in vivo transfection of different recombinant PCV2 genotype group members that these viruses alter T cell maturation in the thymus, including host’s central tolerance. Here, we extend these original observations by showing that PCV2 infected cells were also found in proximity within the female and male reproductive organs of stillborn pig fetuses. These PCV2 pools were sufficient in infecting three and half-day-old embryos in sows. Furthermore, the dominant PCV2 group member was more pathogenic in our weaner infection model. PCV2 pre-immunocompetence infection makes PCV2 recognized by central immune tolerance as belonging to the host. This also explains why pathogenicity is not a genetically intrinsic characteristic of PCV2; however, the dominance of any one PCV2 genotype group member leads to a more efficient deletion of the T cells against that specific genotype group member in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Titus Sydler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - José Maria Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Klausmann
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Enrico Brugnera
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (E.B.)
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167
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Guarneri F, Tresoldi ET, Sarli G, Boniotti MB, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Bacci B, D'Annunzio G, Amadori M. Protective immunity in swine induced by Porcine Circovirus 2b inactivated vaccines with different antigen payload. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108887. [PMID: 33276254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) vaccines are poorly standardized in terms of antigen payload and correlates of protection. Therefore, twenty, 45-day old piglets were divided into four groups of 5 animals each and vaccinated with 800 / 266 / 88 / 0 nanograms, respectively, of an inactivated PCV2b strain formulated in the same oil adjuvant. Twenty-six days later, all the pigs were challenged intranasally with the homologous PCV2b strain. No clinical signs were observed in the pigs under study. Viremia was observed after challenge in all the control pigs, as well as in 3 pigs of the 266 and 88-ng groups (one and two, respectively). No pigs of the 800-ng group developed viremia. On the basis of post challenge viremia, the PCV2b vaccine under study had a titer of 11 Protective Doses (PD) 50 %, and 1 PD50 amounted to 74 ng of PCV2b Ag. Neutralizing and ELISA Ab titers showed no obvious correlation with protection in the single animals, even though the 800-ng group developed a significantly higher mean Ab response. All the pigs with a PCV2-specific, IFN-gamma response at 3 weeks after vaccination in whole blood samples were protected against viremia. In lymphoid tissues (mainly tonsils and ileum) the presence of sparse reactive histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells was the only PCV2-associated feature and, by immunohistochemistry, only 3 out of 20 subjects showed a low viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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168
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A novel circular ssDNA virus of the phylum Cressdnaviricota discovered in metagenomic data from otter clams (Lutraria rhynchaena). Arch Virol 2020; 165:2921-2926. [PMID: 32989573 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present an analysis of metagenome sequences obtained from a filtrate of a siphon tissue homogenate of otter clams (Lutraria rhynchaena) with swollen-siphon disease. The viral signal was mined from the metagenomic data, and a novel circular ssDNA virus was identified. Genomic features and phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus belongs to the phylum Cressdnaviricota, which consists of viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. Members of this phylum have been identified in various species and in environmental samples. The newly found virus is distantly related to the currently known members of the phylum Cressdnaviricota.
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169
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Chen N, Xiao Y, Li X, Li S, Xie N, Yan X, Li X, Zhu J. Development and application of a quadruplex real-time PCR assay for differential detection of porcine circoviruses (PCV1 to PCV4) in Jiangsu province of China from 2016 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1615-1624. [PMID: 32931644 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, four species of porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1-4, have been reported to exist in the clinical cases. Fast and effective differential detection is critical to monitor the infection and co-infection status of PCVs for adopting reliable control strategies. However, currently available methods cannot simultaneously differentiate the four species of PCV strains. In this study, a quadruplex real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan probes was developed for differential detection of PCV1-4. The new quadruplex real-time PCR assay exhibited satisfied specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the new assay was applied to the detection of 120 clinical samples collected from 2016 to 2020 in Jiangsu province of China and compared with previously reported PCV1-4 singleplex conventional PCR assays. Based on the clinical performance, the results from the quadruplex real-time PCR and conventional PCR assays showed 100% agreement. A total of 47 samples were detected as PCV positive by the quadruplex real-time PCR assay, including 1, 2, 1 samples were co-infected with PCV1 and PCV4, PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PCV4, respectively. Full-length ORF2 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis supported the real-time PCR results that 5, 34, 8 and 4 of the 51 PCV sequences were PCV1, PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4, respectively. This study provides a promising alternative tool for rapid differential detection of PCVs and confirms the coexistence of all species of PCV1-4 strains in Jiangsu province in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ningjun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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170
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The Stable Fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans) as a Possible Vector Transmitting Pathogens in Austrian Pig Farms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101476. [PMID: 32993009 PMCID: PMC7601539 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to investigate stable flies from Austrian pig farms for the presence of defined swine pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), hemotrophic mycoplasmas in ingested blood and/or body parts and bacteria on the surface of the flies. Furthermore, the use of stable flies as a diagnostic matrix for the detection of pathogens in the ingested pig blood should be investigated. In total, 69 different microorganisms could be found on the surface of tested S. calcitrans from 20 different pig farms. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium and could be found on flies from seven farms. In seven farms, hemotrophic mycoplasmas were detected in stable flies. PRRSV could not be found in any of the samples of these 20 farms but PCV2 was detected in six farms. Whether the stable fly can be used as a matrix to monitor the health status cannot be accurately determined through this study, especially in regard to PRRSV. Nevertheless, it might be possible to use the stable fly as diagnostic material for defined pathogens like Mycoplasma suis and PCV2.
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171
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Tao Y, Yang R, Shu J, Zheng W, Chen J, Wu Y, He Y. Immune responses induced by a combined vaccination with a recombinant chimera of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens and capsid virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:342. [PMID: 32938456 PMCID: PMC7493066 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two important pathogens causing Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) and porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs), respectively, and resulted in considerable economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination is one of the main measures to control these two diseases; however, there are few combination vaccines that can prevent these two diseases. To determine the effect of combination immunization, we developed capsid-derived (Cap) virus-like particles (VLPs) of PCV2 and a new recombinant chimera composed of the P97R1, P46, and P42 antigens of Mhp. Then we investigated the immune responses induced by the immunization with this combination vaccine in mice and piglets. RESULTS The high level antibodies against three protein antigens (P97R1, P46, and P42 of Mhp) were produced after immunization, up to or higher than 1:400,000; the antibody levels in Pro group continuously increased throughout the 42 days for all the antigens tested. The lymphocyte proliferative response in PCV2 group was stronger than that in PBS, VP, Mhp CV in mice. The antibody levels for Cap remained stable and reached the peak at 35 DAI. The IFN-γ and IL-4 in sera were significantly enhanced in the Pro group than that in the negative control-VP group on Day 14 and 28 post-the first immunization in piglets. CONCLUSIONS Above all, the combination immunization could induce humoral and cellular immune responses against all four antigens in mice and piglets. Therefore, our approach is a simple and effective vaccination strategy to protect pigs against MPS and PCVD/PCVAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenqian Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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172
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Goecke NB, Kobberø M, Kusk TK, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen KS, Kristensen CS, Larsen LE. Objective pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher pigs by monthly laboratory diagnostic testing. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 32922832 PMCID: PMC7476771 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are of great economic importance in commercial pig production, causing both clinical and subclinical disease, with influence on welfare, productivity, and antibiotic use. The causes of these diseases are often multifactorial and laboratory diagnostics are seldom routinely performed. The aim of the present study was to explore the benefits of monthly pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher herds and to examine association between laboratory results and observed clinical signs, including coughing and diarrhoea. Three monthly samplings were conducted in three different age groups in six nursery and four finisher production units. For each unit, two pens were randomly selected in each age group and evaluated for coughing and diarrhoea events. Furthermore, faecal sock and oral fluid samples were collected in the selected pens and analysed for 18 respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens using the high-throughput real-time PCR BioMark HD platform (Fluidigm, South San Francisco, USA). Results In total, 174 pens were sampled in which eight coughing events and 77 diarrhoeic events were observed. The overall findings showed that swine influenza A virus, porcine circovirus 2, porcine cytomegalovirus, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Escherichia coli fimbria types F4 and F18 were found to be prevalent in several of the herds. Association between coughing events and the presence of swine influenza A virus, porcine cytomegalovirus (Cq ≤ 20) or a combination of these were found. Furthermore, an association between diarrhoeic events and the presence of L. intracellularis (Cq ≤ 24) or B. pilosicoli (Cq ≤ 26) was found. Conclusions The use of high-throughput real-time PCR analysis for continuous monitoring of pathogens and thereby dynamics of infections in a pig herd, provided the veterinarian and farmer with an objective knowledge on the distribution of pathogens in the herd. In addition, the use of a high-throughput method in combination with information about clinical signs, productivity, health status and antibiotic consumption, presents a new and innovative way of diagnosing and monitoring pig herds and even to a lower cost than the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maja Kobberø
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Kusk
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars E Larsen
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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173
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Basigin-CyP elevated porcine circovirus type2 replication. Virus Res 2020; 289:198152. [PMID: 32896569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type2 (PCV2) is a member of the circoviridae family. PCV2 was identified as the main pathogen of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weaned piglets and causes massive economic loss. Basigin, is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; which is also a receptor for cyclophilins. CyP belongs to the immunophilin family that has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. Basigin-CyP interaction affects the replication stages of several viruses. In this study, we found that Basigin could elevate the replication of PCV2, and the Basigin only affected the replication stage rather than adsorption or endocytosis stages. In addition, the ligands of Basigin, CyPA and CyPB also elevated the replication of PCV2. Basigin-CyP interation was necessary for elevating PCV2 replication; At last, CyPs were proved to promote the replication of PCV2 by activating ERK signaling.
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174
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Yang S, Oh T, Park KH, Cho H, Chae C. A Dual Swine Challenge With Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Used to Compare a Combination of Mixable Monovalent PCV2 and Monovalent M. hyopneumoniae Vaccines With a Ready-to Use PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae Bivalent Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579. [PMID: 32984414 PMCID: PMC7492382 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the efficacy of swine vacciation using a combination of mixable monovalents for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against a ready-to-use bivalent vaccine under experimental conditions. Pigs at 21 days of age were administered either a combination of two mixable monovalent vaccines or a bivalent vaccine containing PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. Vaccination was followed with an M. hyopneumoniae challenge at 42 days of age (−14 days post challenge, dpc) and a PCV2d challenge at 56 days of age (0 dpc). Each vaccinated and challenged group was compared with the unvaccinated and challenged group for clinical, microbiological, immunologic, and pathologic differences. Clinically, two vaccinated and challenged groups showed minimal respiratory diseases that was characterized by occasionally coughing and sneezing. A significant difference was not calculated in the average daily weight gain, nasal shedding of M. hyopneumoniae, and pathological lesions between two vaccinated and challenged groups. A combination of two monovalent vaccines mixed into a combo prior to vaccination followed by challenge resulted in increased numbers of PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells at 21 dpc and a significant reduction in PCV2d viremia at 14 dpc when compared with the ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated and challenged groups. These results offer supporting evidence that vaccination during the weaning to finishing period against M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2 is efficacious for controlling diseases caused by these two pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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175
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Graage R, Saura Martinez H, Klausmann S, Kubacki J, Kümmerlen D. Intrahepatic icterus in pigs: rare clinical sign in porcine circovirus type 2 systemic disease. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Graage
- Department for Farm Animals, Division Swine MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Stefanie Klausmann
- Division Zurich EastPig Health Service Zurich of SUISAGZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- Institute of VirologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dolf Kümmerlen
- Division of Swine MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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176
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Zhang D, Bai C, Ge K, Li Y, Gao W, Jiang S, Wang Y. Establishment of an SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay for porcine circovirus type 4 detection. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113963. [PMID: 32882322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a novel circovirus first discovered in China in April 2019. Here, we established an SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR for quantitative detection of PCV4. A pair of specific primers was designed based on the conserved region of Cap of PCV4. The standard curve of the established real-time PCR. assay showed a good linear relationship. The sensitivity of the established real-time PCR was 100 times greater than that of conventional PCR, and the detection limit of the assay was 3 × 101 copies. There was no cross-reactivity with other swine DNA viruses, showing good specificity. The intra-group variation coefficient was 0.37-0.78 %, and the inter-group variation coefficient was 0.57-0.94%, indicating that the assay has good repeatability. Moreover, the analysis of clinical samples showed that the positive detection rate of PCV4 was 10.71% (18/168), while that of conventional PCR was 8.93% (15/168). Interestingly, co-infection with PCV2 or PCV3, or both PCV2 and PCV3, was also detected. In conclusion, the established SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR may be a cost-effective and rapid method for PCV4 clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Caixia Bai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Kai Ge
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Virology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, PR China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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177
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Wang SY, Sun YF, Wang Q, Yu LX, Zhu SQ, Liu XM, Yao Y, Wang J, Shan TL, Zheng H, Zhou YJ, Tong W, Kong N, Tong GZ, Yu H. An epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine circovirus type 3 infections in Tianjin, North China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9735. [PMID: 32944419 PMCID: PMC7469938 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), first identified in the United States, has been detected in many other countries. Porcine circovirus is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, reproductive failure, congenital tremors, and other clinical symptoms. In this study, we established a double polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting both porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. This is the first study to detect and characterize the PCV3 genome in the Tianjin region of North China. We collected a total of 169 tissue samples from seven farms between 2016 and 2018. The PCV3-positive rate of all tissue samples was 37.3% (63/169) and the rate of PCV2 and PCV3 coinfection was 14.8% (25/169). PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections with more serious clinical symptoms were found in only three farms. We sequenced three PCV3 strains selected from tissue samples that were positively identified. The complete genome sequences of the three strains shared 97.6-99.4% nucleotide identities with the PCV3 strains in GenBank. Our results showed the extent of PCV3's spread in Tianjin, and the need to further study PCV3's pathobiology, epidemiology, isolation, and coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Yong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Feng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Ling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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178
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The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090961. [PMID: 32872497 PMCID: PMC7551997 DOI: 10.3390/v12090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study in the context of the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was especially its location and its relation to the capsid protein and the apoptosis protein in PCV2-infected porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To detect the ORF3 protein, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this study. The mAb 7D3 binds to the ORF3 peptide (residues 35–66) and the native ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs, as shown by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The data show that 3–5% of PBMCs were positive for ORF3 protein or p53 protein. Further, 78–82% of PBMCs were positive for the capsid. This study confirmed the ORF3 protein not only colocalized with the capsid protein but also colocalized with the p53 protein in PBMCs. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to detect the capsid protein, the ORF3 protein, anti-capsid IgG, and anti-ORF3 IgG. The data show the correlation (r = 0.758) of the ORF3 protein and the capsid protein in the blood samples from the PCV2-infected herd. However, each anti-viral protein IgG had a different curve of the profile in the same herd after vaccination. Overall, this study provides a blueprint to explore the ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs.
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179
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Plut J, Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Golinar-Oven I, Knific T, Stukelj M. A molecular survey and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 using oral fluid, faeces and serum. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:281. [PMID: 32778107 PMCID: PMC7419202 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 3 is the most recently discovered porcine circovirus, and an emerging pathogen. In this study the status of its presence on some Slovenian farms is reported. The effectiveness of the vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 was assessed against porcine circovirus type 3. Group samples of oral fluid, faeces and individual serum samples were taken from six different pig categories and tested for presence of viral DNA, using both real time and conventional PCR. Positive samples were subjected to direct Sanger sequencing. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed and compared to GenBank PCV3 sequences. Results Positive samples were sent for genome sequencing, which confirmed the presence of virus in all different pig categories on five farms. A high to moderate correlation of strong statistical significance was found between individual serum samples, oral fluid and faeces. Slovenian PCV3 was found to be distributed in a way similar to that of other countries. Slovenian PCV3 nt sequences are highly related, sharing more than 99.5% nt identity. On one farm a commercially available vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 was used on 3-week-old pigs. It did not affect the presence of porcine circovirus type 3 in oral fluid or sera of any of the seven age groups of pigs, each with two control groups. Conclusions The results constitute the first discovery of the virus in Slovenia. Genome sequencing has revealed a high degree of similarity between Slovenian and GenBank isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plut
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Safe Food, Animal Nutrition and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Golinar-Oven
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Stukelj
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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180
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He Q, Cao Z, Wang P, Lu Q, Zheng H, Sun J. Efficient application of a baculovirus-silkworm larvae expression system for obtaining porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles for a vaccine. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2301-2309. [PMID: 32757056 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a major pathogen associated with swine diseases. It is the smallest single-stranded DNA virus, and its genome contains four major open reading frames (ORFs). ORF2 encodes the major structural protein Cap, which can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro and contains the primary antigenic determinants. In this study, we developed a high-efficiency method for obtaining VLPs and optimized the purification conditions. In this method, we expressed the protein Cap with a 6× His tag using baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae as well as the E. coli BL21(DE3) prokaryotic expression system. The PCV2 Cap proteins produced by the silkworm larvae and E. coli BL21(DE3) were purified. Cap proteins purified from silkworm larvae self-assembled into VLPs in vitro, while the Cap proteins purified from bacteria were unable to self-assemble. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the self-assembly of VLPs. The immunogenicity of the VLPs produced using the baculovirus system was demonstrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the purification process was optimized. The results demonstrated that the expression system using baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae is a good choice for obtaining VLPs of PCV2 and has potential for the development of a low-cost and efficient vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenming Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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181
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Gou H, Bian Z, Cai R, Jiang Z, Song S, Li Y, Chu P, Yang D, Zang YA, Li C. The Colorimetric Isothermal Multiple-Self-Matching-Initiated Amplification Using Cresol Red for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:407. [PMID: 32851005 PMCID: PMC7417626 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, a novel porcine circovirus (PCV), PCV3, was identified in USA. Subsequently, it was proved to be also epidemic in China, Poland, and Korea. To analyze and control the epidemic situation of PCV3, it is necessary to establish accurate and high-throughput detection methods. In this study, the colorimetric isothermal multiple-self-matching-initiated amplification (IMSA) using cresol red was developed to detect PCV3 for the first time. The reaction can be easily performed by incubating the tube at 63°C for 60 min. By the addition of pH-sensitive indicator dye cresol red, the initial color of the reaction mixture is red. When PCV3 capsid gene DNA was positive in the sample, the color of the reaction mixture changed from red to yellow after the isothermal incubation at 63°C, while the negative control maintained the red color. The colorimetric IMSA displayed good specificity in detecting PCV3, PCV2, and PCV1 and 4 porcine DNA pathogens. Moreover, it has a low and repeatable detection limit of 10 copies, which is consistent with TaqMan-based qPCR, but 10 times more sensitive than PCR. In diagnosing 128 clinical specimens, it not only showed 100% agreement with qPCR but also detected 15 positive results more than PCR. The colorimetric IMSA we offered might be a good choice for PCV3 epidemiological investigation and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibiao Bian
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-An Zang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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182
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Tan CY, Opaskornkul K, Thanawongnuwech R, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Ooi PT. First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235832. [PMID: 32706778 PMCID: PMC7380639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus in the swine industry, first reported recently in 2016. PCV3 assembles into a 2000 bp circular genome; slightly larger than PCV1 (1758-1760 bp), PCV2 (1766-1769 bp) and PCV4 (1770 bp). Apart from being associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), PCV3 has been isolated from pigs with clinical signs of reproductive failures, myocarditis, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and neurologic disease. Given that PCV3 is increasingly reported in countries including Thailand and U.S. with whom Malaysia shares trade and geographical relationship; and that PCV3 is associated with several clinical presentations that affect productivity, there is a need to study the presence and molecular characteristics of PCV3 in Malaysian swine farms. Twenty-four commercial swine farms, three abattoirs and retail shops in Peninsular Malaysia were sampled using convenience sampling method. A total of 281 samples from 141 pigs, including 49 lung archive samples were tested for PCV3 by conventional PCR. Twenty-eight lung samples from wild boar population in Peninsular Malaysia were also included. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed for maximum likelihood phylogeny relationship and pairwise distances. Results revealed that PCV3 is present in Peninsular Malaysia at a molecular prevalence of 17.02%, with inguinal lymph nodes and lungs showing the highest molecular detection rates of 81.82% and 71.43% respectively. Despite wide reports of PCV3 in healthy animals and wild boars, no positive samples were detected in clinically healthy finishers and wild boar population of this study. PCV3 strain A1 and A2 were present in Malaysia, and Malaysian PCV3 strains were found to be phylogenetically related to Spanish, U.S. and Mexico strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keerati Opaskornkul
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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183
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Tian RB, Zhao Y, Cui JT, Zheng HH, Xu T, Hou CY, Wang ZY, Li XS, Zheng LL, Chen HY. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Porcine circovirus 4 in Henan and Shanxi Provinces of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:276-282. [PMID: 32634296 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a new circovirus with a distinct relationship to other circoviruses, was identified in 2019 in several pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan Province, China. To investigate the epidemic profile and genetic diversity of the virus, 63 clinical samples were collected from 24 different pig farms in 14 cities in Henan and Shanxi Provinces, China, between February 2018 and December 2019, and the partial Cap gene of PCV4 was amplified by PCR. Among the 63 samples, 16 (25.40%) were positive for PCV4, and 50% (12/24) of the pig farms were positive for PCV4. PCV4 was detected in samples from pigs with different clinical presentations. One PCV4 strain (Henan-LY1-2019) was sequenced in this study, and shared 98.4% genomic nucleotide identity with PCV4 strain HNU-AHG1-2019 (accession no. MK986820) detected on a pig farm in Hunan Province in 2019. A phylogenetic analysis based on the genomes of Henan-LY1-2019 and 31 reference strains showed that the Henan-LY1-2019 strain together with PCV4 strain HNU-AHG1-2019 was grouped in a relatively independent sub-branch, and separated from other viruses in the genus Circovirus. The results of this study extend our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Bo Tian
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Tao Cui
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hua Zheng
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Yao Hou
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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184
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Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Naturally Infected Pigs in Abeokuta, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated diseases are a group of emerging devastating pig diseases worldwide. Due to a dearth of information on the virus in Nigeria, this study was carried out on 12 farms in Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria. Key production problems were identified through a questionnaire survey and direct field observations. The prevalence of the PCV2 was determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); 207 sera of pigs were obtained from the farms, DNAs extracted and amplified by the PCR. Based on gel results, the prevalence of PCV2 types were recorded and the effects of age, sex and geographic area determined. The observed production problems (and the percentage of farms suffering from such problems) were: runting (91.7 %), high piglet mortality (83.3 %), late term abortion (50 %), stillbirth (50 %) and anoestrous (41.7 %). The overall prevalence of 8.7 % of the PCV2 viral DNA was obtained. A single infection of PCV2b and PCV2a accounted for a prevalence of 5.3 % and 2.4 %, respectively, while a concurrent infection of both was found in only 1 % of the pigs. The prevalence of PCV2 was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by age or sex; with the rates in adults, growers and piglets being 9.9 %, 8.1 % and 8.1 %, respectively, while in males and females, the rates were 9.4 % and 9.0 %, respectively. The prevalence of PCV2 in high-density areas (13.2 %) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in low-density areas (4.0 %). It was concluded that PCV2a and PCV2b were present in pigs in Abeokuta, Nigeria and PCV2b was more prevalent. It was recommended that large-scale epidemiological studies covering all geographical regions be carried out with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to characterize the PCV2 genotypes present in Nigeria.
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185
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Frequency of Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Healthy Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Mummified Fetuses and Stillborn. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070533. [PMID: 32630733 PMCID: PMC7399965 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been suggested as a putative causal agent of swine reproductive disease. A number of different studies have pointed out this association, but there is still a lack of information regarding the normal rates of PCV-3 infection in farms with normal reproductive parameters. The objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in primiparous and multiparous sows and in tissues from their respective fetuses from farms with average reproductive parameters. Sera from 57 primiparous and 64 multiparous sows from 3 different farms were collected at two time points. Brain and lung tissues from 49 mummies and 206 stillborn were collected at farrowing. Samples were tested by PCR, and when positive, quantified by quantitative PCR. Thirty-nine complete genomes were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. All sera from multiparous sows were negative, while 19/57 (33.3%) primiparous sows were PCV-3 PCR positive. From the 255 tested fetuses, 86 (33.7%) had at least one tissue positive to PCV-3. The frequency of detection in fetuses from primiparous sows (73/91, 80.2%) was significantly higher than those from multiparous ones (13/164, 7.9%). It can be concluded that PCV-3 is able to cause intrauterine infections in absence of overt reproductive disorders.
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186
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Peterson NC, Berlin AA. Risk Assessment for Use of a Porcine Circovirus-Contaminated Reagent in a Barrier Maintained Rodent Colony. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:575-579. [PMID: 32605692 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A proposal for the use of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to develop a mouse model of pulmonary emphysema raised concerns about introducing contaminating porcine viruses into our barrier facility. Porcine Circovirus (PCV) is a known contaminant of vaccines and cell cultures that have been exposed to porcine-derived reagents. Endemic infection of PCV3 in laboratory mice has been reported, and some evidence supports natural PCV infection in wild mice. PPE samples from 2 different vendors tested positive for DNA from both PCV2 and 3. To allow model development with these reagents to proceed, we developed a protocol that would meet scientific objectives, minimize exposure of mice, and provide information on the potential for the virus to spread. Five d after BALB/c mice received intralaryngeal administration of PPE, lungs were harvested and analyzed for evidence of disease. Tissues from other major organs were submitted to test for disseminated PCV2 and 3 DNA. Similarly, tissues (including lungs) from direct contact nude sentinel mice were analyzed for the presence of the virus. To evaluate the possibility of endemic PCV2/3 infection, we also surveyed non-porcine reagent exposed mice on other studies. PCV2 and 3 was not detected in any of the tissues submitted. Although this study provided no evidence of infection and transmission of PCV2/3 from the contaminated PPE sample over the 5 d study, further work is needed to understand the risks and impact of introducing PCV contaminated cells or reagents into barrier maintained rodent colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Peterson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland;,
| | - Aaron A Berlin
- Early Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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187
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Lin CN, Ke NJ, Chiou MT. Cross-Sectional Study on the Sero- and Viral Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Field. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020339. [PMID: 32604831 PMCID: PMC7350207 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) cause considerable economic losses in industrial pork production in the field. To minimize the economic losses due to PCVAD, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines have been developed, and there is widespread vaccination worldwide today. However, limited information is available concerning the current status of PCV2 infection in the field on the Asian continent. The present study aimed to assess sero- and viral dynamics of PCV2 from 12 PCV2-contaminated pig herds with vaccination against PCV2 in Southern and Central Taiwan. In particular, the level of PCV2 load during the window period for seroconversion using real-time polymerase chain reaction and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Our results revealed that pig herds showed slight or no seroconversion after three to four weeks post-PCV2 immunization. The presence of PCV2 was observed during the window period for seroconversion in all herds. In conclusion, natural exposure of PCV2 occurs in the growing to fattening period, and viremia can last until slaughter. Additionally, our findings indicate that using ELISA showed the level of antibodies and aided in the understanding and surveillance of the current PCV2 status in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-N.L.); (M.-T.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.); +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.)
| | - Ni-Jyun Ke
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-N.L.); (M.-T.C.); Tel.: +886-8-7703202-5047 (C.-N.L.); +886-8-7703202-5057 (M.-T.C.)
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188
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Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Castro AMMG, Xiao CT. Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges. Virus Res 2020; 286:198044. [PMID: 32502553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved replicase protein on the sense strand. Circoviruses are widely distributed in mammals, fish, avian species and even insects. In pigs, four different CVs have been identified and named with consecutive numbers based on the order of their discovery: Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and most recently Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4). PCVs are ubiquitous in global pig populations and uninfected herds are rarely found. It is generally accepted that PCV1 is non-pathogenic. In contrast, PCV2 is considered an important, economically challenging pathogen on a global scale with comprehensive vaccination schemes in place. The role of PCV3 is still controversial several years after its discovery. Propagation of PCV3 appears to be challenging and only one successful experimental infection model has been published to date. Similarly to PCV2, PCV3 is widespread and found in many pigs regardless of their health history, including high health herds. PCV4 has only recently been discovered and further information on this virus is required to understand its potential impact. This review summarizes current knowledge on CVs in pigs and aims to contrast and compare known facts on PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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189
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Franzo G, Ruiz A, Grassi L, Sibila M, Drigo M, Segalés J. Lack of Porcine circovirus 4 Genome Detection in Pig Samples from Italy and Spain. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060433. [PMID: 32486429 PMCID: PMC7350368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Circovirus includes several species and mostly causes asymptomatic infections. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and, with increasing evidence, Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3), have been associated with different clinical conditions all over the world. In 2019, a new porcine circovirus (PCV-4) was identified from diseased animals in China. Because of the lessons learned from PCV-2 and PCV-3, it appears mandatory to investigate the actual distribution of this new virus and its potential association with clinical outcomes. To this purpose, an exploratory study to detect PCV-4 by molecular methods was performed in Italy and Spain by testing more than 300 samples of different types (serum and tissues), collected from both healthy and diseased pigs and wild boar as well. All samples, independently from the country, type, health status and host, tested PCV-4 negative. Therefore, no evidence of PCV-4 presence was found in Italy and Spain through this exploratory study. Considering the dense pig trade among European countries, its presence in the continent can similarly be considered unlikely. The reasons behind the restricted PCV-4 distribution compared to other porcine circoviruses will require further investigations. Careful surveillance might nevertheless be important since prompt recognition of PCV-4 would allow the implementation of effective countermeasures to prevent its spreading and potential economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Albert Ruiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Grassi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.R.); (M.S.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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190
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Wang Z, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Cui X, Wen S, Liu H, Cui W, Chen H, Ge J. Detection of Antibodies Against Canine Circovirus in Naturally and Experimentally Infected Canines by Recombinant Capsid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:294. [PMID: 32548131 PMCID: PMC7270207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV), a new pathogen, was found to be associated with canine hemorrhagic diarrhea, vasculitis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and acute gastroenteritis. Although CanineCV was highly positive rate in diarrhea cases, its pathogenicity remains controversial. In this study, the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CanineCV infection among domestic dogs in northeastern China was investigated by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on recombinant capsid protein. Results revealed the proposed iELISA had no cross-reactivity with other related pathogens, and yielded good diagnostic values. Then, to evaluate the rCap iELISA, this study applied it to detect antibodies against CanineCV in 1,047 clinical serum samples obtained from northeastern China in 2016–2017. Results showed the positive rates in the five cities of Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang provinces ranged from 22.22 to 42.29%. Statistical analysis shows a significant difference in age between dogs <3 months old with respect to the >1-year-old dogs (p = 0.005), that is, the CanineCV infection was more frequently identified from older dogs. In the artificially infected experiment, the dogs developed seroconversion after 9 or 12 days and the main way of virus excretion was through feces. More interestingly, among the 32 ELISA-positive serum samples, 34.75% samples tested positive for the CanineCV DNA by qPCR, far higher than that in ELISA-negative serum samples (5.26%, 2/38). This report is the first to demonstrate that CanineCV infection is common in the dog population in northeastern China. The results showed obvious differences in the positive rate associated with diarrhea, age, but not with different cities. This study also provide basis for evaluating the pathogenic potential of CanineCV. But, the pathogenicity, the relationship between antibody level and immune protection, and the harmful effects of this virus remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunjia Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xingyang Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
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191
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Wide Range of the Prevalence and Viral Loads of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Different Clinical Materials from 21 Polish Pig Farms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050411. [PMID: 32466099 PMCID: PMC7281387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was described in different clinical cases and healthy pigs. However, little is known about its circulation in pig farms. In order to assess PCV3 prevalence in 21 Polish farms, serum, feces, and oral fluid samples were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. In total, 1451 pairs of serum and feces from the same animals, as well as 327 samples of oral fluids were analyzed. The results showed that PCV3 is more commonly detected in oral fluids (37.3% positives) than in serum (9.7% positives) or feces (15.0% positives) samples. The viral loads detected in these materials ranged from 102.5–107.2 genome equivalent copies/mL. Although in most farms PCV3 was detected post weaning, in nine farms, the virus was also found in groups of suckling piglets, and in six of them viremia was detected. In four farms with reproductive failure, fetal materials were also obtained. PCV3 was detected in 36.0% of fetuses or stillborn piglets (9/25) with viral loads of 103.1–1010.4 genome equivalent copies/mL. In summary, the virus circulation may show different patterns, and congenital or early infection is not uncommon. Precise quantification of PCV3 loads in clinical materials seems to be necessary for the study and diagnosis of the infection.
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192
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Mone NK, Clark NJ, Kyaw-Tanner M, Turni C, Barnes TS, Parke CR, Alawneh JA, Blackall PJ, Meers J. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:388-395. [PMID: 32441054 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the current porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes circulating in pigs in Queensland (QLD). METHODS The PCV2 infection status of pigs was determined by real-time PCR testing of 210 lymph nodes and 30 serum samples derived from 45 QLD farms. PCV2-positive samples from 22 pigs from 15 farms were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the full PCV2 genome. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 of these sequences in relation to published PCV2 sequences was then performed, and the genotypes were compared. RESULTS PCV2 DNA was detected in 95 lymph nodes and 15 serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 PCV2 sequences demonstrated that seven belonged to genotype PCV2b, two to PCV2d, one to PCV2f and seven to an "intermediate group" that clustered with PCV2d on the full genome analysis. CONCLUSION This work confirms earlier studies reporting the presence of PCV2b in Australia. It is the first study to report that PCV2d and PCV2f are also present in this country. PCV2d is currently a fast-spreading genotype globally, with reported high virulence. The potential implications of these findings with respect to pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Mone
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Kyaw-Tanner
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T S Barnes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C R Parke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Alawneh
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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193
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Jiang M, Guo J, Zhang G, Jin Q, Liu Y, Jia R, Wang A. Fine mapping of linear B cell epitopes on capsid protein of porcine circovirus 3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6223-6234. [PMID: 32445000 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging swine pathogen associated with acute porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation. Current evidence shows that PCV3 is spread worldwide, and its high incidence may pose a threat to the global pig industry. Capsid (Cap) protein is the sole structural protein which plays an important role in inducing protective immunity against PCV3 infection. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Cap protein of PCV3 were produced by the hybridoma technique. Subsequently, 12 serial overlapping peptides (P1 to P12) spanning the entire region of Cap were synthesized to determine the B cell epitope regions using the mAbs. Results from dot-blot and peptide ELISA identified that P3, P9, and P10 were the major B cell antigenic regions. Fine mapping by shorter N- and C-terminal truncated peptides confirmed that the motifs 57NKPWH61, 140KHSRYFT146, and 161QSLFFF166 were linear B cell epitopes, which were highly conserved among different PCV3 strains. Interestingly, we found that the motif 140KHSRYFT146 was highly conserved in all reported types of PCVs (i.e., PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4), except for the substitution (Y → K → R) of the first residue. This is the first research to identify B cell epitopes of PCV3 Cap, and these findings may lead to a better understanding of the antibody-antigen interaction and provide some guidance for PCV3 vaccine design.Key points• The recombinant Cap protein of PCV3 was expressed and purified in soluble form. • PCV3 Cap-specific mAbs prepared in this study had no cross-reactivity with PCV1/PCV2 Cap. • This is the first report of three conserved linear B cell epitopes on PCV3 Cap. • The minimal residues of the epitopes were 57-61 aa, 140-146 aa, and 161-166 aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Saporiti V, Huerta E, Correa-Fiz F, Grosse Liesner B, Duran O, Segalés J, Sibila M. Detection and genotyping of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in sera from fattening pigs of different European countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2521-2531. [PMID: 32356364 PMCID: PMC7754154 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PCV‐2 is considered one of the most economically important viral agents in swine worldwide. Recently, PCV‐3 has been found in pigs affected by different disorders and in healthy animals. The objective of this epidemiological work was to describe the frequency of detection of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3 in pig farms of 9 European countries. Moreover, a second aim was to assess the most frequent PCV‐2 genotypes found in the studied farms. Sera from 5 to 10 pigs per farm were collected from 2 to 11 farms per studied country. A total of 624 sera of fattening pigs (10–25 week old) from 64 farms from Spain (n = 11), Belgium (n = 10), France (n = 8), Germany (n = 8), Italy (n = 7), Denmark (n = 8), the Netherlands (n = 5), Ireland (n = 5) and Sweden (n = 2) were analysed by conventional PCR. In addition, one or two PCV‐2‐positive samples per farm were genotyped by sequencing the ORF2 gene. PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples with relatively low Ct values were also sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. PCV‐2 DNA was detected in pig sera from all European tested countries, but Sweden. A total of 132 out of 624 (21%) sera were positive for PCV‐2 PCR, corresponding to 30 out of the 64 (47%) tested farms. PCV‐3 DNA was detected in 52 out of 624 (8%) sera, corresponding also to 30 out of the 64 (47%) studied farms from all tested countries. A total of 48 PCV‐2 PCR‐positive samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped, being PCV‐2d the most frequently genotype found (n = 28), followed by PCV‐2b (n = 11) and PCV‐2a (n = 9). These results pointed out PCV‐2d as the most prevalent genotype currently in Europe. The PCV‐3 phylogenetic analysis showed high identity (>98%) among sequences from all the analysed countries. The relatively low co‐infection (3%), likely suggest an independent circulation patterns of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Duran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
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195
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Han C, Du Q, Zhu L, Chen N, Luo L, Chen Q, Yin J, Wu X, Tong D, Huang Y. Porcine DNAJB6 promotes PCV2 replication via enhancing the formation of autophagy in host cells. Vet Res 2020; 51:61. [PMID: 32381067 PMCID: PMC7203849 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp40/DnaJ family proteins play important roles in the infection process of various viruses. Porcine DNAJB6 (pDNAJB6) is a major member of this family, but its role in modulating the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is still unclear. In the present study, pDNAJB6 was found to be significantly upregulated by PCV2 infection, and confirmed to be interacted with PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein and co-localized at both cytoplasm and nucleus in the PCV2-infected cells. Knockout of pDNAJB6 significantly reduced the formation of autophagosomes in PCV2-infected cells or in the cells expressing Cap protein, whereas overexpression of pDNAJB6 showed an opposite effect. In addition, the domain mapping assay showed that the J domain of pDNAJB6 (amino acids (aa) 1–99) and the C terminus of Cap (162-234 aa) were required for the interaction of pDNAJB6 with Cap. Notably, the interaction of pDNAJB6 with Cap was very important to promoting the formation of autophagosomes induced by PCV2 infection or Cap expression and enhancing the replication of PCV2. Taken together, the results presented here show a novel function of pDNAJB6 in regulation of porcine circovirus replication that pDNAJB6 enhances the formation of autophagy to promote viral replication through interacting with viral capsid protein during PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Le Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiatong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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196
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Sibila M, Guevara G, Cuadrado R, Pleguezuelos P, Pérez D, Pérez de Rozas A, Huerta E, Llorens A, Valero O, Pérez M, López C, Krejci R, Segalés J. Comparison of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 commercial vaccines efficacy when applied separate or combined under experimental conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:11. [PMID: 32391165 PMCID: PMC7197127 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) are two of the most significant infectious agents causing economic losses in the weaning to slaughter period. Due to their similar vaccination age, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two already existing Mhyo (Hyogen®) and PCV-2 (Circovac®) vaccines when administered separately or combined (RTM) by means of Mhyo or PCV-2 experimental challenges. Results Seven groups of animals were included in the study, being three of them challenged with PCV-2, three with Mhyo and one composed of non-challenged, non-vaccinated pigs. Within each experimental challenge, non-vaccinated (NV) groups were compared with double vaccinated groups using the commercial products separated (VS) or combined (VC). Both vaccinated groups showed significant differences for most parameters measured regarding PCV-2 (serology, percentage of infected animals and viral load in tissues) and Mhyo (serology and gross lesions) when compared to NV groups. VS and VC offered similar results, being only significantly different the PCV-2 antibody values at different time points (higher in the VS group) of the study, although not at the termination day (21 days post-PCV-2 inoculation). Conclusion The present study expands the knowledge on the possibility of using two separate Mhyo and PCV-2 commercial vaccines as a RTM product, which offered equivalent virological, immunological and pathological outcomes as compared to these vaccines when used by separate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sibila
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Guevara
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cuadrado
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Pleguezuelos
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pérez de Rozas
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Huerta
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Llorens
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Valero
- 3Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C López
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Krejci
- 5Ceva, La Ballastiere-BP, 126, 33501 Libourne Cedex, France
| | - J Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,6UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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197
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Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 3 Strains Circulating in Sardinian Pigs and Wild Boars. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050344. [PMID: 32370251 PMCID: PMC7280999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently discovered member of the Circoviridae family. So far, its presence has been reported in North America, Asia, South America, and Europe. In this study, blood and tissue samples from 189 Sardinian suids (34 domestic pigs, 115 feral free ranging pigs, and 39 wild boars) were used to genetically characterize the PCV3 strains from Sardinia. PCV3 infection in the animals was confirmed by real time PCR. The detection rate in the three groups analyzed was l7.64% in domestic pigs, 77.39% in free ranging pigs, and 61.54% in wild boars. Moreover, our results showed that co-infection of PCV3 with other viruses is quite a common occurrence. Molecular characterization of Sardinian PCV3 strains was performed by sequencing 6 complete genomes and 12 complete cap genes. Our results revealed that there is a high similarity between our strains and those identified in different countries, confirming the genetic stability of PCV3 regardless of geographical origin. Haplotype network analysis revealed the presence of 6 whole genomes or 12 unique ORF2 haplotypes and a nonsynonymous mutation in ORF2 that leads to an R14K amino acid substitution. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome and ORF2 was also conducted. The Sardinian strains were allocated in three different clusters of phylogenetic trees of both complete genome and ORF2. With this study, we have provided a snapshot of PCV3 circulation in Sardinia. Our findings might help to achieve a deeper understanding of this emerging porcine virus.
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198
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Czyżewska-Dors E, Núñez JI, Saporiti V, Huerta E, Riutord C, Cabezón O, Segalés J, Sibila M. Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Wildlife Species in Spain. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050341. [PMID: 32369945 PMCID: PMC7281317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is the third member of the family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus, able to infect swine. A high prevalence of viral DNA has been recorded in wild boars. Recently, PCV-3 DNA was identified in Italian wild ruminants. Based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of PCV-3 DNA detection in free-ranging ruminants and Lagomorpha species in Spain. In addition, the genetic characterization of the PCV-3 PCR-positive samples was performed. A total of 801 serum samples, including red deer (Cervus elaphus, [CE]; n = 108), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, [CC]; n = 87), Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica, [RP]; n = 133), Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica, [CP]; n = 92), mouflon (Ovis aries, [OA]; n = 91), fallow deer (Dama dama, [DD]; n = 104), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, [OC]; n = 101), and European hare (Lepus europaeus, [LE]; n = 85) from Catalonia (northeast Spain) were tested by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, when positive, sequenced. Overall, PCV-3 DNA was found in three out of 801 analyzed sera (0.37%) corresponding to one red deer (1/108, 0.9%), one mouflon (1/91, 1.1%), and one fallow deer (1/104, 0.96%). None of the samples collected from Lagomorpha species resulted PCR positive. The partial genome sequences detected in positive samples displayed high identity with some PCV-3 sequences detected in wild boars and domestic pigs (99.7% and 100%, respectively). In conclusion, the present study indicated that free-ranging ruminant and Lagomorpha species are not relevant in the epidemiology of PCV-3 in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
| | - José I. Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eva Huerta
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carme Riutord
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.I.N.); (V.S.); (E.H.); (O.C.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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199
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Kleymann A, Soto E, Illanes O, Malik YS, Fuentealba C, Ghosh S. High rates of detection and complete genomic analysis of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in the Lesser Antilles island of St. Kitts: Identification of PCV2b-PCV2d recombinants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2282-2289. [PMID: 32304352 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen of swine, there is a lack of information on PCV2 from the Lesser Antilles. In this retrospective study, we report high rates of detection of PCV2 DNA in porcine faecal (41.3%, 26/63) and kidney (32.8%, 20/61) samples from the Lesser Antilles island of St. Kitts. Most of the PCV2-positive faecal samples were from diarrhoeic piglets (23/26), with 15 animals exhibiting stunted growth and/or weight loss. Although the PCV2-positive kidneys were from slaughter age, clinically healthy pigs, microscopically, various degrees of inflammation (mild, moderate or severe) were observed in 18 kidneys. Rotavirus-A, porcine parvovirus and torque teno sus virus were detected in 2, 4 and 14 PCV2-positive samples, respectively. The complete genomes of 18 St. Kitts PCV2 strains were amplified using three overlapping nested PCR assays designed in the present study. By phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and complete genomes, 15 St. Kitts strains were assigned to genotype PCV2b. The remaining three PCV2 strains were identified as PCV2b-PCV2d recombinants, with the involvement of ORF2 in two of the strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and genotyping of PCV2 strains from the Lesser Antilles. Considering the significant contributions of pig farming to the regional livestock economy and increasing demand for local pork in the Lesser Antilles, our findings emphasize the importance of future studies on surveillance and genotyping of PCV2 in other Caribbean islands of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kleymann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Oscar Illanes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Carmen Fuentealba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
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200
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Neutralization Mechanism of a Monoclonal Antibody Targeting a Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Cap Protein Conformational Epitope. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01836-19. [PMID: 32075932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01836-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen in swine herds, and its infection of pigs has caused severe economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The capsid protein of PCV2 is the only structural protein that is associated with PCV2 infection and immunity. Here, we report a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb), MAb 3A5, that binds to intact PCV2 virions of the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d genotypes. MAb 3A5 neutralized PCV2 by blocking viral attachment to PK15 cells. To further explore the neutralization mechanism, we resolved the structure of the PCV2 virion in complex with MAb 3A5 Fab fragments by using cryo-electron microscopy single-particle analysis. The binding sites were located at the topmost edges around 5-fold icosahedral symmetry axes, with each footprint covering amino acids from two adjacent capsid proteins. Most of the epitope residues (15/18 residues) were conserved among 2,273 PCV2 strains. Mutations of some amino acids within the epitope had significant effects on the neutralizing activity of MAb 3A5. This study reveals the molecular and structural bases of this PCV2-neutralizing antibody and provides new and important information for vaccine design and therapeutic antibody development against PCV2 infections.IMPORTANCE PCV2 is associated with several clinical manifestations collectively known as PCV2-associated diseases (PCVADs). Neutralizing antibodies play a crucial role in the prevention of PCVADs. We demonstrated previously that a MAb, MAb 3A5, neutralizes the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d genotypes with different degrees of efficiency, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the neutralization mechanism of this MAb and the structure of the PCV2 virion in complex with MAb 3A5 Fabs, showing a binding mode in which one Fab interacted with more than two loops from two adjacent capsid proteins. This binding mode has not been observed previously for PCV2-neutralizing antibodies. Our work provides new and important information for vaccine design and therapeutic antibody development against PCV2 infections.
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