151
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Deries M, Thorsteinsdóttir S. Axial and limb muscle development: dialogue with the neighbourhood. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4415-4431. [PMID: 27344602 PMCID: PMC11108464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system which also includes nerves, tendons, connective tissue, bones and blood vessels. Here we review the development of axial and limb muscles in amniotes within the context of their surrounding tissues in vivo. We highlight the reciprocal dialogue mediated by signalling factors between cells of these adjacent tissues and developing muscles and also demonstrate its importance from the onset of muscle cell differentiation well into foetal development. Early embryonic tissues secrete factors which are important regulators of myogenesis. However, later muscle development relies on other tissue collaborators, such as developing nerves and connective tissue, which are in turn influenced by the developing muscles themselves. We conclude that skeletal muscle development in vivo is a compelling example of the importance of reciprocal interactions between developing tissues for the complete and coordinated development of a functional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Deries
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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152
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Molecular Cues Guiding Matrix Stiffness in Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2646212. [PMID: 27800489 PMCID: PMC5075297 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2646212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and matrix stiffness affect cell properties during morphogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, and migration and are altered in the tissue remodeling following injury and the pathological progression. However, detailed molecular mechanisms underlying alterations of stiffness in vivo are still poorly understood. Recent engineering technologies have developed powerful techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of cell and matrix at nanoscale levels. Extracellular matrix (ECM) influences mechanical tension and activation of pathogenic signaling during the development of chronic fibrotic diseases. In this short review, we will focus on the present knowledge of the mechanisms of how ECM stiffness is regulated during the development of liver fibrosis and the molecules involved in ECM stiffness as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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153
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Miura K, Katoh H. Structural and Histochemical Alterations in the Aortic Valves of Elderly Patients: A Comparative Study of Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, and Normal Valves. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6125204. [PMID: 27747234 PMCID: PMC5056004 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6125204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis (AS) and regurgitation (AR) by comparing differences in mechanical and biochemical alterations. We applied scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) to measure the speed of sound (SOS) through valves to estimate the elasticity and monitor sensitivity to protease treatment, as the SOS is correlated with the stiffness of materials, which is reduced after digestion by proteases. The fibrosa of both the AS and AR groups were stiffer than the fibrosa of the normal group. The AR group displayed significantly stiffer fibrosa than the AS group, with the exception of calcified areas. The AS group showed significantly decreased SOS values following protease digestion, whereas the AR showed little reduction. The AS group presented type III collagen in the fibrosa and the ventricularis. In the AR group, both type I collagen and type III collagen coexisted in the fibrosa and the ventricularis. Upon immunostaining for advanced glycation end-products, the AS group showed sparse, weak staining, whereas the AR group presented a strong, band-like positive reaction in the fibrosa. In conclusion, tissue remodelling associated with damage and repair is associated with AS pathogenesis, whereas static chemical alterations with slow collagen turnover induce AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Miura
- Department of Health Science, Pathology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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154
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhang T, Lin Z, Li Z, Zhang A, Sun X, Gao J. Loss of Lysyl Oxidase-like 3 Attenuates Embryonic Lung Development in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33856. [PMID: 27645581 PMCID: PMC5029289 DOI: 10.1038/srep33856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3), a human disease gene candidate, is a member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family and is indispensable for mouse palatogenesis and vertebral column development. Our previous study showed that the loss of LOXL3 resulted in a severe cleft palate and spinal deformity. In this study, we investigated a possible role for LOXL3 in mouse embryonic lung development. LOXL3-deficient mice displayed reduced lung volumes and weights, diminished saccular spaces, and deformed and smaller thoracic cavities. Excess elastic fibres were detected in LOXL3-deficient lungs, which might be related to the increased LOXL4 expression. Increased transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) expression might be involved in the up-regulation of LOXL4 in LOXL3-deficient lungs. We concluded that the loss of LOXL3 attenuates mouse embryonic lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhuchun Lin
- Jinan First People's Hospital, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Zhenzu Li
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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155
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Comptour A, Rouzaire M, Belville C, Bonnin N, Daniel E, Chiambaretta F, Blanchon L, Sapin V. Lysyl oxidase-like 4 involvement in retinoic acid epithelial wound healing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32688. [PMID: 27597564 PMCID: PMC5011693 DOI: 10.1038/srep32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its active forms (retinoic acids/RAs) are known to have pro-healing properties, but their mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. This work aimed to identify the cellular and molecular processes by which atRA (all-trans RA) improves wound healing, using an in vivo model of mouse corneal alkali burns and an in vitro cellular human corneal epithelial injury model. Regulation by atRA has been studied on most of the cellular events that occur in wound healing. We investigated the direct influence of atRA on a specific target gene known to be involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics, one of the pathways contributing to epithelial repair. Our results demonstrate that atRA promotes corneal epithelial wound healing by acting preferentially on migration. The induction of lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) expression by atRA in the corneal epithelium environment was established as essential in the mechanism of atRA-dependent wound healing. Our study describes for the first time a direct link between a retinoic-induced gene and protein, LOXL4, and its general clinical pro-healing properties in ECM dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Comptour
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Rouzaire
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnin
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Daniel
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA7281 – Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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156
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Añazco C, Delgado-López F, Araya P, González I, Morales E, Pérez-Castro R, Romero J, Rojas A. Lysyl oxidase isoforms in gastric cancer. Biomark Med 2016; 10:987-98. [PMID: 27564724 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world and shows the highest incidence in Latin America and Asia. An increasing amount of evidence demonstrates that lysyl oxidase isoforms, a group of extracellular matrix crosslinking enzymes, should be considered as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GC. In this review, we focus on the expression levels of lysyl oxidase isoforms, its functions and the clinical implications in GC. Finding novel proteins related to the processing of these extracellular matrix enzymes might be helpful in the design of new therapies, which, in combination with classic pharmacology, could be used to delay the progress of this aggressive cancer and offer a wider temporal window for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Añazco
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Erik Morales
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
- Pathology Department, Regional Hospital of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramón Pérez-Castro
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Romero
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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157
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Trackman PC. Lysyl Oxidase Isoforms and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Fibrosis and Cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:935-45. [PMID: 26848785 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes is classically known as being required for connective tissue maturation by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen precursors. The resulting aldehydes then participate in cross-link formation, which is required for normal connective tissue integrity. These enzymes have biological functions that extend beyond this fundamental biosynthetic role, with contributions to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of lysyl oxidases occurs in multiple pathologies including fibrosis, primary and metastatic cancers, and complications of diabetes in a variety of tissues. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the major findings of novel roles for lysyl oxidases in pathologies, and highlights some of the potential therapeutic approaches that are in development and which stem from these new findings. EXPERT OPINION Fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanisms of novel biological functions of this family of proteins, and regarding functions that are independent of their catalytic enzyme activity. However, progress is underway in the development of isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibitors, potential therapeutic antibodies and gaining an increased understanding of both tumor suppressor and metastasis promotion activities. Ultimately, this is likely to lead to novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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158
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Panoutsopoulos AA, Gartaganis VS, Giannakopoulos MP, Goumas PD, Anastassiou ED, Gartaganis SP. Lysyl oxidase-like 1 polymorphisms in a southwestern Greek cataract population with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:161-6. [PMID: 26855560 PMCID: PMC4725688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s90789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the possible association of rs1048661 and rs3825942 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene of cataract patients from southwestern Greece with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome. Patients and methods Ninety-three patients with PEX syndrome and 74 without PEX syndrome were recruited with the principal diagnosis being cataract. LOXL1 SNPs, rs1048661 and rs3825942, were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction. Results The G allele of rs1048661 was found in 96.7% in the PEX group as compared to 80.5% of non-PEX alleles (P=19×10−4; Odds ratio [OR] =5.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.68–17.12). Similarly, the G allele of rs3825942 was found in 72.1% of the PEX group as compared to 41.8% of non-PEX alleles (P=4×10−5; OR =3.78; 95% CI =1.98–7.23). The T and A allele frequencies of rs1048661 and rs3825942, respectively, were underrepresented in the PEX group patients as compared to non-PEX group. Conclusion Our data confirm previously reported association between LOXL1 polymorphisms and PEX syndrome in a southwestern Greek population. A significant association was found for the G allele of rs1048661 and rs3825942 demonstrating that the GG haplotype is a high-risk factor for the development of PEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassiliki S Gartaganis
- Protein Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular Oncology, BSRC "Al Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | | | - Panos D Goumas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios P Gartaganis
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Achaia, Greece
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159
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Alsofi L, Daley E, Hornstra I, Morgan EF, Mason ZD, Acevedo JF, Word RA, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Sex-Linked Skeletal Phenotype of Lysyl Oxidase Like-1 Mutant Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:172-85. [PMID: 26538021 PMCID: PMC8627178 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases are required for collagen and elastin cross-linking and extracellular matrix maturation including in bone. The lysyl oxidase family consists of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and 4 isoforms (LOXL1-4). Here we investigate whether deletion of LOXL1, which has been linked primarily to elastin maturation, leads to skeletal abnormalities. Left femurs (n = 8), L5 vertebrae (n = 8), and tibiae (n = 8) were analyzed by micro-computed tomography in 13-week-old wild-type (WT) and LOXL1-/- male and female mice. Right femurs (n = 8) were subjected to immunohistochemistry for LOXL1, and histochemical/histology analyses of osteoclasts and growth plates. Sera from all mice were analyzed for bone turnover markers. Results indicate strong expression of LOXL1 in wild-type growth plates in femurs. Significant deterioration of trabecular bone structure in long bones and vertebrae from female was observed but not from male, mutant mice compared with WT. Decreases in BV/TV, Conn.D, trabecular thickness, and number in the femoral distal metaphysis were observed in female, but not in male, mutant mice. Trabecular spacing was increased significantly in femurs of female mutant mice. Findings were similar in trabeculae of L5 vertebrae from female mutant mice. The number of TRAP positive osteoclasts at the trabecular bone surface was increased in female mutant mice compared with WT females, consistent with increased serum RANKL and decreased OPG levels. Analysis of bone turnover markers confirmed increased bone resorption as indicated by significantly elevated CTX-1 in the serum of female LOXL1-/- mice compared to their wild-type counterparts, as well as decreased bone formation as measured by decreased serum levels of PINP. Picrosirius red staining revealed a loss of heterogeneity in collagen organization in female LOXL1-/- mice only, with little to no yellow and orange birefringence. Organization was also impaired in chondrocyte columns in both female and male LOXL1-/- mice, but to a greater extent in females. Data indicate that LOXL1-/- mutant mice develop appendicular and axial skeletal phenotypes characterized by decreased bone volume fraction and compromised trabecular microstructure, predominantly in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai Alsofi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eileen Daley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ian Hornstra
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zachary D Mason
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jesus F Acevedo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - R Ann Word
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Philip C Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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160
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Overexpression of Soluble Recombinant Human Lysyl Oxidase by Using Solubility Tags: Effects on Activity and Solubility. Enzyme Res 2016; 2016:5098985. [PMID: 26942005 PMCID: PMC4753049 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5098985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase is an important extracellular matrix enzyme that has not been fully characterized due to its low solubility. In order to circumvent the low solubility of this enzyme, three solubility tags (Nus-A, Thioredoxin (Trx), and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)) were engineered on the N-terminus of mature lysyl oxidase. Total enzyme yields were determined to be 1.5 mg for the Nus-A tagged enzyme (0.75 mg/L of media), 7.84 mg for the Trx tagged enzyme (3.92 mg/L of media), and 9.33 mg for the GST tagged enzyme (4.67 mg/L of media). Enzymatic activity was calculated to be 0.11 U/mg for the Nus-A tagged enzyme and 0.032 U/mg for the Trx tagged enzyme, and no enzymatic activity was detected for the GST tagged enzyme. All three solubility-tagged forms of the enzyme incorporated copper; however, the GST tagged enzyme appears to bind adventitious copper with greater affinity than the other two forms. The catalytic cofactor, lysyl tyrosyl quinone (LTQ), was determined to be 92% for the Nus-A and Trx tagged lysyl oxidase using the previously reported extinction coefficient of 15.4 mM−1 cm−1. No LTQ was detected for the GST tagged lysyl oxidase. Given these data, it appears that Nus-A is the most suitable tag for obtaining soluble and active recombinant lysyl oxidase from E. coli culture.
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161
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Görögh T, Quabius ES, Heidebrecht H, Nagy A, Muffels T, Haag J, Ambrosch P, Hoffmann M. Lysyl oxidase like-4 monoclonal antibody demonstrates therapeutic effect against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells and xenografts. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2529-38. [PMID: 26756583 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4), is overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) compared to normal squamous epithelium. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived from fusion of Balb/c mouse splenocytes immunized with LOXL4 specific peptide was used to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in 15 HNSCC cell lines associated with LOXL4 overexpression. For xenograft experiments 41 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were used to analyze LOXL4-mAb mediated tumor regression. Cell viability was analyzed using cytotoxicity-, and clonogenic-assays. Significant suppression of tumor cell growth was observed in 12 out of 15 (80%) tumor cell lines after 48 hr exposure to the mAb (LD50 of 15 µg/ml to 45 µg/ml). The effect induced by the antibody could be blocked by pre-incubation of the antibody with the peptide used for immunization of the mice and antibody generation, indicating that the effect of the antibody is specific. In mice inoculated with HNSCC cells, i.v. injections of the LOXL4-mAb resulted within 70 days in extensive tumor destruction in all treated animals whereas no tumor regression occurred in control animals. In mice pre-immunized i.v. with LOXL4-mAb and subsequently injected with HNSCC cells, tumor development was considerably delayed in contrast to non LOXL4-mAb pre-immunized animals. These results demonstrate that the LOXL4-mAb has potent antitumor activity and suggest its suitability as a therapeutic immune agent applicable to HNSCC exhibiting tumor specific upregulation of LOXL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Görögh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elgar S Quabius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany.,Instutite of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Heidebrecht
- Instutite of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Nagy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Till Muffels
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House 14, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Ambrosch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, House 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related disease characterized by the production, deposition, and progressive accumulation of a white, fibrillar, extracellular material in many ocular tissues, most prominent on the anterior lens surface and pupillary border. Its prevalence increases steadily with age in all populations. It is the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide and is a potentially reversible or even curable disease. First described in Finland in 1917 by Lindberg, it has long been associated with open-angle glaucoma. However, in recent years, it is being increasingly reported in conjunction with a multiplicity of both ocular and systemic disorders, and the number of these is expected to grow, particularly with investigations based on attempts to associate other diseases with those genes known to be associated with XFS. Despite the focus on XFS as a cause of open-angle glaucoma for nearly a century, in reality it is still only an ocular manifestation of a protean systemic disease. It is a unique disorder with extensive and often serious ocular and systemic manifestations and not, as it has long been termed, a "form" or "type" of glaucoma. This misconception has delayed research into the molecular and cellular processes involved in its development, and the underestimation of its overall importance and its underlying causative mechanisms have largely been long ignored. The purpose of this article is to review the systemic disorders which are becoming increasingly associated with XFS. Reviews of epidemiology, genetics, biomarkers, molecular mechanisms of development, and ocular findings may be found elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ritch
- From the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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163
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Mižíková I, Morty RE. The Extracellular Matrix in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Target and Source. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:91. [PMID: 26779482 PMCID: PMC4688343 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of preterm birth that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. BPD results from life-saving interventions, such as mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation used to manage preterm infants with acute respiratory failure, which may be complicated by pulmonary infection. The pathogenic pathways driving BPD are not well-delineated but include disturbances to the coordinated action of gene expression, cell-cell communication, physical forces, and cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which together guide normal lung development. Efforts to further delineate these pathways have been assisted by the use of animal models of BPD, which rely on infection, injurious mechanical ventilation, or oxygen supplementation, where histopathological features of BPD can be mimicked. Notable among these are perturbations to ECM structures, namely, the organization of the elastin and collagen networks in the developing lung. Dysregulated collagen deposition and disturbed elastin fiber organization are pathological hallmarks of clinical and experimental BPD. Strides have been made in understanding the disturbances to ECM production in the developing lung, but much still remains to be discovered about how ECM maturation and turnover are dysregulated in aberrantly developing lungs. This review aims to inform the reader about the state-of-the-art concerning the ECM in BPD, to highlight the gaps in our knowledge and current controversies, and to suggest directions for future work in this exciting and complex area of lung development (patho)biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
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164
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Ruiz LA, Báez-Vega PM, Ruiz A, Peterse DP, Monteiro JB, Bracero N, Beauchamp P, Fazleabas AT, Flores I. Dysregulation of Lysyl Oxidase Expression in Lesions and Endometrium of Women With Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1496-508. [PMID: 25963914 PMCID: PMC5933196 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115585144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are enzymes involved in collagen deposition, extracellular membrane remodeling, and invasive/metastatic potential. Previous studies reveal an association of LOXs and endometriosis. We aimed to identify the mechanisms activated by upregulation of lysyl oxidases (LOX) in endometriotic cells and tissues. We hypothesized that LOX plays a role in endometriosis by promoting invasiveness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS The LOX protein expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in lesions and endometrium on a tissue microarray (TMA) and in endometrial biopsies from patients and controls during the window of implantation (WOI). Estradiol regulation of LOX expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Proliferation, invasion, and migration assays were performed in epithelial (endometrial epithelial cell), endometrial (human endometrial stromal cell), and endometriotic cell lines (ECL and 12Z). Pathway-focused multiplex qPCR was used to determine transcriptome changes due to LOX overexpression. RESULTS LOX protein was differentially expressed in ovarian versus peritoneal lesions. During WOI, LOX levels were higher in luminal epithelium of patients with endometriosis-associated infertility compared to controls. Invasive epithelial cell lines expressed higher levels of LOX than noninvasive ones. Transfection of LOX into noninvasive epithelial cells increased their migration in an LOX inhibitor-sensitive manner. Overexpression of LOX did not fully induce EMT but the expression of genes related to fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling were dysregulated. CONCLUSIONS This study documents that expression of LOX is differentially regulated in endometriotic lesions and endometrium. A role for LOX in mediating proliferation, migration, and invasion of endometrial and endometriotic cells was observed, which may be implicated in the establishment and progression of endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette A Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Perla M Báez-Vega
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Abigail Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Daniëlle P Peterse
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janice B Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Ponce Health Sciences University- School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Nabal Bracero
- Department of Ob-Gyn, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Genes Fertility Institute, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- Department of Ob-Gyn & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Idhaliz Flores
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Ob-Gyn, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
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165
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Salah M, Nishimoto Y, Kohno S, Kondoh A, Kitajima S, Muranaka H, Nishiuchi T, Ibrahim A, Yoshida A, Takahashi C. An in vitro system to characterize prostate cancer progression identified signaling required for self-renewal. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1974-1989. [PMID: 26621780 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RB and PTEN are linked to castration resistance and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Identification of genes that are regulated by these tumor suppressors in a context that recapitulates cancer progression may be beneficial for discovering novel therapeutic targets. Although various genetically engineered mice thus far provided tumor models with various pathological stages, they are not ideal for detecting dynamic changes in gene transcription. Additionally, it is difficult to achieve an effect specific to tumor progression via gain of functions of these genes. In this study, we developed an in vitro model to help identify RB- and PTEN-loss signatures during the malignant progression of prostate cancers. Trp53-/- ; Rbf/f , Trp53-/- ; Ptenf/f , and Trp53-/- ; Rbf/f ; Ptenf/f prostate epithelial cells were infected with AD-LacZ or AD-Cre. We found that deletion of Rb, Pten or both stimulated prostasphere formation and tumor development in immune-compromised mice. The GO analysis of genes affected by the deletion of Rb or Pten in Trp53-/- prostate epithelial cells identified a number of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix remodeling factors, but only few genes related to cell cycle progression. Two genes (Il-6 and Lox) were further analyzed. Blockade of Il-6 signaling and depletion of Lox significantly attenuated prostasphere formation in 3D culture, and in the case of IL-6, strongly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that our in vitro model may be instrumental in identifying novel therapeutic targets of prostate cancer progression, and further underscore IL-6 and LOX as promising therapeutic targets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Yuuki Nishimoto
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kondoh
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston
| | - Hayato Muranaka
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Akiyo Yoshida
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.,Department of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Iwasaki A, Sakai K, Moriya K, Sasaki T, Keene DR, Akhtar R, Miyazono T, Yasumura S, Watanabe M, Morishita S, Sakai T. Molecular Mechanism Responsible for Fibronectin-controlled Alterations in Matrix Stiffness in Advanced Chronic Liver Fibrogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:72-88. [PMID: 26553870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening. However, the functional contribution of tissue stiffening to noncancer pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Fibronectin (Fn) is an ECM glycoprotein substantially expressed during tissue repair. Here we show in advanced chronic liver fibrogenesis using a mouse model lacking Fn that, unexpectedly, Fn-null livers lead to more extensive liver cirrhosis, which is accompanied by increased liver matrix stiffness and deteriorated hepatic functions. Furthermore, Fn-null livers exhibit more myofibroblast phenotypes and accumulate highly disorganized/diffuse collagenous ECM networks composed of thinner and significantly increased number of collagen fibrils during advanced chronic liver damage. Mechanistically, mutant livers show elevated local TGF-β activity and lysyl oxidase expressions. A significant amount of active lysyl oxidase is released in Fn-null hepatic stellate cells in response to TGF-β1 through canonical and noncanonical Smad such as PI3 kinase-mediated pathways. TGF-β1-induced collagen fibril stiffness in Fn-null hepatic stellate cells is significantly higher compared with wild-type cells. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase significantly reduces collagen fibril stiffness, and treatment of Fn recovers collagen fibril stiffness to wild-type levels. Thus, our findings indicate an indispensable role for Fn in chronic liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in negatively regulating TGF-β bioavailability, which in turn modulates ECM remodeling and stiffening and consequently preserves adult organ functions. Furthermore, this regulatory mechanism by Fn could be translated for a potential therapeutic target in a broader variety of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Iwasaki
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Keiko Sakai
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Kei Moriya
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Takako Sasaki
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Douglas R Keene
- the Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon 97231
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Takayoshi Miyazono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Toyama University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, and
| | - Satoshi Yasumura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Toyama University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, and
| | | | - Shin Morishita
- Environmental and Information Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takao Sakai
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195,
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167
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Gong C, Gu R, Jin H, Sun Y, Li Z, Chen J, Wu G. Lysyl oxidase mediates hypoxia-induced radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:387-95. [PMID: 26515140 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215609694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced radioresistance has been well known as the main obstacle in cancer radiotherapy. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) was previously demonstrated to play an important role in hypoxia-induced biological behaviors, such as metastasis and angiogenesis, through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is an important contributing factor to radioresistance in tumor cells. However, how LOX plays a role in hypoxia-induced radioresistance has yet to be determined. Here, we found that LOX expression was in accordance with HIF-1α expression, and LOX expression at the mRNA and protein level, and enzymatic activity were remarkably upregulated in the hypoxic A549 cells, compared with normoxic A549 cells. Inhibition of LOX resulted in the reduction of the ability to repair double-stranded breaks (DSBs), promotion of apoptosis, relief of G2/M cycle arrest, and eventually reduction of hypoxia-induced radioresistance in the hypoxic A549 cells. This suggests that LOX may play an important role in hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Together, our results might suggest a novel potential therapeutic target in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Gong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Runxia Gu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
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168
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Ajith TA, Ranimenon. Homocysteine in ocular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:316-321. [PMID: 26343924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a derived sulfur-containing and non-proteinogenic amino acid. The metabolism of Hcy occurs either through the remethylation to methionine or transsulfuration to cysteine. Studies have identified hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) as one of the possible risk factors for a multitude of diseases including vascular, neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Association of HHcy with eye diseases such as retinopathy, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma maculopathy, cataract, optic atrophy and retinal vessel atherosclerosis is established. The molecular mechanism underlying these ocular diseases has been reported as impaired vascular endothelial function, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, extracellular matrix alterations, decreased lysyl oxidase activity and oxidative stress. The formed homocysteine-thiolactone in HHcy has stronger cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory properties which can induce lens opacification and optic nerve damage. The metabolism of Hcy requires enzymes with vitamins such as folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6. Despite the mixed conclusion of various studies regarding the level of these vitamins in elder people, studies recommended the treatment with folate and B12 to reduce Hcy levels in subjects with or without any defect in the enzymes involved in its metabolism. The levels of Hcy, folate, B6 as well as B12 should be measured early in patients with visual impairment that would aid to screen patients for life-threatening disorders related with HHcy. Elder patients may supplement with these vitamins in order to attenuate the ocular damages. This article discusses the association of Hcy in ocular diseases and the possible mechanism in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranimenon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Ranimenon's Eye Clinic, Thrissur, 680 003 Kerala, India.
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169
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Wuest M, Kuchar M, Sharma SK, Richter S, Hamann I, Wang M, Vos L, Mackey JR, Wuest F, Löser R. Targeting lysyl oxidase for molecular imaging in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:107. [PMID: 26265048 PMCID: PMC4533939 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase (LOX; ExPASy ENZYME entry: EC 1.4.3.13) and members of the LOX-like family, LOXL1-LOXL4, are copper-dependent enzymes that can modify proteins of the extracellular matrix. Expression of LOX is elevated in many human cancers, including breast cancer. LOX expression correlates with the level of tissue hypoxia, and it is known to play a critical role in breast cancer metastasis. The goal of the present study was to target LOX with (1) molecular probe fluorescent labeling to visualize LOX in vitro and (2) a radiolabeled peptide to target LOX in vivo in three different preclinical models of breast cancer. METHODS Gene expression of all five members of the LOX family was analyzed at the transcript level via microarray analysis using tissue biopsy samples from 176 patients with breast cancer. An oligopeptide sequence (GGGDPKGGGGG) was selected as a substrate-based, LOX-targeting structure. The peptide was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for confocal microscopy experiments with the murine breast cancer cell line EMT-6. In vivo molecular imaging experiments were performed using a C-terminal amidated peptide, GGGDPKGGGGG, labeled with a short-lived positron emitter, fluorine-18 ((18)F), for positron emission tomography (PET) in three different breast cancer models: EMT6, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The PET experiments were carried out in the presence or absence of β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an irreversible inhibitor of LOX. RESULTS Immunostaining experiments using a LOX-specific antibody on EMT-6 cells cultured under hypoxic conditions confirmed the elevation of LOX expression in these cells. An FITC-labeled oligopeptide, FITC-Ava-GGGDPKGGGGG-NH2, was found to be localized in different cellular compartments under these conditions. After injection of [(18)F]fluorobenzoate-GGGDPKGGGGG-NH2, radioactivity uptake was visible in all three breast cancer models in vivo. Tumor uptake was reduced by predosing the animals with 2 mg of BAPN 4 h or 24 h before injection of the radiotracer. CONCLUSIONS The present data support further investigation into the development of LOX-binding radiolabeled peptides as molecular probes for molecular imaging of LOX expression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada. .,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Susan Richter
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Ingrit Hamann
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Monica Wang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Larissa Vos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada. .,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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170
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Grau-Bové X, Ruiz-Trillo I, Rodriguez-Pascual F. Origin and evolution of lysyl oxidases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10568. [PMID: 26024311 PMCID: PMC4448552 DOI: 10.1038/srep10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize primary amine substrates to reactive aldehydes. The best-studied role of LOX enzymes is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals by cross-linking collagens and elastin, although intracellular functions have been reported as well. Five different LOX enzymes have been identified in mammals, LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) 1 to 4, showing a highly conserved catalytic carboxy terminal domain and more divergence in the rest of the sequence. Here we have surveyed a wide selection of genomes in order to infer the evolutionary history of LOX. We identified LOX proteins not only in animals, but also in many other eukaryotes, as well as in bacteria and archaea - which reveals a pre-metazoan origin for this gene family. LOX genes expanded during metazoan evolution resulting in two superfamilies, LOXL2/L3/L4 and LOX/L1/L5. Considering the current knowledge on the function of mammalian LOX isoforms in ECM remodeling, we propose that LOXL2/L3/L4 members might have preferentially been involved in making cross-linked collagen IV-based basement membrane, whereas the diversification of LOX/L1/L5 forms contributed to chordate/vertebrate-specific ECM innovations, such as elastin and fibronectin. Our work provides a novel view on the evolution of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Grau-Bové
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.) / Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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Effects of valproic acid and dexamethasone administration on early bio-markers and gene expression profile in acute kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126622. [PMID: 25970334 PMCID: PMC4430309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) causes acute kidney injury (AKI) with high mortality and morbidity. The objective of this investigation was to ameliorate kidney IR injury and identify novel biomarkers for kidney injury and repair. Under general anesthesia, left renal ischemia was induced in Wister rats by occluding renal artery for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion and right nephrectomy. Thirty minutes prior to ischemia, rats (n = 8/group) received Valproic Acid (150 mg/kg; VPA), Dexamethasone (3 mg/kg; Dex) or Vehicle (saline) intraperitoneally. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 24 or 120 h post-IR. Plasma creatinine (mg/dL) at 24 h was reduced (P<0.05) in VPA (2.7±1.8) and Dex (2.3±1.2) compared to Vehicle (3.8±0.5) group. At 3 h, urine albumin (mg/mL) was higher in Vehicle (1.47±0.10), VPA (0.84±0.62) and Dex (1.04±0.73) compared to naïve (uninjured/untreated control) (0.14±0.26) group. At 24 h post-IR urine lipocalin-2 (μg/mL) was higher (P<0.05) in VPA, Dex and Vehicle groups (9.61–11.36) compared to naïve group (0.67±0.29); also, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1; ng/mL) was higher (P<0.05) in VPA, Dex and Vehicle groups (13.7–18.7) compared to naïve group (1.7±1.9). Histopathology demonstrated reduced (P<0.05) ischemic injury in the renal cortex in VPA (Grade 1.6±1.5) compared to Vehicle (Grade 2.9±1.1). Inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL6 were downregulated and anti-apoptotic molecule BCL2 was upregulated in VPA group. Furthermore, kidney DNA microarray demonstrated reduced injury, stress, and apoptosis related gene expression in the VPA administered rats. VPA appears to ameliorate kidney IR injury via reduced inflammatory cytokine, apoptosis/stress related gene expression, and improved regeneration. KIM-1, lipocalin-2 and albumin appear to be promising early urine biomarkers for the diagnosis of AKI.
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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173
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Classification, Prognostic Markers and Targeted Therapies. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.3(2)2015.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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174
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Kutchuk L, Laitala A, Soueid-Bomgarten S, Shentzer P, Rosendahl AH, Eilot S, Grossman M, Sagi I, Sormunen R, Myllyharju J, Mäki JM, Hasson P. Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGFβ feedback loop. Development 2015; 142:983-93. [PMID: 25715398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is an integrated tissue composed of distinct cell types and extracellular matrix. While much emphasis has been placed on the factors required for the specification of the cells that comprise muscle, little is known about the crosstalk between them that enables the development of a patterned and functional tissue. We find in mice that deletion of lysyl oxidase (Lox), an extracellular enzyme regulating collagen maturation and organization, uncouples the balance between the amount of myofibers and that of muscle connective tissue (MCT). We show that Lox secreted from the myofibers attenuates TGFβ signaling, an inhibitor of myofiber differentiation and promoter of MCT development. We further demonstrate that a TGFβ-Lox feedback loop between the MCT and myofibers maintains the dynamic developmental homeostasis between muscle components while also regulating MCT organization. Our results allow a better understanding of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which LOX and TGFβ signaling have been implicated and the balance between muscle constituents is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Kutchuk
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Anu Laitala
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Sharon Soueid-Bomgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Pessia Shentzer
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Shelly Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Joni M Mäki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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175
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Abstract
Metastasis is the main reason for cancer-associated deaths and therapies are desperately needed to target the progression of cancer. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, including metastasis, and is therefore is an attractive therapeutic target. In this review we will breakdown the process of cancer progression and the various roles that LOX plays has in the advancement of cancer. We will highlight why LOX is an exciting therapeutic target for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Perryman
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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176
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Eberson LS, Sanchez PA, Majeed BA, Tawinwung S, Secomb TW, Larson DF. Effect of lysyl oxidase inhibition on angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension, remodeling, and stiffness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124013. [PMID: 25875748 PMCID: PMC4395147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that angiotensin II (Ang II) induces altered vascular stiffness through responses including both structural and material remodeling. Concurrent with remodeling is the induction of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) through which ECM proteins are cross-linked. The study objective was to determine the effect of LOX mediated cross-linking on vascular mechanical properties. Three-month old mice were chronically treated with Ang II with or without the LOX blocker, β -aminopropionitrile (BAPN), for 14 days. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) from Doppler measurements of the aortic flow wave was used to quantify in vivo vascular stiffness in terms of an effective Young’s modulus. The increase in effective Young’s modulus with Ang II administration was abolished with the addition of BAPN, suggesting that the material properties are a major controlling element in vascular stiffness. BAPN inhibited the Ang II induced collagen cross-link formation by 2-fold and PWV by 44% (P<0.05). Consistent with this observation, morphometric analysis showed that BAPN did not affect the Ang II mediated increase in medial thickness but significantly reduced the adventitial thickness. Since the hypertensive state contributes to the measured in vivo PWV stiffness, we removed the Ang II infusion pumps on Day 14 and achieved normal arterial blood pressures. With pump removal we observed a decrease of the PWV in the Ang II group to 25% above that of the control values (P=0.002), with a complete return to control values in the Ang II plus BAPN group. In conclusion, we have shown that the increase in vascular stiffness with 14 day Ang II administration results from a combination of hypertension-induced wall strain, adventitial wall thickening and Ang II mediated LOX ECM cross-linking, which is a major material source of vascular stiffening, and that the increased PWV was significantly inhibited with co-administration of BAPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance S. Eberson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Pablo A. Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Beenish A. Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Supannikar Tawinwung
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Secomb
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Larson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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177
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Abstract
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in maintaining cellular function and overall tissue homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that biomechanical modifications of the ECM may be initiators and/or drivers of disease, exemplified by increased tissue stiffness. Specific ECM cross-linking enzymes (tissue transglutaminase, lysyl oxidase, and lysyl oxidase-like 1) are expressed in the trabecular meshwork and are regulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) isoforms. As TGF-β isoforms are elevated in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients, trabecular meshwork stiffness mediated by ECM cross-linking may be responsible for increased aqueous humor outflow resistance and elevated intraocular pressure.
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178
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da Silva R, Uno M, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. LOX expression and functional analysis in astrocytomas and impact of IDH1 mutation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119781. [PMID: 25790191 PMCID: PMC4366168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is involved in vital biological processes such as cell motility, cell signaling and gene regulation. Deregulation of this protein can contribute to tumor formation and progression. Although it is known that LOX is involved in invasion, proliferation and tumor migration in other types of tumors, studies of LOX in astrocytomas of different grades are scarce. The purpose of our study was to characterize LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A expression by real-time PCR in astrocytomas with WHO grades I to IV compared to non-neoplastic brain tissue. IDH1 mutational status was determined by PCR and sequencing. LOX protein expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. LOX functional analyses were performed using siRNA knockdown and the specific inhibitor BAPN in two glioblastoma cell lines. The expression levels of LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A were correlated and analyzed according to IDH1 mutation status and to the clinical end-point of overall survival of glioblastoma patients. The results demonstrate that increased expression and activity of LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A were positively correlated with the malignant grade of astrocytomas. LOX protein expression also increased according to the degree of malignancy, with localization in the cytoplasm and nucleus and staining observed in endothelial cells. Glioblastoma with a mutation in IDH1 expressed lower levels of LOX in the nucleus, and IDH1-mutated cases showed lower LOX expression levels when compared to wild-type IDH1 cases. LOX knockdown and inhibition by BAPN in U87MG and A172 cell lines affected migration, invasion and soft agar colony formation. Taken together, these results corroborate the role of LOX in the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of astrocytomas. Furthermore, LOX expression is influenced by IDH1 mutational status. This work provides new insights for researchers aiming to design targeted therapies to control astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely K. Nagahashi Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M. Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
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179
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Martin A, Salvador F, Moreno-Bueno G, Floristán A, Ruiz-Herguido C, Cuevas EP, Morales S, Santos V, Csiszar K, Dubus P, Haigh JJ, Bigas A, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 represses Notch1 expression in the skin to promote squamous cell carcinoma progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:1090-109. [PMID: 25759215 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression, implicating intracellular and extracellular functions. To explore the specific in vivo role of LOXL2 in physiological and tumor contexts, we generated conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Germ-line deletion of Loxl2 promotes lethality in half of newborn mice mainly associated to congenital heart defects, while Loxl2 overexpression triggers male sterility due to epididymal dysfunction caused by epithelial disorganization, fibrosis and acute inflammation. Remarkably, when challenged to chemical skin carcinogenesis, Loxl2-overexpressing mice increased tumor burden and malignant progression, while Loxl2-deficient mice exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Loxl2 levels in premalignant tumors negatively correlate with expression of epidermal differentiation markers and components of the Notch1 pathway. We show that LOXL2 is a direct repressor of NOTCH1. Additionally, we identify an exclusive expression pattern between LOXL2 and members of the canonical NOTCH1 pathway in human HNSCC. Our data identify for the first time novel LOXL2 roles in tissue homeostasis and support it as a target for SCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Floristán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Universitie Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Anna Bigas
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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180
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Canesin G, Cuevas EP, Santos V, López-Menéndez C, Moreno-Bueno G, Huang Y, Csiszar K, Portillo F, Peinado H, Lyden D, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and E47 EMT factor: novel partners in E-cadherin repression and early metastasis colonization. Oncogene 2015; 34:951-64. [PMID: 24632622 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with increased aggressiveness and acquisition of migratory properties providing tumor cells with the ability to invade into adjacent tissues. Downregulation of E-cadherin, a hallmark of EMT, is mediated by several transcription factors (EMT-TFs) that act also as EMT inducers, among them, Snail1 and the bHLH transcription factor E47. We previously described lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a member of the lysyl oxidase family, as a Snail1 regulator and EMT inducer. Here we show that LOXL2 is also an E47-interacting partner and functionally collaborates in the repression of E-cadherin promoter. Loss and gain of function analyses combined with in vivo studies in syngeneic breast cancer models demonstrate the participation of LOXL2 and E47 in tumor growth and their requirement for lung metastasis. Furthermore, LOXL2 and E47 contribute to early steps of metastatic colonization by cell and noncell autonomous functions regulating the recruitment of bone marrow progenitor cells to the lungs and by direct transcriptional regulation of fibronectin and cytokines TNFα, ANG-1 and GM-CSF. Moreover, fibronectin and GM-CSF proved to be necessary for LOXL2/E47-mediated modulation of tumor growth and lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Canesin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - E P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-Menéndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Moreno-Bueno
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain [2] Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - F Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Peinado
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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181
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Ji QS, Qi B, Wen YC, Liu L, Guo XL, Yu GC, Zhong JX. The association of LOXL1 polymorphisms with exfoliation syndrome/glaucoma: Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:148-56. [PMID: 25709925 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with exfoliation syndrome (XFS)/exfoliation glaucoma (XFG). METHODS Published manuscripts from PubMed and EMBASE were identified until May 2014. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for LOXL1 (rs1048661, rs2165241 and rs3825942) polymorphisms and the risk of XFS/XFG were estimated using random- or fixed- effect model. RESULTS The three LOXL1 polymorphisms (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) were associated with an increased risk for XFS/XFG among Caucasians, with OR 2.19(1.96-2.45), 8.8 (6.05-12.79) and 3.41 (3.11-3.73), respectively. On the contrast, the rs1048661 and rs2165241, but not rs3825942 polymorphism, have a potential protective effect on XFS/XFG in Asians, with OR 0.06 (0.02-0.18), 0.15 (0.09-0.25), respectively. CONCLUSION There is strong evidence that LOXL1 polymorphisms are associated with XFS/XFG risk. The strength of risk might be ethnicity-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue-Chun Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, the Cell Biology Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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182
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Trackman PC, Kantarci A. Molecular and clinical aspects of drug-induced gingival overgrowth. J Dent Res 2015; 94:540-6. [PMID: 25680368 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515571265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth is a tissue-specific condition and is estimated to affect approximately one million North Americans. Lesions occur principally as side-effects from phenytoin, nifedipine, or ciclosporin therapy in approximately half of the people who take these agents. Due to new indications for these drugs, their use continues to grow. Here, we review the molecular and cellular characteristics of human gingival overgrowth lesions and highlight how they differ considerably as a function of the causative drug. Analyses of molecular signaling pathways in cultured human gingival fibroblasts have provided evidence for their unique aspects compared with fibroblasts from the lung and kidney. These findings provide insights into both the basis for tissue specificity and into possible therapeutic opportunities which are reviewed here. Although ciclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth lesions exhibit principally the presence of inflammation and little fibrosis, nifedipine- and especially phenytoin-induced lesions are highly fibrotic. The increased expression of markers of gingival fibrosis, particularly CCN2 [also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)], markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and more recently periostin and members of the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes have been documented in phenytoin or nifedipine lesions. Some oral fibrotic conditions such as leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis, after subsequent additional genetic damage, can develop into oral cancer. Since many pathways are shared, the study of gingival fibrosis and comparisons with characteristics and molecular drivers of oral cancer would likely enhance understandings and functional roles of molecular drivers of these oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Trackman
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Kantarci
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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183
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Chen Y, Terajima M, Yang Y, Sun L, Ahn YH, Pankova D, Puperi DS, Watanabe T, Kim MP, Blackmon SH, Rodriguez J, Liu H, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Minelli R, Scott KL, Sanchez-Adams J, Guilak F, Pati D, Thilaganathan N, Burns AR, Creighton CJ, Martinez ED, Zal T, Grande-Allen KJ, Yamauchi M, Kurie JM. Lysyl hydroxylase 2 induces a collagen cross-link switch in tumor stroma. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1147-62. [PMID: 25664850 DOI: 10.1172/jci74725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tumor metastasis is preceded by an accumulation of collagen cross-links that heighten stromal stiffness and stimulate the invasive properties of tumor cells. However, the biochemical nature of collagen cross-links in cancer is still unclear. Here, we postulated that epithelial tumorigenesis is accompanied by changes in the biochemical type of collagen cross-links. Utilizing resected human lung cancer tissues and a p21CIP1/WAF1-deficient, K-rasG12D-expressing murine metastatic lung cancer model, we showed that, relative to normal lung tissues, tumor stroma contains higher levels of hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen cross-links (HLCCs) and lower levels of lysine aldehyde-derived cross-links (LCCs), which are the predominant types of collagen cross-links in skeletal tissues and soft tissues, respectively. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in tumor cells showed that lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2), which hydroxylates telopeptidyl lysine residues on collagen, shifted the tumor stroma toward a high-HLCC, low-LCC state, increased tumor stiffness, and enhanced tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Together, our data indicate that LH2 enhances the metastatic properties of tumor cells and functions as a regulatory switch that controls the relative abundance of biochemically distinct types of collagen cross-links in the tumor stroma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/metabolism
- Enzyme Induction
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Up-Regulation
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184
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Xu XH, Huang XW, Qun L, Li YN, Wang Y, Liu C, Ma Y, Liu QM, Sun K, Qian F, Jin L, Wang J. Two functional loci in the promoter of EPAS1 gene involved in high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7465. [PMID: 25501874 PMCID: PMC4264014 DOI: 10.1038/srep07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EPAS1 involves in the hypoxic response and is suggested to be responsible for the genetic adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetans. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs56721780:G>C and an insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism -742 indel in the promoter region showed divergence between Tibetans and non-Tibetan lowlanders. rs56721780:G>C regulated the transcription of EPAS1 by IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1), which was identified as a new transcriptional repressor for EPAS1 gene. It demonstrated that the C allele of rs56721780:G>C decreased the binding of IKZF1, leading to the attenuated transcriptional repression of EPAS1 gene. The insertion at -742 indel provided a new binding site for Sp1 and was related to the activation of EPAS1 promoter. Further functional analysis revealed that lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene, which was reported to be responsible for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking of amnion previously, was a direct target of EPAS1. The CC genotype at rs56721780:G>C and the insertion genotype at -742 indel were found associated with higher EPAS1 and LOX expression levels in amnion, as well as higher birth weight of Tibetan newborns, suggesting that EPAS1 gene might play important roles in the development of amnion, fetus growth and high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wen Huang
- 1] Clinical laboratory of Huadong Sanatorium, Dajishan, Meiyuan Garden, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214065, P.R. China [2] Public Health Bureau for Shigatse District, 5 Keji Road, Shigatse District, Tibet 857000, P.R. China
| | - Li Qun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of Shigatse District, 28 Shanghai Middle Road, Shigatse District, Tibet 857000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- 1] School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China [2] Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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Resolving cancer-stroma interfacial signalling and interventions with micropatterned tumour-stromal assays. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5662. [PMID: 25489927 PMCID: PMC4261930 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-stromal interactions are a determining factor in cancer progression. In vivo, the interaction interface is associated with spatially-resolved distributions of cancer and stromal phenotypes. Here, we establish a micropatterned tumor-stromal assay (μTSA) with laser capture microdissection to control the location of co-cultured cells and analyze bulk and interfacial tumor-stromal signaling in driving cancer progression. μTSA reveals a spatial distribution of phenotypes in concordance with human estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer samples, and heterogeneous drug activity relative to the tumor-stroma interface. Specifically, an unknown mechanism of reversine is shown in targeting tumor-stromal interfacial interactions using ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer and bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Reversine suppresses MCF-7 tumor growth and bone metastasis in vivo by reducing tumor stromalization including collagen deposition and recruitment of activated stromal cells. This study advocates μTSA as a platform for studying tumor microenvironmental interactions and cancer field effects with applications in drug discovery and development.
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Chang J, Nicolau MM, Cox TR, Wetterskog D, Martens JWM, Barker HE, Erler JT. LOXL2 induces aberrant acinar morphogenesis via ErbB2 signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R67. [PMID: 23971878 PMCID: PMC3978831 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has been shown to play a key role in invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells. However, very little is known about its role in normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of LOXL2 expression in normal mammary epithelial cells to gain insight into how LOXL2 mediates cancer progression. METHODS LOXL2 was expressed in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells. The 3D acinar morphogenesis of these cells was assessed, as well as the ability of the cells to form branching structures on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated surfaces. Transwell-invasion assays were used to assess the invasive properties of the cells. Clinically relevant inhibitors of ErbB2, lapatinib and Herceptin (traztuzumab), were used to investigate the role of ErbB2 signaling in this model. A retrospective study on a previously published breast cancer patient dataset was carried out by using Disease Specific Genomic Analysis (DSGA) to investigate the correlation of LOXL2 mRNA expression level with metastasis and survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Fluorescence staining of the acini revealed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and disrupted polarity, leading to abnormal lumen formation in response to LOXL2 expression in MCF10A cells. When plated onto ECM, the LOXL2-expressing cells formed branching structures and displayed increased invasion. We noted that LOXL2 induced ErbB2 activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ErbB2 inhibition by using Herceptin or lapatinib abrogated the effects of LOXL2 on MCF10A cells. Finally, we found LOXL2 expression to be correlated with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression, and that these effects are driven by LOXL2-mediated activation of ErbB2. LOXL2 may also be a beneficial marker for breast cancer patients that could benefit most from anti-ErbB2 therapy.
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Wong CCL, Tse APW, Huang YP, Zhu YT, Chiu DKC, Lai RKH, Au SLK, Kai AKL, Lee JMF, Wei LL, Tsang FHC, Lo RCL, Shi J, Zheng YP, Wong CM, Ng IOL. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 is critical to tumor microenvironment and metastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2014; 60:1645-58. [PMID: 25048396 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poor prognosis of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is mainly associated with metastasis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This article investigates the role of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL-2) in the biology of HCC metastasis. First, we showed that HCC metastasis relies on a collagen-modifying enzyme, LOXL2, which was significantly overexpressed in tumorous tissues and sera of HCC patients, indicating that LOXL2 may be a good diagnostic marker for HCC patients. Second, we delineated a complex, interlinked signaling network that involves multiple regulators, including hypoxia, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and microRNAs (miRNAs), converging to control the expression of LOXL2. We found not only that LOXL2 was regulated by hypoxia/hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), but also that TGF-β activated LOXL2 transcription through mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), whereas two frequently underexpressed miRNA families, miR-26 and miR-29, cooperatively suppressed LOXL2 transcription through interacting with the 3' untranslated region of LOXL2. Third, we demonstrated the imperative roles of LOXL2 in modifying the extracellular matrix components in the tumor microenvironment and metastatic niche of HCC. LOXL2 promoted intrahepatic metastasis by increasing tissue stiffness, thereby enhancing the cytoskeletal reorganization of HCC cells. Furthermore, LOXL2 facilitated extrahepatic metastasis by enhancing recruitment of bone-marrow-derived cells to the metastatic site. CONCLUSION These findings integrate the clinical relevance, molecular regulation, and functional implications of LOXL2 in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Kristensen JH, Karsdal MA, Genovese F, Johnson S, Svensson B, Jacobsen S, Hägglund P, Leeming DJ. The Role of Extracellular Matrix Quality in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respiration 2014; 88:487-99. [DOI: 10.1159/000368163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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189
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Lv GQ, Zou HY, Liao LD, Cao HH, Zeng FM, Wu BL, Xie JJ, Fang WK, Xu LY, Li EM. Identification of a novel lysyl oxidase-like 2 alternative splicing isoform, LOXL2 Δe13, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:379-89. [PMID: 25275797 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) participates in every stage of cancer progression and promotes invasion and metastasis. In this study, we identified a novel alternative splicing isoform of LOXL2, namely LOXL2 Δe13, which lacked exon 13. Deletion of exon 13 caused an open reading frame shift and produced a truncated protein. LOXL2 Δe13 was expressed ubiquitously in cell lines and tissues and was mainly localized to the cytoplasm. Although it showed impaired deamination enzymatic activity compared with full-length LOXL2, LOXL2 Δe13 promoted the cell mobility and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells to greater degrees. In further research on the mechanisms, gene expression profiling and signaling pathway analysis revealed that LOXL2 Δe13 induced the expression of MAPK8 without affecting the FAK, AKT, and ERK signaling pathways. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MAPK8 could block the cell migration promoted by LOXL2De13, but it had little effect on that of full-length LOXL2. Our data suggest that LOXL2 Δe13 modulates the effects of cancer cell migration and invasion through a different mechanism from that of full-length LOXL2 and that it may play a very important role in tumor carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Lv
- a The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Li RK, Zhao WY, Fang F, Zhuang C, Zhang XX, Yang XM, Jiang SH, Kong FZ, Tu L, Zhang WM, Yang SL, Cao H, Zhang ZG. Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer via FAK/Src pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:269-81. [PMID: 25216702 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) has been found up-regulated in a variety of human malignancies, but its clinical significance and functional roles in gastric cancer (GC) remain unknown. METHODS Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) expression level in tumor tissues and human GC cell lines was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. Its clinical significance was inferred from the analysis of 379 tissue samples of patients with GC using tissue microarray. The roles of LOXL4 in cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro were analyzed by gene over-expression, RNA interference and recombinant protein. Effects of LOXL4 on regulation of focal adhesion kinase/Src kinase (FAK/Src) pathway were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) was up-regulated in GC tissues relative to paired non-tumor tissues, and this over-expression was significantly associated with tumor size, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages and poorer overall survival. Over-expression of LOXL4 has promotive effects on GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, consistent with this, LOXL4 knockdown has inhibitive effects on GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, recombinant human LOXL4 protein also promoted GC cell proliferation and migration. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that LOXL4 could activate FAK/Src pathway to enhance cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data reveal that up-regulation of LOXL4 expression is a frequent event in GC progression, contributes to tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, and LOXL4 may be a potential independent prognostic marker and therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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JANUCHOWSKI RADOSŁAW, ZAWIERUCHA PIOTR, RUCIŃSKI MARCIN, ZABEL MACIEJ. Microarray-based detection and expression analysis of extracellular matrix proteins in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1981-90. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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The effect of keratinocytes on the biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin using deep dermal fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9591-8. [PMID: 25176070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis affects most organs, it results in replacement of normal parenchymal tissue with collagen-rich extracellular matrix, which compromises tissue architecture and ultimately causes loss of function of the affected organ. Biochemical pathways that contribute to fibrosis have been extensively studied, but the role of biomechanical signaling in fibrosis is not clearly understood. In this study, we assessed the effect keratinocytes have on the biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin made with superficial or deep dermal fibroblasts in order to determine any biomaterial-mediated anti-fibrotic influences on tissue engineered skin. Tissue engineered skin with deep dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were found to be less stiff and contracted and had reduced number of myofibroblasts and lower expression of matrix crosslinking factors compared to matrices with deep fibroblasts alone. However, there were no such differences between tissue engineered skin with superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes and matrices with superficial fibroblasts alone. Also, tissue engineered skin with deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes had smaller pores compared to those with superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes; pore size of tissue engineered skin with deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes were not different from those matrices with deep fibroblasts alone. A better understanding of biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin may prove beneficial in promoting normal wound healing over pathologic healing.
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193
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Moon HJ, Finney J, Ronnebaum T, Mure M. Human lysyl oxidase-like 2. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:231-241. [PMID: 25146937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises Cu(2+)- and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidases. LOXL2 is proposed to function similarly to LOX in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting crosslinking of collagen and elastin. LOXL2 has also been proposed to regulate extracellular and intracellular cell signaling pathways. Dysregulation of LOXL2 has been linked to many diseases, including cancer, pro-oncogenic angiogenesis, fibrosis and heart diseases. In this review, we will give an overview of the current understandings and hypotheses regarding the molecular functions of LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Bhuvanasundar R, John A, Sulochana KN, Coral K, Deepa PR, Umashankar V. A molecular model of human Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) with optimal copper orientation in the catalytic cavity for induced fit docking studies with potential modulators. Bioinformation 2014; 10:406-12. [PMID: 25187679 PMCID: PMC4135287 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper dependent amine oxidase which catalyses the cross linking of collagen and elastin towards the maturation of extracellular matrix. The expression and activity of LOX is known to vary under pathological conditions such as tumorigenesis, hyperhomocysteinemia, copper deficiency diseases, pseudoexfoliation syndrome and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Despite the implication of LOX in many diseases, there is inadequate information about its structure. Therefore, we describe a molecular model of Human Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) with optimal copper orientation in the catalytic cavity for induced fit docking studies with potential modulators. The predicted model was found to be highly plausible as per the stereochemistry checks. Further, Molecular Dynamics (MD) studies also inferred the stability of the predicted structure. We performed Induced Fit Docking (IFD) of LOX modulators to the predicted structure and also validated the molecular interactions in implicit solvent model by calculating Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA). The IFD results strongly reveal that aspartic acid residues in the catalytic cavity as the key players in establishing interactions with small molecules. The insights from this study will aid in better exploration of the structure-function relationship of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renganathan Bhuvanasundar
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (Rajasthan), India
| | - Arun John
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (Rajasthan), India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Perinkulam Ravi Deepa
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (Rajasthan), India
| | - Vetrivel Umashankar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
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Skubitz KM, Skubitz APN, Xu WW, Luo X, Lagarde P, Coindre JM, Chibon F. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic behavior among high-grade non-translocation associated soft tissue sarcomas. J Transl Med 2014; 12:176. [PMID: 24950699 PMCID: PMC4082412 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biologic heterogeneity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), even within histological subtypes, complicates treatment. In earlier studies, gene expression patterns that distinguish two subsets of clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC), serous ovarian carcinoma (OVCA), and aggressive fibromatosis (AF) were used to separate 73 STS into two or four groups with different probabilities of developing metastatic disease (PrMet). This study was designed to confirm our earlier observations in a larger independent data set. Methods We utilized these gene sets, hierarchical clustering (HC), and Kaplan-Meier analysis, to examine 309 STS, using Affymetrix chip expression profiling. Results HC using the combined AF-, RCC-, and OVCA-gene sets identified subsets of the STS samples. Analysis revealed differences in PrMet between the clusters defined by the first branch point of the clustering dendrogram (p = 0.048), and also among the four different clusters defined by the second branch points (p < 0.0001). Analysis also revealed differences in PrMet between the leiomyosarcomas (LMS), dedifferentiated liposarcomas (LipoD), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) (p = 0.0004). HC of both the LipoD and UPS sample sets divided the samples into two groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0128, and 0.0002, respectively). HC of the UPS samples also showed four groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0007). HC found no subgroups of the LMS samples. Conclusions These data confirm our earlier studies, and suggest that this approach may allow the identification of more than two subsets of STS, each with distinct clinical behavior, and may be useful to stratify STS in clinical trials and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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196
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Characterization of a novel l-amino acid oxidase with protein oxidizing activity from Penicillium steckii AIU 027. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:690-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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197
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Falak S, Schafer S, Baud A, Hummel O, Schulz H, Gauguier D, Hubner N, Osborne-Pellegrin M. Protease inhibitor 15, a candidate gene for abdominal aortic internal elastic lamina ruptures in the rat. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:418-28. [PMID: 24790086 PMCID: PMC4060037 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The inbred Brown Norway (BN) rat develops spontaneous ruptures of the internal elastic lamina (RIEL) of the abdominal aorta (AA) and iliac arteries. Prior studies with crosses of the BN/Orl RJ (susceptible) and LOU/M (resistant) showed the presence of a significant QTL on chromosome 5 and the production of congenic rats proved the involvement of this locus. In this study, we further dissected the above-mentioned QTL by creating a new panel of LOU.BN(chr5) congenic and subcongenic lines and reduced the locus to 5.2 Mb. Then we studied 1,002 heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, whose phenotyping revealed a low prevalence and high variability for RIEL. High-resolution mapping in the HS panel detected the major locus on chromosome 5 (log P > 35) and refined it to 1.4 Mb. Subsequently, RNA-seq analysis on AA of BN, congenics, and LOU revealed expression differences for only protease inhibitor 15 (Pi15) gene and a putative long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) within the linkage region. The high abundance of lincRNA with respect to reduced Pi15 expression, in conjunction with exertion of longitudinal strain, may be related to RIEL, indicating the potential importance of proteases in biological processes related to defective aortic internal elastic lamina structure. Similar mechanisms may be involved in aneurysm initiation in the human AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Falak
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Amelie Baud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hummel
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Hospital Pitié Salpetrière, Paris, France; and
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany;
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Klinman JP, Bonnot F. Intrigues and intricacies of the biosynthetic pathways for the enzymatic quinocofactors: PQQ, TTQ, CTQ, TPQ, and LTQ. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4343-65. [PMID: 24350630 PMCID: PMC3999297 DOI: 10.1021/cr400475g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith P. Klinman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
| | - Florence Bonnot
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
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Giardina E, Oddone F, Lepre T, Centofanti M, Peconi C, Tanga L, Quaranta L, Frezzotti P, Novelli G, Manni G. Common sequence variants in the LOXL1 gene in pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:52. [PMID: 24739284 PMCID: PMC4028282 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the LOXL1 gene are associated with pseudoesfoliation syndrome and pseudoesfoliation glaucoma. The aim of our study is to investigate a potential involvement of LOXL1 gene in the pathogenesis of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). METHODS A cohort of Caucasian origin of 84 unrelated and clinically well-characterised patients with PDS/PG and 200 control subjects were included in the study. Genomic DNA from whole blood was extracted and the coding and regulatory regions of LOXL1 gene were risequenced in both patients and controls to identify unknown sequence variations. Genotype and haplotype analysis were performed with UNPHASED software. The expression levels of LOXL1 were determined on c-DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS A significant allele association was detected for SNP rs2304722 within the fifth intron of LOXL1 (Odds ratio (OR = 2.43, p-value = 3,05e-2). Haplotype analysis revealed the existence of risk and protective haplotypes associated with PG-PDS (OR = 3.35; p-value = 1.00e-5 and OR = 3.35; p-value = 1.00e-4, respectively). Expression analysis suggests that associated haplotypes can regulate the expression level LOXL1. CONCLUSIONS Haplotypes of LOXL1 are associated with PG-PDS independently from rs1048661, leading to a differential expression of the transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Tanga
- Fondazione G,B, Bietti-IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.
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Extracellular matrix proteins expression profiling in chemoresistant variants of the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:365867. [PMID: 24804215 PMCID: PMC3996316 DOI: 10.1155/2014/365867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynaecological malignancies. Extracellular matrix (ECM) can affect drug resistance by preventing the penetration of the drug into cancer cells and increased resistance to apoptosis. This study demonstrates alterations in the expression levels of ECM components and related genes in cisplatin-, doxorubicin-, topotecan-, and paclitaxel-resistant variants of the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. Affymetrix Gene Chip Human Genome Array Strips were used for hybridisations. The genes that had altered expression levels in drug-resistant sublines were selected and filtered by scatter plots. The genes that were up- or downregulated more than fivefold were selected and listed. Among the investigated genes, 28 genes were upregulated, 10 genes were downregulated, and two genes were down- or upregulated depending on the cell line. Between upregulated genes 12 were upregulated very significantly—over 20-fold. These genes included COL1A2, COL12A1, COL21A1, LOX, TGFBI, LAMB1, EFEMP1, GPC3, SDC2, MGP, MMP3, and TIMP3. Four genes were very significantly downregulated: COL11A1, LAMA2, GPC6, and LUM. The expression profiles of investigated genes provide a preliminary insight into the relationship between drug resistance and the expression of ECM components. Identifying correlations between investigated genes and drug resistance will require further analysis.
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