151
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Yu WB, Tang GD, Zhang L, Corlett RT. Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data. Zool Res 2020; 41:247-257. [PMID: 32351056 PMCID: PMC7231477 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19 / 2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study, we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu TM database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak. We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau ( τ) using the formula t= τ/2 u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes (31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China) were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome (bat-RaTG13-CoV) as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes, and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Yu
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. E-mail:
| | - Guang-Da Tang
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512005, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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152
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Germani A, Buratta L, Delvecchio E, Mazzeschi C. Emerging Adults and COVID-19: The Role of Individualism-Collectivism on Perceived Risks and Psychological Maladjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3497. [PMID: 32429536 PMCID: PMC7277425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically changed our habits and routines. Uncertainty, insecurity, instability for the present and future, and reduced autonomy and self-directedness, are common feelings at the time of COVID-19. These aspects are very important during emerging adulthood. In spite of the fact that medical reports suggest that youth are less prone to experience COVID-19 infections, emerging adults might be at higher risk for their psychological adjustment. Emerging adults showed higher concerns about their role as a possible asymptomatic carrier than being positive with COVID-19 themselves. Both worries and concerns about COVID-19 and psychological maladjustment may be related to cultural factors. Individualism, collectivism, equality, and hierarchy seem to be meaningful perspectives to take into account. A total of 1183 Italian emerging adults were asked to fill out an online survey during the second week of the national lockdown in Italy. Results showed they reported an accurate perceived knowledge about COVID-19. At the same time, they showed higher worries and concerns about COVID-19 for their relatives, followed by more general/social worries. The lowest score included worries about COVID-19 related to themselves. State anxiety and stress levels were above the normal cutoff, confirming the challenges that emerging adults are facing during the pandemic. On one hand, emerging adults' collectivistic orientation was related to higher perceived risks of infection; on the other hand, it predicted lower psychological maladjustment, controlling for socio-demographic variables. The study suggests that to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and decrease levels of psychological maladjustment in emerging adulthood, individuals' cultural orientation such as the wish of sharing common goals with others, interdependence, and sociability, have to be emphasized and promoted as protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.)
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153
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY, Wang Q, Zhou H, Yan J, Qi J. Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell 2020. [PMID: 32275855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.0452020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China has caused significant public health concerns. Recently, ACE2 was reported as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-CTD) spike (S) protein in complex with human ACE2 (hACE2), which reveals a hACE2-binding mode similar overall to that observed for SARS-CoV. However, atomic details at the binding interface demonstrate that key residue substitutions in SARS-CoV-2-CTD slightly strengthen the interaction and lead to higher affinity for receptor binding than SARS-RBD. Additionally, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against SARS-CoV-S1/receptor-binding domain (RBD) were unable to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating notable differences in antigenicity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. These findings shed light on the viral pathogenesis and provide important structural information regarding development of therapeutic countermeasures against the emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Chunli Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Zengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chengpeng Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China; College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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154
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Wu Y, Li C, Xia S, Tian X, Kong Y, Wang Z, Gu C, Zhang R, Tu C, Xie Y, Yang Z, Lu L, Jiang S, Ying T. Identification of Human Single-Domain Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:891-898.e5. [PMID: 32413276 PMCID: PMC7224157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of COVID-19 highlights the need for an efficient approach to rapidly develop therapeutics and prophylactics against SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, containing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and S1 subunit involved in receptor engagement, is a potential therapeutic target. We describe the development of a phage-displayed single-domain antibody library by grafting naive complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) into framework regions of a human germline immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) allele. Panning this library against SARS-CoV-2 RBD and S1 subunit identified fully human single-domain antibodies targeting five distinct epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 RBD with subnanomolar to low nanomolar affinities. Some of these antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by targeting a cryptic epitope located in the spike trimeric interface. Collectively, this work presents a versatile platform for rapid antibody isolation and identifies promising therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies as well as the diverse immogneic profile of the spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolong Tian
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Kong
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Biomissile Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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155
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY, Wang Q, Zhou H, Yan J, Qi J. Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell 2020; 181:894-904.e9. [PMID: 32275855 PMCID: PMC7144619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2073] [Impact Index Per Article: 518.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China has caused significant public health concerns. Recently, ACE2 was reported as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-CTD) spike (S) protein in complex with human ACE2 (hACE2), which reveals a hACE2-binding mode similar overall to that observed for SARS-CoV. However, atomic details at the binding interface demonstrate that key residue substitutions in SARS-CoV-2-CTD slightly strengthen the interaction and lead to higher affinity for receptor binding than SARS-RBD. Additionally, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against SARS-CoV-S1/receptor-binding domain (RBD) were unable to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating notable differences in antigenicity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. These findings shed light on the viral pathogenesis and provide important structural information regarding development of therapeutic countermeasures against the emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Chunli Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Zengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chengpeng Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China; College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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156
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SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020. [PMID: 32397684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093377.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a global health emergency because of its highly contagious nature, the great number of patients requiring intensive care therapy, and the high fatality rate. In the absence of specific antiviral drugs, passive prophylaxis, or a vaccine, the treatment aim in these patients is to prevent the potent virus-induced inflammatory stimuli from leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has a severe prognosis. Here, the mechanism of action and the rationale for employing immunological strategies, which range from traditional chemically synthesized drugs, anti-cytokine antibodies, human immunoglobulin for intravenous use, to vaccines, are reviewed.
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157
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Prete M, Favoino E, Catacchio G, Racanelli V, Perosa F. SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093377. [PMID: 32397684 PMCID: PMC7247005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a global health emergency because of its highly contagious nature, the great number of patients requiring intensive care therapy, and the high fatality rate. In the absence of specific antiviral drugs, passive prophylaxis, or a vaccine, the treatment aim in these patients is to prevent the potent virus-induced inflammatory stimuli from leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has a severe prognosis. Here, the mechanism of action and the rationale for employing immunological strategies, which range from traditional chemically synthesized drugs, anti-cytokine antibodies, human immunoglobulin for intravenous use, to vaccines, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Prete
- Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Giacomo Catacchio
- Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Federico Perosa
- Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-80-547-88-91; Fax: +39-80-547-88-20
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158
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Zhang N, Li C, Hu Y, Li K, Liang J, Wang L, Du L, Jiang S. Current development of COVID-19 diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:231-235. [PMID: 32387332 PMCID: PMC7200352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, designated as SARS-CoV-2, first emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019. The rapidly increasing number of cases has caused worldwide panic. In this review, we describe some currently applied diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutics and vaccines, to prevent, treat and control further outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangchen Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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159
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Abstract
Another animal to human transmission of a coronavirus occurred in December 2019 on a live animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan causing an epidemic in China, reaching now different continents. This minireview summarizes the research literature on the virological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this epidemic published until end of February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Department of BiosystemsGroup of Gene TechnologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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160
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161
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Pearce AP, Naumann DN, O'Reilly D. Mission command: applying principles of military leadership to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) crisis. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 167:3-4. [PMID: 32303574 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Phill Pearce
- Academic Department of Miltary Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - D N Naumann
- Academic Department of Miltary Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - D O'Reilly
- Academic Department of Miltary Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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162
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Yu Y, Shi Q, Chen H. Comments on Zhang et al: Clinical trial analysis of 2019-nCoV therapy registered in China. J Med Virol 2020; 92:711-712. [PMID: 32239514 PMCID: PMC7228227 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianling Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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163
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Feng H, Liu Y, Lv M, Zhong J. A case report of COVID-19 with false negative RT-PCR test: necessity of chest CT. Jpn J Radiol 2020; 38:409-410. [PMID: 32266524 PMCID: PMC7136155 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-020-00967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The definite diagnosis of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is based on the viral isolation or positive result of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from sputum, or nasal swab, or throat swab. However, the sensitivity to detect COVID-19 of real time (RT)-PCR is reported to be lower than that of chest CT. We report a case of 34-year-old man who was diagnosed as negative for COVID-19 based on the four sequential RT-PCR tests of his pharyngeal swab. Chest CT showed patchy ground-glass opacity on admission, and it rapidly progressed to segmental mixed consolidation and ground-glass opacity 3 days after admission, and it resolved in left upper lobe, but showed multifocal ground-glass opacities 7 days after admission, and they resolved within 2 weeks. The fifth RT-PCR test finally revealed positive results at the fifth day after admission. It is difficult to distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other viral pneumonia on CT findings alone; however, we emphasize the utility of chest CT to detect early change of COVID-19 in cases which RT-PCR tests show negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Feng
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China.,Zigong Infectious Disease Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China.,Zigong Infectious Disease Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Lv
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China.,Zigong Infectious Disease Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China. .,Zigong Infectious Disease Hospital, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China.
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164
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Wang X, Xu W, Hu G, Xia S, Sun Z, Liu Z, Xie Y, Zhang R, Jiang S, Lu L. RETRACTED ARTICLE: SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 20:554. [PMID: 32265513 PMCID: PMC7136698 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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165
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Bedford T, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Starita LM, Famulare M, Huang ML, Nalla A, Pepper G, Reinhardt A, Xie H, Shrestha L, Nguyen TN, Adler A, Brandstetter E, Cho S, Giroux D, Han PD, Fay K, Frazar CD, Ilcisin M, Lacombe K, Lee J, Kiavand A, Richardson M, Sibley TR, Truong M, Wolf CR, Nickerson DA, Rieder MJ, Englund JA, Hadfield J, Hodcroft EB, Huddleston J, Moncla LH, Müller NF, Neher RA, Deng X, Gu W, Federman S, Chiu C, Duchin J, Gautom R, Melly G, Hiatt B, Dykema P, Lindquist S, Queen K, Tao Y, Uehara A, Tong S, MacCannell D, Armstrong GL, Baird GS, Chu HY, Shendure J, Jerome KR. Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington State. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.02.20051417. [PMID: 32511596 PMCID: PMC7276023 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Following its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late November or early December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has rapidly spread throughout the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 strains allows for the reconstruction of transmission history connecting these infections. Here, we analyze 346 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from samples collected between 20 February and 15 March 2020 from infected patients in Washington State, USA. We found that the large majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections sampled during this time frame appeared to have derived from a single introduction event into the state in late January or early February 2020 and subsequent local spread, strongly suggesting cryptic spread of COVID-19 during the months of January and February 2020, before active community surveillance was implemented. We estimate a common ancestor of this outbreak clade as occurring between 18 January and 9 February 2020. From genomic data, we estimate an exponential doubling between 2.4 and 5.1 days. These results highlight the need for large-scale community surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 introductions and spread and the power of pathogen genomics to inform epidemiological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Bedford
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lea M Starita
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Arun Nalla
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Hong Xie
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Amanda Adler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Shari Cho
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Kairsten Fay
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Misja Ilcisin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Jover Lee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Mark J Rieder
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Emma B Hodcroft
- University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Huddleston
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Richard A Neher
- University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xianding Deng
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Wei Gu
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Scot Federman
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Charles Chiu
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jeff Duchin
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Romesh Gautom
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | - Geoff Melly
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | - Brian Hiatt
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | - Philip Dykema
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | | | - Krista Queen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ying Tao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Anna Uehara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | | | | | - Helen Y Chu
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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166
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Zhang C, Zheng W, Huang X, Bell EW, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Protein Structure and Sequence Reanalysis of 2019-nCoV Genome Refutes Snakes as Its Intermediate Host and the Unique Similarity between Its Spike Protein Insertions and HIV-1. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1351-1360. [PMID: 32200634 PMCID: PMC7099673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the infection of 2019-nCoV coronavirus is quickly developing into a global pneumonia epidemic, the careful analysis of its transmission and cellular mechanisms is sorely needed. In this Communication, we first analyzed two recent studies that concluded that snakes are the intermediate hosts of 2019-nCoV and that the 2019-nCoV spike protein insertions share a unique similarity to HIV-1. However, the reimplementation of the analyses, built on larger scale data sets using state-of-the-art bioinformatics methods and databases, presents clear evidence that rebuts these conclusions. Next, using metagenomic samples from Manis javanica, we assembled a draft genome of the 2019-nCoV-like coronavirus, which shows 73% coverage and 91% sequence identity to the 2019-nCoV genome. In particular, the alignments of the spike surface glycoprotein receptor binding domain revealed four times more variations in the bat coronavirus RaTG13 than in the Manis coronavirus compared with 2019-nCoV, suggesting the pangolin as a missing link in the transmission of 2019-nCoV from bats to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
| | - Eric W. Bell
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
| | - Xiaogen Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218, United States
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167
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA
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168
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Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, Xu W, Lan Q, Feng S, Qi F, Bao L, Du L, Liu S, Qin C, Sun F, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Jiang S, Lu L. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res 2020; 30:343-355. [PMID: 32231345 PMCID: PMC7104723 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China has posed a serious threat to global public health. To develop specific anti-coronavirus therapeutics and prophylactics, the molecular mechanism that underlies viral infection must first be defined. Therefore, we herein established a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion assay and found that SARS-CoV-2 showed a superior plasma membrane fusion capacity compared to that of SARS-CoV. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of six-helical bundle (6-HB) core of the HR1 and HR2 domains in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein S2 subunit, revealing that several mutated amino acid residues in the HR1 domain may be associated with enhanced interactions with the HR2 domain. We previously developed a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor, EK1, which targeted the HR1 domain and could inhibit infection by divergent human coronaviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Here we generated a series of lipopeptides derived from EK1 and found that EK1C4 was the most potent fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated membrane fusion and pseudovirus infection with IC50s of 1.3 and 15.8 nM, about 241- and 149-fold more potent than the original EK1 peptide, respectively. EK1C4 was also highly effective against membrane fusion and infection of other human coronavirus pseudoviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as SARSr-CoVs, and potently inhibited the replication of 5 live human coronaviruses examined, including SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal application of EK1C4 before or after challenge with HCoV-OC43 protected mice from infection, suggesting that EK1C4 could be used for prevention and treatment of infection by the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging SARSr-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiqin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiaoshuai Lan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Siliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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169
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Liu Z, Xia S, Wang X, Lan Q, Xu W, Wang Q, Jiang S, Lu L. Inefficiency of Sera from Mice Treated with Pseudotyped SARS-CoV to Neutralize 2019-nCoV Infection. Virol Sin 2020; 35:340-343. [PMID: 32236815 PMCID: PMC7105968 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiaoshuai Lan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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170
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Assessment of Iranian Nurses’ Knowledge and Anxiety Toward COVID-19 During the Current Outbreak in Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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171
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Wu Y, Ho W, Huang Y, Jin DY, Li S, Liu SL, Liu X, Qiu J, Sang Y, Wang Q, Yuen KY, Zheng ZM. SARS-CoV-2 is an appropriate name for the new coronavirus. Lancet 2020; 395:949-950. [PMID: 32151324 PMCID: PMC7133598 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yaowei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Center for Retrovirus Research, Departments of Veterinary Biosciences, Microbial Infection and Immunity, and Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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172
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Wang Q, Qiu Y, Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Liao CH, Ge XY. A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility. Virol Sin 2020; 35:337-339. [PMID: 32198713 PMCID: PMC7091172 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Yan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ce-Heng Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
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173
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Tai W, He L, Zhang X, Pu J, Voronin D, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Du L. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:613-620. [PMID: 32203189 PMCID: PMC7091888 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to global public health, calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV spike (S) protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment, fusion and entry, and serves as a target for development of antibodies, entry inhibitors and vaccines. Here, we identified the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein and found that the RBD protein bound strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD and could block the binding and, hence, attachment of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and SARS-CoV RBD to ACE2-expressing cells, thus inhibiting their infection to host cells. SARS-CoV RBD-specific antibodies could cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein, and SARS-CoV RBD-induced antisera could cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the potential to develop SARS-CoV RBD-based vaccines for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Tai
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei He
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Pu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Denis Voronin
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
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174
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175
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Zhang L. Blind Spots in Fighting the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-2. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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176
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Gostic K, Gomez ACR, Mummah RO, Kucharski AJ, Lloyd-Smith JO. Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID-19. eLife 2020; 9:e55570. [PMID: 32091395 PMCID: PMC7060038 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traveller screening is being used to limit further spread of COVID-19 following its recent emergence, and symptom screening has become a ubiquitous tool in the global response. Previously, we developed a mathematical model to understand factors governing the effectiveness of traveller screening to prevent spread of emerging pathogens (Gostic et al., 2015). Here, we estimate the impact of different screening programs given current knowledge of key COVID-19 life history and epidemiological parameters. Even under best-case assumptions, we estimate that screening will miss more than half of infected people. Breaking down the factors leading to screening successes and failures, we find that most cases missed by screening are fundamentally undetectable, because they have not yet developed symptoms and are unaware they were exposed. Our work underscores the need for measures to limit transmission by individuals who become ill after being missed by a screening program. These findings can support evidence-based policy to combat the spread of COVID-19, and prospective planning to mitigate future emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Ana CR Gomez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Riley O Mummah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Tropical Hygiene and MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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177
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TOLEDO GABRIELGDE, TOLEDO VICTORH, LANFREDI ALEXANDREJ, ESCOTE MARCIA, CHAMPI ANA, SILVA MARIACRISTINACDA, NANTES-CARDOSO ISELIL. Promising Nanostructured Materials against Enveloped Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20200718. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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178
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Liu X, Liu W. Forensic identification of cases with infectious diseases such as novel coronavirus pneumonia. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_36_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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179
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Mahajan A, Kulkarni T, Sharma P, Pande P, Agrawal R, Rane S. COVID-19: A review of protective measures. CANCER RESEARCH, STATISTICS, AND TREATMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/crst.crst_172_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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180
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Rastogi YR, Sharma A, Nagraik R, Aygün A, Şen F. The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Its evolution and transmission into humans causing global COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2020; 17:4381-4388. [PMID: 32837521 PMCID: PMC7247958 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-020-02781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus strain 2019-nCoV has caused a rapid global pandemic-COVID-19. Scientists have taken onto the task of characterizing this new virus and understanding how this virus has transmitted to humans. All preliminary studies have found some striking similarities between this new virus and the SARS-CoV that caused a similar kind of epidemic in 2002-2003. Through bioinformatics tools, a great deal of information has been gathered about the origin, evolution and zoonosis of this virus. We, in this review, report the symptoms, mode of transmission and available and putative treatments to tackle 2019-nCoV infections. We also comprehensively summarize all the information so far made available regarding the genome, evolution and zoonosis of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. R. Rastogi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - A. Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - R. Nagraik
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - A. Aygün
- Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - F. Şen
- Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
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181
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Ademiluyi AO, Oyeniran OH, Oboh G. Tropical Food Spices: A Promising Panacea for the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.201022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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