151
|
Pober BR. Overview of epidemiology, genetics, birth defects, and chromosome abnormalities associated with CDH. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 145C:158-71. [PMID: 17436298 PMCID: PMC2891729 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common and well-studied birth defect. The etiology of most cases remains unknown but increasing evidence points to genetic causation. The data supporting genetic etiologies which are detailed below include the association of CDH with recurring chromosome abnormalities, the existence of CDH-multiplex families, and the co-occurrence of CDH with additional congenital malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R Pober
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
|
153
|
Biochemical Analyses of Csx/Nkx2.5 Mutants and Their Structure–Function Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/i8040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
154
|
Prall OWJ, Menon MK, Solloway MJ, Watanabe Y, Zaffran S, Bajolle F, Biben C, McBride JJ, Robertson BR, Chaulet H, Stennard FA, Wise N, Schaft D, Wolstein O, Furtado MB, Shiratori H, Chien KR, Hamada H, Black BL, Saga Y, Robertson EJ, Buckingham ME, Harvey RP. An Nkx2-5/Bmp2/Smad1 negative feedback loop controls heart progenitor specification and proliferation. Cell 2007; 128:947-59. [PMID: 17350578 PMCID: PMC2092439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During heart development the second heart field (SHF) provides progenitor cells for most cardiomyocytes and expresses the homeodomain factor Nkx2-5. We now show that feedback repression of Bmp2/Smad1 signaling by Nkx2-5 critically regulates SHF proliferation and outflow tract (OFT) morphology. In the cardiac fields of Nkx2-5 mutants, genes controlling cardiac specification (including Bmp2) and maintenance of the progenitor state were upregulated, leading initially to progenitor overspecification, but subsequently to failed SHF proliferation and OFT truncation. In Smad1 mutants, SHF proliferation and deployment to the OFT were increased, while Smad1 deletion in Nkx2-5 mutants rescued SHF proliferation and OFT development. In Nkx2-5 hypomorphic mice, which recapitulate human congenital heart disease (CHD), OFT anomalies were also rescued by Smad1 deletion. Our findings demonstrate that Nkx2-5 orchestrates the transition between periods of cardiac induction, progenitor proliferation, and OFT morphogenesis via a Smad1-dependent negative feedback loop, which may be a frequent molecular target in CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen WJ Prall
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Mary K Menon
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Solloway
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christine Biben
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Jim J McBride
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Bronwyn R Robertson
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hervé Chaulet
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Wise
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Schaft
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Orit Wolstein
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | | | - Kenneth R Chien
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | | | | | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2053, Australia
- * Corresponding author: , (tel) +61 2 9295 8520, (fax) +61 2 9295 8528
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Calcagni G, Digilio MC, Sarkozy A, Dallapiccola B, Marino B. Familial recurrence of congenital heart disease: an overview and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:111-6. [PMID: 17091259 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Familial recurrence is one of the classic patterns for the clinical presentation of congenital heart disease (CHD). In recent years, many groups studied empiric recurrence risk in these heart defects, and the aim of this review was to analyse the patterns of inheritance detected in different types of CHD, including atrioventricular canal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, left-sided obstructions and atrial septal defect. These studies may influence clinical practise guidelines through accurate genetic counselling, but also, they may have important implications in the knowledge of genetic and pathogenetic mechanisms of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Calcagni
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Gong J, Qian L, Kong X, Yang R, Zhou L, Sheng Y, Sun W, Sun F, Huang Y, Cao K. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the right auricle of patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect diseases. Life Sci 2007; 80:1143-51. [PMID: 17275858 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ostium secundum atrial septal defect (osASD) is one of the most commonly occurring cardiac malformations. Although some embryological pathways have been elucidated, the molecular etiologies of ASD are not fully understood. Previous microarray analysis in our laboratory identified differentially expressed genes between osASD and normal right auricular myocardium. Of the 1056 differentially expressed genes, 14 genes were related to apoptosis: eight pro-apoptotic genes were up-regulated and six anti-apoptotic genes were down-regulated in ASD patients. In the current study, we utilized semi-quantitative RT-PCR, electron microscopy, TUNEL and flow cytometry to further understand the role of apoptosis in the atrium of osASD patients. RT-PCR results confirmed differential expression data from previous microarray studies. Additionally, while apoptosis was detected in the right auricular myocardium of all osASD patients, it was absent in controls. These data suggested apoptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of osASD or possibly occurs as a consequence of volume overload and hemodynamic changes in right atrium of osASD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Rifai L, Maazouzi W, Sefiani A. Novel point mutation in the NKX2-5 gene in a Moroccan family with atrioventricular conduction disturbance and an atrial septal defect in the oval fossa. Cardiol Young 2007; 17:107-9. [PMID: 17184575 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951106001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Defects of the oval fossa usually occur as isolated malformations, but can show an autosomal dominant pedigree in familial cases. Several mutations have been described for the transcription factor NKX2-5, and co-segregate with varied cardiac anomalies. We have identified by sequence analysis a novel missense heterozygous mutation in the NKX2-5 gene, specifically a substitution of glutamine for proline at codon 160, in a Moroccan family, the affected members having a deficiency of the floor of the oval fossa and atrioventricular block.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laïla Rifai
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
Congenital heart disease likely results from a complex mixture of environmental and genetic factors. Recent work has elucidated rare single gene mutations that cause a variety of cardiac defects, but the etiologies of more common disease remains unknown. Here, we review the known genetic causes of cardiac malformations and discuss future approaches for addressing sporadic congenital heart disease as a complex trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ransom
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Sander TL, Klinkner DB, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME. Molecular and cellular basis of congenital heart disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53:989-1009, x. [PMID: 17027620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is an evolving area of rapid discovery. This article introduced the basic mechanisms underlying cardiac development and CHD in order to permit a clear understanding of current diagnostics and therapeutics and their future development. It is clear that although significant advances have been made in understanding mechanisms controlling heart formation, the direct causes of CHD remain poorly defined. Future studies tha delineate the complexity of these mechanisms are required to provide a comprehensive understanding of the etiologies of CHD. Such understanding will lead to the development of novel approaches to prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Sander
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Children's Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Reamon-Buettner SM, Spanel-Borowski K, Borlak J. Bridging the gap between anatomy and molecular genetics for an improved understanding of congenital heart disease. Ann Anat 2006; 188:213-20. [PMID: 16711160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality and malformations in congenital heart disease (CHD) are among the most prevalent and fatal of all birth defects. Yet the molecular mechanisms leading to CHD are complex and the causes of the cardiac malformations observed in humans are still unclear. In recent years, the pivotal role of certain transcription factors in heart development has been demonstrated, and gene targeting of cardiac-specific transcription factor genes in animal models has provided valuable insights into heart anomalies. Nonetheless results in these models can be species specific, and in humans, germline mutations in transcription factor genes can only account for some cases of CHD. Furthermore, most patients do not have family history of CHD. There is, therefore, a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms in both normal cardiac development and the formation of malformations. The combining of expertise in cardiac anatomy, pathology, and molecular genetics is essential to adequately comprehend developmental abnormalities associated with CHD. To help elucidate genetic alterations in affected tissues of malformed hearts, we carried out genetic analysis of cardiac-specific transcription factor genes from the Leipzig collection of formalin-fixed malformed hearts. Working with this morphologically well-characterized archival material not only provided valuable genetic information associated with disease, but enabled us to put forward a hypothesis of somatic mutations as a novel molecular cause of CHD. Knowledge of cause and disease mechanism may allow for intervention that could modify the degree of cardiac malformations or development of new approaches for prevention of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Marie Reamon-Buettner
- Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Gutierrez-Roelens I, De Roy L, Ovaert C, Sluysmans T, Devriendt K, Brunner HG, Vikkula M. A novel CSX/NKX2-5 mutation causes autosomal-dominant AV block: are atrial fibrillation and syncopes part of the phenotype? Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1313-6. [PMID: 16896344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of congenital heart defects is approximately 1% of all live births. Identifying the genes responsible for cardiac malformation is the first step to understand pathogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in the CSX/NKX2-5 (NKX2E) gene have been identified to cause atrial septal defect (ASD) and/or atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbance in some families. However, there is great variability in expressivity of the phenotype between the patients with a CSX/NKX2-5 mutation. We screened four sporadic patients and three index cases of families with ASD and/or conduction defects. In one of them, a CSX/NKX2-5 mutation was identified. This novel mutation (p.Tyr256X) was inherited in a three-generation family causing five individuals to have cardiac anomalies ranging from ASD to arrhythmias. Interestingly, all the observed AV conduction disturbances were at the nodal level, manifesting first as an AV block of the first degree and evolving toward a second-degree block. Atrial fibrillation, previously reported in three individuals with CSX/NKX2-5 mutations, was observed in three patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gutierrez-Roelens
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74+5, bp 75.39, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Majumdar R, Yagubyan M, Sarkar G, Bolander ME, Sundt TM. Bicuspid aortic valve and ascending aortic aneurysm are not associated with germline or somatic homeobox NKX2-5 gene polymorphism in 19 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131:1301-5. [PMID: 16733161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital anomaly, occurring in 1% to 2% of the population. It is the most common reason for aortic valve replacement, and such individuals are at significantly increased risk of aortic complications. Despite the clinical significance of bicuspid aortic valve, its genetic basis remains unclear. The homeobox gene NKX2-5 occupies a central position in the hierarchy of cardiac determinants, and mutations in this gene are associated with bicuspid aortic valve in mice. We therefore investigated the presence of mutations in NKX2-5 among patients with bicuspid aortic valve and associated aneurysm. METHODS Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and somatic DNA from diseased aortic tissues of 19 patients with bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortic aneurysm. Three patients with trileaflet aortic valve and aneurysm served as control subjects. The entire NKX2-5 coding sequence, including intron-exon boundaries, was screened for mutation by means of polymerase chain reaction, followed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Direct sequencing revealed a change in somatic (aortic) DNA 239A-->G, leading to synonymous amino acid alteration of Glu21Glu in one patient with bicuspid aortic valve and 1 control subject. There were no other alterations detected in the coding regions of germline or somatic genes. A known polymorphic change in the 3' untranslated region adjacent to exon 2 was detected in both bicuspid aortic valve and control samples. Discrepancies between germline and somatic DNA sequences were observed. CONCLUSION Our study fails to demonstrate an association between bicuspid aortic valve and NKX2-5 mutation, as has been seen in mice. Our findings support the importance of sequencing somatic, as well as germline, DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanath Majumdar
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
König K, Will JC, Berger F, Müller D, Benson DW. Familial congenital heart disease, progressive atrioventricular block and the cardiac homeobox transcription factor gene NKX2.5: identification of a novel mutation. Clin Res Cardiol 2006; 95:499-503. [PMID: 16845574 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-006-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
164
|
Elliott DA, Solloway MJ, Wise N, Biben C, Costa MW, Furtado MB, Lange M, Dunwoodie S, Harvey RP. A tyrosine-rich domain within homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2-5 is an essential element in the early cardiac transcriptional regulatory machinery. Development 2006; 133:1311-22. [PMID: 16510504 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeodomain factor Nkx2-5 is a central component of the transcription factor network that guides cardiac development; in humans, mutations in NKX2.5 lead to congenital heart disease (CHD). We have genetically defined a novel conserved tyrosine-rich domain (YRD) within Nkx2-5 that has co-evolved with its homeodomain. Mutation of the YRD did not affect DNA binding and only slightly diminished transcriptional activity of Nkx2-5 in a context-specific manner in vitro. However, the YRD was absolutely essential for the function of Nkx2-5 in cardiogenesis during ES cell differentiation and in the developing embryo. Furthermore, heterozygous mutation of all nine tyrosines to alanine created an allele with a strong dominant-negative-like activity in vivo: ES cell<-->embryo chimaeras bearing the heterozygous mutation died before term with cardiac malformations similar to the more severe anomalies seen in NKX2.5 mutant families. These studies suggest a functional interdependence between the NK2 class homeodomain and YRD in cardiac development and evolution, and establish a new model for analysis of Nkx2-5 function in CHD.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cephalopoda
- Conserved Sequence
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Reporter
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Heterozygote
- Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5
- Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Tyrosine/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Elliott
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Kirk EP, Hyun C, Thomson PC, Lai D, Castro ML, Biben C, Buckley MF, Martin ICA, Moran C, Harvey RP. Quantitative trait loci modifying cardiac atrial septal morphology and risk of patent foramen ovale in the mouse. Circ Res 2006; 98:651-8. [PMID: 16484617 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000209965.59312.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease (CHD) occurring in 5 to 7 per 10,000 live births. Mutations in 5 human genes (NKX2.5, TBX5, GATA4, MYHC, ACTC) are known to cause dominant ASD, but these account for a minority of cases. Human and mouse data suggest that ASD exists in an anatomical continuum with milder septal variants patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal aneurysm, strongly associated with ischemic stroke and migraine. We have previously shown in inbred mice that the incidence of PFO strongly correlates with length of the interatrial septum primum, defining a quantitative trait underlying PFO risk. To better understand genetic causation of atrial septal abnormalities, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing septal morphology using mouse strains (QSi5 and 129T2/SvEms) maximally informative for PFO incidence and 3 quantitative septal anatomical traits including septum primum length. [QSi5x129T2/SvEms]F2 intercross animals (n=1437) were phenotyped and a whole genome scan performed at an average 17-cM interval. Statistical methodology scoring PFO as a binary phenotype was developed as a confirmatory mapping technique. We mapped 7 significant and 6 suggestive QTL modifying quantitative phenotypes, with 4 supported by binary analysis. Quantitative traits, although strongly associated with PFO (P<0.001), correlated poorly with each other and in all but 1 case QTL for different traits were nonoverlapping. Thus, multiple anatomical processes under separate genetic control contribute to risk of PFO. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of modeling the genetic basis of common CHD using animal genetic and genomic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P Kirk
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Zhang L, Tümer Z, Jacobsen JR, Andersen PS, Tommerup N, Larsen LA. Screening of 99 Danish Patients with Congenital Heart Disease forGATA4Mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 10:277-80. [PMID: 17253934 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2006.10.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects nearly 1% of the population, but only few genes involved in human CHD are presently known. Germ-line mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor GATA4 have been associated with familial cases of atrial and ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. We have screened 99 unrelated Danish patients with different CHD phenotypes to evaluate the prevalence of GATA4 mutations in CHD. No pathogenic mutations were found among the patients, suggesting that GATA4 mutations are relatively rare among CHD patients. Thus, the diagnostic importance of GATA4 mutations may be confined to familial cases or specific subgroups of CHD phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Litu Zhang
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVMs) of the left side of the heart show familial recurrence of various forms of obstructive malformations, including hypoplastic left heart (HLH), interrupted aortic arch, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic stenosis. In a previous population-based study in the Baltimore-Washington region, these malformations were associated with parental reports of occupational or leisure solvent exposure, overt diabetes, and family history of CCVM in first-degree relatives. Spatial analysis in this well-characterized study population may augment self-reported data by revealing additional associations with potential environmental risk factors. We used spatial analysis to identify clusters of HLH as a group. The study population included all live-born cases of hypoplastic left heart syndrome diagnosed in the first year of life between 1981 and 1989 and a random sample of unaffected infant controls matched by year and hospital of birth. The nested case-control cohort in this spatial analysis included 77 HLH cases and 1894 controls in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Nonparametric and regression analyses included personal variables from the interview data set as well as spatial variables. A region of Baltimore was identified that contained HLH at twice the expected frequency based on the distribution of population younger than 5 years of age. The region included 30 of 77 geocoded cases of HLH in the cohort and is significant by spatial scanning at p = 0.056. Within this region, male cases of HLH were disproportionately present compared to females. This cluster is in a region of Baltimore with industrial release of solvents, dioxin, and polychlorinated biphenyls in air. Outside the cluster, HLH is associated with family history of CCVM in a first-degree relative, maternal exposure to miscellaneous solvents, paternal anesthesia, maternal art painting, aspirin ingestion, and maternal diabetes. Inside the cluster, father's painting and exposure to sympathomimetic drugs were associated risk factors. Spatial analysis of HLH cases delineated an urban region with increased prevalence of this left heart malformation. Within this region, excess male cases of HLH occurred, and industrial release to air of solvents, dioxin, and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds was documented. We propose that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the phenotype of HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Kuehl
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - C A Loffredo
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Akazawa H, Komuro I. Cardiac transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5: Its role in cardiac development and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:252-68. [PMID: 15925411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, an emerging body of evidence has accumulated that cardiac transcription factors control a cardiac gene program and play a critical role in transcriptional regulation during cardiogenesis and during the adaptive process in adult hearts. Especially, an evolutionally conserved homeobox transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5 has been in the forefront in the field of cardiac biology, providing molecular insights into the mechanisms of cardiac development and diseases. Csx/Nkx2-5 is indispensable for normal cardiac development, and mutations of the gene are associated with human congenital heart diseases (CHD). In the present review, the regulation of a cardiac gene program by Csx/Nkx2-5 is summarized, with an emphasis on its role in the cardiac development and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akazawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Weismann CG, Hager A, Kaemmerer H, Maslen CL, Morris CD, Schranz D, Kreuder J, Gelb BD. PTPN11 mutations play a minor role in isolated congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:146-51. [PMID: 15940693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PTPN11 missense mutations cause approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with various congenital heart defects, most commonly valvar pulmonary stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Atrioventricular septal defects and coarctation of the aorta occur in 15% and 9%, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine if PTPN11 mutations exist in non-syndromic patients with these two relevant forms of congenital heart disease. The 15 coding PTPN11 exons and their intron boundaries from subjects with atrioventricular septal defects (n = 24) and coarctation of the aorta (n = 157) were analyzed using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced if abnormal. One subject with an atrioventricular septal defect but no other known medical problems had a c.127C > T transition in exon 2, predicting a p.L43F substitution. This mutation affected the phosphotyrosine-binding region in the N-terminal src homology 2 domain and was close to a Noonan syndrome mutation (p.T42A). An otherwise healthy patient with aortic coarctation had a silent c.540C > T change in exon 5 corresponding to p.D180D. Our study showed that PTPN11 mutations are rarely found in two isolated forms of congenital heart disease that commonly occur in Noonan syndrome. The p.L43F mutation belongs to a rare class of PTPN11 mutations altering the phosphotyrosine-binding region. These mutations are not predicted to alter the autoinhibition of the PTPN11 protein product, SHP-2, which is the mechanism for the vast majority of mutations causing Noonan syndrome. Future studies will be directed towards understanding these rare phosphotyrosine binding region mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance G Weismann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Justus Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Hinton RB, Yutzey KE, Benson DW. Congenital heart disease: Genetic causes and developmental insights. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
171
|
Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, Keith C, Ghaffar S, James SJ. NKX2.5 and congenital heart defects: A population-based study. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134A:223-5. [PMID: 15633194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
172
|
Wessels MW, Berger RMF, Frohn-Mulder IME, Roos-Hesselink JW, Hoogeboom JJM, Mancini GS, Bartelings MM, Krijger RD, Wladimiroff JW, Niermeijer MF, Grossfeld P, Willems PJ. Autosomal dominant inheritance of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134A:171-9. [PMID: 15712195 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most nonsyndromic congenital heart malformations (CHMs) in humans are multifactorial in origin, although an increasing number of monogenic cases have been reported recently. We describe here four new families with presumed autosomal dominant inheritance of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), consisting of hypoplastic left heart (HLHS) or left ventricle (HLV), aortic valve stenosis (AS) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), hypoplastic aortic arch (HAA), and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). LVOTO in these families shows a wide clinical spectrum with some family members having severe anomalies such as hypoplastic left heart, and others only minor anomalies such as mild aortic valve stenosis. This supports the suggestion that all anomalies of the LVOTO spectrum are developmentally related and can be caused by a single gene defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Caputo S, Capozzi G, Russo MG, Esposito T, Martina L, Cardaropoli D, Ricci C, Argiento P, Pacileo G, Calabrò R. Familial recurrence of congenital heart disease in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:2179-84. [PMID: 15980033 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ostium secundum atrial septal defect (osASD) is one of the most common cardiac malformations. Few data are available on the familial recurrence of congenital heart disease (CHD), in particular, in a large group of patients with isolated osASD. The aim is to investigate the familial recurrence of CHD in up to third-degree relatives from a large sample of consecutively enrolled patients with osASD, taking into account the influence of degree of relatedness (as number of relatives). METHODS AND RESULTS From January 1998 to December 2002, we enrolled 583 patients with osASD and 408 healthy subjects, referred to our tertiary centre. We hypothesized that a positive family history required at least one relative with CHD to constitute a risk factor. In this model of analysis, the null hypothesis is a similar familial history between cases and controls. Among 583 patients with osASD, 109 (19%) had at least one relative with CHD. Among the 408 healthy subjects studied, only 23 (6%) had a family history of CHD. A familial recurrence of CHD was demonstrated in 72 of 312 (23%) patients with isolated osASD and in 37 of 271 (13.6%) patients with non-isolated osASD. Familial recurrence of isolated osASD was demonstrated in 22 of 312 patients (7%) with an isolated osASD and only in six of 271 patients (2.2%) with non-isolated osASD. The familial recurrence risk of isolated osASD in patients with isolated osASD was higher in sibs, especially in sisters (33.3%). CONCLUSION This study underscores the role of genetic factors in the determination of CHD, particularly osASD. Our results could represent the basis for further studies to calculate a 'value of family history' to adapt the familial recurrence to the real size of each family group. In this way, we could select families with a 'tendency' to develop CHD, particularly osASD. In these families, we could analyse the genetic pattern to establish abnormalities and the bases of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Caputo
- Pediatric Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Hirayama-Yamada K, Kamisago M, Akimoto K, Aotsuka H, Nakamura Y, Tomita H, Furutani M, Imamura SI, Takao A, Nakazawa M, Matsuoka R. Phenotypes with GATA4 or NKX2.5 mutations in familial atrial septal defect. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:47-52. [PMID: 15810002 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, GATA4 and NKX2.5 were reported as the disease genes of atrial septal defect (ASD) but the relationship between the locations of their mutations and phenotypes is not clear. We analyzed GATA4 and NKX2.5 mutations in 16 familial ASD cases, including four probands with atrioventricular conduction disturbance (AV block) and two with pulmonary stenosis (PS), by PCR and direct sequencing, and examined their phenotypes clinically. Five mutations, including two GATA4 and three NKX2.5 mutations, were identified in 31.3% of the probands with ASD, and three of them were novel. The two GATA4 mutations in the probands without AV block were S52F and E359Xfs (c.1075delG) that was reported previously, and three NKX2.5 mutations in the probands with AV block were A88Xfs (c.262delG), R190C, and T178M. Additionally, we observed some remarkable phenotypes, i.e., dextrocardia with E359Xfs (c.1075delG) and cribriform type ASD with R190C, both of which are expected to be clues for further investigations. Furthermore, progressive, most severe AV block was closely related with a missense mutation in a homeodomain or with a nonsense/frame-shift mutation of NKX2.5 for which classification has not been clearly proposed. This pinpoints essential sites of NKX2.5 in the development of the conduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Hirayama-Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Inga A, Reamon-Buettner SM, Borlak J, Resnick MA. Functional dissection of sequence-specific NKX2-5 DNA binding domain mutations associated with human heart septation defects using a yeast-based system. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1965-75. [PMID: 15917268 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human heart development requires an orderly coordination of transcriptional programs, with the homeodomain protein NKX2-5 being one of the key transcription factors required for the differentiation of mesodermal progenitor cells. Indeed, lack of Nkx2-5 in mice arrests heart development prior to looping, resulting in embryonic lethality. There are 28 germline NKX2-5 mutations identified in humans that are associated with congenital heart disease, and we recently reported multiple somatic mutations in patients with complex cardiac malformations. To address the functional consequences of single and multiple mutations of NKX2-5, we developed a functional assay in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which could determine transactivation capacity and specificity of expressed NKX2-5 alleles towards targeted response element (RE) sequences. We focused on mutants of the third helix, which provides DNA binding specificity, and characterized mutations that were highly associated with either ventricular (VSD) or atrioventricular (AVSD) septal defects. Individual mutants exhibited partial to complete loss of function and differences in transactivation capacity between the various REs. The mutants also exhibited gene dosage rather than dominant effects on transcription. Surprisingly, all AVSD patients (22/23) had a single K183E mutation in the DNA binding domain, which resulted in transcriptional inactivation. None of the VSD patients had this mutation; yet 14/29 had at least one mutation in the third helix leading to either inactivation or reduction of NKX2-5 transactivation. Therefore, mutations of somatic origin in the binding domains of NKX2-5 were associated specifically with AVSD or VSD and resulted in loss of protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Inga
- Chromosome Stability Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Brown DD, Martz SN, Binder O, Goetz SC, Price BMJ, Smith JC, Conlon FL. Tbx5 and Tbx20 act synergistically to control vertebrate heart morphogenesis. Development 2005; 132:553-63. [PMID: 15634698 PMCID: PMC1635804 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the T-box family of proteins play a fundamental role in patterning the developing vertebrate heart; however, the precise cellular requirements for any one family member and the mechanism by which individual T-box genes function remains largely unknown. In this study, we have investigated the cellular and molecular relationship between two T-box genes, Tbx5 and Tbx20. We demonstrate that blocking Tbx5 or Tbx20 produces phenotypes that display a high degree of similarity, as judged by overall gross morphology, molecular marker analysis and cardiac physiology, implying that the two genes are required for and have non-redundant functions in early heart development. In addition, we demonstrate that although co-expressed, Tbx5 and Tbx20 are not dependent on the expression of one another, but rather have a synergistic role during early heart development. Consistent with this proposal, we show that TBX5 and TBX20 can physically interact and map the interaction domains, and we show a cellular interaction for the two proteins in cardiac development, thus providing the first evidence for direct interaction between members of the T-box gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Brown
- Department of Genetics, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Biology, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Shauna N. Martz
- Department of Genetics, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Olav Binder
- Department of Genetics, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Sarah C. Goetz
- Department of Genetics, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Biology, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Brenda M. J. Price
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jim C. Smith
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- Department of Genetics, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Biology, Fordham Hall, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- *Author for correspondence (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Shiojima I, Komuro I. Cardiac Developmental Biology: From Flies to Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 55:245-54. [PMID: 16277874 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.m94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during embryogenesis, and heart formation is essential for subsequent embryonic development. Since the identification of a cardiac-restricted transcription factor Csx/Nkx-2.5 in the early 1990s, extensive studies on cardiac development have been done in various species ranging from flies to humans. Molecular dissection of regulatory pathways that control multiple steps of cardiogenesis will not only advance our understanding of cardiac development and congenital heart diseases, but will also provide an important clue to novel therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Shiojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the care of infants and children with congenital heart defects has been revolutionized over the past 50 years, their underlying causes have been obscure. Recent progress, accelerated through the Human Genome Project, has resulted in the rapid identification of disease genes causing congenital heart defects. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, progress in identifying new congenital heart defect genes for specific lesions and in understanding their disease pathogenesis in the past year are detailed. Specifically, genes relevant for atrial and atrioventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, and coarctation of the aorta as well as pulmonary valvar and branch stenosis are reviewed. SUMMARY The information in this review provides insights into the state-of-the-art knowledge about the molecular genetic causes of congenital heart defects. It suggests that DNA testing may become standard for many forms of congenital heart defects, improving clinicians' ability to anticipate complications for their patients and predict recurrence risk for families of children with congenital heart defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Gelb
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Abstract
This article reviews the more recent findings on the genetic basis of congenital cardiovascular disease and highlights the clinical applications of these discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Linhares VL, Almeida NA, Menezes DC, Elliott DA, Lai D, Beyer EC, Campos de Carvalho AC, Costa MW. Transcriptional regulation of the murine Connexin40 promoter by cardiac factors Nkx2-5, GATA4 and Tbx5. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 64:402-11. [PMID: 15537493 PMCID: PMC3252638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Connexin40 (Cx40) is a gap junction protein expressed specifically in developing and mature atrial myocytes and cells of the conduction system. In this report, we identify cis-acting elements within the mouse Cx40 promoter and unravel part of the complex pathways involved in the cardiac expression of this gene. METHODS To identify the factors involved in the cardiac expression of Cx40, we used transient transfections in mammalian cells coupled with electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and RT-PCR. RESULTS Within the promoter region, we identified the minimal elements required for transcriptional activity within 150 base pairs (bp) upstream of the transcriptional start site. Several putative regulatory sites for transcription factors were predicted within this region by computer analysis, and we demonstrated that the nuclear factors Sp1, Nkx2-5, GATA4 and Tbx5 could interact specifically with elements present in the minimal promoter region of the Cx40. Furthermore, co-transfection experiments showed the ability of Nkx2-5 and GATA4 to transactivate the minimal Cx40 promoter while Tbx5 repressed Nkx2-5/GATA4-mediated activation. Mutagenesis of the Nkx2-5 core site in the Cx40 promoter led to significantly decreased activity in rat smooth muscle cell line A7r5. Consistent with this, mouse embryos lacking Nkx2-5 showed a marked decrease in Cx40 expression. CONCLUSION In this work, we cloned the promoter region of the Cx40 and demonstrated that the core promoter was modulated by cardiac transcriptional factors Nkx2-5, Tbx5 and GATA4 acting together with ubiquitous Sp1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania L.F. Linhares
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-900, Brazil
| | - Norma A.S. Almeida
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-900, Brazil
| | - Diego C. Menezes
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-900, Brazil
| | - David A. Elliott
- Developmental Biology Unit, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Donna Lai
- Developmental Biology Unit, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Beyer
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA
| | - Antonio C. Campos de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro W. Costa
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-900, Brazil
- Developmental Biology Unit, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Reamon-Buettner SM, Hecker H, Spanel-Borowski K, Craatz S, Kuenzel E, Borlak J. Novel NKX2-5 mutations in diseased heart tissues of patients with cardiac malformations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:2117-25. [PMID: 15161646 PMCID: PMC1615780 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NKX2-5 is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor important in cardiac development. Familial mutations in the NKX2-5 gene are associated with cardiac abnormalities, but mutations are rare in sporadic cases. We studied the pathology and molecular genetics of NKX2-5 in diseased heart tissues of 68 patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly atrial (ASD), ventricular (VSD), and atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). We also studied DNA extracted from 16 normal hearts, as well as lymphocytic DNA from 50 healthy volunteers, 7 families, and 4 unrelated individuals with CHD. Direct sequencing revealed 53 NKX2-5 mutations in the diseased heart tissues, including nonsynonymous substitutions in the homeodomain of NKX2-5. We found common mutations among unrelated patients, but certain mutations were specific to VSDs and AVSDs. Many patients had multiple NKX2-5 mutations, up to 14 nonsynonymous mutations per patient in VSDs. Importantly, these nonsynonymous mutations were mainly absent in normal heart tissues of the same CHD patients, thus indicating somatic origin and mosaicism of mutations. Further, observed mutations were completely absent in normal hearts and lymphocytic DNA of healthy individuals. Our findings provide new insights for somatic NKX2-5 mutations to be of importance in congenital heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Marie Reamon-Buettner
- Department of Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Masino AM, Gallardo TD, Wilcox CA, Olson EN, Williams RS, Garry DJ. Transcriptional regulation of cardiac progenitor cell populations. Circ Res 2004; 95:389-97. [PMID: 15242968 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000138302.02691.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide analysis of dynamically regulated progenitor cell populations has the potential to elucidate key aspects of cardiac development. The heart, as the first organ to develop in the mammal, is a technically challenging but clinically relevant target for study. To define the transcriptional program of the cardiac progenitor, we used a novel transgenic strategy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting to reliably label and isolate cardiac progenitors directly from mouse embryos. Pure populations of cardiac progenitor cells were isolated from the cardiac crescent and 2 subsequent stages of heart development: the linear heart tube and the looping heart. RNA was isolated from stage-specific cardiac progenitors and subjected to transcriptome analysis by oligonucleotide array hybridization. The cardiac transcriptional regulatory programs were compared with the molecular programs of age-matched noncardiac embryonic cells, embryonic stem cells, adult cardiomyocytes, and each other to identify sets of genes exhibiting differential expression in the cardiac progenitor cell population. These results define the transcriptional profile of mammalian cardiac progenitor cells and provide insight into the molecular regulation of the earliest periods of heart development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart/embryology
- Luminescent Proteins/analysis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morphogenesis/genetics
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Masino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Pashmforoush M, Lu JT, Chen H, Amand TS, Kondo R, Pradervand S, Evans SM, Clark B, Feramisco JR, Giles W, Ho SY, Benson DW, Silberbach M, Shou W, Chien KR. Nkx2-5 pathways and congenital heart disease; loss of ventricular myocyte lineage specification leads to progressive cardiomyopathy and complete heart block. Cell 2004; 117:373-86. [PMID: 15109497 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human mutations in Nkx2-5 lead to progressive cardiomyopathy and conduction defects via unknown mechanisms. To define these pathways, we generated mice with a ventricular-restricted knockout of Nkx2-5, which display no structural defects but have progressive complete heart block, and massive trabecular muscle overgrowth found in some patients with Nkx2-5 mutations. At birth, mutant mice display a hypoplastic atrioventricular (AV) node and then develop selective dropout of these conduction cells. Transcriptional profiling uncovered the aberrant expression of a unique panel of atrial and conduction system-restricted target genes, as well as the ectopic, high level BMP-10 expression in the adult ventricular myocardium. Further, BMP-10 is shown to be necessary and sufficient for a major component of the ventricular muscle defects. Accordingly, loss of ventricular muscle cell lineage specification into trabecular and conduction system myocytes is a new mechanistic pathway for progressive cardiomyopathy and conduction defects in congenital heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pashmforoush
- UCSD Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Lambrechts D, Carmeliet P. Genetics in zebrafish, mice, and humans to dissect congenital heart disease: insights in the role of VEGF. Curr Top Dev Biol 2004; 62:189-224. [PMID: 15522743 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(04)62007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart development and the establishment of a functional circulatory circuit are complex biological processes in which subtle perturbations may result in catastrophic consequences of cardiovascular birth defects. Studies in model organisms, most notably the mouse and the zebrafish, have identified genes that also cause these life-threatening defects when mutated in humans. Gradually, a framework for the genetic pathway controlling these events is now beginning to emerge. However, the puzzling phenotypic variability of the cardiovascular disease phenotype in humans and the recent identification of phenotypic modifiers using model organisms indicates that other genetic loci might interact to modify the disease phenotype. To illustrate this, we review the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during vascular and cardiac development and stress how zebrafish and mouse genetic studies have helped us to understand the role this growth factor has in human disease, in particular in the Di-George syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diether Lambrechts
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Stennard FA, Costa MW, Elliott DA, Rankin S, Haast SJP, Lai D, McDonald LPA, Niederreither K, Dolle P, Bruneau BG, Zorn AM, Harvey RP. Cardiac T-box factor Tbx20 directly interacts with Nkx2-5, GATA4, and GATA5 in regulation of gene expression in the developing heart. Dev Biol 2003; 262:206-24. [PMID: 14550786 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tbx20 is a member of the T-box transcription factor family expressed in the forming hearts of vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. We report here analysis of Tbx20 expression during murine cardiac development and assessment of DNA-binding and transcriptional properties of Tbx20 isoforms. Tbx20 was expressed in myocardium and endocardium, including high levels in endocardial cushions. cDNAs generated by alternative splicing encode at least four Tbx20 isoforms, and Tbx20a uniquely carried strong transactivation and transrepression domains in its C terminus. Isoforms with an intact T-box bound specifically to DNA sites resembling the consensus brachyury half site, although with less avidity compared with the related factor, Tbx5. Tbx20 physically interacted with cardiac transcription factors Nkx2-5, GATA4, and GATA5, collaborating to synergistically activate cardiac gene expression. Among cardiac GATA factors, there was preferential synergy with GATA5, implicated in endocardial differentiation. In Xenopus embryos, enforced expression of Tbx20a, but not Tbx20b, led to induction of mesodermal and endodermal lineage markers as well as cell migration, indicating that the long Tbx20a isoform uniquely bears functional domains that can alter gene expression and developmental behaviour in an in vivo context. We propose that Tbx20 plays an integrated role in the ancient myogenic program of the heart, and has been additionally coopted during evolution of vertebrates for endocardial cushion development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Stennard
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Harvey RP, Lai D, Elliott D, Biben C, Solloway M, Prall O, Stennard F, Schindeler A, Groves N, Lavulo L, Hyun C, Yeoh T, Costa M, Furtado M, Kirk E. Homeodomain factor Nkx2-5 in heart development and disease. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 67:107-14. [PMID: 12858530 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2002.67.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst 2010, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|