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Adotévi O, Mollier K, Neuveut C, Cardinaud S, Boulanger E, Mignen B, Fridman WH, Zanetti M, Charneau P, Tartour E, Lemonnier F, Langlade-Demoyen P. Immunogenic HLA-B*0702-Restricted Epitopes Derived from Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase That Elicit Antitumor Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3158-67. [PMID: 16707616 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is considered as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy because it is preferentially expressed in tumor cells. To increase the applicability of hTERT-based immunotherapy, we set out to identify CTL epitopes in hTERT restricted by HLA-B*0702 molecule, a common MHC class I allele. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HLA-B*0702-restricted peptides from hTERT were selected by using a method of epitope prediction and tested for their immunogenicity in human (in vitro) and HLA-B*0702 transgenic mice (in vivo). RESULTS All the six hTERT peptides that were predicted to bind to HLA-B*0702 molecule were found to induce primary human CTL responses in vitro. The peptide-specific CD8+ CTL lines were tested against various hTERT+ tumor cells. Although differences were observed according to the tumor origin, only three CTL lines specific for p277, p342, and p351 peptides exhibited cytotoxicity against tumor cells in a HLA-B*0702-restricted manner. In addition, this cytotoxicity was inhibited by the addition of peptide-loaded cold target cells and indicated that these epitopes are naturally processed and presented on the tumor cells. Further, in vivo studies using humanized HLA-B*0702 transgenic mice showed that all the candidate peptides were able to induce CTL responses after peptide immunization. Furthermore, vaccination with a plasmid DNA encoding full-length hTERT elicited peptide-specific CTL responses, indicating that these epitopes are efficiently processed in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Together with previously reported hTERT epitopes, the identification of new CTL epitopes presented by HLA-B*0702 increases the applicability of hTERT-based immunotherapy to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Adotévi
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U255, Université René Descartes, Unité d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance-Public Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
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152
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Su H, Chang DS, Gambhir SS, Braun J. Monitoring the antitumor response of naive and memory CD8 T cells in RAG1-/- mice by positron-emission tomography. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4459-67. [PMID: 16547284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antitumor immunity depends on a highly migratory CTL population capable of activation and trafficking between lymphoid and tumor-bearing microanatomic sites. We recently adapted positron-emission tomography gene expression imaging for noninvasive, longitudinal localization and quantitation of antitumor T lymphocyte migration in vivo. In this study, we apply this system to enumerate the temporal accumulation of naive vs memory T cells. Naive or memory OT-1 CD8(+) T cells, retrovirally marked with the sr39TK gene, were adoptively transferred into RAG1(-/-) animals bearing EL-4 or EG.7 (an OVA-expressing subline), and repetitively imaged by microPET over several weeks. Memory cells demonstrated early accumulation and apparent proliferation, with large T cell numbers at the Ag-positive tumor as early as day 1 after T cell transfer. Naive T cells did not accumulate in the E.G7 tumor until day 8, and reached only 25% of the peak levels achieved by memory T cells. Both naive and memory cells eradicated the Ag-expressing tumor at a comparable density of intratumoral T cells (2-4 x 10(6)/g). However, due to the slower rate of T cell expansion and continued tumor growth, naive cells required approximately 10-fold higher Ag-specific precursor frequency to reach a tumoricidal cell density. As recently reported, memory but not naive T cells accumulated in local lymph nodes and lungs, where they persisted as a resident population after tumor eradication. Positron-emission tomography-based immunologic imaging is a noninvasive modality providing unique and meaningful information on the dynamics of the antitumor CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Su
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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153
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Durrant LG, Ramage JM. Development of cancer vaccines to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:555-63. [PMID: 15934833 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been shown to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in a variety of cancer patients. However, the response is often of low frequency and moderate avidity, and does not result in objective clinical responses. This is related to the target antigens, which are usually over-expressed self-antigens that elicit tolerogenic and regulatory immune responses, resulting in deletion or inactivation of high-avidity T cells. Although moderate-avidity T cells can be efficient killers, tumours are often poor targets as they express a variety of molecules to protect them from cell-mediated immunity. Adoptive transfer of large numbers of high-avidity T cells has been shown to induce regression of bulky disease, proving that immune responses can effectively eradicate tumours. New approaches that target activated dendritic cells in vivo, resulting in cross-presentation of CTL epitopes and release of cytokines that suppress regulatory T cells, have resulted in the production of T cells with sufficient avidity to kill tumour target cells. These approaches in combination with regimes, such as cytokine therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, that modulate effector costimulatory expression on tumour targets may result in more effective second-generation cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Durrant
- University of Nottingham, Institute of Infections, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, UK.
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154
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Abstract
The prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been a longstanding topic of debate. In cases where TILs have improved patient outcome, T lymphocytes are recognized as the main effectors of antitumor immune responses. However, recent studies have revealed that a subset of CD4(+) T cells, referred to as CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), may accumulate in the tumor environment and suppress tumor-specific T-cell responses, thereby hindering tumor rejection. Hence, predicting tumor behavior on the basis of an indiscriminate evaluation of tumor-infiltrating T cells may result in inconsistent prognostic accuracy. The presence of infiltrating CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg may be detrimental to the host defense against the tumor, while the presence of effector T lymphocytes, including CD8(+) T cells and non-regulatory CD4(+) helper T cells may be beneficial. Enhanced recruitment of antitumor effector T lymphocytes to tumor tissue in addition to inhibition of local Treg, may therefore be an ideal target for improving cancer immunotherapy. This article reviews the antitumor functions of T-lymphocytes, with special attention given to CD4(+) regulatory T-cells within the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- 1Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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155
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Iizuka Y, Kojima H, Kobata T, Kawase T, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Identification of a glioma antigen, GARC-1, using cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by HSV cancer vaccine. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:942-9. [PMID: 16152596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite several ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapies against glioma, few glioma-specific antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been identified. We recently demonstrated that intratumoral inoculation with herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a cancer vaccine activates tumor-specific CTLs. To identify glioma antigens recognized by CTLs, we used the HSV cancer vaccine to vaccinate mice harboring a syngeneic mouse glioma cell line, GL261. From the splenocytes of the immunized mice, we generated an H-2Db-restricted CTL line, GCL-1, that was specific for GL261. Then, a cDNA expression library generated from GL261 was screened with GCL-1, and a new gene encoding glioma antigen, GARC-1, was isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that the GARC-1 gene isolated from GL261 had a point mutation causing an amino acid change (Asp to Asn at position 81). T-cell epitope analysis revealed that the mutated peptide GARC-1(77-85) (AALLNKLYA) but not the wild-type peptide (AALLDKLYA), was recognized by GCL-1. These results suggest that HSV cancer vaccination may be a useful method for inducing tumor-specific CTLs and identifying tumor antigens. Furthermore, this GL261/GARC-1 murine glioma model may be useful for the development of immunotherapy for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Iizuka
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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156
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Zhang Q, Jang TL, Yang X, Park I, Meyer RE, Kundu S, Pins M, Javonovic B, Kuzel T, Kim SJ, Van Parijs L, Smith N, Wong L, Greenberg NM, Guo Y, Lee C. Infiltration of tumor-reactive transforming growth factor-beta insensitive CD8+ T cells into the tumor parenchyma is associated with apoptosis and rejection of tumor cells. Prostate 2006; 66:235-47. [PMID: 16173028 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-beta is a potent immunosuppressant. High levels of TGF-beta produced by cancer cells have a negative inhibition effect on surrounding host immune cells and leads to evasion of the host immune surveillance and tumor progression. In the present study, we report a distinct ability of tumor reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells to infiltrate into established tumors, secrete relevant cytokines, and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. METHODS CD8+ T cells were isolated from the spleens of C57BL/6 mice, which were primed with irradiated mouse prostate cancer cells, the TRAMP-C2 cells. After ex vivo expansion, these tumor reactive CD8+ cells were rendered TGF-beta-insensitive by infection with a retroviral (MSCV)-mediated dominant negative TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRIIDN). Control CD8+ cells consist of those transfected with the GFP-only empty vector and naïve CD8+ T cells. Recipient mice were challenged with a single injection of TRAMP-C2 cells 21 days before adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells was performed. Forty days after the adoptive transfer, all animals were sacrificed. The presence of pulmonary metastases was evaluated pathologically. Serial slides of malignant tissues were used for immunofluorescent staining for different kinds of immune cell infiltration, cytokines, and apoptosis analysis. RESULTS Pulmonary metastases were either eliminated or significantly reduced in the group receiving adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells (3 out of 12) when compared to GFP controls (9 out of 12), and naïve CD8+ T cells (12 out of 12). Results of immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that only tumor-reactive TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells were able to infiltrate into the tumor and mediate apoptosis when compared to CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and B cells. A large amount of cytokines such as perforin, nitric oxide, IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha were secreted in tumor tissue treated with tumor-reactive TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells. No immune cells infiltration and cytokine secretion were detected in tumor tissues treated with naïve T cells and GFP controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of tumor-reactive TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells that adoptive transfer of these CD8+ T cells resulted in infiltration of these immune cells into the tumor parenchyma, secretion of relevant cytokines, and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. These results support the concept that tumor-reactive TGF-beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells may prove beneficial in the treatment of advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA, and Institute of Urology, The First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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157
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Kikuchi T, Uehara S, Ariga H, Tokunaga T, Kariyone A, Tamura T, Takatsu K. Augmented induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell response and antitumour resistance by T helper type 1-inducing peptide. Immunology 2006; 117:47-58. [PMID: 16423040 PMCID: PMC1782190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector CD8(+) T cells recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding altered self-peptides expressed in tumour cells. Although the requirement for CD4(+) T helper type 1 (Th1) cells in regulating CD8(+) T cells has been documented, their target epitopes and functional impact in antitumour responses remain unclear. We examined whether a potent immunogenic peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis eliciting Th1 immunity contributes to the generation of CD8(+) T cells and to protective antitumour immune responses to unrelated tumour-specific antigens. Peptide-25, a major Th epitope of Ag85B from M. tuberculosis preferentially induced CD4(+) Th1 cells in C57BL/6 mice and had an augmenting effect on Th1 generation for coimmunized unrelated antigenic peptides. Coimmunization of mice with Peptide-25 and ovalbumin (OVA) or Peptide-25 and B16 melanoma peptide [tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2)] for MHC class I led to a profound increase in CD8(+) T cells specific for OVA and TRP-2 peptides, respectively. This heightened response depended on Peptide-25-specific CD4(+) T cells and interferon-gamma-producing T cells. In tumour protection assays, immunization with Peptide-25 and OVA resulted in the enhancement of CD8(+) cytotoxic cell generation specific for OVA and the growth inhibition of EL-4 thymoma expressing OVA peptide leading to the tumour rejection. These phenomena were not achieved by immunization with OVA alone. Peptide-25-reactive Th1 cells counteractivated dendritic cells in the presence of Peptide-25 leading them to activate and present OVA peptide to CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Uehara
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ariga
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokunaga
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kariyone
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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158
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Abstract
MAbs directed toward tumor cells, tumor neovasculature, and host negative immunoregulatory elements (checkpoints) have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. However, effective active modulation of the immune response with anticancer vaccines will require identifying appropriate tumor-rejection antigens; optimizing the interactions of peptides, antigen-presenting cells, and T cells; and blockading negative immunological checkpoints that impede an effective immune response. Checkpoints being targeted include CTLA-4 and PD1 that are negative signaling receptors expressed on activated T cells, CD4+CD25+ Foxp3-expressing Tregs (suppressor T cells), IL-2-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD), and the cytokine TGFbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1374, USA.
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159
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Ho WY, Nguyen HN, Wolfl M, Kuball J, Greenberg PD. In vitro methods for generating CD8+ T-cell clones for immunotherapy from the naïve repertoire. J Immunol Methods 2006; 310:40-52. [PMID: 16469329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Innovations in gene discovery and the analysis of gene expression are facilitating the identification of a growing number of antigens that could potentially be targeted for immunotherapy of tumors. Methods to reliably generate antigen-specific T-cell responses in vitro would be useful not only to screen candidate antigens for immunogenicity prior to embarking on in vivo vaccination trials, but also to generate T-cell lines or clones that could be used directly for adoptive immunotherapy approaches. Although many techniques have proven successful for expanding ex vivo effector cells from antigen-specific memory CD8(+) cells that have been primed in vivo, methods to reliably generate high-avidity CTL clones from the naïve repertoire have not been well described. Various methods for the induction and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) CTL clones from healthy A2(+) donors were compared, using WT1 as a model tumor-associated antigen for which there is a low frequency of precursor T cells in naïve individuals. In contrast to the well-studied Melan-A/MART-1 (Melan-A) A2-restricted response, for which the CD8(+) T-cell precursor frequency in the naïve repertoire is unusually high, successful expansion of WT1-specific CD8(+) T cells appeared to be more dependent upon cell culture conditions. In particular, primary stimulation with autologous peptide-loaded monocyte-derived DC generated in 48 h (DC2d) was more effective in expanding WT1-reactive populations of CTL than stimulation with DC generated using the more standard week-long protocol (DC7d). Adding supplemental IL-7 2 to 3 days after initiation of a stimulation cycle expanded antigen-specific cells within CTL lines more efficiently than including the cytokine from the beginning of the cycle. Following primary stimulation with peptide-loaded mature DC, subsequent restimulation with peptide-loaded PBMC as the stimulators was more effective at expanding antigen-specific cells than repeated stimulation with mature DC. Using these techniques, high-avidity CTL clones specific for an A()0201-restricted epitope of WT1 have been generated from nearly all normal A2(+) donors tested. Such clones have been demonstrated to be capable of recognizing and lysing leukemic cells, and will soon be tested for therapeutic activity in clinical trials of adoptive immunotherapy in patients with relapsed leukemia after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Ho
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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160
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Smyth LJC, Elkord E, Taher TEI, Jiang HR, Burt DJ, Clayton A, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM, Drijfhout JW, Dermime S, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Cd8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1638-47. [PMID: 16646078 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 5T4 oncofetal antigen is expressed by a wide variety of human carcinomas, including colorectal, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. The restricted expression of 5T4 on tumor tissues as well as its implication in tumor progression and bad prognosis makes 5T4 a promising new candidate for immunotherapy. An MVA vaccine encoding 5T4 antigen has been successfully evaluated in preclinical studies in a murine tumor model. Here, we report the generation of human CD8 T cells specific for the 5T4 antigen by stimulation with autologous monocyte derived DC infected with a replication defective adenovirus encoding the 5T4 cDNA (Ad5T4). Analysis of several donors confirms a repertoire of such CD8 responses. In a parallel approach, incorporating the results of proteasome-mediated digestion of 5T4 derived 35-mer peptides and the potential high affinity epitopes predicted by a computer-based algorithm, we identified 8 putative HLA-A*0201-presented CD8 MHC class I epitopes of 5T4 antigen. Two of these generated specific CD8 T cells after restimulation with peptide loaded autologous DC and assay by cytotoxicity and IFN gamma ELISPOT. Moreover these particular peptide generated T cells recognized naturally 5T4 positive tumor cells only if they expressed HLA-A*0201 as judged by IFN gamma ELISPOT or ELISA. Also, HLA-A*0201 CD8 T cells recognized these peptides in a DC-Ad5T4 polyclonal response. In conclusion, there is a repertoire of CD8 T cell recognition of 5T4 in normal human donors and some candidate HLA-A*0201 epitopes have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J C Smyth
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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161
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Abstract
In this chapter, we first summarized the strong evidence that now supports the existence of an effective cancer immune surveillance process that prevents cancer development in both mice and humans. We then focused the remainder of the chapter on methods of tumor recognition that contribute to natural host immune suppression of tumors. In particular, NKG2D is a type II transmembrane-anchored glycoprotein expressed as a disulfide-linked homodimer on the surface of all mouse and human natural killer cells (NK cells). Stimulation of NK cell through NKG2D triggers cell-mediated cytotoxicity and in some cases induces production of cytokines. NKG2D binds to family of ligands with structural homology to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, however, NKG2D ligands often display upregulated surface expression on stressed cells and are frequently overexpressed by tumors unlike conventional MHC class I molecules. Evidence clearly implicate that NKG2D recognition plays an important role in tumor immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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162
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montross
- University of California, Los Angeles Center for Health Sciences Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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163
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Smyth MJ, Dunn GP, Schreiber RD. Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting: The Roles of Immunity in Suppressing Tumor Development and Shaping Tumor Immunogenicity. Adv Immunol 2006; 90:1-50. [PMID: 16730260 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(06)90001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular transformation and tumor development result from an accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that alter normal cell growth and survival pathways. For the last 100 years, there has been a vigorous debate as to whether the unmanipulated immune system can detect and eliminate such altered host derived cells despite the fact that cancer cells frequently express either abnormal proteins or abnormal levels of normal cellular proteins that function as tumor antigens. In this review, we discuss the current state of this argument and point out some of the recent key experiments demonstrating that immunity not only protects the host from cancer development (i.e., provides a cancer immunosurveillance function) but also can promote tumor growth, sometimes by generating more aggressive tumors. The terminology "cancer immunoediting" has been used to describe this dual host protective and tumor promoting action of immunity, and herein we summarize the ever-increasing experimental and clinical data that support the validity of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, 3002 Victoria, Australia
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164
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Bang S, Kim HS, Choo YS, Park SW, Chung JB, Song SY. Differences in immune cells engaged in cell-mediated immunity after chemotherapy for far advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2006; 32:29-36. [PMID: 16340741 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000191651.32420.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the effects of chemotherapy on the immunity of cancer patient or the ideal timing for immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. To address these questions, we evaluated the effect of gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy on the immunity of pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS Thirteen patients with far advanced pancreatic cancer were enrolled and 7 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were included as a control group. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the amounts of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells were reduced. With this numerical suppression, NK cell cytotoxicity to K562 leukemia cells was also significantly impaired (7.7% +/- 4.9% versus 21.7% +/- 7.9% of DNA loss; P = 0.016). Serum concentrations of VEGF and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were higher than the control group (192.1 +/- 114.7 versus 50.8 +/- 39.5 pg/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and 122 +/- 68.9 versus 111.4 +/- 37.4 pg/mL of IL-10). After 1 cycle of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy, the impaired immunity of patients with pancreatic cancer was restored. Specifically, the recovery of DCs occurred rapidly and exceeded the value of healthy controls. Levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and VEGF, gradually decreased during chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Systemic chemotherapy seems to be beneficial for restoring the impaired immunity of patients with pancreatic cancer, and one of the ideal times to collect DCs for immunotherapy is after completing each cycle of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Bang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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165
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Zhang M, Obata C, Hisaeda H, Ishii K, Murata S, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Li Y, Furue M, Chou B, Imai T, Duan X, Himeno K. A novel DNA vaccine based on ubiquitin-proteasome pathway targeting 'self'-antigens expressed in melanoma/melanocyte. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1049-57. [PMID: 15800663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine that targets 'self'-antigens expressed at high levels in tumor cells is a potentially useful immunotherapy, but immunological tolerance often defeats this strategy. Here, we describe the use of a naked DNA vaccine encoding a self tumor antigen, tyrosinase-related protein 2, to whose N-terminus ubiquitin is fused in a 'nonremovable' fashion. Unlike conventional DNA vaccines, this vaccine broke the tolerance and induced protective immunity to melanoma in C57BL/6 mice, as evaluated by tumor growth, survival rate and lung metastasis. The protective immunity was cancelled in the proteasome activator PA28alpha/beta knockout mice. Moreover, this vaccination exhibited therapeutic effects on melanoma implanted before vaccination. Our findings provide evidence for the first time that naked DNA vaccines encoding a ubiquitin-fused self-antigen preferentially induce the main effector CD8+ T cells through efficient proteolysis mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and lead the way to strategies aimed at targeting tissue differentiation antigens expressed by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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166
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Stremmel C, Siebenhaar R, Croner R, Reingruber B, Slavin AJ, Hohenberger W. Characterization of gene expression profiles of T cells during anti-tumor response. Int J Colorectal Dis 2005; 20:485-93. [PMID: 15812645 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-004-0714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS T cells of tumor-bearing mice or cancer patients exhibit an immune dysfunction, enabling the tumor to escape immune surveillance. METHODS The experiments are based on EL4 thymoma cells that were transfected with costimulatory ligands B7-1, B7-2, or both at the same time. We used oligonucleotide-based DNA chip microarrays to characterize the genomic expression profile of peripheral T cells according to their anti-tumor immune response in vivo. These murine T cells were also characterized by ELISA, FACS analysis, and co-stimulatory assays. RESULTS Using commonly established methods, such as FACS analysis or the analysis of the cytokine profile by ELISA, it was not possible to determine functional differences in the in vivo activity of T lymphocytes against tumor cells. EL4 tumor cells induced multiple anti-tumor immune responses in vivo depending on their B7 expression. We successfully used microarray analysis to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the dysfunctional T cells, which were unable to reject tumors in vivo. Although Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression was not affected, we observed differential expression of genes involved in the regulation of an innate immune response. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that the anti-tumor response can be identified by the "gene profile" of T cells. Genomic scale analysis offers the opportunity to identify subtle changes in gene expression in T cells reflecting a distinct biological behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stremmel
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Vichchatorn P, Wongkajornsilp A, Petvises S, Tangpradabkul S, Pakakasama S, Hongeng S. Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Total Tumor RNA for Activation NK-like T Cells Against Glioblastoma Multiforme. J Neurooncol 2005; 75:111-8. [PMID: 16234988 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-2317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells and play critical role in T cell-mediated immunity. DCs have been shown to induce strong anti-tumor responses both in vitro and in vivo. Their efficacies in tumor therapy are being investigated in clinical trials. Previous evidence has shown that these DCs enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells. We generated NK-like T cells (CD3(+)CD56(+)), a novel type of effector cells differentiated from normal lymphocyte, which is now being used for adoptive immunotherapy in clinical trials. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of NK-like T cells after co-culturing with DCs against tumor cells. The result revealed that tumor-derived RNA-pulsed DCs can enhance the immune responses of NK-like T cells against glioblastoma multiforme cell line but these effector cells did not appear to have the cytotoxic effect against normal cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and fibroblasts) in vitro. This study may be beneficial for the development of new immunologic effector cells for using in adoptive immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachya Vichchatorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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168
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Lennerz V, Fatho M, Gentilini C, Frye RA, Lifke A, Ferel D, Wölfel C, Huber C, Wölfel T. The response of autologous T cells to a human melanoma is dominated by mutated neoantigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16013-8. [PMID: 16247014 PMCID: PMC1266037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of pathways leading to antitumor immunity may depend on an undistorted knowledge of the primary antigenic targets of patients' autologous T cell responses. In the melanoma model derived from patient DT, we applied cryopreserved short-term autologous mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTCs) in combination with an IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to cDNA expression screening. We identified three previously unknown peptides processed from melanosomal proteins tyrosinase (presented by HLA-A(*)2601 and -B(*)3801) and gp100 (presented by HLA-B(*)07021) and five neoantigens generated by somatic point mutations in the patient's melanoma. The mutations were found in the genes SIRT2, GPNMB, SNRP116, SNRPD1, and RBAF600. Peptides containing the mutated residues were presented by HLA-A(*)03011, -B(*)07021, and -B(*)3801. Mutation-induced functional impairment was so far demonstrated for SIRT2. Within MLTC responder populations that were independently expanded from the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes of different years, T cells against mutated epitopes clearly predominated. These results document a high degree of individuality for the cellular antitumor response and support the need for individualizing the monitoring and therapeutic approaches to the primary targets of the autologous T cell response, which may finally lead to a more effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Lennerz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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169
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Sabel MS, Hess SD, Egilmez NK, Conway TF, Chen FA, Bankert RB. CTLA-4 blockade augments human T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of lung tumor xenografts in SCID mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:944-52. [PMID: 15846492 PMCID: PMC11032930 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies by others using transplantable murine tumor models have demonstrated that the administration of antibodies that block CTLA-4 interaction with B7 can provoke the elimination of established tumors, and that the tumor suppression is mediated by T-cells and/or cells expressing NK1.1. Studies from our lab have established in a human/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse chimeric model that autologous peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) can suppress the growth of tumor xenografts in a PBL dose-dependent fashion, and that this suppression is dependent upon the patient's T and NK cells. Using this human/mouse chimeric model, we sought to determine whether an antibody blockade of CTLA-4 would enhance the anti-tumor response of a patient's PBL. It was first important to determine whether the tumor suppression observed in the SCID model was dependent upon CD28/B7 co-stimulation. Blockade of B7 with a human CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein completely abrogated the lymphocyte-mediated tumor suppression, confirming in this model that tumor suppression is dependent upon a CD28/B7 co-stimulation. Using two different CTLA-4 specific monoclonal antibodies, we observed that CTLA-4 blockade significantly enhanced the human lymphocyte-mediated tumor suppression in mice co-engrafted with PBL and tumor cells. This enhancement was observed in both an allogeneic setting (in which the PBL were allogeneic with respect to the tumor) and an autologous setting (in which the PBL and tumor were from the same patient). These results sustain the notion that human anti-tumor immune response can be augmented (in vivo) by blocking the interaction between CTLA-4 and B7.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/immunology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- Department of Surgery, 3304 Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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170
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Nijman HW, Lambeck A, van der Burg SH, van der Zee AGJ, Daemen T. Immunologic aspect of ovarian cancer and p53 as tumor antigen. J Transl Med 2005; 3:34. [PMID: 16164749 PMCID: PMC1243238 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents the fifth leading cause of death from all cancers for women. During the last decades overall survival has improved due to the use of new chemotherapy schedules. Still, the majority of patients die of this disease. Research reveals that ovarian cancer patients exhibit significant immune responses against their tumor. In this review the knowledge obtained thus far on the interaction of ovarian cancer tumor cells and the immune system is discussed. Furthermore the role of p53 as tumor antigen and its potential role as target antigen in ovarian cancer is summarized. Based on the increased knowledge on the role of the immune system in ovarian cancer major improvements are to be expected of immunotherapy based treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- HW Nijman
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - A Lambeck
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - SH van der Burg
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center
| | - AGJ van der Zee
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - T Daemen
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Groningen University Medical Center
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171
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Maecker B, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Anderson KS, Vonderheide RH, Anderson KC, Nadler LM, Schultze JL. Rare naturally occurring immune responses to three epitopes from the widely expressed tumour antigens hTERT and CYP1B1 in multiple myeloma patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:558-62. [PMID: 16045747 PMCID: PMC1809449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed tumour antigens hTERT and CYP1B1 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Several trials targeting these antigens by immunotherapy have been initiated. The aim of this study was to explore whether patients with MM have an endogenous pre-existing immune response against recently identified epitopes from hTERT and CYP1B1. Peripheral blood T cells from 27 HLA-A*0201+ multiple myeloma patients at different stages of disease and 20 healthy HLA-A*0201+ donors were enriched and studied for the presence of hTERT- and CYP1B1-specific cytotoxic T cells using MHC tetramer detection and short-term ex vivo expansion. No significant expansion of tetramer-positive cells was detected in the peripheral blood of either MM patients or healthy controls when cells were stained with tetramers containing the dominant hTERT-derived epitope or two peptides derived from CYP1B1. A single ex vivo peptide stimulation led to the detection of a small population (0.3-0.5%) of hTERT-specific cells in two of 27 patients with MM. None of the patients or controls showed significant expansion of CYP1B1-specific cells after a single peptide stimulation. Thus, endogenous in vivo priming of T cells against hTERT and CYP1B1 is a rare event in MM patients. These results suggest that strategies targeting hTERT and CYP1B1 may have to utilize techniques to induce T cell responses from a naive precursor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maecker
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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172
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Fukuma D, Matsuyoshi H, Hirata S, Kurisaki A, Motomura Y, Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M, Nishimura Y, Senju S. Cancer prevention with semi-allogeneic ES cell-derived dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:5-13. [PMID: 16026756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) genetically modified to present tumor-associated antigen are a promising means for anti-cancer immunotherapy. By introducing expression vectors into ES cells and subsequently inducing differentiation to DC (ES-DC), we can generate transfectant DC expressing the transgenes. In the future clinical application of this technology, the unavailability of human ES cells genetically identical to the patients will be a problem. However, in most cases, semi-allogeneic ES cells sharing some of HLA alleles with recipients are expected to be available. In the present study, we observed that model tumor antigen (OVA)-expressing mouse ES-DC transferred into semi-allogeneic mice potently primed OVA-reactive CTL and elicited a significant protection against challenge with OVA-expressing tumor. Genetic modification of ES-DC to overexpress SPI-6, the specific inhibitor of granzyme B, further enhanced their capacity to prime antigen-specific CTL in semi-allogeneic recipient mice. These results suggest the potential of ES-DC as a novel means for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Fukuma
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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173
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Lam JS, Yamashiro J, Shintaku IP, Vessella RL, Jenkins RB, Horvath S, Said JW, Reiter RE. Prostate stem cell antigen is overexpressed in prostate cancer metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2591-6. [PMID: 15814638 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is expressed by a majority of prostate cancers and is a promising therapeutic target. PSCA protein and mRNA expression was examined in prostate cancer bone, lymph node, and visceral metastases to assess the potential of PSCA as an immunotherapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemical analysis of PSCA protein expression and quantitative mRNA expression analysis of PSCA was done on clinical specimens of prostate cancer bone, lymph node, and visceral metastases. PSCA protein and mRNA expression levels were quantified and compared between available matched pairs of bone and lymph node or visceral metastases. RESULTS Bone metastases stained with higher intensity of PSCA compared with lymph node or liver metastases in seven of eight (87.5%) matched pairs (P = 0.035). PSCA mRNA expression was equal or greater than that of LAPC-9, a PSCA expressing xenograft, in 12 of 24 (50%) cases of prostate cancer metastases and was significantly correlated with PSCA protein expression (sigma = 0.84, P = 0.0019). Overall, PSCA protein expression was detected in 41 of 47 (87.2%), four of six (66.7%), and two of three (66.7%) cases of bone, lymph node, and liver metastases, respectively. Mean PSCA staining intensity was significantly higher in prostate cancer bone metastases compared with lymph node metastases (2.0 +/- 0.02 versus 0.83 +/- 0.31, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer metastases express PSCA. However, greater PSCA staining intensity and level of PSCA mRNA expression was associated with bone metastases compared with lymph node metastases. This study suggests that PSCA is a promising tumor marker and potential therapeutic target for patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lam
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-1738, USA
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174
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Idenoue S, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Sato Y, Tamura Y, Hariu H, Yamamoto M, Kurotaki T, Tsuruma T, Asanuma H, Kanaseki T, Ikeda H, Kashiwagi K, Okazaki M, Sasaki K, Sato T, Ohmura T, Hata F, Yamaguchi K, Hirata K, Sato N. A potent immunogenic general cancer vaccine that targets survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1474-82. [PMID: 15746049 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously a HLA-A24-restricted antigenic peptide, survivin-2B80-88 (AYACNTSTL), recognized by CD8(+) CTL. This peptide was derived from survivin protein, an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, expressed in a variety of tumors, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. In this report, we provide further evidence that survivin-2B80-88 peptide might serve as a potent immunogenic cancer vaccine for various cancer patients. Overexpression of survivin was detected in surgically resected primary tumor specimens of most breast and colorectal cancers and some gastric cancers as assessed by immunohistochemical study. HLA-A24/survivin-2B80-88 tetramer analysis revealed that there existed an increased number of CTL precursors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HLA-A24(+) cancer patients, and in vitro stimulation of PBMCs from six breast cancer patients with survivin-2B80-88 peptide could lead to increases of the CTL precursor frequency. Furthermore, CTLs specific for this peptide were successfully induced from PBMCs in all 7 (100%) patients with breast cancers, 6 of 7 (83%) patients with colorectal cancers, and 4 of 7 (57%) patients with gastric cancers. These data indicate that survivin expressed in tumor tissues is antigenic in cancer patients, and survivin-2B80-88-specific CTLs are present in PBMCs of various cancer patients. Our study raises the possibility that this peptide may be applicable as a general cancer vaccine to a large proportion of HLA-A24(+) cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Idenoue
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17 Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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175
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Machlenkin A, Paz A, Bar Haim E, Goldberger O, Finkel E, Tirosh B, Volovitz I, Vadai E, Lugassy G, Cytron S, Lemonnier F, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L. Human CTL Epitopes Prostatic Acid Phosphatase-3 and Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of Prostate-3 as Candidates for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6435-42. [PMID: 16024648 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy of prostate cancer may be an alternative or be complementary to other approaches for treatment of recurrent or metastasized disease. This study aims at identifying and characterizing prostate cancer-associated peptides capable of eliciting specific CTL responses in vivo. Evaluation of peptide-induced CTL activity in vitro was done following immunization of HLA-A2 transgenic (HHD) mice. An in vivo tumor rejection was tested by adoptive transfer of HHD immune lymphocytes to nude mice bearing human tumors. To confirm the existence of peptide-specific CTL precursors in human, lymphocytes from healthy and prostate cancer individuals were stimulated in vitro in the presence of these peptides and CTL activities were assayed. Two novel immunogenic peptides derived from overexpressed prostate antigens, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate (STEAP), were identified; these peptides were designated PAP-3 and STEAP-3. Peptide-specific CTLs lysed HLA-A2.1+ LNCaP cells and inhibited tumor growth on adoptive immunotherapy. Furthermore, peptide-primed human lymphocytes derived from healthy and prostate cancer individuals lysed peptide-pulsed T2 cells and HLA-A2.1+ LNCaP cells. Based on the results presented herein, PAP-3 and STEAP-3 are naturally processed CTL epitopes possessing anti-prostate cancer reactivity in vivo and therefore may constitute vaccine candidates to be investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Machlenkin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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176
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Matsui K, Wang Z, McCarthy TJ, Allen PM, Reichert DE. Quantitation and visualization of tumor-specific T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs during and after tumor elimination by PET. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 31:1021-31. [PMID: 15607484 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased understanding in the area of trafficking behavior of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells could help develop better therapeutic protocols. We utilized the DUC18/CMS5 tumor model system in conjunction with a microPET scanner to study the DUC18 T cell distribution pattern in spleens and lymph nodes in live mice. Anti-Thy1.2 antibodies conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with (64)Cu were administered to three groups of BALB-Thy1.1 mice on days 4, 7, or 14 post-DUC18 T cell transfer. We were able to detect the transferred cells in all the major lymph nodes, spleens, and in tumors. Our findings suggest that tumor-specific T cells do not all preferentially localize to the tumors but they also home to all the major lymphoid organs; additionally the number of DUC18 T cells remains relatively constant during and after tumor elimination within each lymphoid organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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177
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So T, Takenoyama M, Mizukami M, Ichiki Y, Sugaya M, Hanagiri T, Sugio K, Yasumoto K. Haplotype Loss of HLA Class I Antigen as an Escape Mechanism from Immune Attack in Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5945-52. [PMID: 15994973 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of tumor escape mechanisms from the host's immunosurveillance system (i.e., a haplotype loss of HLA class I antigens) has been detected in various tumor cells. We hypothesize that the majority of tumor cells with normal HLA class I expression were attacked and eradicated by CTLs, and only a minority with an abnormal expression of HLA class I antigens could escape the host's immunosurveillance system. Using HLA class I-transfected tumor variants as stimulators in A904L lung cancer cell line, which has a haplotype loss of HLA class I antigens, both the transfected HLA-A26 and HLA-B39-restricted CTL lines were induced from autologous lymphocytes. However, only one HLA-B39-restricted CTL clone (CTL G3b) was established, and it was then used to identify the antigen. SGT1B [suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 (SGT1), suppressor of kinetochore protein (SKP1)] was identified as the antigen recognized by CTL G3b. Further experiments using 13 subclones from a primary culture of A904L were found to confirm our above-mentioned hypothesis. Tumor cells with a normal HLA class I expression may thus be killed by CTL at an early stage of carcinogenesis, and only tumor cells with a haplotype loss of HLA class I antigens can escape an immune attack and develop into clinical cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-B Antigens/genetics
- HLA-B Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya So
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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178
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Harada M, Matsueda S, Yao A, Noguchi M, Itoh K. Vaccination of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Directed Peptides Elicited and Spread Humoral and Th1-Type Immune Responses to Prostate-Specific Antigen Protein in a Prostate Cancer Patient. J Immunother 2005; 28:368-75. [PMID: 16000955 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000165359.05710.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied humoral and CD4+ T-cell responses in an HLA-A24+ prostate cancer patient vaccinated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-directed peptides, including a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)248-257 peptide, to understand what kinds of immune responses are elicited in peptide-vaccinated patients. The levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactive to the administered PSA248-257 peptide or the PSA protein were kinetically examined. The level of IgG reactive to the PSA248-257 peptide drastically increased after the peptide vaccination, with a peak after the seventh vaccination, whereas that of IgG reactive to the PSA protein continued to increase throughout the vaccination period. IgG reactive to the PSA protein after the 13th vaccination showed no reactivity to the administered PSA peptides. However, HLA-DRB1*1302-restricted and PSA protein-recognizing TH1-type CD4+ T-cell clone and line, with different specificity, were successfully established from the post-7th and post-13th peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Both CD4+ T cells produced interferon-gamma in response to naturally processed PSA secreted from prostate cancer cells, whereas their reactivity to the administered PSA248-257 peptide was undetectable or negligible. These findings indicate that vaccination with CTL-directed peptides, including a PSA-derived peptide, was able to elicit and spread humoral and TH1-type immune responses to the PSA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University of School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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179
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Mocellin S, Mandruzzato S, Zanovello P, Bronte V. Cancer rejection by the immune system: Forcing the check-points of tumor immune escape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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180
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Su Z, Dannull J, Yang BK, Dahm P, Coleman D, Yancey D, Sichi S, Niedzwiecki D, Boczkowski D, Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Telomerase mRNA-transfected dendritic cells stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3798-807. [PMID: 15749921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) represents an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy because hTERT is reactivated in most human tumors. A clinical trial was initiated in which hTERT mRNA-transfected dendritic cells (DC) were administered to 20 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Nine of these subjects received DC transfected with mRNA encoding a chimeric lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP) hTERT protein, allowing for concomitant induction of hTERT-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Treatment was well tolerated. Intense infiltrates of hTERT-specific T cells were noted at intradermal injection sites after repeated vaccination. In 19 of 20 subjects, expansion of hTERT-specific CD8+ T cells was measured in the peripheral blood of study subjects, with 0.9-1.8% of CD8+ T cells exhibiting Ag specificity. Patients immunized with the chimeric LAMP hTERT vaccine developed significantly higher frequencies of hTERT-specific CD4+ T cells than subjects receiving DC transfected with the unmodified hTERT template. Moreover, CTL-mediated killing of hTERT targets was enhanced in the LAMP hTERT group, suggesting that an improved CD4+ response could augment a CTL response. Vaccination was further associated with a reduction of prostate-specific Ag velocity and molecular clearance of circulating micrometastases. Our findings provide a rationale for further development of hTERT-transfected DC vaccines in the treatment of prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Su
- Genitourinary Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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181
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Yu P, Lee Y, Liu W, Krausz T, Chong A, Schreiber H, Fu YX. Intratumor depletion of CD4+ cells unmasks tumor immunogenicity leading to the rejection of late-stage tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:779-91. [PMID: 15753211 PMCID: PMC2212829 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor environment can be critical for preventing the immunological destruction of antigenic tumors. We have observed a selective accumulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells inside tumors. In a murine fibrosarcoma L(d)-expressing Ag104, these cells made up the majority of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes at the late stage of tumor progression, and their depletion during the effector phase, rather than priming phase, successfully enhanced antitumor immunity. We show here that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells suppressed the proliferation and interferon-gamma production of CD8(+) T cells in vivo at the local tumor site. Blockade of the effects of IL-10 and TGF-beta partially reversed the suppression imposed by the CD4(+) cells. Furthermore, local depletion of CD4(+) cells inside the tumor resulted in a change of cytokine milieu and led to the eradication of well-established highly aggressive tumors and the development of long-term antitumor memory. Therefore, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells maintained an environment in the tumor that concealed the immunogenicity of tumor cells to permit progressive growth of antigenic tumors. Our study illustrates that the suppression of antitumor immunity by regulatory T cells occurs predominantly at the tumor site, and that local reversal of suppression, even at a late stage of tumor development, can be an effective treatment for well-established cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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182
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Khong HT, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Sherry RM, Mavroukakis SA, White DE, Rosenberg SA. Immunization of HLA-A*0201 and/or HLA-DPbeta1*04 patients with metastatic melanoma using epitopes from the NY-ESO-1 antigen. J Immunother 2005; 27:472-7. [PMID: 15534491 PMCID: PMC2227905 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200411000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I-restricted peptides are often used in peptide vaccine regimens. There is strong evidence that many of these peptides can generate specific CD8 T-cell responses in vivo; however, only occasional objective clinical responses have been reported. To test whether provision of "help" would enhance antitumor immunity, the authors initiated a clinical trial in which patients with metastatic melanoma were immunized against the NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen, using an HLA-A2-restricted peptide (ESO-1:165V), an HLA-DP4-restricted peptide (NY-ESO-1:161-180), or both peptides given concomitantly. The first cohorts received only ESO-1:165V, using three vaccination schedules. Immunologically, most patients developed immune responses to the HLA-A2-restricted native ESO-1 epitope after vaccination. Peptide vaccine given daily for 4 days appeared to induce immunologic responses more rapidly than if given once a week or once every 3 weeks. In contrast, vaccination using the NY-ESO-1:161-180 peptide induced immune responses in only a few patients. Clinically, one patient who received NY-ESO-1:161-180 peptide alone had a partial response lasing 12 months. Concomitant vaccination with the HLA class II-restricted peptide did not alter the immune response to the HLA class I-restricted peptide form NY-ESO-1. However, vaccination with the HLA-A2-restricted epitope generated primarily T cells that did not recognize tumor after in vitro sensitization. This result raises questions about the use of synthetic peptides derived from NY-ESO-1 as a sole form of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung T Khong
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA
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183
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Marincola FM. A balanced review of the status T cell-based therapy against cancer. J Transl Med 2005; 3:16. [PMID: 15831096 PMCID: PMC1090619 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent commentary stirred intense controversy over the status of anti-cancer immunotherapy. The commentary suggested moving beyond current anti-cancer vaccines since active-specific immunization failed to match expectations toward a more aggressive approach involving the adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded tumor antigen-specific T cells. Although the same authors clarified their position in response to others' rebuttal more discussion needs to be devoted to the current status of T cell-based anti-cancer therapy. The accompanying publications review the status of adoptive transfer of cancer vaccines on one hand and active-specific immunization on the other. Hopefully, reading these articles will offer a balanced view of the current status of antigen-specific ant-cancer therapies and suggest future strategies to foster unified efforts to complement either approach with the other according to specific biological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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184
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Boles KS, Barchet W, Diacovo T, Cella M, Colonna M. The tumor suppressor TSLC1/NECL-2 triggers NK-cell and CD8+ T-cell responses through the cell-surface receptor CRTAM. Blood 2005; 106:779-86. [PMID: 15811952 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1 (TSLC1) gene is frequently silenced in human lung carcinomas, and its expression suppresses tumorigenesis in nude mice. TSLC1 encodes a cell-surface protein called Necl-2 that belongs to the Nectin and Nectin-like (Necl) family of molecules. Necl-2 mediates epithelial cell junctions by homotypic contacts and/or heterotypic interactions with other Nectins and Necls. Thus, it inhibits tumorigenesis by ensuring that epithelial cells grow in organized layers. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells recognize Necl-2 through a receptor known as class I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM), which is expressed only on activated cells. CRTAM-Necl-2 interactions promote cytotoxicity of NK cells and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion of CD8+ T cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing Necl-2 in vivo. These results provide evidence for an additional mechanism of tumor suppression mediated by TSLC1 that involves cytotoxic lymphocytes. Furthermore, they reveal Necl-2 as one of the molecular targets that allows the immunosurveillance network to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent S Boles
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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185
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Zimmermann VS, Benigni F, Mondino A. Immune surveillance and anti-tumor immune responses: an anatomical perspective. Immunol Lett 2005; 98:1-8. [PMID: 15790503 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of adaptive immune responses against infectious agents relies on the initiation of antigen specific immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs and on the migration of effector cells at the site of infection. Similarly, the development of anti-tumor immunity depends on the recognition of tumor-derived antigens by specific lymphocytes in the context of the lymphoid tissues and on the re-localisation of the cells to the site of cell transformation. Here, we will review the preclinical studies, which have defined the spatial and temporal organisation of anti-tumor immunity, and discuss the implications of these findings in active immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Zimmermann
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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186
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Abstract
A goal in cancer therapeutics is to develop targeted modalities that distinguish malignant from normal cells. T cells can discriminate diseased cells based on subtle alterations in peptides displayed in association with MHC molecules at the cell surface. Recent success using the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells has fueled optimism that this approach may find a place as a targeted therapy for some human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, D3-110, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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187
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been shown to respond to immunotherapeutic intervention, thus fostering continued interest in exploiting the ability of the immune system to recognise and eradicate renal malignancy. Considerable progress in the characterisation of tumour-associated antigens, coupled with the appreciation that dendritic cells act as master regulators of immunity and tolerance, has opened new possibilities for immunotherapeutic intervention against human cancer. However, in contrast to other tumour systems, clinically relevant antigens expressed by RCC have not yet been identified. Therefore, most RCC vaccine trials have employed unfractionated antigens derived from tumour cells, with the goal of eliciting T cell responses against many unknown antigens expressed by the tumour. The recent discovery of genes with critical roles in oncogenesis has facilitated the identification of novel, more universal targets that may make cancer vaccines more practical, applicable and, potentially, more effective. In addition, immunisation against tumour antigens can be combined with tumour stroma-associated targets, thereby exerting a synergistic antitumour effect. Continued identification of molecular targets, in concert with more effective vaccination protocols, is likely to produce vaccination strategies with clinical impact.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/therapeutic use
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Escape
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vieweg
- Duke University Medical Center, MSRB, Suite 455, PO Box 2626, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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188
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Yao A, Harada M, Matsueda S, Ishihara Y, Shomura H, Takao Y, Noguchi M, Matsuoka K, Hara I, Kamidono S, Itoh K. New epitope peptides derived from parathyroid hormone-related protein which have the capacity to induce prostate cancer-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HLA-A2+ prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2005; 62:233-42. [PMID: 15389794 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is produced by cancer cells and has been suggested to be responsible for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia and osteolysis after bone metatsases. Therefore, PTHrP is a promising target in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS Seven PTHrP-derived peptides were prepared based on the HLA-A2 binding motif. These peptide candidates were screened by their ability to induce peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and their ability to be recognized by immunoglobulin G (IgG). RESULTS Both the PTHrP59-67 and PTHrP42-51 peptides were found to efficiently induce peptide-specific CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HLA-A2+ prostate cancer patients with several HLA-A2 subtypes. These CTLs showed HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxicity toward prostate cancer cells. IgG reactive to the PTHrP42-51 peptide was frequently detected in prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that these two new PTHrP peptides will be useful in the peptide-based immunotherapy of HLA-A2+ prostate cancer patients, especially those with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Yao
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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189
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Murer K, Urosevic M, Willers J, Selvam P, Laine E, Burg G, Dummer R. Expression of Melan-A/MART-1 in primary melanoma cell cultures has prognostic implication in metastatic melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2005; 14:257-62. [PMID: 15305155 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000136713.21029.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lack of melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) expression has been associated with the reduced overall survival in melanoma patients. In order to investigate whether the MAA expression detected on cell cultures established from melanoma patients might relate to the overall survival in these patients, we screened primary cell cultures derived from 37 melanoma metastases for the expression of five known MAA: Melan-A, tyrosinase, gp-100, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). MAA expression detected by PCR was found at a high percentage in evaluated melanoma cell lines: 25 of 28 (89%) were positive for Melan-A, 22 of 28 (79%) were positive for tyrosinase, 26 of 28 (93%) were positive for gp-100, and 18 of 28 (64%) were positive for MAGE-3 expression. Using the FACS method the percentage of MAA-positive cell lines was much lower: 14 of 31 (45%) cell lines were positive for Melan-A, eight of 31 (26%) were positive for tyrosinase, 13 of 31 (42%) were positive for gp-100, six of 31 (19%) were positive for MAGE-1, and 14 of 31 (45%) were positive for MAGE-3 expression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that the patients whose cell lines were positive for Melan-A expression by PCR had significantly longer overall survival time as Melan-A PCR-negative cases (P=0.0038). This could not be shown for any of the markers tested by FACS. Our results suggest that the expression of Melan-A/MART-1 in patient-derived cell cultures may help to identify a group of melanoma patients with prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Murer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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190
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Hariu H, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Asanuma H, Hariu M, Tamura Y, Aketa K, Nabeta C, Nakanishi K, Kamiguchi K, Mano Y, Kitamura H, Kobayashi J, Tsukahara T, Shijubo N, Sato N. Aberrant Expression and Potency as a Cancer Immunotherapy Target of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Family, Livin/ML-IAP in Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.1000.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ CTLs have an essential role in immune response against tumor. Although an increasing number of tumor-associated antigens that can be recognized by CTLs have been identified from human tumors, a limited number of tumor-associated antigens is known in lung cancer. In addition, because some of them are expressed in noncancerous tissues, there exist limitations in their application to tumor immunotherapy. Livin/ML-IAP is one of recently identified inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, which is overexpressed in melanoma cells. In this report, we show that Livin/ML-IAP is aberrantly expressed in many lung cancer cell lines and primary lung cancer tissues, whereas it is not detectable in normal tissues, including lung by reverse transcription-PCR methods. To identify HLA-A24-restricted T-cell epitopes of Livin/ML-IAP, eight peptides were selected from the amino acid sequence of this protein and screened for their binding affinity to HLA-A24. It was revealed that Livin7 peptide (amino acid sequence, KWFPSCQFLL) had the highest affinity to HLA-A24. By stimulating peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA-A24-positive lung cancer patients with Livin7 peptide in vitro, the peptide-specific CTLs were successfully induced from four of five patients with Livin/ML-IAP-positive lung cancer but not from any of four patients without Livin/ML-IAP expression in their cancer tissues. Furthermore, the CTLs induced by Livin7 peptide showed cytotoxicity against Livin/ML-IAP+ lung cancer cell lines in an HLA-A24-restricted manner. Our data suggest that Livin/ML-IAP may be an excellent target antigen in immunotherapy for lung cancer and Livin7 peptide may serve as a potent peptide vaccine for HLA-A*2402+/Livin+ lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- 1Pathology, Departments of
- 3Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Noriharu Shijubo
- 1Pathology, Departments of
- 4Sapporo Hospital of Hokkaido Railway Company, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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191
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Eto M, Harada M, Tatsugami K, Harano M, Koga H, Matsuzaki G, Naito S. Anti-tumour activity of heat-shock protein 60-recognizing CD4+ T cells against syngeneic murine renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2005; 95:421-4. [PMID: 15679807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether heat-shock protein (HSP) 60-recognizing CD4(+) T cells show antitumour activity against renal carcinoma (RENCA) cells, as HSP is highly expressed by tumour cells and induced in cells by various stresses, including transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS RENCA, a renal cortical adenocarcinoma cell line of BALB/c origin, was used. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, class II and HSP-60 on RENCA tumour cells was analysed by flow cytometry. BASL1.1, an autoreactive T-helper type 1 type CD4(+) T cell clone established by us, and that recognises HSP-60, was also used for a tumour-neutralising assay. RESULTS The RENCA cells were negative for MHC class II, but expressed intracellular HSP-60. In the tumour-neutralising assay, BASL1.1 cells significantly suppressed the in vivo growth of RENCA cells. Three of five mice rejected RENCA cells when co-inoculated with BASL1.1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HSP-60-recognizing CD4(+) T cells have the potential to eliminate renal cell carcinoma in vivo and that the eliciting of an anti-self T cell response at the tumour site can lead to regression of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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192
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Tanaka J, Asaka M, Imamura M. Potential Role of Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Expressing Cells in Immunotherapy for Leukemia. Int J Hematol 2005; 81:6-12. [PMID: 15717681 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cell receptor (NKR)-expressing cells have cytolytic activity against leukemic cells, and solid tumor cells escape from T-cell recognition because of the low expression levels of class I HLA molecules in both allogeneic and autologous settings. This characteristic feature of NK cell recognition of target cells in contrast with that of T-cells provides a strategy to overcome tolerance in the tumor-bearing host. Furthermore, inhibitory NKR-expressing cells may have cytolytic activity and immunoregulatory functions. Several methods can be used to expand NKR-expressing cells for adoptive immunotherapy for leukemia and other malignant diseases. We review recent developments in the biology and clinical application of NKR-expressing cells, such as NK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytokine-induced killer cells, NKT cells, and other NKR-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Tanaka
- Hematology and Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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193
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Casadei J, Streicher HZ, Greenblatt JJ. Clinical trial design and regulatory issues for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer Treat Res 2005; 123:351-68. [PMID: 16211878 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27545-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Casadei
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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194
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Luo W, Hsu JCF, Kieber-Emmons T, Wang X, Ferrone S. Human tumor associated antigen mimicry by xenoantigens, anti-idiotypic antibodies and peptide mimics: Implications for immunotherapy of malignant diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:769-87. [PMID: 16110640 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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195
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Ichiki Y, Hanagiri T, Takenoyama M, Baba T, Fukuyama T, Nagata Y, Mizukami M, So T, Sugaya M, Yasuda M, So T, Sugio K, Yasumoto K. Tumor specific expression of survivin-2B in lung cancer as a novel target of immunotherapy. Lung Cancer 2004; 48:281-9. [PMID: 15829330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin-2B is reported to be specifically expressed in numerous malignant tissues. Furthermore, survivin-2B includes the epitope peptide (survivin-2B(80-88)) which is capable of binding to HLA-A24. In this study, we evaluated whether survivin-2B could be a novel vaccine target against lung cancer. METHOD (1) The differences in the survivin-2B expression between 15 sets of lung cancer tissues and normal lung tissues were investigated using RT-PCR. (2) The expression of survivin-2B was further examined in 42 lung cancer tissues, and the relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic factors was analyzed. (3) To compare the frequency of precursor CTL between survivin-2B positive and negative lung cancer patients, surivivin-2B(80-88) peptide-specific CTL were induced from regional lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) of four HLA-A24 (+) lung cancer patients, in whom two showed a positive survivin-2B expression of lung cancer while another two were negative, after stimulation with surivivin-2B(80-88). RESULTS Survivin-2B was specifically expressed in lung cancer tissues, and was expressed in 17 of 42 lung cancer tissues (42.9%). Histologically, it was significantly more frequently expressed in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (p=0.014). The frequency of precursor CTL in LNL was approximately one in 2.0 x 10(7) in patients with survivin-2B expression (-) lung cancer, however, it was one in 5.0 x 10(6) to 6.0 x 10(6) in those with survivin-2B expression (+) lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Survivin-2B was specifically expressed in lung cancer tissue, and found to specifically elicit a cellular immune response in lung cancer patients and therefore it may be a novel candidate for peptide vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Ichiki
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka 1-1, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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196
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Liu G, Yu JS, Zeng G, Yin D, Xie D, Black KL, Ying H. AIM-2: a novel tumor antigen is expressed and presented by human glioma cells. J Immunother 2004; 27:220-6. [PMID: 15076139 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200405000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antigen isolated from Immunoselected Melanoma-2 (AIM-2) was recently identified using melanoma-reactive CD8 T cells. AIM-2 antigen is expressed in a wide variety of tumor types, including neuroectodermal tumors, as well as breast, ovarian and colon carcinomas. In this study, we analyzed AIM-2 expression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in primary cultured cells and established GBM cell lines. We found that the primary GBM cell lines expressed 88.4% and 93.0% of non-spliced and spliced AIM-2, respectively. Five out of seven of the established GBM cell lines expressed both non-spliced and spliced AIM-2. Furthermore, the C9 CTL clone, which is specific for AIM-2 peptide (RSDSGQQARY), efficiently recognized GBM tumor cells in an antigen-specific and HLA-A1 restricted manner. IFN-gamma treatment of the GBM tumor cells dramatically increased HLA-A1 expression levels and, consequently, increased CTL recognition of the treated tumor cells. More importantly, seven out of 12 HLA-A1 and AIM-2 positive patients from our dendritic cell clinical trial generated AIM-2 specific CTL activity in their PBMC after vaccinations. These data indicate that AIM-2 could be used as a tumor antigen target for monitoring vaccine trials or to develop antigen specific active immunotherapy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentao Liu
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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197
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Thompson LW, Hogan KT, Caldwell JA, Pierce RA, Hendrickson RC, Deacon DH, Settlage RE, Brinckerhoff LH, Engelhard VH, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Slingluff CL. Preventing the spontaneous modification of an HLA-A2-restricted peptide at an N-terminal glutamine or an internal cysteine residue enhances peptide antigenicity. J Immunother 2004; 27:177-83. [PMID: 15076134 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200405000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The p68-derived peptide, QIVDVCHDV, was identified by a reverse immunology approach as capable of reconstituting an epitope recognized by the melanoma-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line VMM5. The peptide has not been demonstrated definitively on the cell surface by mass spectrometry; thus, it is not yet considered appropriate for use in human melanoma vaccines. Interestingly, however, the antigenicity of this peptide was affected by spontaneous modifications at two distinct residues. Spontaneous modification of the QIVDVCHDV peptide can occur at the cysteine residue at position 6 or at the N-terminal glutamine residue, and both modifications dramatically affect CTL recognition. Avoidance of an acidic environment prevents the conversion of the N-terminal glutamine residue to pyroglutamic acid, a conversion that inhibits binding of the peptide to HLA-A2 and diminishes recognition by CTLs. Substitution of asparagine for the N-terminal glutamine and substitution of serine for the cysteine were shown to enhance the binding of the peptide to HLA-A2 and to enhance the recognition of the peptide by CTLs. These findings suggest general strategies for enhancing the antigenicity of other peptides containing similar amino acids in their sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Gelbart Y, Frankenburg S, Pinchasov Y, Krispel S, Eliahu D, Drize O, Morag E, Bartfeld D, Lotem M, Peretz T, Pitcovski J. Production and purification of melanoma gp100 antigen and polyclonal antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 34:183-9. [PMID: 15003249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
gp100 is a melanoma-associated antigen found to carry immunogenic epitopes that can induce a CTL response against tumor cells. Production and purification of large quantities of this polypeptide may be important in the context of diagnosis and vaccinating against melanoma. To overcome the hydrophobic nature of gp100, we cloned and expressed only a part of the protein, and obtained a hydrophilic recombinant polypeptide (HR-gp100) that contained most of the immunogenic peptides. High yield was achieved in an Escherichia coli expression system. The protein was purified by AKTA Prime using anionic-columns. Polyclonal antibodies developed in chicken against HR-gp100 were efficient at detecting gp100 in melanoma cells, as determined by Western blot analysis and by immunohistochemistry. HR-gp100 can be used to develop a vaccine against melanoma. Antibodies to HR-gp100 may be used to detect tumors of melanocytic origin or to determine the level of gp100 expression in tumors prior to immunotherapy with the protein or one of its peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gelbart
- MIGAL, South Industrial Area, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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199
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Abstract
The discovery that dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in regulating antitumor immunity has prompted considerable efforts in developing DC-based cancer vaccines for use in clinical oncology. Early translational trials using antigen-loaded DC have established clear evidence of vaccine safety, and demonstrated bioactivity by stimulating immunological and even clinical responses in selected subjects. Despite these encouraging results, the vaccine-induced immune responses achieved to date are not yet sufficient to attain a robust and durable therapeutic effect in the cancer patient. Therefore, further improvements are required to enhance vaccine potency and optimize the potential for clinical success. This article presents a set of emerging concepts that, together, form a framework for a multi-pronged approach that will further enhance the efficacy of DC-based vaccination by either directly improving DC-mediated T cell activation or by inhibiting mechanisms that suppress the induction of an effective antitumor response. The clinical translation of these concepts will result in new opportunities to successfully modulate immune responses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vieweg
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, MSRB, Suite 455, P.O. Box 2626, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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200
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Azuma K, Sasada T, Takedatsu H, Shomura H, Koga M, Maeda Y, Yao A, Hirai T, Takabayashi A, Shichijo S, Itoh K. Ran, a Small GTPase Gene, Encodes Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Epitopes Capable of Inducing HLA-A33–restricted and Tumor-Reactive CTLs in Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:6695-702. [PMID: 15475460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose is to identify a gene coding for tumor-associated antigen and peptide capable of inducing CTLs reactive to tumor cells with a HLA-A33-restricted fashion to provide scientific basis for specific immunotherapy to HLA-A33+ cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An expression gene-cloning method was used to identify the tumor-associated antigen gene. Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the mRNA and protein expression levels in various cells and tissues, respectively. Synthetic peptides were examined for their ability to induce HLA-A33+ tumor-reactive CTLs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cancer patients. RESULT A gene of small GTPase, Ran, which controls the cell cycle through the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle organization, and nuclear envelope formation, was found to encode epitopes recognized by the HLA-A33-restricted CTLs established from T cells infiltrating into gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression of the Ran gene was increased in most cancer cell lines and cancer tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, it was not enhanced in the surrounding normal cells or tissues. It was also undetectable in normal tissues as far as tested. Ran-derived peptides at positions 48-56 and 87-95 could induce CD8+ peptide-specific CTLs reactive to tumor cells from HLA-A33+ epithelial cancer patients in a HLA class I-restricted manner. CONCLUSIONS Because of its increased expression in cancer cells and involvement in malignant transformation and/or the enhanced proliferation of cancer cells, the two Ran-directed peptides could be potent candidates in use for specific immunotherapy against HLA-A33+ epithelial cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- K562 Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/immunology
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Azuma
- Department of Immunology and Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century Center of Excellence Program for Medical Science, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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