151
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Park KY, Kim J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of Coumaric and Caffeic Acid-Conjugated Peptides in Human Melanocytes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:922. [PMID: 32625101 PMCID: PMC7311773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive pigmentation and reduced elasticity are the major skin problems that dermatologists and cosmetologists address. Compounds that inhibit melanin production might contribute to improving skin problems. In this study, we investigated whether coumaric acid- and caffeic acid-conjugated peptides might affect alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced melanin production, tyrosinase activity, and melanin synthesis-related gene expression in SK-MEL-2 human melanoma cells. Coumaric acid and caffeic acid showed no significant cytotoxicity, and they inhibited melanin production. In addition, coumaric acid- and caffeic acid-conjugated peptides suppressed tyrosinase activity more than arbutin, a known tyrosinase inhibitor. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results also showed that both peptides inhibited the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes, TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, and MITF. In particular, among the nine conjugated peptides tested, caffeic acid linked to a Gly-Gly-Gly linker and conjugated to the tripeptide, ARP, showed the greatest inhibition of gene expression in the qRT-PCR analysis. These results suggested that the inhibition of melanin exerted by coumaric acid- and caffeic acid-conjugated peptides might provide important information for the development of pigmentation-related skin diseases and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Yong Park
- Department of Integrated Material's Development, CHA Meditech Co., Ltd, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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152
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Discovery of a new potent inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) containing 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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153
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Pillaiyar T, Meenakshisundaram S, Manickam M, Sankaranarayanan M. A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112275. [PMID: 32283298 PMCID: PMC7156148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a strategy consisting of finding new indications for already known marketed drugs used in various clinical settings or highly characterized compounds despite they can be failed drugs. Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. The success rate of drugs repurposing approach accounts for approximately 30% of new FDA approved drugs and vaccines in recent years. This review focuses on the status of drugs repurposing approach for various diseases including skin diseases, infective, inflammatory, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Efforts have been made to provide structural features and mode of actions of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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154
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Park JU, Yang SY, Guo RH, Li HX, Kim YH, Kim YR. Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Dendropanax morbiferus and Its Active Components via Protein Kinase A/Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Responsive Binding Protein- and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor Downregulation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:507. [PMID: 32390848 PMCID: PMC7191003 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév has been reported to have some pharmacologic activities and also interested in functional cosmetics. We found that the water extract of D. morbiferus leaves significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced B16-F10 cells. D. morbiferus reduced melanogenesis-related protein levels, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), TRP-1, and TRP-2, without any cytotoxicity. Two active ingredients of D. morbiferus, (10E)-9,16-dihydroxyoctadeca-10,17-dien-12,14-diynoate (DMW-1) and (10E)-(-)-10,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diyne-1,9,16-triol (DMW-2) were identified by testing the anti-melanogenic effects and then by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. DMW-1 and DMW-2 significantly inhibited melanogenesis by the suppression of protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive binding protein (CREB) and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. DMW-1 showed a better inhibitory effect than DMW-2 in α-MSH-induced B16-F10 cells. D. morbiferus and its active component DMW-1 inhibited melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP, p-PKA/CREB, p-p38, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase. These results indicate that D. morbiferus and DMW-1 may be useful ingredients for cosmetics and therapeutic agents for skin hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Up Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Rui Hong Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong Xu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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155
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Lee JY, Lee J, Min D, Kim J, Kim HJ, No KT. Tyrosinase-Targeting Gallacetophenone Inhibits Melanogenesis in Melanocytes and Human Skin-Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093144. [PMID: 32365630 PMCID: PMC7246559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demands for safe depigmentation compounds are constantly increasing in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, since the numerous relevant compounds reported to date have shown undesirable side effects or low anti-melanogenic effects. In this study, we reported three novel inhibitors of tyrosinase, which is the key enzyme in melanogenesis, identified using docking-based high throughput virtual screening of an in-house natural compound library followed by mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay. Of the three compounds, gallacetophenone showed high anti-melanogenic effect in both human epidermal melanocytes and a 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. The inhibitory effect of gallacetophenone on tyrosinase was elucidated by computational molecular modeling at the atomic level. Binding of gallacetophenone to the active site of tyrosinase was found to be stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with His367, Ile368, and Val377; hydrogen bonding with Ser380 and a water molecule bridging the copper ions. Thus, our results strongly suggested gallacetophenone as an anti-melanogenic ingredient that inhibits tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jooyun Lee
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea;
| | - Daejin Min
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Juewon Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin City, Gyunggi-do 17074, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (K.T.N.); Tel.: +82-31-280-5827 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2123-5882 (K.T.N.)
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Bioengineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (K.T.N.); Tel.: +82-31-280-5827 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2123-5882 (K.T.N.)
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156
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Solano F. Photoprotection and Skin Pigmentation: Melanin-Related Molecules and Some Other New Agents Obtained from Natural Sources. Molecules 2020; 25:E1537. [PMID: 32230973 PMCID: PMC7180973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct sun exposure is one of the most aggressive factors for human skin. Sun radiation contains a range of the electromagnetic spectrum including UV light. In addition to the stratospheric ozone layer filtering the most harmful UVC, human skin contains a photoprotective pigment called melanin to protect from UVB, UVA, and blue visible light. This pigment is a redox UV-absorbing agent and functions as a shield to prevent direct UV action on the DNA of epidermal cells. In addition, melanin indirectly scavenges reactive oxygenated species (ROS) formed during the UV-inducing oxidative stress on the skin. The amounts of melanin in the skin depend on the phototype. In most phenotypes, endogenous melanin is not enough for full protection, especially in the summertime. Thus, photoprotective molecules should be added to commercial sunscreens. These molecules should show UV-absorbing capacity to complement the intrinsic photoprotection of the cutaneous natural pigment. This review deals with (a) the use of exogenous melanin or melanin-related compounds to mimic endogenous melanin and (b) the use of a number of natural compounds from plants and marine organisms that can act as UV filters and ROS scavengers. These agents have antioxidant properties, but this feature usually is associated to skin-lightening action. In contrast, good photoprotectors would be able to enhance natural cutaneous pigmentation. This review examines flavonoids, one of the main groups of these agents, as well as new promising compounds with other chemical structures recently obtained from marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine and LAIB-IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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157
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Melanogenic Difference Consideration in Ethnic Skin Type: A Balance Approach Between Skin Brightening Applications and Beneficial Sun Exposure. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:215-232. [PMID: 32210602 PMCID: PMC7069578 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s245043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin demonstrates a striking variation in tone and color that is evident among multiple demographic populations. Such characteristics are determined predominantly by the expression of the genes controlling the quantity and quality of melanin, which can alter significantly due to the presence of small nucleotide polymorphism affecting various steps of the melanogenesis process and generally linked to the lighter skin phenotypes. Genetically determined, constitutive skin color is additionally complemented by the facultative melanogenesis and tanning responses; with high levels of melanin and melanogenic factors broadly recognized to have a protective effect against the UVR-induced molecular damage in darker skin. Long-term sun exposure, together with a genetic makeup responsible for the ability to tan or the activity of constitutive melanogenic factors, triggers defects in pigmentation across all ethnic skin types. However, sun exposure also has well documented beneficial effects that manifest at both skin homeostasis and the systemic level, such as synthesis of vitamin D, which is thought to be less efficient in the presence of high levels of melanin or potentially linked to the polymorphism in the genes responsible for skin darkening triggered by UVR. In this review, we discuss melanogenesis in a context of constitutive pigmentation, defined by gene polymorphism in ethnic skin types, and facultative pigmentation that is not only associated with the capacity to protect the skin against photo-damage but could also have an impact on vitamin D synthesis through gene polymorphism. Modulating the activities of melanogenic genes, with the focus on the markers specifically altered by polymorphism combined with differential requirements of sun exposure in ethnic skin types, could enhance the applications of already existing skin brightening factors and provide a novel approach toward improved skin tone and health in personalized skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab Limited, The Core, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5TF, UK
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158
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Cho K, Ryu CS, Jeong S, Kim Y. Potential adverse effect of tyrosinase inhibitors on teleosts:A review. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108655. [PMID: 31678677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coloration plays a crucial role in the social communication and survival of organisms. Multidisciplinary studies have been conducted to elucidate the correlation between coloration and melanin biosynthesis (referred as melanogenesis). The multi-copper enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the first two steps of melanogenesis for coloration in teleosts. Due to the increasing demand of tyrosinase inhibitors for the production of skin whitening cosmetics, hypopigmentation pharmaceuticals, and anti-browning agents, a large number of natural and synthetic inhibitors have been developed over the past few decades. Although a number of previous studies have focused on human use and toxicity, such as the increased cytotoxic effects of ROS-generating compounds, their ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic organisms are still poorly understood. Hence, the focus of the present review is to describe the role of coloration in teleosts as well as potential ecotoxicological effects elicited by exposure to tyrosinase inhibitors. Furthermore, this review introduces our recently registered adverse outcome pathway (AOP) related to tyrosinase inhibition and population decline in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon-gun, Republic of Korea; Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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159
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Liu G, Zhao Z, Shen M, Zhao X, Xie J, He X, Li C. A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Saururus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:47-76. [PMID: 31964158 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The genus Saururus, belonging to Saururaceae, contains two species, S. cernuus L. and S. chinensis (Lour) Baill. with common utilization in traditional medicine from Asia to North America for the treatment of edema, beriberi, jaundice, leucorrhea, urinary tract infections, hypertension, hepatitis diseases, and tumors. An extensive review of literature was made on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of Saururus using ethno-botanical books, published articles, and electronic databases. The 147 of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from S. cernuus and S. chinensis, and lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, and phenols are the major constituents. Various pharmacological investigations in many in vitro and in vivo models have revealed the potential of the genus Saururus with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, antimelanogenic, lipid-lowering, and bone protective activities, supporting the rationale behind numerous of its traditional uses. Due to the noteworthy pharmacological properties, Saururus can be a better option for new drug discovery. Data regarding many aspects of this plant such as toxicology, pharmacokinetics, quality-control measures, and the clinical value of the active compounds is still limited which call for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Meilun Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xirui He
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Nanguo Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
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160
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Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Bartoli J, Pala N, Compari C, Ronda N, Bacciottini F, Incerti M, Fisicaro E. Hydroxyphenyl thiosemicarbazones as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase and antibrowning agents. Food Chem 2020; 303:125310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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161
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An In vitro Approach for Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity and Production of Kojic Acid by Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Karwar Region. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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162
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Park J, Moon H, Hong S. Recent advances in melanin-like nanomaterials in biomedical applications: a mini review. Biomater Res 2019; 23:24. [PMID: 31827881 PMCID: PMC6889561 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanins are a group of biopigments in microorganisms that generate a wide range of colorants. Due to their multifunctionality, including ultraviolet protection, radical scavenging, and photothermal conversion, in addition to their intrinsic biocompatibility, natural melanins and synthetic melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as novel nano-bio platforms in biomedical applications. MAIN BODY Recent approaches in the synthesis of melanin-like nanomaterials and their biomedical applications have briefly been reviewed. Melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as endogenous chromophores for photoacoustic imaging and radical scavengers for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The photothermal conversion ability of these materials under near-infrared irradiation allows hyperthermia-mediated cancer treatments, and their intrinsic fluorescence can be an indicator in biosensing applications. Furthermore, catechol-rich melanin and melanin-like nanomaterials possess a versatile affinity for various functional organic and inorganic additives, allowing the design of multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials that expand their range of applications in bioimaging, therapy, theranostics, and biosensing. CONCLUSION Melanin-like natural and synthetic nanomaterials have emerged; however, the under-elucidated chemical structures of these materials are still a major obstacle to the construction of novel nanomaterials through bottom-up approaches and tuning the material properties at the molecular level. Further advancements in melanin-based medical applications can be achieved with the incorporation of next-generation chemical and molecular analytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyo Park
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 South Korea
| | - Haeram Moon
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 South Korea
| | - Seonki Hong
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 South Korea
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163
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Zhao Z, Liu G, Meng Y, Tian J, Chen X, Shen M, Li Y, Li B, Gao C, Wu S, Li C, He X, Jiang R, Qian M, Zheng X. Synthesis and anti-tyrosinase mechanism of the substituted vanillyl cinnamate analogues. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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164
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Yang Y, Sun X, Ni H, Du X, Chen F, Jiang Z, Li Q. Identification and Characterization of the Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Caffeine from Camellia Pollen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12741-12751. [PMID: 31659899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase inhibitors are important in cosmetic, medical, and food industries due to their regulation of melanin production. A tyrosinase inhibitor was purified from Camellia pollen using high-speed countercurrent chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and was identified as caffeine by NMR and mass spectrometry. It showed strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 18.5 ± 2.31 μg/mL in a noncompetitive model. The caffeine did not interact with copper ions in the active center of the enzyme but could quench fluorescence intensity and change the secondary conformation of this tyrosinase. A molecular dynamics simulation showed that caffeine bound this tyrosinase via Lys379, Lys 376, Asp357, Glu356, Thr308, Gln307, Asp312, and Trp358, thus changing the binding sites of l-tyrosine and the loop conformation adjacent to the active center. In vitro cell model analysis revealed that caffeine exhibited significant inhibitory effects on both intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production of B16-F10 melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These comprehensive results suggest that caffeine is a strong tyrosinase inhibitor that has the potential to be developed as skin-whitening agents in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries or as antibrowning agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfan Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
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165
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Single Production of Kojic Acid by Aspergillus flavus and the Revision of Flufuran. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224200. [PMID: 31752404 PMCID: PMC6891502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Timor Island is very hot and dry due to the high intensity of sunlight experienced throughout the year. The endophytic fungi Aspergillus flavus had been isolated from medicinal plants such as Catharanthus roseus, Annona squamosa and Curcuma xanthorisa. The endophytic fungi A. flavus from each plant was cultivated on solid rice media and then analyzed for its capability for producing kojic acid. The production of kojic acid was analyzed by HPLC; the highest amount of kojic acid was observed from the endophytic fungi A. flavus, isolated from the stem of Catharanthus roseus, followed by A. flavus from Annona squamosa and Curcuma xanthorisa. Simple VLC fractionation of the extract of A. flavus from C.roseus led to the isolation of around 11.1 g of pure kojic acid. The structure of kojic acid (1) was confirmed by NMR and MS spectroscopic data. A comparison of the NMR data with the literature supported the revision of the natural product flufuran to kojic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a strain of endophytic fungi producing only kojic acid without any other toxic metabolites such as alfatoxins. Therefore, this Aspergillus flavus strain can be applied as a potential producer of kojic acid for industrial use.
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166
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Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Wedelolactone and Evaluation as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitor. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224130. [PMID: 31731595 PMCID: PMC6891477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an enzyme widely distributed in nature, which has multiple functions, especially in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Despite the few clinically available tyrosinase inhibitors for whitening, a great demand remains for novel compounds with low side effects in terms of potential carcinogenicity and improved clinical efficacy. A natural product, wedelolactone (WEL), with a polyhydroxyl moiety, attracted our attention as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. Before we studied the biological activity of the natural product, a synthetic methodological research was firstly carried to obtain enough raw material. WEL could be obtained efficiently through palladium-catalyzed boronation/coupling reactions and 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DDQ)-involved oxidative deprotection/annulation reactions. Immediately after, the natural product was proven to be an efficient tyrosinase inhibitor. In conclusion, we developed a mild and efficient approach for the preparation of WEL, and the natural product was disclosed to have anti-tyrosinase activity, which could be widely used in multiple fields.
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167
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Zhao Y, Wang N, Wu H, Zhou Y, Huang C, Luo J, Zeng Z, Kong L. Structure-based tailoring of the first coumarins-specific bergaptol O-methyltransferase to synthesize bergapten for depigmentation disorder treatment. J Adv Res 2019; 21:57-64. [PMID: 31666994 PMCID: PMC6812039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bergapten has long been used in combination with ultraviolet A irradiation to treat depigmentation disorder. However, extremely low bergapten contents in plants and difficulties in synthesizing bergapten have limited its application. Here, we developed an alternative bergapten-production method. We first determined the crystal structures of bergaptol O-methyltransferase from Peucedanum praeruptorum (PpBMT) and the ternary PpBMT-S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH)-bergaptol complex to identify key residues involved in bergaptol binding. Then, structure-based protein engineering was performed to obtain PpBMT mutants with improved catalytic activity towards bergaptol. Subsequently, a high-activity mutant was used to produce bergapten for pharmacological-activity analysis. Key PpBMT amino acids involved in bergaptol binding and substrate specificity were identified, such as Asp226, Asp246, Ser265, and Val320. Site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analysis revealed that the V320I mutant efficiently transformed bergaptol to produce bergapten. Pharmacological-activity analysis indicated that bergapten positively affected hair pigmentation in mice and improved pigmentation levels in zebrafish embryos. This report provides the first description of the catalytic mechanism of coumarins-specific O-methyltransferase. The high-activity V320I mutant protein could be used in metabolic engineering to produce bergapten in order to treat depigmentation disorder. This structure-function study provides an alternative synthesis method and important advances for treating depigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nana Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huali Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanze Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuanlong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixiong Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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168
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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169
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Arepalli SK, Lee C, Jung JK, Kim Y, Lee K, Lee H. Synthesis of N-arylindazole-3-carboxamide and N-benzoylindazole derivatives and their evaluation against α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2604-2608. [PMID: 31387790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized twenty-six N-arylindazole-3-carboxamide (3a-p) and N-benzoylindazole (6a-j) derivatives to discover with excellent inhibition activities of α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis. In the bio evaluation studies of these compounds, we discovered eighteen compounds, out of twenty-six exhibited more potent inhibition than the positive control arbutin. From the SAR studies, we identified 3k and 6g as lead compounds which displayed almost 5 and 9 times more potent inhibition of α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis respectively than the reference arbutin. It is also evident the presence of electron withdrawing group at para position (R3) for the compounds (3a-p) and presence of +M group at ortho position (R5) for the compounds (6a-j) were crucial for their excellent inhibition activities of α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaerim Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea.
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170
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Lee JH, Mei HC, Kuo IC, Lee TH, Chen YH, Lee CK. Characterizing Tyrosinase Modulators from the Roots of Angelica keiskei Using Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay and UPLC-MS/MS as the Combinatorial Novel Approach. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183297. [PMID: 31510069 PMCID: PMC6767278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay in combination with ultra performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-orbitrap-MS) was developed for the rapid screening and identification of tyrosinase modulators from roots of Angelica keiskei. Of the 15 candidates considered, nine chalcones, xanthoangelols (1), B (2), D (3), E (4), G (5), H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), xanthokeismin B (8) and (2E)-1-[4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (9), five coumarins, umbelliferone (10), selinidin (11), isopimpinellin (12), phellopterin (13) and xanthyletin (14), and one other compound, ashitabaol A (15), were distinguished between the test samples and the controls with statistical significance, and the structure of each compound was determined by comparing with in-house standards and the literature. Among these, six compounds, xanthoangelol (1), xanthoangelol D (3), xanthoangelol H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), laserpitin (16) and isolaserpitin (17), were isolated from roots of A. keiskei. Of the compounds isolated, compounds 1, 7 and 16 were subjected to tyrosinase inhibitory assay, and the IC50 values were 15.87 ± 1.21, 60.14 ± 2.29 and >100 μM, respectively. The present study indicated that the combination of in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay coupled with UPLC-MS/MS could be widely applied to the rapid screening of active substances from various natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ching Mei
- Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei 10671, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chih Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung 42081, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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171
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Chen YM, Li C, Zhang WJ, Shi Y, Wen ZJ, Chen QX, Wang Q. Kinetic and computational molecular docking simulation study of novel kojic acid derivatives as anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:990-998. [PMID: 31072148 PMCID: PMC6522964 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1609467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel kojic acid derivatives KAD1 and KAD2 have been demonstrated that they exhibited potent anti-melanogenesis activity in our previous report. In this study, we further study the inhibitory mechanism on mushroom tyrosinase. The inhibitory types of both KADs on diphenolase were classified as mixed type based on the results of the kinetic model. The interaction between KADs and tyrosinase was illustrated by fluorescence quenching, molecular docking and copper chelate activity. The KADs were also evaluated with respect to their antioxidant activities by DPPH and ABTS+ assays. The results showed that KADs have more potent antioxidant activities than kojic acid. Our study could provide new ideas for the development of new anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Chen
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Chen Li
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Yan Shi
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Zi-Jie Wen
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Qin Wang
- a School of Life Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
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172
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Ielo L, Deri B, Germanò MP, Vittorio S, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Rapisarda A, Ronsisvalle S, Floris S, Pazy Y, Fais A, Fishman A, De Luca L. Exploiting the 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine fragment for the development of novel tyrosinase inhibitors as anti-melanogenic agents: Design, synthesis, structural insights and biological profile. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:380-389. [PMID: 31202126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of Tyrosinase inhibitors (TYRIs) could represent an efficacious strategy for pharmacological intervention on skin pathologies related to aberrant production of melanin. Based on in silico studies we designed and tested a library of twenty-four compounds bearing the 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-fragment. As result, we identified several compounds with excellent inhibit effects at low micromolar concentration against TYR from Agaricus bisporus (TyM). Among them, compound 25 (IC50 = 0.96 μM) proved to be ∼20-fold more potent than the reference compound kojic acid (IC50 = 17.76 μM) having wide applications in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The mode of interaction of active inhibitor 25 was deciphered by means of crystallography as well as molecular docking and these results were consistent with kinetic experiments. Moreover, the identified compound 25 exhibited no considerable cytotoxicity and showed anti-melanogenic effects on B16F10 melanoma cells. Therefore, a combination of computational and biochemical approaches could represent a rational guidelines for further structural modification of this class of compounds as future anti-melanogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Batel Deri
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug Science, Medicinal Chemistry Section University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yael Pazy
- Technion Center for Structural Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci 13, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
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173
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Eun Lee K, Bharadwaj S, Yadava U, Gu Kang S. Evaluation of caffeine as inhibitor against collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase using in silico and in vitro approach. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:927-936. [PMID: 31039625 PMCID: PMC6493221 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1596904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing results from enhanced activation of intracellular enzymes such as collagenases, elastases and tyrosinase, stimulated by intrinsic ageing and photoageing factors. Recently, caffeine-based cosmetics are introduced that demonstrates to slow down skin photoageing process. However, no attempts have been done so for to understand caffeine functional inhibitory activity against photoageing related enzymes. Hence, this study established the caffeine molecular interaction and inhibition activity profiles against respective enzymes using in silico and in vitro methods, respectively. Results from in silico study indicates that caffeine has comparatively good affinity with collagenase (−4.6 kcal/mol), elastase (−3.36 kcal/mol) and tyrosinase (−2.86 kcal/mol) and formed the stable protein-ligand complex as validated by molecular dynamics simulation (protein-ligand contacts, RMSD, RMSF and secondary structure changes analysis). Moreover, in vitro data showed that caffeine (1000 µg/mL) has statistically significant maximum inhibition activity of 41.86, 36.44 and 13.72% for collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Umesh Yadava
- b Department of Physics , Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea.,c Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
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174
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Peyrat LA, Tsafantakis N, Georgousaki K, Ouazzani J, Genilloud O, Trougakos IP, Fokialakis N. Terrestrial Microorganisms: Cell Factories of Bioactive Molecules with Skin Protecting Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E1836. [PMID: 31086077 PMCID: PMC6539289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that terrestrial environments host an immense microbial biodiversity. Exposed to different types of stress, such as UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, water availability and the inter- / intra-specific competition for resources, terrestrial microorganisms have been evolved to produce a large spectrum of bioactive molecules. Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and algae have shown a high potential of producing biomolecules for pharmaceutical or other industrial purposes as they combine a sustainable, relatively low-cost and fast-production process. Herein, we provide an overview of the different bioactive molecules produced by terrestrial microorganisms with skin protecting applications. The high content in polyphenolic and carotenoid compounds produced by several strains, as well as the presence of exopolysaccharides, melanins, indole and pyrrole derivatives, mycosporines, carboxylic acids and other molecules, are discussed in the context of their antioxidant, photo-protective and skin-whitening activity. Relevant biotechnological tools developed for the enhanced production of high added value natural products, as well as the protecting effect of some antioxidant, hydrolytic and degrading enzymes are also discussed. Furthermore, we describe classes of microbial compounds that are used or have the potential to be used as antimicrobials, moisturizers, biosurfactants, pigments, flavorings and fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Anne Peyrat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina Georgousaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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175
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Ullah S, Park Y, Park C, Lee S, Kang D, Yang J, Akter J, Chun P, Moon HR. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic effects of (E)-2,3-diphenylacrylic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2192-2200. [PMID: 31027707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During our continued search for strong skin whitening agents over the past ten years, we have investigated the efficacies of many tyrosinase inhibitors containing a common (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold, which we found to be essential for the effective inhibition of mushroom and mammalian tyrosinases. In this study, we explored the tyrosinase inhibitory effects of 2,3-diphenylacrylic acid (2,3-DPA) derivatives, which also possess the (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl motif. We synthesized fourteen (E)-2,3-DPA derivatives 1a-1n and one (Z)-2,3-DPA-derivative 1l' using a Perkin reaction with phenylacetic acid and appropriate substituted benzaldehydes. In our mushroom tyrosinase assay, 1c showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (76.43 ± 3.53%, IC50 = 20.04 ± 1.91 µM) with than the other 2,3-DPA derivatives or kojic acid (21.56 ± 2.93%, IC50 = 30.64 ± 1.27 μM). Our mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory results were supported by our docking study, which showed compound 1c (-7.2 kcal/mole) exhibited stronger binding affinity for mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid (-5.7 kcal/mole). In B16F10 melanoma cells (a murine cell-line), 1c showed no cytotoxic effect up to a concentration of 25 μM and exhibited greater tyrosinase inhibitory activity (68.83%) than kojic acid (49.39%). In these cells, arbutin (a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor used as the positive control) only inhibited tyrosinase by 42.67% even at a concentration of 400 μM. Furthermore, at 25 µM, 1c reduced melanin contents in B16F10 melanoma cells by 24.3% more than kojic acid (62.77% vs. 38.52%). These results indicate 1c is a promising candidate treatment for pigmentation-related diseases and potential skin whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Ullah
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Chaeun Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sanggwon Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jungho Yang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jinia Akter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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176
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Evaluation and Optimization of the Anti-Melanogenic Activity of 1-(2-Cyclohexylmethoxy-6-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propenone Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071372. [PMID: 30965650 PMCID: PMC6480009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification and optimization of biologically active compounds are essential steps in the identification of promising lead compounds for drug development. We previously reported the anti-melanogenic activity of 1-(2-cyclohexylmethoxy-6-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propenone (chalcone 21). In this study, we synthesized 21 derivatives of chalcone 21 and evaluated their anti-melanogenic activity in -MSH-induced B16F10 cells. (E)-N-(4-(3-(2-(Cyclohexylmethoxy)phenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide (chalcone 21-21) exhibited the strongest inhibition of cellular melanin production, with an IC50 value of 0.54 M. It was more potent than chalcone 21 and the known anti-melanogenic agents kojic acid and arbutin, whose IC50 values were 4.9, 38.5, and 148.4 M, respectively. Chalcone 21-21 decreased the expression and activity of tyrosinase. It also decreased the expression of TRP1, TRP2 and MITF, the phosphorylation of CREB and ERK1/2, and the transcriptional activity of MITF and CRE. Our results demonstrate that chalcone-21-21 is an effective lead compound with anti-melanogenic activity.
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177
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Brilhante RS, da Rocha MG, de Oliveira JS, España JDA, Pereira VS, Scm Castelo-Branco DD, A Pereira-Neto WD, Sidrim JJ, A Cordeiro RD, Rocha MF. Proton pump inhibitors versus Cryptococcus species: effects on in vitro susceptibility and melanin production. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:489-497. [PMID: 31033338 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on growth and melanin production by Cryptococcus spp. Materials & methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of omeprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole against Cryptococcus spp. were determined and the effect of PPIs on melanin production was evaluated, in the presence or absence of copper sulfate or glutathione. Results: PPIs showed MICs ranging from 125-1000 μg/ml and decreased melanization by Cryptococcus cells. Addition of copper sulfate or gluthatione restored melanogenesis of cells grown in the presence of PPIs. The presence of PPIs and glyphosate decreased copper sulfate toxicity (1 mM). Conclusion: PPIs inhibited melanogenesis of Cryptococcus spp., possibly by chelating copper or inhibiting copper ATPase transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sn Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria G da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas S de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jaime DA España
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue S Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Débora de Scm Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de A Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Jc Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana de A Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fg Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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178
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Huang J, Nguyen M, Liu Y, Robert A, Meunier B. The TDMQ Regulators of Copper Homeostasis Do Not Disturb the Activities of Cu,Zn-SOD, Tyrosinase, or the CoIII
Cofactor Vitamin B12. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
| | - Anne Robert
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
| | - Bernard Meunier
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Higher Education Mega Center; Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT); 100 Waihuan Xi road 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
- Higher Education Mega Center; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse cedex 4 France
- Higher Education Mega Center; Université de Toulouse; 31077 France
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179
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Hałdys K, Latajka R. Thiosemicarbazones with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:378-389. [PMID: 31015905 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase plays an essential role in melanogenesis. Excess production of melanin can be a reason for hyperpigmentation skin disorders in mammals and enzymatic browning in plant-derived foods. Catalyzing the rate-limiting step of melanin synthesis, tyrosinase has become the most studied target for melanogenesis inhibition. Over the past ten years, a number of synthetic thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been reported to possess strong tyrosinase inhibitory properties with IC50 values below 1 μM, placing them among the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors. This review gives an overview of tyrosinase activity and describes tyrosinase-inhibiting thiosemicarbazones in terms of their structure-activity relationships, kinetics of enzyme inhibition and mechanism of action. Results of the studies of thiosemicarbazones as tyrosinase inhibitors from over 20 research articles have been analyzed, compared and summarized in the present paper. Using thiosemicarbazones as tyrosinase inhibitors is a promising approach in developing anti-melanogenetic agents for skin-whitening cosmetics and anti-browning agents for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hałdys
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 , Wrocław , Poland .
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 , Wrocław , Poland .
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180
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Mayr F, Sturm S, Ganzera M, Waltenberger B, Martens S, Schwaiger S, Schuster D, Stuppner H. Mushroom Tyrosinase-Based Enzyme Inhibition Assays Are Not Suitable for Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation of Extracts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:136-147. [PMID: 30629444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (Tyr) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis in human skin and is thus the main target for treating pigmentation disorders today. This has led to an increased research interest in Tyr inhibitors during the last decades, with a frequent focus on polyphenols. In the early stages of drug discovery, it is typical to avoid the high costs of human Tyr by using the more economic mushroom tyrosinase (mh-Tyr). Since some polyphenols are accepted as substrates by mh-Tyr, the present study aimed to more generally investigate this enzyme's specificity toward polyphenols and to discuss its significance in the context of bioactivity-guided fractionation. Mh-Tyr substrates can change the sample color during an inhibition assay, leading to unreliable inhibition constants or to the discontinuation of a bioactivity-guided fractionation campaign. A data set of 56 natural products was investigated and classified into assay interferers (AIs) and noninterferers, using a spectrophotometric and an LC-ESIHRMS assay. Based on these experimental findings, structure-activity relationships defining AIs were deduced and implemented into an in silico tool that will allow for rapid prescreening in the future. We anticipate that these results will aid in the search for new Tyr inhibitors and contribute to the understanding of this enzyme, as well as its optimal use in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mayr
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1 , 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trentino), Italy
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg , Strubergasse 21 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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181
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Ishioka W, Oonuki S, Iwadate T, Nihei KI. Resorcinol alkyl glucosides as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:313-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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182
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Bang E, Noh SG, Ha S, Jung HJ, Kim DH, Lee AK, Hyun MK, Kang D, Lee S, Park C, Moon HR, Chung HY. Evaluation of the Novel Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitor ( Z)-3-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)thiochroman-4-one (MHY1498) In Vitro and In Silico. Molecules 2018; 23:E3307. [PMID: 30551624 PMCID: PMC6321646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, catalyzing the initial rate-limiting steps of melanin synthesis. Abnormal and excessive melanin synthesis is the primary cause of serious skin disorders including melasma, senile lentigo, freckles, and age spots. In attempts to find potent and safe tyrosinase inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a novel compound, (Z)-3-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)thiochroman-4-one (MHY1498), and evaluated its tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro and in silico. The chemical structures of (Z)-3-benzylidenethiochroman-4-one analogues, including the novel compound MHY1498, were rationally designed and synthesized as hybrid structures of reported potent tyrosinase inhibitors, which were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo: (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-diones (Compound A) and 2-(substituted phenyl)benzo[d]thiazoles (Compound B). During screening, MHY1498 showed a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase. The IC50 value of MHY1498 (4.1 ± 0.6 μM) was significantly lower than that of the positive control, kojic acid (22.0 ± 4.7 μM). In silico molecular multi-docking simulation and inhibition mechanism studies indicated that MHY1498 interacts competitively with the tyrosinase enzyme, with greater affinity for the active site of tyrosinase than the positive control. Furthermore, in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MHY1498 suppressed both melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MHY1498, a synthesized novel compound, effectively inhibits tyrosinase activity and has potential for treating hyperpigmentation and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJin Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sang-Gyun Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sugyeong Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - A Kyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Min Kyung Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dongwan Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sanggwon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Chaeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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183
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Brotzman N, Xu Y, Graybill A, Cocolas A, Ressler A, Seeram NP, Ma H, Henry GE. Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4-oxobutanoate derivatives of carvacrol and thymol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:56-58. [PMID: 30446314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (1) and thymol (2) were converted to their alkyl 4-oxobutanoate derivatives (7-20) in three steps, and evaluated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The compounds showed structure-dependent activity, with all alkyl 4-oxobutanoates, except 7 and 20, showing better inhibitory activity than the precursor 4-oxobutanoic acids (5 and 6). In general, thymol derivatives exhibited a higher percent inhibitory activity than carvacrol derivatives at 500 μM. Derivatives containing three-carbon and four-carbon alkyl groups gave the strongest activity (carvacrol derivatives 9-12, IC50 = 128.8-244.1 μM; thymol derivatives 16-19, IC50 = 102.3-191.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brotzman
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Allison Graybill
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Alexander Cocolas
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Andrew Ressler
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Geneive E Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA.
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184
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Synthesis of cinnamic amide derivatives and their anti-melanogenic effect in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:78-92. [PMID: 30347330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the three enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis of melanin, tyrosinase and its related proteins TYRP-1 and TYRP-2, tyrosinase is the most important because of its ability to limit the rate of melanin production in melanocytes. For treating skin pigmentation disorders caused by an excess of melanin, the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme is by far the most established strategy. Cinnamic acid is a safe natural product with an (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl motif that we have previously shown to play an important role in high tyrosinase inhibition. Since cinnamic acid is relatively hydrophilic, which hinders its absorption on the skin, fifteen less hydrophilic cinnamic amide derivatives (1-15) were designed as safe and more potent tyrosinase inhibitors and were synthesized through a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The use of conc-HCl and acetic acid for debenzylation of the O-benzyl-protected cinnamic amides 40-54 produced the following three results. 1) Cinnamic amides 43, 48, and 53 with a 2,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl group, irrespective of the amine type of the amides, produced complex compounds with high polarity. 2) Cinnamic amides 40-42, 44, 50-52, and 54 with a benzylamino, or diethylamino group produced the desired debenzylated cinnamic amides 1-3, 5, 10-13, and 15. 3) Cinnamic amides 45-47, and 49 with an anilino moiety provided 3,4-dihydroquinolinones 16-19 through intramolecular Michael addition of the anilide group. Notably, the use of BBr3 as an alternative debenzylating agent for debenzylation of cinnamic amides 45-49 with the anilino moiety provided our desired cinnamic amides 6-10 without inducing the intramolecular Michael addition. Debenzylation of cinnamic amides 43, 48, and 53 with a 2,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl group was also successfully accomplished using BBr3 to give 4, 9, and 14. Among the nine compounds that inhibited mushroom tyrosinase more potently at 25 μM than kojic acid, four cinnamic amides 4, 5, 9, and 14 showed 3-fold greater tyrosinase inhibitory activity than kojic acid. The docking simulation using tyrosinase indicated that these four cinnamic amides (-6.2 to -7.9 kcal/mol) bind to the active site of tyrosinase with stronger binding affinity than kojic acid (-5.7 kcal/mol). All four cinnamic amides inhibited melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity more potently than kojic acid in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The strong correlation between tyrosinase activity and melanin content suggests that the anti-melanogenic effect of cinnamic amides is due to tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Considering that the cinnamic amides 4, 9, and 14, which exhibited strong inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase and potent anti-melanogenic effect in B16F10 cells, commonly have a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituent, the 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituent appears to be essential for high anti-melanogenesis. These results support the potential of these four cinnamic amides as novel and potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use as therapeutic agents with safe skin-lightening efficiency.
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185
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Micillo R, Sirés-Campos J, García-Borrón JC, Panzella L, Napolitano A, Olivares C. Conjugation with Dihydrolipoic Acid Imparts Caffeic Acid Ester Potent Inhibitory Effect on Dopa Oxidase Activity of Human Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2156. [PMID: 30042336 PMCID: PMC6121902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives represent promising lead compounds in the search for tyrosinase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of skin local hyperpigmentation associated to an overproduction or accumulation of melanin. We recently reported the marked inhibitory activity of a conjugate of caffeic acid with dihydrolipoic acid, 2-S-lipoylcaffeic acid (LCA), on the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa oxidase (DO) activities of mushroom tyrosinase. In the present study, we evaluated a more lipophilic derivative, 2-S-lipoyl caffeic acid methyl ester (LCAME), as an inhibitor of tyrosinase from human melanoma cells. Preliminary analysis of the effects of LCAME on mushroom tyrosinase indicated more potent inhibitory effects on either enzyme activities (IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 μM for DO and 0.83 ± 0.09 μM for TH) compared with LCA and the reference compound kojic acid. The inhibition of DO of human tyrosinase was effective (Ki = 34.7 ± 1.1 μM) as well, while the action on TH was weaker. Lineweaver⁻Burk analyses indicated a competitive inhibitor mechanism. LCAME was not substrate of tyrosinase and proved nontoxic at concentrations up to 50 μM. No alteration of basal tyrosinase expression was observed after 24 h treatment of human melanoma cells with the inhibitor, but preliminary evidence suggested LCAME might impair the induction of tyrosinase expression in cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. All these data point to this compound as a valuable candidate for further trials toward its use as a skin depigmenting agent. They also highlight the differential effects of tyrosinase inhibitors on the human and mushroom enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
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