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Blalock TD, Yuan R, Lewin AS, Schultz GS. Hammerhead ribozyme targeting connective tissue growth factor mRNA blocks transforming growth factor-beta mediated cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:1127-36. [PMID: 15109919 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive scarring following trauma or surgery of cornea, conjunctiva or retina can greatly impair visual outcome. At present, no agents are clinically available that selectively reduce activity of genes that regulate fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been linked to fibrosis in several tissues, including cornea and conjunctiva. In this study, hammerhead ribozymes targeting CTGF mRNA were synthesized, kinetic parameters were measured, and the effect on TGF-beta-mediated cell proliferation was measured in cultured human fibroblasts. METHODS The mRNA sequence of human CTGF was scanned for potential hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites, and predicted secondary folding structures around the sites were calculated. Synthetic 12mer ribozymes and 33mer oligonucleotide mRNA targets corresponding to two sites were synthesized, and kinetic constants calculated from Hanes-Wolff plots of in vitro cleavage reactions. The ribozyme with higher percentage cleavage and kinetic rate was cloned into an expression plasmid (pTR-UF21) and stably transfected into cultured human fibroblasts. An inactive ribozyme plasmid served as a negative control. The effects of the ribozyme on expression of TGF-beta-induced CTGF mRNA and protein levels were measured using ELISA and real-time TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, the effect of the CTGF ribozyme on TGF-beta-mediated proliferation of fibroblasts was measured using a non-radioactive cell proliferation microtiter assay. RESULTS Of the eight potential hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites in human CTGF mRNA, two sites (CHR 745, and CHR 859) were identified with optimal secondary folding. CHR 859 cleaved 94% of the target mRNA, compared to 46% cleavage for CHR 745 after 16 hr of reaction. CHR 859 had a K(m) of 1.56 microM and a K(cat) of 2.97 min(-1), while CHR 745 had a K(m) of 7.80 microM and a K(cat) of 5.7 min(-1). The turnover numbers (K(cat)/K(m)) of CHR 859 and CHR 745 were 1.9 x 10(6) M min(-1) and 7.4 x 10(5) M min(-1), respectively, indicating CHR 859 is 2.6 times more efficient than CHR 745 in destroying CTGF mRNA. Stable transfection of CHR 859 into human fibroblasts reduced CTGF mRNA levels 55% and protein levels 72% compared to the inactive ribozyme control. Furthermore, TGF-beta-induced cell proliferation was reduced 90% in fibroblasts stably transfected with CHR 859 compared to control cell groups. CONCLUSIONS The CHR 859 hammerhead ribozyme cleaved human CTGF mRNA with high kinetic efficiency in vitro, effectively reduced levels of CTGF mRNA and protein in cultured human fibroblasts, and blocked TGF-beta-induced cell proliferation without nonspecific toxicity. These data support the concept that CTGF mediates TGF-beta-induced cell proliferation, and imply that regulating CTGF expression with ribozymes may be effective in reducing ocular scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Blalock
- Department of Ob/Gyn, College of Medicine, Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610-0294, USA.
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152
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Yang Y. Wnts and wing: Wnt signaling in vertebrate limb development and musculoskeletal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:305-17. [PMID: 14745971 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past twenty years, secreted signaling molecules of the Wnt family have been found to play a central role in controlling embryonic development from hydra to human. In the developing vertebrate limb, Wnt signaling is required for limb bud initiation, early limb patterning (which is governed by several well-characterized signaling centers), and, finally, late limb morphogenesis events. Wnt ligands are unique, in that they can activate several different receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways. The most extensively studied Wnt pathway is the canonical Wnt pathway, which controls gene expression by stabilizing beta-catenin in regulating a diverse array of biological processes. Recently, more attention has been given to the noncanonical Wnt pathway, which is beta-catenin-independent. The noncanonical Wnt pathway signals through activating Ca(2+) flux, JNK activation, and both small and heterotrimeric G proteins, to induce changes in gene expression, cell adhesion, migration, and polarity. Abnormal Wnt signaling leads to developmental defects and human diseases affecting either tissue development or homeostasis. Further understanding of the biological function and signaling mechanism of Wnt signaling is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches of human diseases. This review provides a critical perspective on how Wnt signaling regulates different developmental processes. As Wnt signaling in tumor formation has been reviewed extensively elsewhere, this part is not included in the review of the clinical significance of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yang
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Sen M, Cheng YH, Goldring MB, Lotz MK, Carson DA. WISP3-dependent regulation of type II collagen and aggrecan production in chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:488-97. [PMID: 14872491 DOI: 10.1002/art.20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE WISP3 (Wnt-1-inducible secreted protein 3) is a member of the CCN (connective tissue growth factor, cysteine-rich 61, nephroblastoma overexpressed) family of connective tissue growth factors. WISP3 mutations have been linked to progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD). The present study was conducted to investigate whether WISP3 is responsible for the expression of cartilage-specific molecules. METHODS WISP3 expression in human cartilage was assessed by immunostaining with anti-WISP3 antibody. The effect of WISP3 on chondrocyte-specific gene regulation was determined by transfecting human chondrocyte lines C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 with a WISP3 expression vector. Alterations in WISP3-mediated messenger RNA and protein expression of cartilage-specific molecules were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated that WISP3 protein is expressed in the midzone chondrocytes of normal adult articular cartilage, in chondrocyte clusters of osteoarthritic cartilage, and in the zone of proliferating chondrocytes of fetal growth cartilage. Human chondrocyte lines C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 transfected with a WISP3 expression vector produced increased amounts of the cartilage-specific matrix molecules type II collagen and aggrecan, in part via activation of the sex-determining region Y-type high mobility group box (SOX) family of transcription factors. In contrast, a mutant WISP3, previously found to be associated with PPRD, had impaired effects on cartilage-specific gene expression. CONCLUSION Our experimental results suggest that WISP3 supports cartilage integrity by regulating the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan, and mutations linked with PPRD can compromise this function and produce cartilage loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Sen
- University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0663, USA.
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154
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Kleer CG, Zhang Y, Pan Q, Gallagher G, Wu M, Wu ZF, Merajver SD. WISP3 and RhoC guanosine triphosphatase cooperate in the development of inflammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R110-5. [PMID: 14696649 PMCID: PMC400654 DOI: 10.1186/bcr755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal form of locally advanced breast cancer. We found concordant and consistent alterations of two genes in 90% of IBC tumors when compared with stage-matched non-IBC tumors: overexpression of RhoC guanosine triphosphatase and loss of WNT-1 induced secreted protein 3 (WISP3). Further work revealed that RhoC is a transforming oncogene for human mammary epithelial (HME) cells. Despite the aggressiveness of the RhoC-driven phenotype, it does not quantitatively reach that of the true IBC tumors. We have demonstrated that WISP3 has tumor growth and angiogenesis inhibitory functions in IBC. We proposed that RhoC and WISP3 cooperate in the development of IBC. Methods Using an antisense approach, we blocked WISP3 expression in HME cells. Cellular proliferation and growth were determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and anchorage-independent growth in a soft agar assay. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured in conditioned medium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Antisense inhibition of WISP3 in HME cells increased RhoC mRNA levels and resulted in an increase in cellular proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and VEGF levels in the conditioned medium. Conversely, restoration of WISP3 expression in the highly malignant IBC cell line SUM149 was able to decrease the expression of RhoC protein. Conclusion WISP3 modulates RhoC expression in HME cells and in the IBC cell line SUM149. This provides further evidence that these two genes act in concert to give rise to the highly aggressive IBC phenotype. We propose a model of this interaction as a starting point for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhi-Fen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
CONTEXT Although little is known as yet about the processes that coordinate cell-signalling pathways, matrix proteins are probably major players in this type of global control. The CCN (cyr61, ctgf, nov) proteins are an important family of matricellular regulatory factors involved in internal and external cell signalling. This family participates in angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis, and they are probably involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. STARTING POINT Runping Gao and David Brigstock (Hepatol Res 2003; 27: 214-20) recently showed that CCN2 (CTGF, connective tissue growth factor) is a cell-adhesion factor for hepatic stellate cells. On exposure to transforming growth factor beta, hepatic stellate cells produce distinct CCN2 isoforms. Gao and Brigstock assign to CCN2 module 3 the capacity to mediate binding to low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), which was previously reported to interact with CCN2 and to be involved in various types of signalling. They also establish that CCN2 binding to LRP is heparin dependent and that module 4 of CCN2 promotes LRP-independent adhesion of hepatic stellate cells. The differential binding of CCN2 isoforms to LRP highlights the importance of functional interactions between individual modules, and reinforces the concept that different module combinations might confer agonistic or antagonistic activities. WHERE NEXT? It is essential to understand how the distinct configuration of the various CCN isoform affects their biological activities and bioavailability, and to explore the mechanisms and the regulatory processes involved in the production of truncated CCN isoforms. A better understanding of the structural basis for their multifunctionality is a prerequisite to wider use of CCN proteins in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Perbal
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale et Moléculaire, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7-D Diderot, 75005, Paris, France.
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156
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Abstract
The post-genomic era of functional genomics and target validation will allow us to narrow the bridge between clinically correlative data and causative data for complex diseases, such as arthritis, for which the etiological agent remains elusive. The availability of human and other annotated genome sequences, and parallel developments of new technologies that allow analysis of minute amounts of human and animal cells (peripheral blood cells and infiltrating cells) and tissues (synovium and cartilage) under different pathophysiological conditions, has facilitated high-throughput gene mining approaches that can generate vast amounts of clinically correlative data. Characterizing some of the correlative/causative genes will require reverting to the hypothesis-driven, low throughput method of complementary experimental biology using genomic approaches as a tool. This will include in silico gene expression arrays, genome-wide scans, comparative genomics using various animal models (such as rodents and zebrafish), bioinformatics and a team of well trained translational scientists and physicians. For the first time, the "genomic tools" will allow us to analyze small amounts of surgical samples (such as needle biopsies) and clinical samples in the context of the whole genome. Preliminary genomic analysis in osteoarthritis has already resurrected the debate on the semantic issues in the definition of inflammation. Further analyses will not only facilitate the development of unbiased hypotheses at the molecular level, but also assist us in the identification and characterization of novel targets and disease markers for pharmacological intervention, gene therapy, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundan G Attur
- Departments of Rheumatology and Medicine, Hospital for Joint Diseases/NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
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157
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Kirn-Safran CB, Gomes RR, Brown AJ, Carson DD. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Coordinators of multiple signaling pathways during chondrogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 72:69-88. [PMID: 15054905 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundantly expressed in the pericellular matrix of both developing and mature cartilage. Increasing evidence indicates that the action of numerous chondroregulatory molecules depends on these proteoglycans. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions of heparan sulfate chains of cartilage proteoglycans with both soluble and nonsoluble ligands during the process of chondrogenesis. In addition, the consequences of mutating genes encoding heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes or heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins on cartilage development are discussed.
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158
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Abstract
In contrast to late-onset osteoarthritis (OA), the appearance of precocious OA has historically been recognized as a particularly aggressive form of the disorder that is frequently inherited as a Mendelian trait. In general, precocious OA appears as a consequence of many skeletal dysplasias, which, although individually rare, comprise a sizable population of patients when viewed in toto. In these patients the disease is often rapidly progressive and includes features of articular and extra-articular involvement that are not typical of classic OA. The molecular pathology of the chondro-osseous disorders has been the focus of intense study in recent years, with the promise of providing insight into skeletal development and homeostasis, as well as the aetiology and pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene J Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street Room 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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159
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Tanaka S, Sugimachi K, Maehara SI, Shimada M, Maehara Y. A loss of function mutation in WISP3 derived from microsatellite unstable gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1563-4. [PMID: 14628823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastro.2003.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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160
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Kubota S, Moritani NH, Kawaki H, Mimura H, Minato M, Takigawa M. Transcriptional induction of connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific 24 gene by dexamethasone in human chondrocytic cells. Bone 2003; 33:694-702. [PMID: 14555275 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/Hcs24) is a critical growth factor for chondrocytic growth and differentiation. In this report, we describe for the first time glucocorticoid-mediated induction of the CTGF/Hcs24 gene in a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. Steady-state mRNA levels of CTGF/Hcs24 were remarkably increased after treatment with 50 nM dexamethasone, as confirmed by Northern blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Corresponding to the increase in mRNA, production of CTGF/Hcs24 protein was remarkably enhanced, following a time course of up to 6 h. The observed increase in mRNA can be ascribed to transcriptional enhancement, since the stability of CTGF/Hcs24 mRNA was not affected by the same concentration of dexamethasone, which was indicated by the results of an mRNA degradation assay. However, unexpectedly, the prototypic ctgf/hcs24 promoter was not responsible for the dexamethasone stimulation, suggesting the glucocorticoid receptor binding site(s) to be elsewhere in the CTGF/Hcs24 gene. Enhancement of the prototypic promoter activity by dexamethasone was observed in murine fibroblastic cells, demonstrating the complexity of the regulatory mechanism of ctgf/hcs24 gene expression. Of importance, dexamethasone at the same concentration significantly stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in HCS-2/8 cells up to the same levels as exogenously added CTGF/Hcs24. These findings represent a novel effect of glucocorticoid on the production of CTGF/Hcs24 by chondrocytic cells, and indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 may mediate the stimulative effect of dexamethasone on chondrocytic phenotypes. Also, our results shed light on the complex mechanism of CTGF/Hcs24 induction by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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161
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Planque N, Perbal B. A structural approach to the role of CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) proteins in tumourigenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2003; 3:15. [PMID: 12969515 PMCID: PMC194616 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/22/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN (CYR61 [Cystein-rich61]/CTGF [connective tissue growth factor]/NOV [Nephroblastoma overexpressed]) proteins constitute a family of regulatory factors involved in many aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation. An increasing body of evidence indicates that abnormal expression of the CCN proteins is associated to tumourgenesis. The multimodular architecture of the CCN proteins, and the production of truncated isoforms in tumours, raise interesting questions regarding the participation of each individual module to the various biological properties of these proteins. In this article, we review the current data regarding the involvement of CCN proteins in tumourigenesis. We also attempt to provide structural basis for the stimulatory and inhibitory functions of the full length and truncated CCN proteins that are expressed in various tumour tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Planque
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale et Moléculaire, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7 – D. Diderot, 2 Place Jussieu- 75 005 PARIS – France
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale et Moléculaire, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7 – D. Diderot, 2 Place Jussieu- 75 005 PARIS – France
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162
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Lin CG, Leu SJ, Chen N, Tebeau CM, Lin SX, Yeung CY, Lau LF. CCN3 (NOV) is a novel angiogenic regulator of the CCN protein family. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24200-8. [PMID: 12695522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302028200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN3 (NOV) is a matricellular protein of the CCN family, which also includes CCN1 (CYR61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN4 (WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2), and CCN6 (WISP-3). During development, CCN3 is expressed widely in derivatives of all three germ layers, and high levels of expression are observed in smooth muscle cells of the arterial vessel wall. Altered expression of CCN3 has been observed in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinomas, Wilm's tumors, Ewing's sarcomas, gliomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and adrenocortical carcinomas. To understand its biological functions, we have investigated the activities of purified recombinant CCN3. We show that in endothelial cells, CCN3 supports cell adhesion, induces directed cell migration (chemotaxis), and promotes cell survival. Mechanistically, CCN3 supports human umbilical vein endothelial cell adhesion through multiple cell surface receptors, including integrins alphavbeta3, alpha5beta1, alpha6beta1, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In contrast, CCN3-induced cell migration is dependent on integrins alphavbeta3 and alpha5beta1, whereas alpha6beta1 does not play a role in this process. Although CCN3 does not contain a RGD sequence, it binds directly to immobilized integrins alphavbeta3 and alpha5beta1, with half-maximal binding occurring at 10 nm and 50 nm CCN3, respectively. Furthermore, CCN3 induces neovascularization when implanted in rat cornea, demonstrating that it is a novel angiogenic inducer. Together, these findings show that CCN3 is a ligand of integrins alphavbeta3 and alpha5beta1, acts directly upon endothelial cells to stimulate pro-angiogenic activities, and induces angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane G Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
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163
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Ivkovic S, Yoon BS, Popoff SN, Safadi FF, Libuda DE, Stephenson RC, Daluiski A, Lyons KM. Connective tissue growth factor coordinates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal development. Development 2003; 130:2779-91. [PMID: 12736220 PMCID: PMC3360973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix is essential during development. It is of particular importance for skeletogenesis, as the ability of cartilage and bone to provide structural support is determined by the composition and organization of the extracellular matrix. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a secreted protein containing several domains that mediate interactions with growth factors, integrins and extracellular matrix components. A role for CTGF in extracellular matrix production is suggested by its ability to mediate collagen deposition during wound healing. CTGF also induces neovascularization in vitro, suggesting a role in angiogenesis in vivo. To test whether CTGF is required for extracellular matrix remodeling and/or angiogenesis during development, we examined the pattern of Ctgf expression and generated Ctgf-deficient mice. Ctgf is expressed in a variety of tissues in midgestation embryos, with highest levels in vascular tissues and maturing chondrocytes. We confirmed that CTGF is a crucial regulator of cartilage extracellular matrix remodeling by generating Ctgf(-/-) mice. Ctgf deficiency leads to skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix composition within the hypertrophic zone. Decreased expression of specific extracellular matrix components and matrix metalloproteinases suggests that matrix remodeling within the hypertrophic zones in Ctgf mutants is defective. The mutant phenotype also revealed a role for Ctgf in growth plate angiogenesis. Hypertrophic zones of Ctgf mutant growth plates are expanded, and endochondral ossification is impaired. These defects are linked to decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the hypertrophic zones of Ctgf mutants. These results demonstrate that CTGF is important for cell proliferation and matrix remodeling during chondrogenesis, and is a key regulator coupling extracellular matrix remodeling to angiogenesis at the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Ivkovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Byeong S. Yoon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fayez F. Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, PA 19140, USA
| | - Diana E. Libuda
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Aaron Daluiski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen M. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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164
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Archer CW, Dowthwaite GP, Francis-West P. Development of synovial joints. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2003; 69:144-55. [PMID: 12955858 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synovial joints arise through two main processes. In long bone elements, cartilaginous differentiation occurs across the locations of the prospective joints that then segment secondarily. This process occurs through the development of a noncartilaginous region known as the interzone. The interzone becomes an important signaling center to the opposing elements, which can regulate growth through such factors as GDF-5. The interzone also expresses bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists, such as noggin. Overexpression of BMPs, or the loss of noggin leads to joint fusions. The interzone also expresses Wnt-14, which appears to be specific for this region in the developing anlagen, and regulates its nonchondrogenic nature. Cavitation of the joint follows, driven by selective high-level synthesis of hyaluronan by interzone cells and presumptive synovial cells. In addition, as the interzone disperses during cavity enlargement, data are now accruing that suggest that both the synovium and articular cartilage develop from this population. Finally, the development of articular cartilage progresses through appositional growth driven by a progenitor/stem cell subpopulation that resides in the articular surface. The individual elements of the skeleton are connected together at regions termed joints or articulations. Classically, there are three broad categories of joints: immovable joints (syntharthroses); mixed articulations, in which the range of movement is limited (amphiarthroses); and the movable, or synovial, joints (diarthroses). This review concentrates on the development of the synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Archer
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3US, UK.
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165
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Soon LL, Yie TA, Shvarts A, Levine AJ, Su F, Tchou-Wong KM. Overexpression of WISP-1 down-regulated motility and invasion of lung cancer cells through inhibition of Rac activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:11465-70. [PMID: 12529380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt-induced-secreted-protein-1 (WISP-1) is a cysteine-rich, secreted factor belonging to the CCN family. These proteins have been implicated in the inhibition of metastasis; however, the mechanisms involved have not been described. We demonstrated that overexpression of WISP-1 in H460 lung cancer cells inhibited lung metastasis and in vitro cell invasion and motility. We investigated the possibility that WISP-1 may regulate activation of Rac, a small GTPase important for cytoskeletal reorganizations during motility. In an indirect assay, WISP-1-expressing cells exhibited marked reduction in Rac activation compared with control cells. Blocking antibodies to alpha(v)beta(5) and alpha(1) integrins restored Rac activation in WISP-1 cells, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of WISP-1 on Rac lies downstream of integrins. Constitutively activated Rac mutant (RacG12V) was transfected into WISP-1 cells to restore Rac activation and these WISP-1/RacG12V transfectants were used for further studies. We performed microarray and real-time PCR analyses to identify genes involved in invasion that may be differentially regulated by WISP-1. Here, we showed decreased expression of metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in WISP-1 cells compared with controls but increased expression in WISP-1/RacG12V cells. In an invasion assay across collagen I, an MMP-1 target matrix, WISP-1 cells were significantly less invasive compared with controls, whereas WISP-1/RacG12V cells showed elevated invasion levels. This work illustrates a negatively regulated pathway by WISP-1 involving integrins and Rac in the down-regulation of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian L Soon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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166
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Tuan RS, Boland G, Tuli R. Adult mesenchymal stem cells and cell-based tissue engineering. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:32-45. [PMID: 12716446 PMCID: PMC154434 DOI: 10.1186/ar614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2002] [Accepted: 11/01/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult human tissues, including bone marrow stroma and a number of connective tissues, has provided exciting prospects for cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration. This review focuses on the biology of MSCs, including their differentiation potentials in vitro and in vivo, and the application of MSCs in tissue engineering. Our current understanding of MSCs lags behind that of other stem cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells. Future research should aim to define the cellular and molecular fingerprints of MSCs and elucidate their endogenous role(s) in normal and abnormal tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky S Tuan
- National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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167
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Yosimichi G, Kubota S, Hattori T, Nishida T, Nawachi K, Nakanishi T, Kamada M, Takano-Yamamoto T, Takigawa M. CTGF/Hcs24 interacts with the cytoskeletal protein actin in chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:755-61. [PMID: 12470643 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) displays multiple functions in several types of mesenchymal cells, including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Recently, the internalization and intracellular function of CTGF/Hcs24 were indicated as well. In this study, a binding protein for this factor was purified from the cytosolic fraction of human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) by CTGF/Hcs24-affinity chromatography. The apparent molecular weight of the protein was 42kDa and determination of the internal amino acid sequence revealed this protein to be beta- or gamma-actin. An in vitro competitive binding assay of 125I-labeled recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 with cold-rCTGF/Hcs24 showed that the binding between actin and 125I-CTGF/Hcs24 was specific. Immunoprecipitation analysis also showed that CTGF/Hcs24 bound to actin in HCS-2/8 cells. However, rCTGF/Hcs24 had no effects on the expression level of gamma-actin mRNA or total actin protein. These findings suggest that a significant portion of intracellular CTGF/Hcs24 may regulate certain cell biological events in chondrocytes through the interaction with this particular cytoskeletal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Yosimichi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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168
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Mo FE, Muntean AG, Chen CC, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Lau LF. CYR61 (CCN1) is essential for placental development and vascular integrity. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:8709-20. [PMID: 12446788 PMCID: PMC139880 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.24.8709-8720.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CYR61 (CCN1) is a member of the CCN family of secreted matricellular proteins that includes connective tissue growth factor (CCN2), NOV (CCN3), WISP-1 (CCN4), WISP-2 (CCN5), and WISP-3 (CCN6). First identified as the product of a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene, CYR61 is an extracellular matrix-associated angiogenic inducer that functions as a ligand of integrin receptors to promote cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Aberrant expression of Cyr61 is associated with breast cancer, wound healing, and vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. To understand the functions of CYR61 during development, we have disrupted the Cyr61 gene in mice. We show here that Cyr61-null mice suffer embryonic death: approximately 30% succumbed to a failure in chorioallantoic fusion, and the reminder perished due to placental vascular insufficiency and compromised vessel integrity. These findings establish CYR61 as a novel and essential regulator of vascular development. CYR61 deficiency results in a specific defect in vessel bifurcation (nonsprouting angiogenesis) at the chorioallantoic junction, leading to an undervascularization of the placenta without affecting differentiation of the labyrinthine syncytiotrophoblasts. This unique phenotype is correlated with impaired Vegf-C expression in the allantoic mesoderm, suggesting that CYR61-regulated expression of Vegf-C plays a role in vessel bifurcation. The genetic and molecular basis of vessel bifurcation is presently unknown, and these findings provide new insight into this aspect of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-E Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7170, USA
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169
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Nawachi K, Inoue M, Kubota S, Nishida T, Yosimichi G, Nakanishi T, Kanyama M, Kuboki T, Yatani H, Yamaai T, Takigawa M. Tyrosine kinase-type receptor ErbB4 in chondrocytes: interaction with connective tissue growth factor and distribution in cartilage. FEBS Lett 2002; 528:109-13. [PMID: 12297288 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify receptor molecules that participate in the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes, we cloned a number of cDNA fragments from HCS-2/8 chondrocytic cells, by using tyrosine kinase-specific primers for amplification. The mRNA expression of one such receptor, ErbB4, was increased by connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product (CTGF/Hcs24), which promotes all stages of the endochondral ossification in vitro. ErbB4 expression was observed through all stages of chondrocytic differentiation in vitro, corresponding to the wide distribution of CTGF/Hcs24 target cells. Furthermore, positive signals for erbB4 mRNA were detectable throughout most populations of chondrocytes, in growth and articular cartilage in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time that ErbB4 is expressed in chondrocytes and may play some roles in chondrocytic growth and differentiation along with CTGF/Hcs24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nawachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan
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170
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Tanaka S, Sugimachi K, Shimada M, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Variant WISPs as targets for gastrointestinal carcinomas. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:392-3. [PMID: 12105881 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.34589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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171
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Kleer CG, Zhang Y, Pan Q, van Golen KL, Wu ZF, Livant D, Merajver SD. WISP3 is a novel tumor suppressor gene of inflammatory breast cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21:3172-80. [PMID: 12082632 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2001] [Revised: 01/11/2002] [Accepted: 03/04/2002] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer with a 5-year disease-free survival of less than 45%. Little is known about the genetic alterations that result in IBC. In our previous work, we found that WISP3 was specifically lost in human IBC tumors when compared to stage-matched, non-IBC tumors. We hypothesize that WISP3 has tumor suppressor function in the breast and that it may be a key genetic alteration that contributes to the unique IBC phenotype. The full-length WISP3 cDNA was sequenced and cloned into an expression vector. The resulting construct was introduced in to the SUM149 cell line that was derived from a patient with IBC and lacks WISP3 expression. In soft agar, stable WISP3 transfectants formed significantly fewer colonies than the controls. Stable WISP3 transfectants lost their ability to invade and had reduced angiogenic potential. WISP3 transfection was effective in suppressing in vivo tumor growth in nude mice. Mice bearing WISP3 expressing tumors had a significantly longer survival than those with vector-control transfectant tumors. Our data demonstrate that WISP3 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in the breast. Loss of WISP3 expression contributes to the phenotype of IBC by regulating tumor cell growth, invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054, USA.
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172
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Abstract
The genetic mechanisms that are complementary in predisposing and then establishing disease are yet to be fully elucidated. During a lifetime, the genetic composition of the host is not only hereditary but undergoes rearrangements, integrations, and more subtle single-base pair alterations. These changes can be inconsequential or lead to aberrant and deleterious pathologic changes. In a complex multifactorial disease such as RA, the relative roles of the dynamic versus germline elements of the disease have yet to be fully determined. Further studies of large populations are likely to segregate out factors affecting specific ethnic, clinical, and genetic subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
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173
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Superti-Furga A, Bonafé L, Rimoin DL. Molecular-pathogenetic classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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174
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664, USA
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175
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Yosimichi G, Nakanishi T, Nishida T, Hattori T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Takigawa M. CTGF/Hcs24 induces chondrocyte differentiation through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and proliferation through a p44/42 MAPK/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6058-65. [PMID: 11732999 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in culture. We investigated the roles of two major types of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation by CTGF/Hcs24. Here we report the effects of the MAPKK/MEK 1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, and p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, in a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) and rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells treated with CTGF/Hcs24. In the proliferation phase, CTGF/Hcs24 induced a approximately fivefold increase in the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK/ERK and a approximately twofold increase in that of p38 MAPK in an in vivo kinase assay. These inhibitors of MAPKK and MAPK suppressed phosphorylation of ets-like gene-1 (Elk-1) and nuclear activating transcription factor-2 (Atf-2) induced by CTGF/Hcs24 in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of ERK was induced from 30 to 60 min and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK from 10 to 15 min after the addition of CTGF/Hcs24 in confluence HCS-2/8 cells. PD098059 suppressed the DNA synthesis of HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells, while SB203580 did not. On the other hand, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, completely inhibited the CTGF/Hcs24-induced synthesis of proteoglycans in HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells but the MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, did not. These results suggest that ERK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced proliferation of chondrocytes, and that p38 MAPK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced differentiation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yosimichi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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176
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Mier RJ, Holderbaum D, Ferguson R, Moskowitz R. Osteoarthritis in children associated with a mutation in the type II procollagen gene (COL2A1). Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:338-41. [PMID: 11708863 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A single-base mutation resulting in an arginine-519-cysteine (R519C) mutation of type II procollagen (COL2A1) has been shown to result in precocious osteoarthritis with mild spinal chondrodysplasia without severe foreshortening (OMIM 604864). The nature of childhood disease among affected individuals has not been described. The recent presentation of four children with this mutation allows us to provide clinical correlation. This form of premature osteoarthritis may present in childhood and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of childhood arthropathy presenting in the context of a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mier
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 1900 Richmond Road, Lexington, KY 40502, USA.
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177
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Tanaka S, Sugimachi K, Saeki H, Kinoshita J, Ohga T, Shimada M, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. A novel variant of WISP1 lacking a Von Willebrand type C module overexpressed in scirrhous gastric carcinoma. Oncogene 2001; 20:5525-32. [PMID: 11571650 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2001] [Revised: 06/11/2001] [Accepted: 06/14/2001] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach is characterized by rapid growth with a vast fibrous stroma, high invasiveness, and substantially a poor prognosis. Little is known of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Members of the emerging family of the CCN gene (for connective tissue growth factor, cysteine-rich 61, nephroblastoma overexpressed) encode cysteine-rich secreted proteins with roles in human fibrotic disorders and cancer progression. Using targeted differential displays, we identified a novel variant of the CCN family member WISP1 (Wnt-induced secreted protein 1), named WISP1v, as overexpressed in scirrhous gastric carcinomas. Predicted protein of the WISP1v completely lacks a module of Von Willebrand type C that is thought to participate in protein complex formation. Ectopic expression revealed WISP1v to be a secreted oncoprotein inducing a striking cellular transformation and rapid piling-up growth. It is noteworthy that WISP1v transfectants enhanced the invasive phenotype of co-cultured gastric carcinoma cells, while wild-type WISP1 had no such potential. These findings suggest that CCN protein WISP1v is involved in the aggressive progression of scirrhous gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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178
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Kubota S, Eguchi T, Shimo T, Nishida T, Hattori T, Kondo S, Nakanishi T, Takigawa M. Novel mode of processing and secretion of connective tissue growth factor/ecogenin (CTGF/Hcs24) in chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells. Bone 2001; 29:155-61. [PMID: 11502477 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, processing, and secretion of human connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/Hcs24) in a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8, were analyzed immunochemically. By metabolic pulse-labeling, chasing, and subsequent immunoprecipitation analyses, active synthesis of CTGF was observed not only in growing HCS-2/8 cells, but also in confluent cells. However, secretion and processing of CTGF were found to be regulated differentially, depending upon the growth status. During phases of growth, HCS-2/8 cells released CTGF molecules immediately without sequestering them within the cell layer. In contrast, after the cells reached confluence, the secretion slowed, resulting in an accumulation of CTGF in the cells or extracellular matrices (ECMs). Also, in confluent cell layers, a 10 kDa protein that was reactive to an anti-CTGF serum was observed. This CTGF-related small protein was not detected immediately after labeling, but gradually appeared within 6 h after chase, which suggests its entity as a processed subfragment of CTGF. Surprisingly, the 10 kDa protein was stable even 48 h after synthesis, and was not released by ECM digestion, suggesting an intracellular maintenance and function. Taken together, the behavior of CTGF in HCS-2/8 cells is remarkably different from that reported in fibroblasts, which may represent unique roles for CTGF in the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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179
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Schütze N, Rücker N, Müller J, Adamski J, Jakob F. 5' flanking sequence of the human immediate early responsive gene ccn1 (cyr61) and mapping of polymorphic CA repeat sequence motifs in the human ccn1 (cyr61) locus. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:170-5. [PMID: 11376130 PMCID: PMC1187057 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The human ccn1 (hccn; hcyr61) gene has been identified previously at the mRNA and protein level as a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and growth factor regulated gene in human osteoblasts. This study aimed to analyse genomic clones containing the human ccn1 (cyr61) gene and to provide the 5' flanking region. METHODS Genomic clones were isolated by screening a lambda library and by array filter hybridisations of a genomic library. Sequencing was performed using the dye terminator method. Promoter activity was measured after transient transfection using a beta galactosidase assay. CA repeat motifs were studied by a combined PCR/fragment analysis protocol. RESULTS The human 5' flanking region of 870 nucleotides contains several stretches with high homology to the mouse promoter as well as CA repeat motifs. This first report on the human 5' flanking sequence of the hccn1 (hcyr61) gene provides important insights into regulation pathways for the expression of this 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and growth factor responsive early gene. A genomic clone containing the hccn1 (hcyr61) gene region also yielded a CA sequence located 3' of the ccn1 (cyr61) gene. This CA repeat and one of the CA repeat motifs in the promoter were studied in detail and found to be polymorphic. CONCLUSIONS The 5' flanking sequence of the hccn1 (hcyr61) gene provides insights into the mechanisms of regulation of this immediate early gene product. The CA repeat polymorphisms within the gene region will be useful in the genetic study of disorders affecting bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schütze
- Orthopädische Klinik, König-Ludwig-Haus, Labor für Molekulare Experimentelle Orthopädie, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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180
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Delmolino LM, Stearns NA, Castellot JJ. COP-1, a member of the CCN family, is a heparin-induced growth arrest specific gene in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:45-55. [PMID: 11382921 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hyperplasia is responsible for the failure of 15-30% of vascular surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafts and angioplasties. We and others have shown that heparin suppresses VSMC proliferation in vivo and in cell culture. We hypothesize that heparin inhibits VSMC proliferation by binding to cell surface receptors, resulting in selective modulation of mitogenic signal transduction pathways and altered transcription of a specific subset of growth regulatory genes. To test this idea, we used subtractive hybridization to identify differentially expressed mRNAs in heparin-treated and untreated VSMC. We identified a heparin induced mRNA identical to Cop-1, a member of the CCN family of proteins which are secreted, cysteine-rich modular proteins involved in growth regulation and migration. Cop-1 from smooth muscle cells appears to have a different expression pattern and possibly different functions than Cop-1 from other cells. Cop-1 mRNA is expressed at high levels in quiescent VSMC and at low levels in proliferating VSMC, an expression pattern highly characteristic of growth arrest specific genes. Cop-1 mRNA is expressed at high levels in heparin treated VSMC and COP-1 protein is secreted into culture medium. In tissues, Cop-1 expression is observed in the uninjured rat aorta suggesting a possible role for Cop-1 in vivo. We found PDGF, but not EGF, inhibits the expression of Cop-1 in VSMC. Neither TGF-beta nor interferon-beta, two inhibitors of VSMC proliferation, were able to induce Cop-1 expression. In addition, heparin does not induce Cop-1 mRNA in endothelial cells and VSMC resistant to the antiproliferative effect of heparin. Conditioned medium from cells over-expressing COP-1 protein inhibits VSMC proliferation in culture. Together, our data indicate that COP-1 may play a role in the antiproliferative mechanism of action of heparin.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Aorta
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- CCN Intercellular Signaling Proteins
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Gene Library
- Growth Inhibitors/chemistry
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Delmolino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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181
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Perbal B. NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) and the CCN family of genes: structural and functional issues. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:57-79. [PMID: 11322167 PMCID: PMC1187006 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CCN family of genes presently consists of six distinct members encoding proteins that participate in fundamental biological processes such as cell proliferation, attachment, migration, differentiation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and several pathologies including fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Whereas CYR61 and CTGF were reported to act as positive regulators of cell growth, NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) provided the first example of a CCN protein with negative regulatory properties and the first example of aberrant expression being associated with tumour development. The subsequent discovery of the ELM1, rCOP1, and WISP proteins has broadened the variety of functions attributed to the CCN proteins and has extended previous observations to other biological systems. This review discusses fundamental questions regarding the regulation of CCN gene expression in normal and pathological conditions, and the structural basis for their specific biological activity. After discussing the role of nov and other CCN proteins in the development of a variety of different tissues such as kidney, nervous system, muscle, cartilage, and bone, the altered expression of the CCN proteins in various pathologies is discussed, with an emphasis on the altered expression of nov in many different tumour types such as Wilms's tumour, renal cell carcinomas, prostate carcinomas, osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, adrenocortical carcinomas, and neuroblastomas. The possible use of nov as a tool for molecular medicine is also discussed. The variety of biological functions attributed to the CCN proteins has led to the proposal of a model in which physical interactions between the amino and carboxy portions of the CCN proteins modulate their biological activity and ensure a proper balance of positive and negative signals through interactions with other partners. In this model, disruption of the secondary structure of the CCN proteins induced by deletions of either terminus is expected to confer on the truncated polypeptide constitutive positive or negative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Perbal
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale et Moléculaire, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7-D, Diderot, France.
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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921. [PMID: 11237011 DOI: 10.1038/35057062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14558] [Impact Index Per Article: 633.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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183
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Hartmann C, Tabin CJ. Wnt-14 plays a pivotal role in inducing synovial joint formation in the developing appendicular skeleton. Cell 2001; 104:341-51. [PMID: 11239392 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The long bones of the vertebrate appendicular skeleton arise from initially continuous condensations of mesenchymal cells that subsequently segment and cavitate to form discrete elements separated by synovial joints. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms of joint formation. We present evidence that Wnt-14 plays a central role in initiating synovial joint formation in the chick limb. Wnt-14 is expressed in joint-forming regions prior to the segmentation of the cartilage elements, and local misexpression of Wnt-14 induces morphological and molecular changes characteristic of the first steps of joint formation. Induction of an ectopic joint-like region by Wnt-14 suppresses the formation of the immediately adjacent endogenous joint, potentially providing insight into the spacing of joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartmann
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
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184
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El-Shanti H. The Impact of Genetic Diseases on Jordanians: Strategies Towards Prevention. J Biomed Biotechnol 2001; 1:45-47. [PMID: 12488626 PMCID: PMC79677 DOI: 10.1155/s1110724301000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem El-Shanti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Laboratory
Sciences Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid,
Jordan
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185
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Whyte MP, Mills BG, Reinus WR, Podgornik MN, Roodman GD, Gannon FH, Eddy MC, McAlister WH. Expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia: a new familial metabolic bone disease. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:2330-44. [PMID: 11127198 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new familial metabolic bone disease characterized by expanding hyperostotic long bones, early onset deafness, premature tooth loss, and episodic hypercalcemia. The condition affects a mother and daughter studied at the age of 36 years and 11 years, respectively. Both individuals lost all hearing in early childhood and suffered premature shedding of teeth. Skeletal pains began just before puberty. Swelling and aching of most middle phalanges in the hands is an especially troublesome manifestation. The mother also had episodes of symptomatic hypercalcemia first documented in late childhood and subsequently during intercurrent illness and postpartum lactation. Radiographs show hyperostosis and/or osteosclerosis predominantly in the skull and appendicular skeleton. Long bones also are expanded considerably, especially the middle phalanges in the fingers. The mother's skeletal abnormalities are more severe. Biochemical parameters of bone turnover, including serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, are elevated substantially. In the proposita, dynamic histomorphometry of nondecalcified sections of iliac crest revealed rapid skeletal remodeling. In the mother, who had been treated with bisphosphonates, electron microscopy (EM) showed disorganized collagen bundles as well as necrotic and apoptotic bone cells but no osteocytic osteolysis. Measles virus gene transcripts were not detected in peripheral blood monocytes. Karyotyping was normal, 46,XX. Hyperphosphatasia with bone disease previously has been reported as either a sporadic or autosomal recessive condition. Expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia (ESH) is probably inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a high degree of penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Whyte
- Metabolic Research Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri 63131, USA
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186
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Mutations in the WISP3gene cause PPD. Arthritis Res Ther 1999. [DOI: 10.1186/ar-1999-66738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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